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CORONATION PARK and Mughal Gardens in North Delhi © the British Library Board CORONATION PARK and Mughal Gardens in North Delhi © The British Library Board. (Add.Or.4807) Few visitors today venture into this area of Delhi, tucked away in the constructed the unusual Tripolia Gateways enclosing a north of the walled city of Shahjahanabad, a little removed from the marketplace and his own residential estate between them. more popular tourist attractions of Red Fort and Chandni Chowk. The British, when they came to Delhi in 1803, also concentrated Although the area contains few remains from the earlier Sultanate their activities here, occupying some of the gardens and converting period, it was actively in use during the Mughal period, being the them into pleasure retreats and setting up a military cantonment that recreational area for the Mughal royalty and nobility. The earliest was to become the site for the three successive Imperial Durbars of building from this period in the area is a tomb known as Maqbara 1877, 1903, and 1911. The British Empire was at its zenith at the Paik, the name of which suggests that it was built for an beginning of the twentieth century when it was decided, for political important messenger of the Mughal court. and pragmatic reasons, to move the capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Several great gardens were built in north Delhi and some of these still At the Durbar held in 1911, the announcement of shifting the capital exist, blending harmoniously with later residential and commercial of British India from Calcutta to Delhi was developments. Shalimar Bagh, a pleasure garden built during made by King George V. Shahjahan’s reign, particularly well-known because it was where All this time, this area was used only as a military camp, but Aurangzeb was crowned emperor, contains ruins of pavilions and considerable changes took place in this area after the announcement fountains. Roshanara, Shahjahan’s second daughter also chose this area that Delhi was going to be made the capital. A commemorative column, to build her garden and residence and was eventually buried inside a erected in 1911 at this spot, stands till today as a reminder of this pavilion she commissioned within the garden, now known as Roshanara major event. It is within what is today called the Coronation Park. A Bagh. An ancient canal dug during the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq foundation stone was laid at this location for a new Imperial capital was repaired by Ali Mardan Khan, a nobleman in Shahjahan’s court, to but the site was later abandoned because it was found to flood during bring water to the gardens and orchards of Shahjahanabad, the monsoons. The new capital that was proposed was to be the ‘jewel in that had come up adjacent to the canal. the crown’ of the British Empire and took In 1793, a British traveller to Delhi named Franklin described the almost twenty years to be built. area as being crowded with spacious gardens and country houses. The Today, many of the historical sites in and around Coronation Park lie area continued to be popular with the later Mughals, and Mahaldar hidden and much remains to be discovered about this intriguing Khan, an important official in the court of Muhammed Shah ‘Rangeela’, and fascinating area! DELHI DURBARS British dignitaries. It is said that the Durbar was an extravaganza “We are pleased to announce to Our People that on the advice of Our Ministers of pomp and ceremony and included a parade on a decorated tendered after consultation with Our Governor-General in Council, We have decided elephant, in the presence of about 70,000 people, by Lord and upon the transfer of the seat of the Government of India from Calcutta to the ancient Lady Lytton. The ultimate idea of the procession of the royal Capital Delhi….” Durbar was to represent the British Raj as bringing ‘order and These were the words uttered by King George V, to his subjects in discipline, which was in ideology part of the whole system of Delhi, on 12 December 1911, which changed forever the fate of the colonial control’. city. This sensational surprise was significant for two reasons: one The second Durbar was organized by Lord Curzon who was the that there was no previous indication given to the general public then Viceroy of India, and was held on 1 January 1903. The reason that such an announcement would be made but more importantly for the celebration was to commemorate the Coronation of King because it meant that Delhi from then on became the capital of Edward VII in England. Like the previous Durbar, this one was also the empire, replacing Calcutta which till then was the pulsating, an exercise in meticulous planning and a great show of the pomp nerve centre and then finally became the capital of an independent and splendour of the British Raj. For the purpose of the Durbar, nation. This announcement was made at the third Imperial Durbar the vast flat land of the Coronation Park was turned into a virtual of 1911, the grandest of the three Durbars to be held in Delhi. The tented city by Lord Curzon who established huge encampments Imperial Durbars in Delhi, showcasing the prowess of the British, filled with colourful tents. A variety of infrastructure including celebrated the coronations of the ruler in England, as the emperor water, drainage, sanitation, electricity, and rail communications or empress of India. They were really an ‘invented tradition’ and a was supplied to the venue from different locations in the nearby means of perpetuating a tradition of previous Hindu, Muslim, and city. Firework displays, exhibitions, and glamorous dances were Mughal rulers. organized. Special postage stamps were issued on the occasion. The first Durbar was conceived and executed by the then Post offices, telegraph, and telephone communications were Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton (1831–1891). It was held on provided. The elite of the world media were present, but the 1 January 1877 to mark the proclamation of Queen Victoria as intended chief guest, the King-Emperor himself, did not attend Empress of India. The Durbar was attended by representatives of the celebrations held in his honour. Instead, he was represented the royal families from all provinces of India and the seniormost by his brother, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. It is A temporary but eleborate city came up north of the ridge to accommodate the Durbar of 1911 © Nehru Archives, Teen Murti Bhavan also said that more supplied by the Government of India to pay for the 80,000 than 1,00,000 people army troops in the parades and security for the event. The most attended this Durbar at significant construction for the Durbar was the amphitheatre, the Coronation Park. The site for the coronation ceremony. Around this the government built 1903 Durbar procession polo grounds, football grounds, and grounds for military reviews. passed along the Red These were used for several events that were organized around the Fort and through the city, coronation ceremony—sporting events, military reviews, musical around the Jama Masjid performances, banquets, receptions, and garden parties. and past Town Hall. This was the grandest of the three Durbars. Interestingly Viceroy Curzon rode into enough, the first two Durbars lacked the presence of the the Durbar on a richly monarchs themselves, the respective viceroys at the time reading caprisoned elephant. out the 1858 proclamation of the Queen as Empress of India, The third Imperial and declaring the current monarch as empress and emperor, in The British King and Queen in Delhi on the occasion of the Coronation Durbar of 1911/12 Durbar was held in 1911 1877 and 1903, respectively. At the 1911 Durbar, for the first © Nehru Archives, Teen Murti Bhavan at the same venue as the time, King George V and his queen attended the Durbar in person, two previous ones, to making the long and tiresome journey from Britain to India. The celebrate the coronation of King George V, as the Emperor of royal couple came into Delhi on 7th December, on an imperial the British Empire. A temporary but elaborate city came up to train from Bombay, and wound their way through the city in a accommodate the Durbar. A sprawling area of around 80 square procession that lasted almost five hours. miles, from Civil Lines in the north to Model Town in the west The Durbars were a mix of old Mughal ceremony and English was cleared of villages and an assembly of tents was proposed appropriation. The new Durbars, for instance, continued the old over an area of 25 square miles. The king’s camp was to be located exchange of gifts but now for different reasons. One aspect of the at the centre of the camp spreading over 85 acres. The camps of Durbars that was common to both English and native traditions officials and Indian princess were all positioned in an order of were the processions that wound their way through Delhi. hierarchy. Apart from the rulers of various princely states, those Five days later, on the chilly clear morning of 12 December staying in the camps included guests who had been specially 1911 some 1,00,000 spectators witnessed the biggest spectacle invited for the occasion, journalists, the servants of both British of the British Raj. Many subjects had gathered at the grounds near and native dignitaries, and the elephants and horses that formed Burari to watch this drama unfold. The amphitheatre especially part of the processions. The arrangement, and size, of the camps built for the occasion had 12,000 persons seated beneath the and the sitting plan of the maharajas in the amphitheatre were decided by a hierarchical scale and by the number of gun salutes The Durbar session of 1911 that each received.
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