DOCSLIB.ORG

Eastern Development Projects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eastern Development Projects C-Russian Railways EASTERN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS January 2015 Transit potential of the East–West Corridor Annual trade turnover between Europe and Asia is estimated at $1 trillion, and less than 1% of this amount is transported by rail. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the most attractive and efficient land route to deliver freights in Eurasia with current capacity up to 1 million TEU. 2 C-Russian Railways Container trains from Asia to Europe Hamburg • Cnongqing – Duisburg, 96 trains Duisburg • Zhengzhou – Hamburg, 71 trains Warsaw • Chengdu – Lodz, 45 trains St. Petersburg Brest • Brest – Zabaikalsk, 100 trains Lodz • Zabaikalsk – Brest, 164 trains Dobra Moscow Novorossiysk Vladivostok Iletzk Nakhodka Naushki Zabaikalsk Dostyk Zamyn‐Uud Zhengzhou - Implementation of the CIM/SMGS unified Chengdu consignment note Suzhou ChongqingЧунцин - Successful transportation of high-tech products in reefer containers in the winter 3 “The Trans-Siberian in 7 Days” In 2009, Russian Railways initiated the “Trans-Siberian in Seven Days” to promote transit freight transportation from Russia’s Far Eastern ports to EU borders as part of the company’s development strategy On April 24, 2013, block-train No. 1437 carrying 67 containers departed the Nakhodka-East station and arrived at Moscow-Paveletskaya station just in 7 days, 13 hours and 25 minutes, i.e. covering 1229 km per day on average. 4 C-Russian Railways Block-trains of the “Trans-Siberian in Seven Days” Container train speed, km per day 1400 1250 1200 1157 1000 1157 1050 1050 800 910 850 850 600 400 200 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 EAST‐WEST 383 container trains / 17,127 carriages/ 28,601 containers 5‐7 container trains per week Average speed: 1058km/day. WEST‐EAST 232 container trains / 10,556 carriages/ 16,413 containers 3‐4 container trains per week Average speed: 989km/day. 5 Plans for further modernization of the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian Railways 562,4 Government Own funds billion rubles 302,2 support 260,2 Development of Maintenance Development and West Baikal- Trans-Siberian Karymskaya – East Baikal- maintenance of East Amur Railway Railway Amur Railway Baikal-Amur Railway Zabaikalskaya section 244,6 41,1 16,3 147,2 76,1 36,9 West Baikal- East Baikal- Amur Railway Amur Railway Trans- Siberian Railway Karymskaya Karymskaya – Zabaikalskaya The project will provide for the development and reconstruction of 92 stations, 47 passing loops, over 460 km of double tracks, 680 km of auto-block systems, 19 energy substations and over 350 km of electrification lines. 6 C-Russian Railways Railway crossing from Sakhalin island to the Continent The concept of a new railway crossing between Sakhalin Island and the Continent is aimed at connecting the Baikal- Amur Railway in Khabarovsk Region with the Sakhalin Railway on Sakhalin Island. In addition to developing a railway (bridge / tunnel) across the Strait Nevelsky, new railway sections should be constructed: About 500 km, from Selikhino to cape Lazarev, for connection with the Baikal-Amur Railway in Khabarovsk Region About 100-120 km, from Nogliki to Pogyby on Sakhalin Island 7 HSR development in Eastern Russia till 2030 Khabarovsk In accordance with the Transport Strategy of the Russian Vladivostok - Federation, 6942 km of rapid transit railways and 4253 km of high Khabarovsk L = 774 km speed railways are to be built till 2030, including 774 km of the line V = 160 km / h from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk. T = 6 hours 40 min Omsk - Novosibirsk Novosibirsk - L = 627 km Krasnoyarsk Novosibirsk - V = 160 km/h L = 762 km Kemerovo T8= 5 hours 30 min V = 160 km/h L = 301 km T = 9 hours 12 min V = 160 km/h T = 3 hours 25 Ussuriisk Omsk min Vladivostok Kemerovo Krasnoyarsk Novosibirsk - Novosibirsk Novosibirsk - Barnaul Novokuznetsk L = 230 km L = 528 km V = 160 km/h V = 160 km/h High speed railway development T = 2 hours 31 T = 4 hours 50 (speed 160 - 200 km/h) up to 2030 min Barnaul Novokuznetsk min 8 C-Russian Railways Cooperation with Russian Railways Freight transportation via the Trans-Siberian Railway Development of Railway (dry) Ports and Logistic Centers in Russia Transfer of technologies and innovations, including HSR projects. Developing direct railway link between Russia & Japan 9 JSC Russian Railways International Cooperation Department T + 7 (499) 262 32 25 F + 7 (499) 262 28 80 [email protected] www.rzd.ru.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Detachment Instead of Confrontation: Post-European Russia in Search of Self-Sufficiency
    Detachment Instead of Confrontation: Post-European Russia in Search of Self-Sufficiency Alexei Miller, Fyodor Lukyanov The report was written by Alexei Miller, Professor at European University in St. Petersburg and Central European University in Budapest; Fyodor lukyAnov, Editor-in-Chief of the Russia in Global Affairs magazine and a Research Professor at the National Research University-Higher School of Economics. Alexei Miller, Fyodor Lukyanov Along with all the complexes of a superior nation, Russia has the great inferiority complex of a small country. Joseph Brodsky Less Than One, 1976 “Our eagle, the heritage of Byzantium, is a two-headed one. Of course, eagles with one head are strong and powerful as well, but if you cut off the head of our eagle which is turned to the East, you will not turn him into a one-headed eagle, you will only make him bleed.” Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin, from the speech in the State Duma in support of the construction of the Amur Railway, 1908 This project originated in 2015 when intellectual interaction between Russia and the West was rapidly degrading to mutual accusations and verbal fights over “who is to blame” and “how much more Russia should suffer before it is ready to repent.” We sought to provide a forum for analysts and political practitioners from Russia, Europe, the United States, and China to con- duct a constructive dialogue and ultimately move from producing endless recriminations and claims to discussing the future of Russia’s role in international affairs. Naturally, this also meant discussing the future of the world as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision for the Northeast Asia Transportation Corridors
    Northeast Asia Economic Conference Organizing Committee Transportation Subcommittee Chairman KAYAHARA, Hideo Japan: Director General, the Japan Port and Harbor Association/ Counselor, ERINA Committee Members DAI, Xiyao PRC: Director, Tumen River Area Development Administration, the People’ s Government of Jilin Province WANG, Shengjin PRC: Dean, Northeast Asia Studies College of Jilin University TSENGEL, Tsegmidyn Mongolia: State Secretary, Ministry of Infrastructure SEMENIKHIN, Yaroslav RF: President, Far Eastern Marine Research, Design and Technology Institute (FEMRI) Byung-Min AHN ROK: Head, Northeast Asia Research Team, Korea Transportation Institute(KOTI) GOMBO, Tsogtsaikhan UN: Deputy Director, Tumen Secretariat, UNDP Secretariat ERINA (Ikuo MITSUHASHI, Senior Fellow, Kazumi KAWAMURA, Researcher, Research Division, Dmiriy L. Sergachev, Researcher, Research Division) Vision for the Northeast Asia Transportation Corridors Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Nine Transportation Corridors in Northeast Asia.................................... 2 Chapter 3 Current Situation and Problems of the Nine Transportation Corridors in Northeast Asia ....................................................................................... 5 3.1 Taishet~Vanino Transportation Corridor 3.2 Siberian Land Bridge (SLB) Transportation Corridor 3.3 Suifenhe Transportation Corridor 3.4 Tumen River Transportation Corridor 3.5 Dalian Transportation Corridor
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Search for a Greater Eurasia
    KENNAN CABLE No. 40 l February 2019 President Atambayev (Kyrgyzstan), President Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan), President Putin (Russia), President Lukashenko (Belarus), and President Sargsyan (Armenia) after a meeting of the Eurasian Economic Union in Moscow in 2014. Photograph: Reuters Russia’s Search for a Greater Eurasia: Origins, Promises, and Prospects Seçkin Köstem Vladimir Putin announced the Russian government’s Russia’s geo-economic projects are always linked to desire for a greater Eurasian partnership at the St. its status in international politics, and the search for Petersburg Economic Forum in June 2016. In the a Greater Eurasia demonstrates that for the Kremlin, opening speech, Putin proposed “considering the foreign economic strategy and international identity prospects for more extensive Eurasian partnership are inherently linked. While Russian leadership is well involving the Eurasian Economic Union,” in which aware of the shifts in the global economy, it is also countries such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and India would entrapped by its great power nationalism in designing also be included.1 Since then, Putin has consistently and implementing its strategy. With its grand name, promoted the project in his addresses to the Federal the Greater Eurasian Partnership is no exception; the Assembly, in meetings with foreign leaders, at Kremlin acknowledges the strategic importance of Asia subsequent St. Petersburg Economic Forums, and at but does not have the economic and political means to the Eastern Economic Forums held in Vladivostok. achieve its goals. KENNAN CABLE No. 40 l February 2019 Origins and Promises of Greater and Russia, as well as by Belarus and the Silk Road Economic Belt project.”3 The report put emphasis on Eurasian Partnership the modernizing role of Eurasian integration for the Russia initially aimed to integrate into Europe as Russian economy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belt and Road Initiative a Background Paper for the Emerging
    The Belt and Road Initiative A Background Paper for the Emerging Market Forum 2019 Evgeny Vinokurov Chief Economist, Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development [email protected] In the early 2010s, the growing economic and political weight of China and its foreign policy ambitions led to the development of a qualitatively new foreign economic policy strategy. In 2013, China’s President Xi Jinping proposed a modern equivalent of the ancient Silk Roads – the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In practical terms, China aims to promote economic growth in potential markets and improve connectivity with them. Among other things, the initiative called for the building of a network of railways, roads, pipelines and other infrastructure that would link China to Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia, Europe and Africa. In 2015, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) authorized the BRI action plan with two main components: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. According to the plan, the BRI is a systemic project that must be built jointly through consultation to meet the interests of all concerned states, with efforts being made to integrate the development strategies of the countries along the Belt and Road (State Council of the PRC 2015). The BRI serves as an underlying idea about how China’s foreign economic expansion and transport policies might look in the coming years (Wang 2016). The PRC primarily seeks access to new markets, optimal export terms and increased economic development of its remote regions (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia).
    [Show full text]
  • Brezhnev's Folly: the Building of BAM And
    1 Introduction The Project of the Century , the assessment of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (BAM) and its effects on the Soviet Union trans- formedW radically. In , Leonid Brezhnev addressed the Seventeenth Kom- somol Congress: “The Baikal-Amur Railway will transform the cities and settlements of Siberia, the North, and the Far East into high-culture centers while exploiting the rich natural resources of those regions!”¹ By , how- ever, the Moscow News told a different story: “What is the railway like today? It is in a state of ruin and desolation. Rarely does a train whistle disturb the surrounding silence. The stations are deserted. The passenger terminals, beau- tiful structures built from individual designs that were chosen in competi- tions, are neglected. The settlements built by envoys from various republics of the former USSR have fallen into decay. Each year the number of resi- dents dwindles—they keep scattering in all directions.”² The chasm of social and political change that these assessments bracket proved more vast than even the four thousand kilometers of harsh Siberian terrain traversed by one of the most ambitious public works projects ever conceived. The BAM was so important to the entire leadership of the Soviet © 2009 University of Pittsburgh Press. All rights reserved. Union that it tirelessly poured massive resources into a project doomed to crumble almost immediately upon completion.³ The Soviet Union used the railway to bolster collective faith in the command-administrative system as well as to improve the economy. The personal influence of Brezhnev repre- sented a strong force in the push to popularize the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Politics & Policy
    APP Asian Politics & Policy Volume 10 • Number 4 • October 2018 SPECIAL ISSUE: RUSSIA IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC INTRODUCTION: Russia in the Asia-Pacifi c Alexander Lukin ORIGINAL ARTICLES Russia’s Pivot to Asia: Situational Interest or Strategic Necessity? Maxim Bratersky Greater Eurasia and Russian Foreign Policy Priorities Timofei Bordachev Russian-Chinese Security Cooperation in Asia Vasily Kashin and Alexander Lukin Transformation of China’s Development Model under Xi Jinping and its Implications for Russian Exports Igor Makarov, Ilya Stepanov, and Vasily Kashin Missed Opportunities: Could a U.S.-Russian Dialogue on Asia Pacifi c Have Prevented the New Cold War? Dmitry Suslov Russia’s Policy toward Japan and Regional Security in the Asia-Pacifi c Oleg Paramonov and Olga Puzanova Prospects for Normalization on the Korean Peninsula: A View from Moscow Valery Denisov and Anastasia Pyatachkova Russia and India in the Indo-Pacifi c Sergey Lunev and Ellina Shavlay Reenergizing the Russia-ASEAN Relationship: The Eurasian Opportunity Evgeny Kanaev and Alexander Korolev Russia-Australia Relations in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis Ivan Krivushin The Eurasian Economic Union and the Integration Process in the Asia Pacifi c Anastasia Likhacheva Mega-Regional Agreements and the Struggle for Economic Order in the Asia-Pacifi c Region Dmitry Novikov and Veronika Shumkova An International Journal of Public Policy aaspp_v10_i4_Issue_Info.inddspp_v10_i4_Issue_Info.indd 1 003-01-20193-01-2019 08:01:4808:01:48 Asian Politics & Policy Volume 10, Issue 4, October 2018 EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-in-Chief: Aileen S. P. Baviera (University of the Philippines, Philippines) Managing Editor: Sascha M. Gallardo (University of the Philippines, Philippines) Senior Editor (Praxis): Aries A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Koreans' Migration to the Russian Far East and Their
    THE KOREANS’ MIGRATION TO THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AND THEIR DEPORTATION TO CENTRAL ASIA: FROM THE 1860s TO 1937 by WOOSUNG LEE A THESIS Presented to the Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Woosung Lee Title: The Koreans’ Migration to the Russian Far East and Their Deportation to Central Asia: From the 1860s to 1937 This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies Program by: Julie Hessler Chair Alan Kimball Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2012 ii © 2012 Woosung Lee iii THESIS ABSTRACT Woosung Lee Master of Arts Russian and East European Studies Program June 2012 Title: The Koreans’ Migration to the Russian Far East and their Deportation to Central Asia: From the 1860s to 1937 From the early 1860s Koreans appeared in the Russian Far East. Beginning in 1864, Koreans who received approval of the Russian authorities had begun to establish Korean villages in this region. During the 1860s and 1870s, the Russian government favored the Koreans’ immigration into this area in order to develop the inhospitable lands in the Far East. After the 1880s, Russia’s contradictory tendencies of accepting the Korean immigrants or prohibiting them coexisted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Railways and Imperial Intersections in the Russian Empire Karl E. M. Starns a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillmen
    The Russian Railways and Imperial Intersections in the Russian Empire Karl E. M. Starns A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies (Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia) University of Washington 2012 Committee: Professor Elena Campbell Professor Glennys Young Professor Yong-Chool Ha Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Jackson School of International Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Empire, Imperialism, Imperial Trajectories, and Empire in Russia …………………………. 12 Chapter 2: Early Transportation in the Russian Empire, the Beginnings of the Railroads, Railroads and, Industrialization ……………………………………………………………………………… 27 Chapter 3: The International Setting, and the Franco-Russian Alliance …..…………………………….. 47 Chapter 4: France, the Russian Railways, and Imperial Intersections in Action …..…………………….. 65 Conclusions and Afterthoughts ……………………………………………………………… 88 References ……………………………………………………………………………………. 99 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to his thesis committee chair, Professor Elena Campbell, for her patience, and guidance in the study of empire. The author would like to express his appreciation to his committee co-chair Professor Glennys Young for her guidance in the classroom on writing and formulating arguments. The author would also like to express appreciation for Professor Yong-Chool Ha for his guidance in economic development and industrialization in the Russian Empire, as well as introducing the author to the field of Industrialization and International Relations. Finally, the author would like to express his gratitude to Dr. Michael Biggins for his invaluable assistance in finding resource materials for this thesis. Also the author would like to acknowledge that this thesis would never have been completed without the continued support of his friends and family.
    [Show full text]
  • China and Russia
    Asian geopolitics Special report Bobo Lo Head of Russia and Eurasia Programme The Royal Institute of International Affairs Chatham House Andy Rothman China Macro Strategist (8621) 23066000 May 2006 Asia Pacific Strategy ! Psychological hang-ups ! An uneven and difficult history ! Political convergence ! Energy, the spearhead of the relationship ! Strategic tensions ! Pragmatism – The importance of doing business China and Russia Common interests, contrasting perceptions www.clsa.com Find CLSA research on Bloomberg (CLSA <go>), firstcall.com, multex.com, and use our powerful CLSA evalu@tor® database at clsa.com Asian geopolitics Contents Foreword ...................................................................................... 3 Executive summary....................................................................... 4 The psychology of the relationship ............................................... 5 The ebb and flow of history .......................................................... 6 The search for likemindedness...................................................... 9 Mutual interests, different priorities ........................................... 14 Working the angles ..................................................................... 20 Looking to the long term – Six scenarios .................................... 25 Pacific Russia Russia and Japan China’s political The rise of the and Asia economy private company Dr Bobo Lo Dr Bobo Lo heads the Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House and is a Visiting Scholar at the
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Seven Years After Helsinki
    97th Congress 2d Session I COMMITTEE PRINT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL ACT OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SEVEN YEARS AFTER HELSINKI REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE NOVEMBER 1982 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 13-370 0 WASHINGTON: 1982 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE Room 237, House Annex i2 U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 REP. DANTE B. FASCELL, D-Florida, Chairman SEN. ROBERT DOLE, R-Kansas, Co-Chairman SEN. ORRIN HATCH (R-UT) REP. SIDNEY YATES, (D-IL) SEN. JOHN HEINZ, (R-PA) REP. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, (D-NY) SEN. ALFONSE D'AMATO, (R-NY) REP. TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, (D-CO) SEN. CLAIBORNE PELL, (D-RI) REP. MILLICENT FENWICK (R-NJ) SEN. PATRICK J. LEAHY (D-VT) REP. DON RITTER (R-PA) Executive Branch Commissioners THE HONORABLE ELLIOTT ABRAMS, Department of State THE HONORABLE RICHARD NORMAN PERLE, Department of Defense THE HONORABLE WILLIAM H. MORRIS, JR., Department of Commerce Commission Staff R. SPENCER OLIVER, Staff Director and General Counsel SAMUEL G. WISE, Deputy Staff Director MICHAEL J. PACKARD, Deputy Staff Director CHRISTOPHER BRESCIA, Staff Ass't. LESLIE JONES FARRELL, Librarian DEBORAH BURNS, Office Manager JOHN J. FINERTY, Staff Ass't. CATHERINE COSMAN, Staff Ass't. HERBERT B. MOLLER, Jr., Consultant LYNNE DAVIDSON, Staff Ass't. YALE W. RICHMOND, Consultant OREST DEYCHAKIWSKY, Staff Ass't. JOHN L. SANDSTROM, Press Officer MEG DONOVAN, Staff Ass't.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER FOUR What Is Siberia to Russia?
    Durham E-Theses Russia's Great Power Ambitions: The Role of Siberia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic in Russia's Contemporary Relations with Northeast Asia CONTRERAS-LUNA, RAFAEL How to cite: CONTRERAS-LUNA, RAFAEL (2016) Russia's Great Power Ambitions: The Role of Siberia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic in Russia's Contemporary Relations with Northeast Asia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12034/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 RUSSIA’S GREAT POWER AMBITIONS: THE ROLE OF SIBERIA, THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST, AND THE ARCTIC IN RUSSIA’S CONTEMPORARY RELATIONS WITH NORTHEAST ASIA ________________________________________________________________________ Rafael Contreras Luna Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2016 i ABSTRACT Being at the confluence of two worlds – East and West – has had long-term influence on how Russia has thought of its national identity, in particular prompting the question: to what extent is it joining or resisting these two worlds? This thesis argues that Russia’s self- perception of being a great power – greatpowerness - defines its status and position in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Far East in the System of Transportation Links Between Europe and Asia
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 Russian Far East in the System of Transportation Links between Europe and Asia Petrunina Zhanna Valeryanovna D. Phil. in History, Professor of the History and Archival Science Department Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University, Russia; E-mail: [email protected] Chibisova Olga Vladimirovna PhD in Cultural Studies, Associate Professor of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication Department Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University, Russia; E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p460 Abstract The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and prospects of Russian railways operating in the conditions of international integration, to identify the factors of mutual interest and possible risks of multilateral cooperation in transit using the potential of the Russian Federation. The outlets to the Baltic Sea and the Sea of Japan allow Russian government to suggest using Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways for Europe-Asia transport routes. The authors consider the most urgent problems of implementing the existing plans: the radical modernization of the railway infrastructure, the use of new technologies and the revision of the organization of transportation. To solve these problems the Russian leadership has offered and implemented various development programs. It also is trying to decide a point of attracting foreign capital. Special attention is paid to the cooperation between the Russian Federation and North Korea, South Korea and China. The implementation of joint projects will enhance regional cooperation and promote a safety zone for their participants.
    [Show full text]