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JUNE 2005 Desmond Morton REFLECTING ON GOMERY: POLITICAL SCANDALS AND THE CANADIAN MEMORY Desmond Morton Is the sponsorship scandal the worst in Canadian history, as the opposition howls, or is there a lack of memory of our own history? In any spoils system, as renowned historian Desmond Morton points out, what goes around comes around. Who gets the spoils usually depends on who’s in power. And from the dawn of Confederation, the spoils have started at the front door of Public Works and Government Services, the historic home of pork and patronage in Canada. “Most of our ancestors took political corruption for granted,” Morton writes, adding that “one continuing political reality of Canada is how tolerant of scandal most of us have really been.” From the Pacific Scandal of one century, to the furniture scandals of the next, a short but informative history of scandal in Canada. Le scandale des commandites est-il le pire qu’ait connu le Canada, comme le clame l’opposition, ou avons-nous oublié une partie de notre histoire ? Dans tout système des dépouilles, rappelle l’éminent historien Desmond Morton, tout finit par se payer. Simplement, les profiteurs varient selon les titulaires du pouvoir. Dès les débuts de la Confédération, le favoritisme s’est logé à l’enseigne des ministères chargés des travaux publics et des services gouvernementaux, refuges historiques de l’électoralisme et du népotisme. « La plupart de nos ancêtres tenaient la corruption politique pour acquise », observe l’auteur, ajoutant que la tolérance au scandale de la plupart de nos concitoyens est l’une des grandes constantes de la vie politique de ce pays. D’un siècle à l’autre, voici un bref et fort instructif historique des scandales canadiens. ife can only be understood backwards, Soren take Quebec and perhaps even Atlantic Canada out of Kierkegard, the Danish philosopher reminded us. Confederation? L Unfortunately, it has to be lived forwards. Last year, Honest answers in history, as Kierkegard warned, for example, I was constantly asked whether the sponsor- demand more patience than either the media or opposition ship scandal was the biggest in Canada’s history. By the politicians are usually willing to concede. So do substantial time Mr. Justice Gomery reports, and certainly by the time answers about how to prevent this and other scandals from the last criminal investigation has enriched its last lawyer, being the daily fare of political debate. When Harper we may be able to agree on its seniority. Or even what con- demands that the Liberal Party pay back what its minions stitutes a scandal? Would all Canadians agree that allow- have allegedly extracted from federal coffers, has he ever ing tainted blood into our transfusion system constituted thought about where the Liberals would ever find the a scandal? Or sending soldiers to war in 1915 armed with funds? Does he plan to report in detail and in timely fash- the Ross Rifle? Or refusing to admit Jewish refugees fleeing ion the funding sources of his own political party? Surely he Hitler in 1938? Will sponsorship and its cast of characters remembers the stench in Toryism that drove him to launch fade from memory like most of the scandals I have been his own parliamentary career in the ranks of Preston invited to dredge up? Or will it give sovereignists the cata- Manning’s Reform Party. lyst to vote Yes to sovereignty, as both Jean Chrétien and Future historians may also recognize the sponsorship Gilles Duceppe and possibly even Stephen Harper may scandal as Jean Chrétien’s greatest gift to the sovereignist believe? After all, what better way to give the cause. As the former prime minister explained to the Conservatives a built-in majority than by helping the Bloc Gomery Inquiry, Canada’s profile in Quebec had virtually 14 OPTIONS POLITIQUES JUIN 2005 Reflecting on Gomery: political scandals and the Canadian memory vanished as a result of the Mulroney er than the original claims of alleged mission amassed plenty of evidence of government’s privatizations and trans- misspending by Human Resources and police break-ins, unauthorized wire- fer of powers over immigration to the Development Canada. The sordid taps of MPs, and even a barn-burning, Quebec government. By trashing the parade of evasive and forgetful execu- but no minister ever resigned. constitutional expectations that tives and disgruntled Liberal opera- National security is an easy alibi when Mulroney had raised to persuade tives before the cameras in Judge governments break the law, and the Quebecers to accept Pierre Trudeau’s Gomery’s hearing room have provided argument has had an especially heavy Constitution “with honour and enthu- a vast Quebec audience with months workout on both sides of the Canada- siasm,” the rest of Canada sent sover- of delicious indignation and righteous- US border since 9/11. Both Macdonald and Allan knew that Canadian elections t is not new. After Sir were not won by prayers but by cash. Driven by poverty, I John A. Macdonald’s partner in Confederation, opportunism and greed, many voters were “loose fish” or Sir George-Étienne Cartier, “shaky fellows,” who unashamedly sold their votes for money, foolishly promised dele- a mickey or a paycheque. Party organizers took a cut, just like gates from British Columbia some of Gomery’s witnesses. A Senate seat was a reward for a railway from Montreal to the Pacific, when they successful money collectors. Not only was it a royal flush as a might easily have settled for patronage benefit, the salary would keep collectors from a wagon road through the skimming more than a little for themselves. Rockies, getting the impos- sibly expensive project eignty support to a record 60 percent, ness. In pubs and kitchens across completed became a matter of nation- guaranteed the Parti Québécois anoth- Quebec, sovereignists have waxed al urgency. When Montreal’s Sir Hugh er turn in power in 1994, and made the indignant that their federal taxes fund- Allan apparently found the capital for second referendum fight in 1995 much ed the scoundrels whose tawdry the Pacific Railway, was it Cartier’s tougher for the province’s demoralized schemes undermined their dreams of a folly, the young Dominion’s existence, federalists. When the federalists won Quebec independent of the clowns or merely the Tory party that was by only a whisker, editorial writers who run the federal government. saved? Thanks to the late Pierre denounced Chrétien for inaction. The Chrétien’s explanation for the Berton, most living Canadians know prime minister responded by peeling sponsorship scandal has a long associ- which version they have been taught. $250 million from a shrunken federal ation with the dirty deeds in Canadian Still, Sir John A. had to get himself re- budget, handed it to Alfonso Gagliano, public life. Making the dangerously elected. The fact that Allan and a syn- his lead Quebec minister, and told him false analogy that politics is war, par- dicate of American backers stood to to get cracking. As minister of Ottawa’s ticularly when conducted against peo- make a lot of money was no voter’s most patronage-friendly department, ple with troublesome ideas, isn’t business until somebody burgled the Public Works, Gagliano turned instinc- anything fair? Aren’t those who office of Allan’s solicitor, J.J. Abbott. tively to Chuck Guité, a hold-over from protest, like Auditor General Sheila Among the loot was a telegram to the end of the Mulroney era. Guité Fraser or Mr. Justice Gomery, doing the Allan from Macdonald that most his- knew whom to call and what motivat- enemy’s work? In Honest Politics, their torians can recite from memory: “I ed the seemingly unsavoury gang book on Canadian political corrup- must have another ten thousand. Will whose wealth would come from under- tion, Ian Greene and David be the last time of calling; do not fail mining the sovereignist dream. As one Shugarman, two specialists in political me; answer today.” Nestled beside it of them, Gilles-André Gosselin ethics at York University, refer to the was Allan’s prompt agreement. explained to Mr. Justice Gomery, he “dirty hands” argument. Yes, sponsor- Both Macdonald and Allan knew would have lost two-thirds of his staff ship might seem a bizarre way of that Canadian elections were not won if they had ever figured out that he had spending taxpayers’ dollars, but didn’t by prayers but by cash. Driven by hired them out to change Canada’s those same taxpayers want something poverty, opportunism and greed, image in Quebec. done to counter Quebec separatists? many voters were “loose fish” or Greene and Shugarman recall another “shaky fellows,” who unashamedly quarter-billion dollars buys a lot classic “dirty hands” example, the sold their votes for money, a mickey or A of change, though it is only a series of criminal acts attributed to the a paycheque. Party organizers took a quarter of the billion dollars that RCMP Security Services after they had cut, just like some of Gomery’s wit- allegedly vanished into the Liberals’ failed to foresee or forestall the nesses. A Senate seat was a reward for gun registry program, and even small- October Crisis of 1970. A royal com- successful money collectors. Not only POLICY OPTIONS 15 JUNE 2005 Desmond Morton was it a royal flush as a patronage ben- obvious reason was provincial prosperi- that corruption would be an issue, efit, the salary would keep collectors ty. If Santa Claus is generous to every- after several Tory ministers had been from skimming more than a little for one, who cares if he keeps a few gifts tarred with insider deals that allegedly themselves.
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