AN OFFPRINT FROM Fokus Forti!kation Studies: Volume 2
FOCUS ON FORTIFICATIONS New Research on Forti!cations in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Near East
edited by
Rune Frederiksen, Silke Müth, Peter I. Schneider and Mike Schnelle
Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-131-3 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-132-0
Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Volume 18
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Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, no. 18. Series editor Rune Frederiksen &ORTIÎCATION3TUDIESNO%DITEDBY2&REDERIKSEN 3ILKE-®TH 0ETER3CHNEIDERAND-IKE3CHNELLE Peer-reviewed publication
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Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-131-3 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-132-0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data .AMES&REDERIKSEN 2UNE\-®TH 3ILKE\3CHNEIDER 0ETER)0ETER)RENUS DATE\3CHNELLE -IKE 4ITLE&OCUSONFORTIÎCATIONSNEWRESEARCHONFORTIÎCATIONSINTHEANCIENT-EDITERRANEANANDTHE.EAR%AST EDITEDBY2UNE&REDERIKSEN 3ILKE-®TH 0ETER)3CHNEIDERAND-IKE3CHNELLE Description: Oxford : Oxbow Books, 2015. | Includes bibliographical references and index. )DENTIÎERS,##.PRINT \,##.EBOOK \)3".HARDCOVER \ )3".ELECTRONIC \)3".EPUB \)3".MOBI \ )3".PDF 3UBJECTS,#3(&ORTIÎCATION -EDITERRANEAN2EGION (ISTORY 4O\&ORTIÎCATION -IDDLE%AST (ISTORY 4O\ Mediterranean Region--Antiquities. | Middle East--Antiquities. | Mediterranean Region--History, Military. | Middle East--History, Military. | Military history, Ancient. #LASSIÎCATION,##5'-&PRINT \,##5'-EBOOK \$$# DC ,#RECORDAVAILABLEATHTTPLCCNLOCGOV
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Front cover: City wall of Herakleia on Latmos (photo: S. Müth) CONTENTS
PREFACE ...... ix
Rune Frederiksen, Silke Müth, Peter I. Schneider and Mike Schnelle Introduction ...... 1 Pierre Leriche 3TUDYING!NCIENT&ORTIÎCATIONS!PROMISINGANDEXPANDINGÎELD ...... 9
Origins of Forti!cations Rune Frederiksen and Mike Schnelle Introduction ...... 21 Pascal Butterlin and Sébastien Rey Mari and the Development of Complex Defensive Systems in Mesopotamia at the Dawn of History ...... 23 Sébastien Rey -ESOPOTAMIAN0OLIORCETICS"EFORE!SSYRIA'ENESISOFTHE!RTOF&ORTIÎCATIONAND3IEGE7ARFARE ...... Nathan Morello "UILDINGTHE&RONTIER&RONTIER&ORTIÎCATIONSINTHE!SSYRIAN%MPIRE ...... Tomas Alusik &ORTIÎCATIONSOF0REHISTORIC#RETE4HE#URRENT3TATEOF2ESEARCH ...... 53 Stefanie Hubert ,ATE-IDDLE(ELLADICAND%ARLY,ATE(ELLADIC&ORTIÎCATIONS3OME#ONSIDERATIONSONTHE2OLEOF"URIALS AND'RAVE-ONUMENTSAT#ITY'ATES ...... 66 Gabriele Cifani 4HE&ORTIÎCATIONSOF!RCHAIC2OME3OCIALAND0OLITICAL3IGNIÎCANCE ...... 82 Baptiste Vergnaud &ORTIÎCATIONSOF#ENTRAL!NATOLIAINTHE%ARLY&IRST-ILLENNIUM"# ...... Mike Schnelle /RIGINSOF3ABAEAN&ORTIÎCATIONSOFTHE%ARLYST-ILLENNIUM"#¾3OME3UGGESTIONSTOTHE %XAMPLESOFTHE#ITIES-ãRIBANDIRWãͥ9EMEN ...... 109
Physical Surroundings and Technique: The Building Experience Peter D. De Staebler Physical Surroundings, Technique and Building Experience: The State of Research INTHE.ETWORK&OKUS&ORTIÎKATION ...... 123 Jean-Claude Bessac 4ECHNIQUESETCONOMIEDELACONSTRUCTIONDESFORTIÎCATIONSENPIERREMTHODESETPERSPECTIVES ...... 129 Tobias B. H. Helms and Jan-Waalke Meyer Fortifying a Major Early Bronze Age Centre: The Construction and Maintenance OF4ELL#HUERAÁS.ORTHERN3YRIA /UTER$EFENCE7ORKS ...... vi CONTENTS
4URGUT3ANER +AAN3AāAND%RTUN$ENKTAľ 4HE&ORTIÎCATIONSOF,ARISA"URUNCUK 2ECONSIDERED ...... 159 !YľE$ALYANC° "ERNSAND!GNES(ENNING 4HE!CROPOLIS7ALLON-ONTE#ROCCIA3OUTH)TALY "UILDINGA,UCANIAN&ORTIÎCATION The Economical and Representative Utilization of the Landscape ...... 171
Functions and Semantics Silke Müth &UNCTIONSAND3EMANTICSOF&ORTIÎCATIONS!N)NTRODUCTION ...... 183 Heinz-Jürgen Beste The Castle Euryalos of Syracuse ...... 193 Jeanine Abdul Massih and Mathilde Gelin &ORTIÎCATIONSAND4OWN0LANNINGIN+YRRHOS)TS(ELLENISTIC/RIGINAND)TS%VOLUTION ...... 207 Wolfram Martini Form, Funktion und Bedeutung der Stadtmauern von Perge in Pamphylien ...... 220 Ute Lohner-Urban and Peter Scherrer (ELLENISTISCHE0RUNKTORE¾EINWISSENSCHAFTLICHER)RRTUM 6ORLUÎGE'RABUNGSERGEBNISSE vom Osttor von Side aus der Kampagne 2012 ...... 232 Klaus Freyberger 4HE&UNCTIONAND3IGNIÎCANCEOF&ORTIÎED3ANCTUARY0RECINCTSINTHE Eastern Mediterranean World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods ...... Timm Radt &ORTIÎED0ALACESAND2ESIDENCESIN(ELLENISTIC4IMES4HE5PPER#ASTLEON-OUNT+ARASIS and Other Examples ...... 263 *ESSICA"¨TTCHER %BERS :URSEMANTISCHEN&UNKTIONDES"OGENSIM3TADTTORBAU%IN6ERGLEICHZWISCHEN republikanischen und hellenistischen Stadttoren ...... 277 Saskia Stevens Candentia Moenia. The Symbolism of Roman City Walls ...... 288 Melanie Jonasch 4HE&ORTIÎCATIONOF3ECONDARY3ETTLEMENTSIN,ATE2OMAN'AUL ...... 300 Gerda von Bülow The Two Defensive Systems of the Late Roman Imperial Palace of Romuliana 'AMZIGRAD $ACIA2IPENSIS ......
Historical Context %RIC,AUFER Antike Befestigungsbauten im historischen Kontext. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag des Netzwerks &OKUS&ORTIÎKATIONÀ ...... 325 Pierre Ducrey Defence, Attack and the Fate of the Defeated: Reappraising the Role of City-walls ...... 332 Michael Kerschner Neue Forschungen zu den Befestigungen von Ephesos in archaischer und klassischer Zeit: !RCHOLOGISCHER"EFUNDUND3CHRIFTQUELLEN ...... 337 Tymon de Haas and Peter Attema The Pontine Region Under the Early Republic: A Contested Landscape ...... 351 CONTENTS vii
Christian Winkle Römisch-italische Stadtmauern der Mittleren Republik: Funktion und Semantik. Eine quellenkritische Untersuchung zu Livius ...... 363 Isabelle Pimouguet-Pédarros and Nevzat Çevik ,ESFORTIÎCATIONSDE-YRADANSLADFENSEDELA,YCIEORIENTALE ...... 373 Caterina Parigi The Athenian Walls in the 1st Century BC ...... Catharine Hof 4HE,ATE2OMAN#ITY7ALLOF2ESAFA3ERGIUPOLIS3YRIA )TS%VOLUTIONAND&UNCTIONAL4RANSITIONFROM Representative over Protective to Concealing ...... 397
The Forti!cation of Regions Sylvian Fachard 2EGIONAL&ORTIÎCATIONSANDTHE&ORTIÎCATIONOF2EGIONS ...... Claire Balandier Étudier l’organisation défensive d’une région et son évolution: pour une archéologie historique DESFORTIÎCATIONS1UESTIONDEMTHODE ...... Matthieu Guintrand ,ESFORTIÎCATIONSDANSLESYSTMEDFENSIFLACDMONIENLÁPOQUECLASSIQUE ...... Yannis D. Nakas )SOLATED4OWERSINTHE&ORTIÎCATION.ETWORKOF!NCIENT-OLOSSIA!#ASE3TUDY ...... Pierre Moret ,ESTOURSISOLESDELÁ(ISPANIEROMAINEPOSTESMILITAIRESOUMAISONSFORTES ...... %MINE3¨KMEN Some Preliminary Results Regarding the Mithridatic Defence System ...... Douglas Underwood #ITY7ALLSAS2EGIONALAND)MPERIAL3TRATEGY 4HE#ASEOF3OUTH,ANGUEDOC ...... *OSIP6IŀNJIé Claustra Alpium Iuliarum: A Late Antique Defensive System in the Northern Adriatic and Eastern Alps ...... -IHAILO-ILINKOVIé &R®HBYZANTINISCHE"EFESTIGUNGENÀALS3IEDLUNGSGRUNDEINHEITIM)LLYRICUMDES*AHRHUNDERTS ...... 506
Regionally Con!ned Phenomena
Silke Müth Introduction ...... 517 Stephan G. Schmid, Caroline Huguenot and Katrin Kermas 4HE&ORTIÎCATIONSOF)RON!GEOppidaIN3OUTHERN$R¦ME&RANCE ANDTHE#ONTROLOF their Territories ...... 519 Keven Ouellet The City Walls of the Andrian Colonies: Tradition and Regionalism in Military Architecture ...... 535 Britta Özen-Kleine Das Befestigungssystem der lelego-karischen Stadt Pedasa ...... Poul Pedersen and Ulrich Ruppe 4HE&ORTIÎCATIONSAT(ALIKARNASSOSAND0RIENE3OME2EGIONAL#HARACTERISTICS ...... 560 viii CONTENTS
Sophie Helas 0OLYGONALMAUERNIN-ITTELITALIENUNDIHRE2EZEPTIONINMITTEL UNDSPTREPUBLIKANISCHER:EIT ...... 581 Chiara Blasetti Fantauzzi Chronologiediskurse zu den punischen und römischen Stadtmauern Sardiniens ...... 595 -ICHAEL%ISENBERG 'RAECO 2OMANPoliorketics and the Development of Military Architecture in Antiochia Hippos of the Decapolis as a Test Case ...... 609 Pierre Leriche and Ségolène de Pontbriand ,ESFORTIÎCATIONSKOUCHANESEN"ACTRIANE ...... 623
The Forti!cations of Athens and New Field Research
Rune Frederiksen Introduction ...... Anna Philippa-Touchais 4HE-IDDLE"RONZE!GE&ORTIÎCATIONSONTHE!SPIS(ILLAT!RGOS ...... Konstantinos Kissas and Vassilios Tasinos Die archaische Stadtmauer von Korinth ...... 662 6ASSILIOS,AMBRINOUDAKISAND%VANGELOS+AZOLIAS Recent Research in Palaiomanina, Acarnania ...... 672 Salvatore De Vincenzo Neue Forschungen in Eryx: Die Ausgrabungen an der Stadtmauer und die Topographie der Stadt ...... 682 )SABELLA"ALDINIAND%LISA"AZZECHI !BOUTTHE-EANINGOF&ORTIÎCATIONSIN,ATE!NTIQUE#ITIES4HE#ASEOF!THENSIN#ONTEXT ...... 696 Nikos Tsoniotis 4HE"ENIZELI-ANSION%XCAVATION,ATEST%VIDENCEONTHE0OST (ERULIAN&ORTIÎCATION7ALL in Athens ...... 712
INDEX ...... 725 BUILDING THE FRONTIER: FRONTIER FORTIFICATIONS IN THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE*
Nathan Morello
Abstract 4HEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOGIVEAGENERALPICTUREOFTHEDIլERENTROLESTHATTHEACTOFBUILDINGFORTIÎED SETTLEMENTSHADINTHECREATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFFRONTIERAREASIN!SSYRIA!SISWELLKNOWN ANCIENT FRONTIERSARENOTEASYTODEÎNEANDTENDTOCORRESPONDTOBROADAREASWHEREDIլERENTPOLITIESEXERCISE THEIRHEGEMONY RATHERTHANTERRITORIESCROSSEDBYBORDERLINESOFMODERNCONCEPTION&URTHERMORE THE ANALYSISOFTEXTUALANDARCHAEOLOGICALSOURCESREVEALTHEEXISTENCEOFDIլERENTKINDSOFFRONTIERÁSSCENARIO ACCORDINGTOTHESTRATEGIC POLITICAL ECONOMICANDCULTURALPECULIARITIESOFEACHREGIONAլECTEDBY!SSYRIAN EXPANSION)WILLTRYTOSHOWHOWDIլERENTKINDSOFFRONTIERSWEREAլECTEDBYDIլERENTKINDSOF!SSYRIAN TERRITORIALPOLICIES WHICHINCLUDEDTHEFOUNDATIONORRE FOUNDATIONOFDIլERENTTYPOLOGIESOFFORTIÎCATIONS -AJORATTENTIONWILLBEGIVENTOTHREETYPESOFFORTIÎEDSETTLEMENTSTHEÀFORTIÎEDFARMSTEADÁdunnu A UNITOFRURALHABITATIONWITHVERYFEWMILITARYFUNCTIONS THEÀFORTIÎEDMILITARYCAMPÁušmannu madaktu KARãŀU ANDTHEMILITARYÀFORTRESSÁbirtu 4HEÀFORTIÎEDFARMSTEADÁISATTESTEDONLYFORTHE-IDDLE!SSYRIAN PERIODTH¾THCENTURY"# WHEREASTHETWOMILITARYSETTLEMENTSAREBESTATTESTEDINSOURCESFROM THESTMILLENNIUM DURINGTHEGREATEXPANSIONOFTHE!SSYRIAN%MPIRETH¾THCENTURY &INALLY INSOME CASES THEACTOFÀBUILDINGTHEFRONTIERÁCANBERECOGNIZEDINTHECAREANDORFOUNDATIONOFPREMISESOF POLITICALANDCULTURALIMPORTANCEPALACESANDTEMPLES WITHINFORTIÎEDCITIESOFREGIONSTHATHAVEBEEN CONQUEREDBY!SSYRIABUTARENOTCOMPLETELYUNDERITSCONTROL
4HETITLEOFTHISPAPER À"UILDINGTHE&RONTIERÁ MIGHTBE BEMILITARYOUTPOSTSFORFURTHERCONQUESTS ANDSLOWLY MISLEADINGFORTWOREASONS&IRST BECAUSETHEVERYIDEA STRENGTHEN THE TERRITORIAL CONTROL ON THE REGIONS OF OFCONTINUOUSBORDERLINESBETWEENADJACENTTERRITORIES NEW CONQUEST ! SECOND POSSIBLE MISUNDERSTANDING DIDNOTEXISTINTHE!NCIENT.EAR%AST1(OWEVER EVENIF WHICHSHOULDBECLARIÎED ISTHEIDEATHATTHE!SSYRIAN NO'REAT7ALLWASEVERBUILTDURINGTHE!SSYRIAN%MPIRE %MPIREDEALTWITHONLYONETYPEOFFRONTIER LOCATEDAT IT APPEARS CLEAR HOW FORTIÎED SETTLEMENTS OF VARIOUS THEFOREMOSTLIMITSOFITSTERRITORIES ANDTHATTHEONLY SIZESANDFUNCTIONSWERETHEBASICMEANSTHROUGHWHICH FORTIÎCATIONS THAT HAD A ROLE IN FRONTIER POLICIES WERE FRONTIERS WERE CREATED 7HEN SET IN STRATEGIC AREAS THOSEWITHPRIMARYMILITARYFUNCTIONS1UITEDIլERENTLY THEYCOULDDEFENDATERRITORYFROMPOSSIBLEINVASIONS THEANALYSISOFTHE!SSYRIANCASEREVEALS ONONEHAND
* )AMGRATEFULTO0ROF&-&ALESFORHISKINDGENERALREMARKSANDHISCORRECTIONOFTHE%NGLISHTEXT!NYMISTAKESORSLIPSSHOULDBE ASCRIBEDTOTHEPRESENTWRITER 1 #F0ARKER AND'ANDULLA
43 44 NATHAN MORELLO
THEEXISTENCEOFDIլERENTKINDSOFFRONTIERSWITHPECULIAR TWO MILITARY SETTLEMENTS THE FORTIÎED MILITARY CAMP GEO POLITICAL ECONOMICANDCULTURALCHARACTERISTICS AND ušmannu madaktu KARãŀU AND THE FORTRESS ͪ!,5 ONTHEOTHER ANACTIVEROLE IN!SSYRIANFRONTIERPOLICIES birtu BOTHBESTATTESTEDESPECIALLYINSOURCESFROMTHE OF FORTIÎED SETTLEMENTS WITH BOTH MILITARY AND ALSO STMILLENNIUM"# PRIMARY CIVILIANFUNCTIONS 7E MAY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THREE MAIN FRONTIER 4HEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOGIVEAGENERALPICTURE CONTEXTS AND IDEALLY SUBSEQUENT PHASES IN WHICH OFTHERELATIONBETWEENBUILDINGAFORTIÎEDSETTLEMENT IT IS POSSIBLE TO ANALYSE THE ROLE OF BUILDING FORTIÎED BUTALSOSPECIÎCPREMISESWITHINIT ANDTHECREATION SETTLEMENTS ! FIRST CONTEXT IS THAT OF THE MILITARY AND MAINTENANCE OF DIլERENT KINDS OF FRONTIER IN THE CAMPAIGNLEDINTOATERRITORYOUTSIDETHELIMITSOFTHE !SSYRIAN%MPIRE EMPIRE WHERETHEREISNOSTABLE!SSYRIANCENTRE(ERE WEÎNDTHEACTOFBUILDINGTEMPORARYFORTIÎEDCAMPS )WILLDEÎNEÀFORTIÎEDSETTLEMENTÁORÀFORTIÎCATIONÁASANY FORTHESETTLEMENTOFTHEARMY THEACTOFCONQUERING SETTLEMENTSURROUNDEDBYDEFENSIVEWALLS INDEPENDENT REBUILDINGANDOFTENRENAMINGCITIESWHICHPREVIOUSLY OFTHEIRSIZEORTYPOLOGYOFFORTIÎCATIONHEIGHTOFTHE BELONGED TO THE ENEMY ANDTHATOFBUILDINGex novo WALLS PRESENCEOFONEORMOREPERIMETERSOFWALLS 4HE FORTIÎEDCITIESANDSTRONGHOLDSINTHENEWLYCONQUERED MEREEXISTENCEOFDEFENSIVEWALLS ESPECIALLYFORMINOR LAND4HISÎRSTPHASEMAYLEADTOTWODIլERENTSCENARIOS CENTRES IS A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF VARIOUS POSSIBLE /NEISTHESLOWTERRITORIALIZATIONOFTHEREGION THROUGH DEGREES OF TERRITORIAL INSTABILITY &URTHERMORE THE THECREATIONOFANETWORKOF!SSYRIANCENTRES CITIESAND ANALYSISOFMILITARYFORTIÎEDSETTLEMENTS INMYOPINION MINORSETTLEMENTS WHOSEFORTIÎEDNATUREDEPENDSON CANALSOBECARRIEDOUTBYCOMPARINGFORTIÎCATIONSOF POLITICALCONDITIONS-ILITARYPENETRATIONISFOLLOWEDBY DIլERENT SIZES AND PRIMARY FUNCTIONS FOR TWO MAIN THECREATIONOFANADMINISTRATIVEANDPOLITICALSTRUCTURE REASONS&IRST THEYOFTENSHARESIMILARCHARACTERISTICS WHICHSECURESTHE!SSYRIANPRESENCEINTHEREGION AND IN TERMS OF USE AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES 3ECOND THE IDEALLY LEADS TO A FULL TERRITORIAL ANNEXATION 4HIS IS POSSIBILITYFORAMINORSETTLEMENTTOBEENLARGEDANDTO THECASEOFTHESTEPPICREGIONBETWEENTHE4IGRISAND BECOMEABIGGERFORTIÎCATIONISATTESTED WHICHMAKES %UPHRATESMODERN*EZIRAH DURINGTHE-IDDLE!SSYRIAN THECOMPARISONBETWEENTHETWOLESSTRIVIAL PERIOD AND OF OTHER EXAMPLES FROM THE .EO !SSYRIAN %MPIRE )N THIS CONTEXT BESIDE THE FOUNDATION OF )N ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ARE USUALLY FORTIÎEDSETTLEMENTSWITHFUNCTIONSRELATEDTOPOLITICAL DISTINGUISHEDFOLLOWINGATHREE LEVELHIERARCHYOFCLASSES AND ECONOMIC COLONIZATION IT BECOMES SIGNIÎCANT IF OFCITIESTHATDEÎNESTHETYPICALSTRUCTUREOFASTATEINTHE NOTESSENTIAL TOCAREFORORBUILDex novo PREMISESOF EYESOFTHE!SSYRIANS4HEYARETHEROYALCITYãLŀARRŊTI POLITICALANDCULTURALIMPORTANCEPALACESANDTEMPLES ãL BõLŊTI THE FORTIÎED CITY ãL DANNŊTI BOTH STRONGLY INSIDEMAJORFORTIÎEDCITIES AIMEDATAFULLINTEGRATION FORTIÎED ANDTHECITIESINTHENEIGHBOURHOODãLãNIŀA OFLOCALPEOPLESINTO!SSYRIANSOCIETY LIMõTI WITHOUTDEFENSIVEWALLS/NMANYOCCASIONS A SETTLEMENT IS SIMPLY DUBBED AS ãLU A TERM THAT DOES 4HE THIRD CONTEXT IS TYPICALLY ENCOUNTERED IN REGIONS NOT GIVE ANY INFORMATION ABOUT ITS SIZE OR FORTIFIED THATREMAININTHEOUTERLIMITSOFTHEEMPIREORWITHIN NATURE AND CAN CORRESPOND TO A LARGE CITY AS WELL AS PARTIALLY UNSTABLE SECTORS OF !SSYRIAN TERRITORY 4HESE TOASIMPLERURALVILLAGE.EVERTHELESS THEREAREOTHER AREASAREOFTENCHARACTERIZEDBYASTRONGLYMILITARIZED TERMS WHICH DEÎNE MORE SPECIÎCALLY SOME KINDS OF FRONTIER WHERE SYSTEMS OF STRONGHOLDS SOMETIMES FORTIÎEDSETTLEMENTS TYPICALLYFOUNDINFRONTIERAREAS OF MASSIVE SIZE ARE BUILT AS A STAND AGAINST POSSIBLE 4HEYARETHEdunnuORÀFORTIÎEDFARMSTEADÁ AFORTIÎED PENETRATIONOFTHETERRITORYANDASOUTPOSTSFORPOSSIBLE UNITOFRURALHABITATIONWITHVERYFEWMILITARYFUNCTIONS PUNITIVEANDEXPANSIONISTICCAMPAIGNS ¾ ONLY ATTESTED FOR THE -IDDLE !SSYRIAN TIMES ¾ AND
&ORCASESOFTERRITORIALREORGANIZATIONWHICHINVOLVEDTHEGROWINGOFMINORSETTLEMENTSSEE FOREXAMPLE &ALES2IGO#FALSO 'ILLMANN FORSTRUCTURALANDFUNCTIONALCOMPARISONSBETWEENMILITARYFORTIÎCATIONSOFDIլERENTSIZES #F,IVERANI AND&ALES #F6ANDE-IEROOP AND$E/DORICO 3EE0ONGRATZ ,EISTENBFORANANALYSISOFTHEACTOFRENAMINGCONQUEREDCITIESINTHECONTEXTOF!SSYRIANIDEOLOGYOFCONQUEST BUILDING THE FRONTIER 45
The Jezirah in the Middle Assyrian period 4HEdunnuWASAFORTIÎEDUNITOFRURALHABITATION WHOSE PRIMARY FUNCTION WAS FARMING )T WAS NAMED AFTER 4HEÎRSTFRONTIERAREATOBECONSIDEREDISTHESTEPPIC ITSFOUNDERANDWASGRANTEDBYTHE#ROWNTOASINGLE REGIONBETWEENTHERIVERS4IGRISAND%UPHRATESMOD OWNERANDPOSSIBLYTOHISFAMILY WHOLIVEDINAMAJOR *EZIRAH WHICHBYTHEENDOF4UKULTI .INURTA)ÁSREIGN CITYEGTHECAPITALOFTHEDISTRICT 4HETERMINCLUDED ¾ "# HAD BEEN PUT UNDER !SSYRIAN CONTROL THEFORTIÎCATIONANDTHEFARMLANDAROUNDIT WHICHWAS ESPECIALLYTHE5PPER4IGRIS ,OWERAND5PPER+HABUR ANINSEPARABLEPARTOFIT ANDALLTHEFARMERSWORKING AND "ALIKH RIVER VALLEYS BUT WAS THEN GRADUALLY LOST UNDERITSADMINISTRATIONWERETHEOWNERÁSDEPENDENTS UNTILTHEÎNALDECAYOFTHE-IDDLE!SSYRIANKINGDOM !CCORDING TO TEXTUAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES THE INTHETHCENTURY"# SIZEOFAdunnuCOULDVARY FROMAPPROXIMATELYTO HECTARESTOikû)4HEBEST KNOWNdunnuSOFAR &OLLOWING-ARIO,IVERANIÁSTHEORY THE-IDDLE!SSYRIAN ISTHEONEDISCOVEREDAT4ELL3ABI!BYAD ONTHEEASTERN EXPANSIONINTHISAREAFOLLOWEDTHESO CALLEDMODELOF SIDEOFTHERIVER"ALIKH(ERE ARCHAEOLOGISTSEXCAVATEDA ÀNETWORK EMPIREÁ(EOBSERVEDTHEPRESENCEOFASERIES TOWERUSEDASSTORAGE ATREASURYANDAJAIL THEOWNERÁS OF !SSYRIAN ENCLAVES PALACES AND CITIES ÀEMBEDDED RESIDENCE THERESIDENCEOFHISÀCHIEFSTEWARDÁmasennu IN A NATIVE WORLDÁ INTERCONNECTED BY A COMPLEX BUT WHOADMINISTEREDTHEFARMSTEADINHISABSENCE QUARTERS FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF ROUTES THAT ALLOWED CONSTANT FORSERVANTSANDSCRIBES ANDDOMESTICPREMISES"ESIDE ADMINISTRATIVE POLITICALANDECONOMICCOMMUNICATION ITSFARMINGPURPOSE THEdunnuCOULDHAVEMINORMILITARY ANDLINKEDTHEMTOTHECAPITAL!SSUR4HEINTERMEDIATE FUNCTIONS SUCHASTHEPROVISIONINGOFHORSES CAVALRYAND AREASBETWEENTHESEENCLAVESWERE IN,IVERANIÁSEYES WARCHARIOTSTOTHEOWNER FORPOLICINGTHESURROUNDING LARGELYUNPROTECTEDANDINHABITEDBYPEOPLESWHOWERE REGION HOSTILEORATLEASTEXTRANEOUSTO!SSYRIA 4HEARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYSOFTHEREGIONSHOWEDASERIES 2ECENT STUDIES ON THE AREA BASED ON TEXTUAL AND OF SIMILAR FORTIÎED SETTLEMENTS OF ONE OR TWO HECTARES ARCHAEOLOGICALMATERIALSDISCOVEREDINTHEPASTTWENTY DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE RIVER VALLEYS11 %VEN THOUGH THE YEARS HAVEPROVIDEDASLIGHTLYDIլERENTPICTURE!SWE PRESENCEOFEXTRANEOUSORHOSTILEPEOPLESISATTESTEDINTHE ALREADYKNEW !SSYRIANCONTROLOFTHEREGIONESPECIALLY REGIONUNTILTHEENDOF-IDDLE!SSYRIANDOMINATION THE AROUNDTWOTRIBUTARIESOFTHE%UPHRATES THE+HABURAND NETWORKFORMEDBYCITIES FORTRESSESANDdunnuSAPPEARS THE"ALIKH WASENTRUSTED SINCETHETIMEOF3HALMANASER TOHAVEBEENWELLTHICKENED!SAPOINTOFFACT TEXTUAL )¾"# TOTHE!SSYRIAN'RAND6IZIER ORsukkallu SOURCESRETRIEVEDFROMTHEARCHIVESOF4ELL3ABI!BYADAND rabi’u 4HIS HIGH OխCIAL ALSO HELD THE TITLE OF +ING OF FROMTHOSEOFTHECITYOF$ŊR +ATLIMMU SHOWTHEEXISTENCE ͪANIGALBAT šar MãTͪANIGALBAT FROM THE NAME WHICH OF ÀSTAINSÁ OF CONTINUOUS TERRITORIAL POWER LOCATED IN THE!SSYRIANSCALLEDTHEREGIONATTHETIME ANDWASA MANYSECTORSOFTHE!SSYRIANÀNETWORKÁ ALTERNATINGWITH VICEROYOFSORTS WITHADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL DIPLOMATIC OTHERAREASWHERE!SSYRIANPRESENCECOULDBEGUARANTEED AND MILITARY FUNCTIONS &ROM HIS HEADQUARTERS IN THE THROUGHDIPLOMATICTREATIES(ENCE THESOURCESSEEMTO CITYOF$ŊR +ATLIMMUONTHE,OWER+HABUR THE'RAND GIVEUSANIMAGEOFTHEAREABETWEEN+HABURAND"ALIKH 6IZIERADMINISTEREDTHETERRITORIESOFTHE*EZIRAHTHROUGH ASTHATOFAFRONTIERREGIONWHERE!SSYRIAWASSLOWLY ASYSTEMOFDISTRICTSPãͫATU EACHONECONTROLLEDBYA OBTAININGTERRITORIALCONTROLTHROUGHASYSTEMOFFORTIÎED GOVERNORBõLPãͫETE ANDMINOROխCIALS%ACHGOVERNOR SETTLEMENTS WHICHHADNOSIGNIÎCANTMILITARYFUNCTIONS WAS ENTRUSTED WITH A SERIES OF !SSYRIAN SETTLEMENTS /NONEHAND INFACT THEdunnuSHADAPRIMARYPURPOSE DEÎNEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRSIZEANDFORTIÎEDNATUREAS OFFARMINGIEAGRICULTURALCOLONIZATION /NTHEOTHER ãLU ÀCITYÁ birtu ÀFORTRESSÁ ANDdunnu ÀFORTIÎEDFARMSTEADÁ HAND THEIRSECURITYWASGUARANTEEDBYREGIONALACTIONSOF
,IVERANI 4HEdunnuPROBABLYDEVELOPEDFROMTHE-ITANNIANdimtuÀTOWERÁ AFORTIÎEDFARMSTEADWITHITSOWNTERRITORY SEE7IGGERMANN WITHPREVIOUSBIBLIOGRAPHY #F7IGGERMAN WITHPREVIOUSBIBLIOGRAPHY !KKERMANS 7IGGERMANN !NOTHERWELL KNOWNdunnuOFSMALLERSIZEIS$UNNU ŀA 5ZIBI'IRICANO ONTHE4IGRISRIVERBANK CLOSETOTHE SITEOF4UŀͫAN:YARET4EPE4HESITEHASPRODUCEDAFULLYPUBLISHEDARCHIVEBELONGEDTOAMANCALLED!ͫUNI WHICHWASINUSEDURING THEREIGNOF!ŀŀUR BõL KALA¾"# THEYEARSOFCRISISOFTHE-IDDLE!SSYRIANKINGDOMTHATFOLLOWEDTHEREIGNOF4IGLATH PILESER )¾"# 3EE2ADNER ¾ 11 !KKERMANS #FALSO#ANCIK +IRSCHBAUM $UISTERMAAT AND5R 3EE&ALESA ¾ WITHPREVIOUSBIBLIOGRAPHY 46 NATHAN MORELLO
POLICYREALIZEDWITHTHEMILITARYEQUIPMENTANDPERSONNEL Building the frontier in Neo-Assyrian THEYPROVIDEDTOMAJORCITIES letters
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'RAYSON !+*.OVOTNY 0ONGRATZ ,EISTEN "A 2OYAL)NSCRIPTIONSOF3ENNACHERIB+INGOF!SSYRIA¾"# À4HE)NTERPLAYOF-ILITARY3TRATEGYAND#ULTIC0RACTICEIN 4HE2OYAL)NSCRIPTIONSOFTHE.EO !SSYRIAN0ERIOD 6OL !SSYRIAN0OLITICSÁ INAssyria 1995 30ARPOLA27HITING 7INONA,AKE EDS (ELSINKI ¾ +ING ,7 0ONGRATZ ,EISTEN "B "RONZE2ELIEFSFROMTHE'ATESOF3HALMANESER +INGOF!SSYRIA À4OPONYMEALS!USDRUCKASSYRISCHEN(ERRSCHAFTSANSPRUCHSÁ ,ONDON IN!NAŀAD¡,ABNãNILŊALLIK"EITRGEZUALTORIENTALISCHENUND ,ANFRANCHI '"30ARPOLA MITTELMEERISCHEN+ULTUREN &S7OLFANG2¨LLING " 0ONGRATZ The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part II 3TATE !RCHIVES OF ,EISTEN (+®HNE08ELLAEDS -®NSTER ¾ !SSYRIA6 (ELSINKI 2ADNER + ,AYARD !(A Das mittelassyrische Tontafelarchiv von Giricano/Dunnu-ša- The Monuments of Nineveh ,ONDON Uzibi, 4URNHOUT ,AYARD !(B 2ADNER + A Second Series of Monuments of Nineveh ,ONDON À0ROVINZ !SSYRIENÁ Reallexikon der Assyriologie und ,IVERANI - Vorderasiatischen Archäologie¾ ¾ À4HE'ROWTHOFTHE!SSYRIAN%MPIREONTHE(ABUR-IDDLE 2EYNOLDS &3 %UPHRATES!REA!.EW0ARADIGMÁ State Archives of Assyria The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon 3TATE!RCHIVES Bulletin ¾ OF!SSYRIA86))) (ELSINKI ,IVERANI - AL 3HUKRI 3* Studies on the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II, 2: Topographical À4HE3AVAGEOFTHE!NTIQUITIESOFTHE1ADISSIYA$AM"ASINÁ Analysis 2OME Sumer ¾ ¾ ,UUKKO - VAN3OLDT 7(et al. The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II from À3ATU 1ALA ! 0RELIMINARY 2EPORT ON THE 3EASONS ¾ Calah/Nimrud 3TATE!RCHIVESOF!SSYRIA8)8 (ELSINKI Á Anatolica ¾ -AUL 3- 4ADMOR ( Die Inschriften von Tall Bderi "ERLIN 4HE)NSCRIPTIONSOF4IGLATH PILESER))) +INGOF!SSYRIA#RITICAL -AUL 3- Edition, with Introductions, Translations and Commentary $IE)NSCHRIFTENVON4ALLάABAN'RABUNSKAMPAGNEN¾ *ERUSALEM $IE+¨NIGEVONάABETUUNDDAS,AND-ãRIINMITTELASSYRISCHER 4ENU ! Zeit 4OKYO À,ES FORTERESSES ASSYRIENNES DE LA VALLE DU MOYEN 6AN$E-IEROOP - %UPHRATEÁ INLes armées du Proche-Orient ancien (IIIe-Ier mill. The Ancient Mesopotamian City /XFORD av. J.-C.). Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon les 1er .AÁAMAN . et 2 décembre 2006, Maison de l’orient et de la Méditerranée 0 À4HE"ROOKOF%GYPTANDTHE!SSYRIAN0OLICYONTHE"ORDER !BRAHAMI,"ATTINIEDS /XFORD ¾ OF%GYPTÁ TelAviv ¾ 4HUREAU $ANGIN & .ADALI $ Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C-), À,AGUERRAEGLIESERCITINEL6ICINO/RIENTEANTICO))) )MIL Textes cunéiformes du Louvre (TCL) 3 0ARIS LENNIOA# RIÏESSIONIINMARGINEÁREV Historiae ¾ 5R * 0ARKER "* À3ETTLEMENTAND,ANDSCAPEIN.ORTHERN-ESOPOTAMIATHE À'ARRISONINGTHE%MPIRE!SPECTSOFTHE#ONSTRUCTIONAND 4ELL(AMOUKAR3URVEY¾Á Akkadica ¾ -AINTENANCEOF&ORTSONTHE!SSYRIAN&RONTIERÁ Iraq 7AZANA . ¾ À7ATER $IVISION IN "ORDER !GREEMENTSÁ State Archives of 0ARKER "* Assyria Bulletin ¾ The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as 7IGGERMANN &!- a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics (ELSINKI À!GRICULTUREINTHE.ORTHERN"ALIKH6ALLEY4HE#ASEOFTHE 0ARKER "*+2ADNER -IDDLE !SSYRIAN4ELL3ABI!BYADÁ INRainfall and Agriculture À!ŀŀUR ALIK PANIÁ INThe Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian in Northern Mesopotamia 2-*ASED ,EIDEN ¾ Empire (vol. 1) +2ADNERED (ELSINKI ¾ 7ILKINSONet al 0ARKER "*23CHMITT À,ANDSCAPEAND3ETTLEMENTINTHE.EO !SSYRIAN%MPIREÁ À!RIJEÁ INThe Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (vol. BASOR ¾ 1) +2ADNERED (ELSINKI 7ISEMAN $* 0AROPOLA 3 À!SSYRIAN7RITING "OARDSÁ Iraq .O ¾ The Correspondence of Sargon II, part I 3TATE !RCHIVES OF :IMANSKY 0% !SSYRIA) (ELSINKI Ancient Ararat. A Handbook of Uratian Studies .EW9ORK 0ARPOLA 3 ,ETTERS FROM !SSYRIAN AND "ABYLONIAN 3CHOLARS 3TATE !RCHIVESOF!SSYRIA8 (ELSINKI