UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Palladion and National Identity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6652d0nj Author Hunter, Morgan Elizabeth Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ! ! ! The!Palladion!and!National!Identity! ! By! ! Morgan!E.!Hunter! ! ! ! ! ! A!dissertation!submitted!in!partial!satisfaction!of!the! requirements!for!the!degree!of! Doctor!of!Philosophy! in! Classics! in!the! Graduate!Division! of!the! University!of!California,!Berkeley! ! ! ! ! Committee!in!Charge:! ! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!Chair! Professor!J.!Theodore!Pena! Professor!Duncan!MacRae! Professor!Gary!Holland! Professor!Richard!Martin! ! Spring!2019! ! ! ! 1 ! ABSTRACT! ! The!Palladion!and!National!Identity! ! by! ! Morgan!Elizabeth!Hunter! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy!in!Classics! University!of!California,!Berkeley! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!Chair! ! ! This!dissertation!takes!its!start!from!the!observation!that!people!of!Sixth!and!Fifth!Century! Athens,!the!Hellenistic!Troad!and!Pergamon,!and!Republican!Rome!with!its!Latin!Colonies! all!made!use!of!stories!and!symbols!taken!from!the!Trojan!War!in!the!process!of!creating!an! acceptable!national!identity!for!their!states.!The!Homeric!Cycle!of!epics!and!their!derived! tragedies!at!Athens,!the!Iliad’s!Mount!Ida!and!Temple!of!Athena!Ilias!in!Pergamon’s!Ilion,! the!legends!of!Aeneas!at!Rome!all!became!central!to!the!way!people!in!Athens,!the!Troad,! and!Roman!Italy!came!to!see!their!community.!These!elements!of!an!imagined!Trojan!past! became!part!of!the!complex!of!activities!and!formal!behaviors!that!being!a!member!of!a! socioWpolitical!community!entails,!and!especially!the!symbolic-associations!of!these! activities!to!that!community,!what!Abraham!Lincoln!called!the!“mystic!chords!of!memory.”! ! My!particular!focus!is!on!three!very!odd!stories!about!women!that!I!show!lie!at!the! beginning!of!this!process!in!each!case:!the!story!that!a!tall!woman,!dressed!like!Athena!and! riding!in!a!chariot!with!Peisistratos,!tricked!the!Athenians!into!making!him!tyrant;!the!story! that!for!a!thousand!years!a!small!city!in!Greece!annually!sent!two!aristocratic!maidens!to! Troy!to!be!tortured!and!work!as!slaves!for!the!rest!of!their!lives;!and!the!story!that!the! Roman!Senate!ordered!two!sacred!Vestal!Virgins!to!be!ritually!executed!after!Hannibal!won! the!battle!of!Cannae.! ! I!identify!a!specific!sacred!component!from!the!heroic!past!that!lay!at!the!heart!of!all!three! stories:!the!Palladion,!the!cult!statue!of!Athena!from!ancient!Troy!itself.!I!demonstrate,!by!a! close!examination!of!all!available!evidence!from!literature,!art,!and!archaeology,!that!this! cult!statue!was!a!significant!symbolic!element!in!the!identity!of!each!community.!It! provided!a!tangible,!visible!link!to!the!Homeric!world,!and!thus!was!a!central!component!in! the!creation!of!three!separate!national!identities.! ! In!the!course!of!the!dissertation,!I!also!compare!these!ancient!processes!of!identity!creation! with!more!modern!examples,!taken!from!Elizabethan!England,!Imperial!France,!and!Stuart! Britain.!In!each!case!there!are!remarkable!parallels!with!the!ancient!cases!I!have!examined,! showing!that!this!process!of!national!identity!creation!is!deeply!rooted!in!human!social!and! political!behaviors. i ! ! ! ! TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! CHAPTER!1.!!National!Identity!and!Images!from!the!Heroic!Past! 1! ! CHAPTER!2.!!Peisistratos’!Chariot!Ride!and!the!New!Homeric!Athens! 15! ! CHAPTER!3.!!The!Lokrian!Maidens!and!Monophthalmos’!Trojan!Koinon! 57! ! CHAPTER!4.!!The!Vestal!Virgins’!Palladium!and!Trojan!Latium! 90! ! CHAPTER!5.!!The!Creation!of!National!Identity!in!the!Ancient!World! 138! ! BIBLIOGRAPHY! 145! ! ! ! ! ii ! ! Acknowledgements! ! ! ! I!would!like!to!acknowledge!the!support!of!the!Berkeley!Classics!Department,!especially! Professor!Mark!Griffith,!the!chairman!of!my!committee,!who!has!supported!my!work! throughout!my!tenure!at!Berkeley.! ! I!am!also!grateful!to!Professors!J.!Theodore!Pena!and!Duncan!MacRae,!also!of!the!Berkeley! Classics!Department,!and!Professor!Gary!Holland!of!the!Berkeley!Linguistics!Department,! for!serving!on!the!committee!and!for!their!advice!and!comments.!In!addition,!Professor! Richard!Martin!of!the!Stanford!University!Classics!Department,!who!was!the!Sather! Professor!for!2014W15,!also!served!on!the!committee!and!provided!valuable!comments,!for! which!I!am!deeply!grateful.! ! Finally,!Professor!Robert!Parker!of!Oxford!University,!the!Sather!Professor!for!2012W13,! inspired!my!original!paper!on!the!Lokrian!Maidens,!which!became!the!heart!of!Chapter!3! and!initiated!my!study!of!this!topic.! ! I!could!not!have!completed!this!dissertation!without!the!continuous!support!of!my!friends! and!family,!to!whom!I!owe!so!much.! ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! CHAPTER!ONE! National!Identity!and!Images!from!the!Heroic!Past! I.!Introduction! Most!citizens!of!a!state,!whether!ancient!or!modern,!consistently!look!for! visual!and!verbal!signs!that!evoke!and!justify!the!foundations!of!that!state.! Such!signs!typically!feature!or!are!framed!by!sacred!components!that!build! on!the!collective!memory!of!a!past!more!heroic!than!the!present,!and!they!are! habitually!incorporated!into!political!or!religious!rituals!designed!to!promote! community!identity.1!–C.!Brian!Rose! ! Charles!Brian!Rose!is!the!head!of!the!postWBronze!Age!group!at!the!current! excavations!of!ancient!Troy,!begun!by!the!late!Manfred!Korfmann.2!In!the!quoted!article,! Rose!focused!on!the!formation!of!community!identity!at!classical!Ilion!(Troy!VIII),!an! identity!based!almost!entirely!on!the!Homeric!tradition.!He!looks!at!two!important!rituals! that!were!at!various!times!celebrated!at!the!Temple!of!Athena!at!Ilion,!the!“Penance!of!the! Lokrian!Maidens”!and!the!Panathenaia,!to!“illustrate!the!ways!the!memory!of!the!Trojan! War!could!be!exploited”!to!reinforce!community!identity.!He!argues!that!these!rituals!were! modeled!on!similar!ones!at!Athens—the!Athenian!Panathenaia!and!the!office!of!the! arrhephoroi,!along!with!the!temples!of!Athena!on!the!Acropolis!of!Athens—and!that!Ilion! 1!C.B.!Rose,!“Architecture!and!Ritual!in!Ilion,!Athens,!and!Rome,”!in!B.!Wescoat!and!R.! Ousterhout!(eds.),!Architecture-of-the-Sacred!(Cambridge,!2012)!p.!152.! 2!See!the!Studia-Troica!series,!University!of!Tübingen!vol.!1W19!(Mainz,!1991W2011),! for!the!excavation!reports.! 2 “was!clearly!looking!to!Athens!in!search!for!models!of!civic!identity.”3!Rome!also!had!a! “symbiotic!relationship!with!Ilion,”!but!“it!was!encapsulated!in!only!one!ritual:!the!lusus! Troiae,!or!Trojan!Games.”4!These!festivals!“enlisted!the!past!to!elevate!the!status!of!the! present,”!and!play!a!vital!role!in!the!formation!of!the!identity!of!the!political!community5!–if! we!were!describing!a!modern!nation!state,!we!might!say!“the!formation!of!national! identity.”! This!dissertation!takes!its!start!from!Rose’s!observation!that!“visual!and!verbal! signs,”!especially!artifacts!from!a!heroic!past!that!are!“incorporated!into!political!or! religious!rituals,”!are!often!key!components!in!the!conscious!promotion!of!“community! identity,”!and!that!Athens,!Ilion,!and!Rome!all!made!use!of!stories!from!the!Trojan!War!in! this!process!of!identity!creation.!I!will,!however,!dig!considerably!deeper!into!three! important!ritual!complexes!at!Athens,!Ilion,!and!Rome:!the!expanded!sixthWcentury! Panathenaia!and!the!new!Bluebeard!Temple!at!Athens!coinciding!with!Peisistratos’! tyranny;!the!ritual!of!the!Lokrian!Maidens!at!the!Temple!of!Athena!at!Ilion!under!Antigonos! Monophthalmos;!and!the!rites!of!the!Vestal!Virgins!in!thirdWcentury!Republican!Rome,! particularly!the!ritual!execution!of!two!Vestals!after!the!disaster!at!Cannae.!I!identify!a! specific!“sacred!component”!from!the!heroic!past!that!lay!at!the!heart!of!all!three!of!these! rituals:!the!Palladion,!the!cult!statue!of!Athena!from!ancient!Troy!itself.!We!shall!find,!by!a! close!examination!of!all!available!evidence!from!literature,!art,!and!archaeology,!that!this! cult!statue!was!a!significant!element!in!the!ritual!at!each!city.!It!provided!a!tangible,!visible! link!to!the!Homeric!world!for!all!three!cities,!and!thus!was!a!central!element!in!the! 3!Rose,!ibid,!p.!160! 4!ibid,!p.!164! 5!ibid,!p.!168! 3 attempted!creation!of!three!separate!national!identities.!All!three!of!these!identity!creation! attempts!were!successful,!at!least!temporarily,!with!even!the!shortest—at!Ilion—later! helping!to!define!the!identity!of!Attalid!Pergamon!and!later!the!Byzantine!Empire.!! Strangely,!in!all!three!cases,!much!of!the!ritual,!and!occasionally!even!the!presence! of!the!Palladion,!has!fallen!out!of!the!surviving!accounts.!All!that!remains!are!three!very! odd!stories!from!antiquity!about!women:!the!story!that!a!tall!woman,!dressed!like!Athena! and!riding!in!a!chariot!with!Peisistratos,!tricked!the!Athenians!into!making!him!tyrant;!the! story!that!for!a!thousand!years!a!small!city!in!Greece!annually!sent!two!aristocratic! maidens!to!Troy!to!be!tortured!and!work!as!slaves!for!the!rest!of!their!lives;!and!the!story! that!the!Roman!Senate!ordered!two!sacred!Vestal!Virgins!to!be!ritually!executed!after! Hannibal!won!the!battle!of!Cannae.!This!study!began!as!an!attempt!to!understand!the! origins!of!these!stories,!and!in!the!course!of!my!investigation!it!became!increasingly! apparent!that!they!were!related!at!a!very!deep!level.!! In!this!introductory!chapter!I!will!present!the!theoretical!approach!that!I!will!be! using,!which!is!based!on!primarily!recent!discussions!of!the!rise!of!nationalism!and!how!

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    162 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us