water Article The Integration of Multivariate Statistical Approaches, Hyperspectral Reflectance, and Data-Driven Modeling for Assessing the Quality and Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Mosaad Khadr 1,2 , Mohamed Gad 3 , Salah El-Hendawy 4,5,*, Nasser Al-Suhaibani 4, Yaser Hassan Dewir 4,6 , Muhammad Usman Tahir 4, Muhammad Mubushar 4 and Salah Elsayed 7 1 Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
[email protected] 2 Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31734, Egypt 3 Hydrogeology, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City, Minufiya 32897, Egypt;
[email protected] 4 Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, KSA, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
[email protected] (N.A.-S.);
[email protected] (Y.H.D.);
[email protected] (M.U.T.);
[email protected] (M.M.) 5 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt 6 Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt 7 Agricultural Engineering, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Minufiya 32897, Egypt;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +966-535318364 Abstract: Sustainable agriculture in arid regions necessitates that the quality of groundwater be care- Citation: Khadr, M.; Gad, M.; fully monitored; otherwise, low-quality irrigation water may cause soil degradation and negatively El-Hendawy, S.; Al-Suhaibani, N.; impact crop productivity.