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UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Palladion and National Identity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6652d0nj Author Hunter, Morgan Elizabeth Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ! ! ! The!Palladion!and!National!Identity! ! By! ! Morgan!E.!Hunter! ! ! ! ! ! A!dissertation!submitted!in!partial!satisfaction!of!the! requirements!for!the!degree!of! Doctor!of!Philosophy! in! Classics! in!the! Graduate!Division! of!the! University!of!California,!Berkeley! ! ! ! ! Committee!in!Charge:! ! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!Chair! Professor!J.!Theodore!Pena! Professor!Duncan!MacRae! Professor!Gary!Holland! Professor!Richard!Martin! ! Spring!2019! ! ! ! 1 ! ABSTRACT! ! The!Palladion!and!National!Identity! ! by! ! Morgan!Elizabeth!Hunter! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy!in!Classics! University!of!California,!Berkeley! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!Chair! ! ! This!dissertation!takes!its!start!from!the!observation!that!people!of!Sixth!and!Fifth!Century! Athens,!the!Hellenistic!Troad!and!Pergamon,!and!Republican!Rome!with!its!Latin!Colonies! all!made!use!of!stories!and!symbols!taken!from!the!Trojan!War!in!the!process!of!creating!an! acceptable!national!identity!for!their!states.!The!Homeric!Cycle!of!epics!and!their!derived! tragedies!at!Athens,!the!Iliad’s!Mount!Ida!and!Temple!of!Athena!Ilias!in!Pergamon’s!Ilion,! the!legends!of!Aeneas!at!Rome!all!became!central!to!the!way!people!in!Athens,!the!Troad,! and!Roman!Italy!came!to!see!their!community.!These!elements!of!an!imagined!Trojan!past! became!part!of!the!complex!of!activities!and!formal!behaviors!that!being!a!member!of!a! socioWpolitical!community!entails,!and!especially!the!symbolic-associations!of!these! activities!to!that!community,!what!Abraham!Lincoln!called!the!“mystic!chords!of!memory.”! ! My!particular!focus!is!on!three!very!odd!stories!about!women!that!I!show!lie!at!the! beginning!of!this!process!in!each!case:!the!story!that!a!tall!woman,!dressed!like!Athena!and! riding!in!a!chariot!with!Peisistratos,!tricked!the!Athenians!into!making!him!tyrant;!the!story! that!for!a!thousand!years!a!small!city!in!Greece!annually!sent!two!aristocratic!maidens!to! Troy!to!be!tortured!and!work!as!slaves!for!the!rest!of!their!lives;!and!the!story!that!the! Roman!Senate!ordered!two!sacred!Vestal!Virgins!to!be!ritually!executed!after!Hannibal!won! the!battle!of!Cannae.! ! I!identify!a!specific!sacred!component!from!the!heroic!past!that!lay!at!the!heart!of!all!three! stories:!the!Palladion,!the!cult!statue!of!Athena!from!ancient!Troy!itself.!I!demonstrate,!by!a! close!examination!of!all!available!evidence!from!literature,!art,!and!archaeology,!that!this! cult!statue!was!a!significant!symbolic!element!in!the!identity!of!each!community.!It! provided!a!tangible,!visible!link!to!the!Homeric!world,!and!thus!was!a!central!component!in! the!creation!of!three!separate!national!identities.! ! In!the!course!of!the!dissertation,!I!also!compare!these!ancient!processes!of!identity!creation! with!more!modern!examples,!taken!from!Elizabethan!England,!Imperial!France,!and!Stuart! Britain.!In!each!case!there!are!remarkable!parallels!with!the!ancient!cases!I!have!examined,! showing!that!this!process!of!national!identity!creation!is!deeply!rooted!in!human!social!and! political!behaviors. i ! ! ! ! TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! CHAPTER!1.!!National!Identity!and!Images!from!the!Heroic!Past! 1! ! CHAPTER!2.!!Peisistratos’!Chariot!Ride!and!the!New!Homeric!Athens! 15! ! CHAPTER!3.!!The!Lokrian!Maidens!and!Monophthalmos’!Trojan!Koinon! 57! ! CHAPTER!4.!!The!Vestal!Virgins’!Palladium!and!Trojan!Latium! 90! ! CHAPTER!5.!!The!Creation!of!National!Identity!in!the!Ancient!World! 138! ! BIBLIOGRAPHY! 145! ! ! ! ! ii ! ! Acknowledgements! ! ! ! I!would!like!to!acknowledge!the!support!of!the!Berkeley!Classics!Department,!especially! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!the!chairman!of!my!committee,!who!has!supported!my!work! throughout!my!tenure!at!Berkeley.! ! I!am!also!grateful!to!Professors!J.!Theodore!Pena!and!Duncan!MacRae,!also!of!the!Berkeley! Classics!Department,!and!Professor!Gary!Holland!of!the!Berkeley!Linguistics!Department,! for!serving!on!the!committee!and!for!their!advice!and!comments.!In!addition,!Professor! Richard!Martin!of!the!Stanford!University!Classics!Department,!who!was!the!Sather! Professor!for!2014W15,!also!served!on!the!committee!and!provided!valuable!comments,!for! which!I!am!deeply!grateful.! ! Finally,!Professor!Robert!Parker!of!Oxford!University,!the!Sather!Professor!for!2012W13,! inspired!my!original!paper!on!the!Lokrian!Maidens,!which!became!the!heart!of!Chapter!3! and!initiated!my!study!of!this!topic.! ! I!could!not!have!completed!this!dissertation!without!the!continuous!support!of!my!friends! and!family,!to!whom!I!owe!so!much.! ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! CHAPTER!ONE! National!Identity!and!Images!from!the!Heroic!Past! I.!Introduction! Most!citizens!of!a!state,!whether!ancient!or!modern,!consistently!look!for! visual!and!verbal!signs!that!evoke!and!justify!the!foundations!of!that!state.! Such!signs!typically!feature!or!are!framed!by!sacred!components!that!build! on!the!collective!memory!of!a!past!more!heroic!than!the!present,!and!they!are! habitually!incorporated!into!political!or!religious!rituals!designed!to!promote! community!identity.1!–C.!Brian!Rose! ! Charles!Brian!Rose!is!the!head!of!the!postWBronze!Age!group!at!the!current! excavations!of!ancient!Troy,!begun!by!the!late!Manfred!Korfmann.2!In!the!quoted!article,! Rose!focused!on!the!formation!of!community!identity!at!classical!Ilion!(Troy!VIII),!an! identity!based!almost!entirely!on!the!Homeric!tradition.!He!looks!at!two!important!rituals! that!were!at!various!times!celebrated!at!the!Temple!of!Athena!at!Ilion,!the!“Penance!of!the! Lokrian!Maidens”!and!the!Panathenaia,!to!“illustrate!the!ways!the!memory!of!the!Trojan! War!could!be!exploited”!to!reinforce!community!identity.!He!argues!that!these!rituals!were! modeled!on!similar!ones!at!Athens—the!Athenian!Panathenaia!and!the!office!of!the! arrhephoroi,!along!with!the!temples!of!Athena!on!the!Acropolis!of!Athens—and!that!Ilion! 1!C.B.!Rose,!“Architecture!and!Ritual!in!Ilion,!Athens,!and!Rome,”!in!B.!Wescoat!and!R.! Ousterhout!(eds.),!Architecture-of-the-Sacred!(Cambridge,!2012)!p.!152.! 2!See!the!Studia-Troica!series,!University!of!Tübingen!vol.!1W19!(Mainz,!1991W2011),! for!the!excavation!reports.! 2 “was!clearly!looking!to!Athens!in!search!for!models!of!civic!identity.”3!Rome!also!had!a! “symbiotic!relationship!with!Ilion,”!but!“it!was!encapsulated!in!only!one!ritual:!the!lusus! Troiae,!or!Trojan!Games.”4!These!festivals!“enlisted!the!past!to!elevate!the!status!of!the! present,”!and!play!a!vital!role!in!the!formation!of!the!identity!of!the!political!community5!–if! we!were!describing!a!modern!nation!state,!we!might!say!“the!formation!of!national! identity.”! This!dissertation!takes!its!start!from!Rose’s!observation!that!“visual!and!verbal! signs,”!especially!artifacts!from!a!heroic!past!that!are!“incorporated!into!political!or! religious!rituals,”!are!often!key!components!in!the!conscious!promotion!of!“community! identity,”!and!that!Athens,!Ilion,!and!Rome!all!made!use!of!stories!from!the!Trojan!War!in! this!process!of!identity!creation.!I!will,!however,!dig!considerably!deeper!into!three! important!ritual!complexes!at!Athens,!Ilion,!and!Rome:!the!expanded!sixthWcentury! Panathenaia!and!the!new!Bluebeard!Temple!at!Athens!coinciding!with!Peisistratos’! tyranny;!the!ritual!of!the!Lokrian!Maidens!at!the!Temple!of!Athena!at!Ilion!under!Antigonos! Monophthalmos;!and!the!rites!of!the!Vestal!Virgins!in!thirdWcentury!Republican!Rome,! particularly!the!ritual!execution!of!two!Vestals!after!the!disaster!at!Cannae.!I!identify!a! specific!“sacred!component”!from!the!heroic!past!that!lay!at!the!heart!of!all!three!of!these! rituals:!the!Palladion,!the!cult!statue!of!Athena!from!ancient!Troy!itself.!We!shall!find,!by!a! close!examination!of!all!available!evidence!from!literature,!art,!and!archaeology,!that!this! cult!statue!was!a!significant!element!in!the!ritual!at!each!city.!It!provided!a!tangible,!visible! link!to!the!Homeric!world!for!all!three!cities,!and!thus!was!a!central!element!in!the! 3!Rose,!ibid,!p.!160! 4!ibid,!p.!164! 5!ibid,!p.!168! 3 attempted!creation!of!three!separate!national!identities.!All!three!of!these!identity!creation! attempts!were!successful,!at!least!temporarily,!with!even!the!shortest—at!Ilion—later! helping!to!define!the!identity!of!Attalid!Pergamon!and!later!the!Byzantine!Empire.!! Strangely,!in!all!three!cases,!much!of!the!ritual,!and!occasionally!even!the!presence! of!the!Palladion,!has!fallen!out!of!the!surviving!accounts.!All!that!remains!are!three!very! odd!stories!from!antiquity!about!women:!the!story!that!a!tall!woman,!dressed!like!Athena! and!riding!in!a!chariot!with!Peisistratos,!tricked!the!Athenians!into!making!him!tyrant;!the! story!that!for!a!thousand!years!a!small!city!in!Greece!annually!sent!two!aristocratic! maidens!to!Troy!to!be!tortured!and!work!as!slaves!for!the!rest!of!their!lives;!and!the!story! that!the!Roman!Senate!ordered!two!sacred!Vestal!Virgins!to!be!ritually!executed!after! Hannibal!won!the!battle!of!Cannae.!This!study!began!as!an!attempt!to!understand!the! origins!of!these!stories,!and!in!the!course!of!my!investigation!it!became!increasingly! apparent!that!they!were!related!at!a!very!deep!level.!! In!this!introductory!chapter!I!will!present!the!theoretical!approach!that!I!will!be! using,!which!is!based!on!primarily!recent!discussions!of!the!rise!of!nationalism!and!how!
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