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Universidade Do Algarve View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sapientia UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Quebra de barreiras de comunica»c~aopara portadores de paralisia cerebral. Paulo Alexandre Lucas Afonso Condado Doutoramento em Engenharia Electr¶onicae Computa»c~ao Ci^enciasde Computa»c~ao 2009 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Quebra de barreiras de comunica»c~aopara portadores de paralisia cerebral. Paulo Alexandre Lucas Afonso Condado Tese orientada por Professor Fernando Miguel Pais da Gra»caLobo Doutoramento em Engenharia Electr¶onicae Computa»c~ao Ci^enciasde Computa»c~ao 2009 Resumo Nos ¶ultimosanos, o estudo das tecnologias de acessibilidade tem adquirido relev^anciana ¶areade interfaces pessoa-m¶aquina. O desenvolvimento de dis- positivos, m¶etodos, e aplica»c~oesespeci¯camente desenhadas para superar as limita»c~oesdos utilizadores facilita a interac»c~aodestes com o mundo exterior. A import^anciado estudo nesta ¶area¶eenorme, visto facilitar a interac»c~ao dos portadores de de¯ci^enciascom os meios tecnol¶ogicosque, por sua vez, possibilitam-lhes uma melhor comunica»c~aoe interac»c~aocom os outros, con- tribuindo signi¯cativamente para a sua integra»c~aona sociedade. Esta disserta»c~aoapresenta um sistema inovador, conhecido por Easy- Voice, que integra diversas tecnologias para permitir que uma pessoa com de¯ci^enciasna fala possa efectuar chamadas telef¶onicasusando uma voz sintetizada. Subjacente a este sistema, desenhado com o objectivo de dis- ponibilizar um interface acess¶³vel at¶epara utilizadores que possuam graves problemas de coordena»c~aomotora, est¶ao conceito que ¶eposs¶³vel combinar tecnologias j¶aexistentes para criar mecanismos que facilitem a comunica»c~ao dos portadores de de¯ci^enciasa longas dist^ancias,nomeadamente as tecno- logias de s¶³ntese de voz, voz sobre IP (VoIP) e m¶etodos de interac»c~aopara portadores de limita»c~oesmotoras. Salienta-se que antes do desenvolvimento deste sistema essas pessoas encontravam-se limitadas pelas barreira f¶³sicas,apenas podendo utilizar sis- temas text-to-speech (TTS) para comunicarem com quem estava na sua pre- sen»ca.O EasyVoice transformou esta situa»c~aoao possibilitar que portadores de problemas na fala comuniquem mais facilmente com quem est¶adistante. Palavras-Chave: Tecnologias de acessibilidade, Paralisia Cerebral, Siste- mas de s¶³ntesede voz, Voz sobre IP, Teclados virtuais, Skype. Abstract In recent years, the study of assistive products has gained increased rele- vance in the human-computer interaction ¯eld. The development of devices, methods, and applications, that are speci¯cally designed to help people with disabilities, gives this group of people the opportunity to have a better in- teraction with the external world. Research in this area is important, as it facilitates the accessability of people with disabilities to technology which allow them a better communication and interaction with other people, con- tributing signi¯cantly for their integration in society. This dissertation presents a new system, called EasyVoice, that integrates di®erent technologies to allow people with voice disabilities to make phone calls. Behind this system, which was designed with the goal of creating an accessible interface even for people with severe physical disabilities, is the concept that it is possible to combine existing technologies to create mechanisms that allow people with voice disabilities to do long-distance voice communication. This is achieved by combining speech synthesizers, Voice over IP (VoIP) technology, and suitable text input methods for people with motor impairments. Prior to the development of this system, people with voice disabilities were limited by physical barriers and could only use text-to-speech systems to communicate with those who were physically nearby. EasyVoice transformed this situation by enabling people with voice disabilities to use text-to-speech for long-distance communication. Keywords: Assistive products, Cerebral palsy, Speech synthesis, Voice over IP, Virtual keyboards, Skype. Agradecimentos Gostaria de expressar os meus sinceros agradecimentos a um vasto conjunto de pessoas, e institui»c~oes,que contribu¶³ram de v¶ariasformas para que a realiza»c~aodesta investiga»c~aofosse poss¶³vel. Em primeiro lugar, agrade»coao meu orientador, Professor Fernando Lobo, por ter me aceitado como seu aluno, por ter um esp¶³ritoaberto e sempre ter me incentivado a explorar todas as minhas ideias, por ter me proporcionado a oportunidade de conhecer e visitar grandes centros de investiga»c~aointer- nacionais, pela sua preciosa ajuda na revis~aodos trabalhos efectuados, e por todas as suas cr¶³ticase opini~oesque fortaleceram o resultado ¯nal deste tra- balho. Acima de tudo, e para al¶emda sua fun»c~aode orientador, ¶eum grande amigo que tem mostrado o seu apoio sempre que necessito. Agrade»coprin- cipalmente essa amizade sempre presente e o apoio que me d¶asempre que tenho uma ideia nova para explorar. Ao Professor Hamid Shahbazkia a sugest~aopara focar a minha aten»c~ao na ¶areadas acessibilidades e, mais especi¯camente, por ter despertado o meu interesse pelas tecnologias de s¶³ntese e reconhecimento de voz. Ali¶as, os esfor»cosdele para o desenvolvimento de sistemas que facilitassem a co- munica»c~aodos portadores de de¯ci^encias,principalmente na fase ¯nal da i minha licenciatura, deram origem a v¶ariosprojectos baseados no projecto MBROLA. Aos investigadores, Professor David Cavallo e Professor Jos¶eArmando Valente, por terem me acolhido nos seus centros de investiga»c~ao,por terem partilhado comigo as suas opini~oese as suas experi^encias,e tamb¶empor sugerirem ideias que contribu¶³rampara a melhoria deste trabalho. A` minha m~ae,Maria da Concei»c~aoLucas da Costa Rosa, e aos meus av¶os, Isabel Lucas da Rosa e Francisco da Costa Rosa, por me terem educado com todo o amor e carinho. Na realidade, o que sou hoje ¶eum reflexo directo de toda a dedica»c~aoe de toda a ternura que eles me deram desde a minha inf^ancia.Acho que posso a¯rmar, literalmente, que os trabalhos que deram origem a esta disserta»c~aoapenas foram poss¶³veis porque h¶amuitos anos atr¶as estas pessoas \lutaram" para me conseguir integrar no ensino regular e, con- sequentemente, na sociedade. Como portador de paralisia cerebral `asvezes questiono-me de que forma seria a minha vida se estas pessoas fant¶asticas n~aotivessem \lutado" e enfrentado muitas barreiras para me integrarem no ensino regular. Agrade»cotodos os dias por eles terem vencido esta batalha e por me terem tornado uma pessoa que pode contribuir para o avan»coda sociedade. Tamb¶emagrade»coao meu padrasto, Reinaldo Ramos Mendes, que desempenhou um papel activo em grande parte da minha educa»c~ao. Quero agradecer ainda a uma pessoa muito especial, cujo o nome ¶eSelma Nogueira, por ter aparecido na minha vida de uma forma m¶agica.Esta pessoa fant¶asticadeu-me muita for»cadurante estes ¶ultimosanos, inspirando-me a aprofundar a minha investiga»c~aoem formas de tornar a comunica»c~aomais acess¶³vel para portadores de de¯ci^encias,ou disfun»c~oes,na fala. A cada dia, ii e em cada uma das nossas conversas sobre v¶ariosassuntos do quotidiano, esta pessoa linda e especial me incentiva a querer saber sempre mais e a nunca parar de investigar. Aproveito esta oportunidade para agradecer todo o seu carinho, a sua dedica»c~ao,o seu companheirismo, e dizer que a adoro. Selma, obrigado por voc^eexistir, ¶emuito importante saber que posso contar com seu apoio incondicional. Na realidade, existe um vasto conjunto de pessoas `aquem quero agra- decer. E¶ imposs¶³vel fazer um agradecimento personalizado para cada uma dessas pessoas, como eu gostaria, mas deixo aqui os seus nomes: St¶ephane Norte, Cl¶audioLima, Paulo Teixeira, Manuela Teixeira, Isabel Brito, Jo~ao Nogueira, Graciete Campos, Patr¶³ciaMendes, Isabel Ponte, Hugo Mendes, Jos¶ePalma, Carlos Duarte, T^aniaFerreira, Nuno Gon»calves, Rita Correia, Cec¶³lia Carvalho, Ricardo Sousa, Nelson Gabriel, Paula Braz~ao,Maur¶³cio Galv~ao,Salua Galv~ao,Bruno Galv~ao,Salim Nabbout, Filipe Tomaz, Pedro Miquelina, Paulo Guerreiro, Vitor Vieira, Nuno Castilho, Artur Martins, e Nuno Rodrigues. Tamb¶emn~aoposso esquecer-me de agradecer a todos os utentes e fun- cion¶ariosdo N¶ucleoRegional de Faro da Associa»c~aoPortuguesa de Paralisia Cerebral, visto que se mostraram sempre dispon¶³veis para receberem-me na institui»c~aoe colaborarem na realiza»c~aodeste estudo. Finalmente, quero agradecer o suporte que a Funda»c~aoCalouste Gul- benkian deu-me ao longo dos primeiros tr^esanos deste trabalho. Tamb¶em agrade»co`aFunda»c~aopara a Ci^enciae a Tecnologia pelo ¯nanciamento de parte dos meus trabalhos de doutoramento, em especial as miss~oesa centros de investiga»c~aointernacionais e a participa»c~aoem confer^enciasde relevo, no iii ^ambito do projecto POCI/CED/62497/2004. iv Conte¶udo 1 Introdu»c~ao 1 1.1 Motiva»c~oes. 4 1.2 Objectivos . 8 1.3 Contribui»c~oes . 10 1.4 Organiza»c~ao. 11 2 Estado da arte das tecnologias de acessibilidade 15 2.1 Introdu»c~ao. 15 2.2 Sistemas de s¶³ntese de voz e a sua utiliza»c~aona ¶areadas tec- nologias de acessibilidade . 17 2.2.1 M¶etodos de s¶³ntese . 20 2.2.2 Sintetizadores e sistemas text-to-speech gratuitos . 26 2.2.3 Tecnologias de acessibilidade baseadas em sistemas de s¶³ntese de voz . 30 2.3 M¶etodos de interac»c~aocom o computador para portadores de limita»c~oesmotoras . 34 2.3.1 Formas alternativas de interac»c~ao . 36 2.3.2 Reconhecimento de voz . 38 v 2.3.3 Sistemas eye tracking ................... 41 2.3.4 Teclados virtuais . 42 2.3.5 M¶etodos de acelera»c~aode escrita . 45 2.4 Sum¶ario .
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