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Hegel and the Problem of Language-ETD Monograph Hegel and the Problem of Language by Daniel Griffin A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Daniel Griffin, October 2019 ABSTRACT HEGEL AND THE PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE Daniel Griffin Advisors: University of Guelph, 2019 Jay Lampert and Omid Shabani Despite the popular proposal that 20th century philosophy is characterized by a decisive “linguistic turn,” language features prominently in G. W. F. Hegel’s writings on the philosophy of mind nearly a century earlier. Yet Hegel devoted no book, essay, or set of lectures to the topic of language. Rather, in the effort to build a systematic philosophy, he discusses language only in a piecemeal fashion across different texts, tying certain characteristics of language to its role in addressing and overcoming epistemic problems, which the mind experiences in its drive to understand itself and the world. This dissertation presents a neW interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy of language by dialectically linking his discussions of language. I argue that Hegel shows how language, in resolving epistemic problems, functions as a key tool for enabling us to become free thinkers and knowers. Part I examines language in Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind, particularly his philosophy of “subjective mind,” where language appears as a system of signs produced by subjects to overcome the given form of our intuitive experiences. Part II analyzes and links discussions of language in the Philosophy of Right, where as a means of communication it serves to create and make recognizable particular social relationships, which both inform our own sense of self and enable us to surpass the subjective character of our knowledge. Part III analyzes Hegel’s account of “speculative” uses of language, where philosophers express their own practice of freely gathering and traversing the concepts constitutive of their own epistemic activity. By critically engaging the literature on Hegel and language over the past 70 years, this interpretation shows not only the significance of language in Hegel’s philosophy but also its role in freeing us from entrenched, habitual, and otherwise limited ways of understanding ourselves and the world. iv DEDICATION To those like Hegel who continue to churn and enrich my thinking. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my advisory committee members, Drs. John Russon and Jim Vernon, thank you for providing insightful feedback and commentary on drafts of this dissertation; your suggestions have greatly improved this document and strengthened its overall argument. To Dr. Omid Shabani, thank you for stepping up to supervise my committee since 2014, and much appreciation goes to Dr. Ted George for volunteering to serve as the external examiner for this dissertation. I am deeply appreciative of Dr. Sebastian Rand of Georgia State University who first introduced me to the texts of Hegel and provided me an invaluable model for how to approach and examine his works. Appreciation must also go to my graduate student peers at the University of Guelph and in particular my fellow participants in the City Seminar in the History of Philosophy for cultivating spaces where rigorous, yet amiable philosophical debate and discussion could occur – vital environments of objective Geist. To the University of Guelph – for curing me of the desire to pursue a career in academia and for revealing the true spirit of university and its costs. To Dr. Jay Lampert, I cannot thank you enough for your potent insights, criticisms, and thoughtful recommendations. The great amount of time and effort you put into bringing this project to fruition will not be forgotten. Finally, to Sam Morton for all the support, love, and encouragement to finish this project and for providing respite in its more challenging moments, I cannot be gracious enough. To Lucinda, for showing me what a home can be. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations for Hegel’s texts ................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Approaching Hegel and Language: How to begin? ........................................................ 2 1.2 Geist and Freedom ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3 My Approach Situated in Hegel Scholarship ................................................................ 26 1.4 Breakdown of Parts ....................................................................................................... 46 2 Part I: Psyche and the Semiological Problematic of Language ............................................ 51 2.1 Introduction: The Linguistic Sign as Problematic ........................................................ 51 2.2 From Logic and Anthropology to Psychology: Signs Emerge in the Encyclopedia .... 54 2.3 Defining Psychology, Individuality, and Intelligence .................................................. 64 2.4 The Sign: A Unity of Intuition and Representation ...................................................... 80 2.5 Linguistic Signs: Naming Sounds ................................................................................. 96 2.6 Names and The Mechanism of Memory ..................................................................... 111 2.7 Conclusion: The Limits of Intelligence and its Conception of Language .................. 139 3 Part II: Right and the Problematic of Expression ............................................................... 147 3.1 Introduction: The Medium of Expression ................................................................... 147 3.2 Overcoming the Psychological Problem of Language ................................................ 157 3.3 Property Contracts: Expression and Recognition of Agreement ................................ 169 vii 3.4 Love, Trust, and Family: Declarations of Marriage ................................................... 197 3.5 Positing LaW: Education and Codifying Civil Rights ................................................. 208 3.6 Free Speech and the Constitution: Public Opinion and Universal Will ...................... 219 3.7 International Treaties: The Resurgence of Contract ................................................... 236 3.8 Conclusion: Collective Expression as Collective Self-Determination ....................... 246 4 Part III: Philosophy and the Speculative Problematic of Language ................................... 250 4.1 Introduction: Philosophy as Speculative, Truth as Movement ................................... 250 4.2 Representation as a Problem ....................................................................................... 264 4.3 Conceptual Terms: Abbreviated Movements ............................................................. 272 4.4 Speculative Propositions: The Rhythm of Plastic Reading ........................................ 301 4.5 Conclusion: Speculative Presentation of Syllogisms as Truth ................................... 328 5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 336 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 344 viii ABBREVIATIONS FOR HEGEL’S TEXTS D German: Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie. In Jenaer kritische Schriften (I), Gesammelte Werke, Band 4. Düsseldorf: Reinisch- Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1968. English: The Difference Between Fichte’s and Schelling’s System of Philosophy. Translated by Walter Cerf and H. S. Harris. Albany: SUNY Press, 1977. EL German: Encyclopädie: Philosophie des Geistes. In Encyclopädie der Philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830). In Gesammelte Werke, Band 20. Düsseldorf: Reinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1992. English: The Encyclopaedia Logic: Part I of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences with the Zusätze. Translated by T. F. Geraets, W. A. Suchting, and H. S. Harris. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1991. EPG German: Encyclopädie: Philosophie des Geistes. In Encyclopädie der Philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830). In Gesammelte Werke, Band 20. Düsseldorf: Reinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1992. English: Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind. Translated by W. Wallace and A. V. Miller. Revised by M. J. Inwood. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. EPN German: Encyclopädie: Philosophie des Naturphilosophie. In Encyclopädie der Philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830). In Gesammelte Werke, Band 20. Düsseldorf: Reinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1992. English: Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature: Part II of the Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical
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