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Online Media and the 2016 US Presidential Election
Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Faris, Robert M., Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Paper. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33759251 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA AUGUST 2017 PARTISANSHIP, Robert Faris Hal Roberts PROPAGANDA, & Bruce Etling Nikki Bourassa DISINFORMATION Ethan Zuckerman Yochai Benkler Online Media & the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is the result of months of effort and has only come to be as a result of the generous input of many people from the Berkman Klein Center and beyond. Jonas Kaiser and Paola Villarreal expanded our thinking around methods and interpretation. Brendan Roach provided excellent research assistance. Rebekah Heacock Jones helped get this research off the ground, and Justin Clark helped bring it home. We are grateful to Gretchen Weber, David Talbot, and Daniel Dennis Jones for their assistance in the production and publication of this study. This paper has also benefited from contributions of many outside the Berkman Klein community. The entire Media Cloud team at the Center for Civic Media at MIT’s Media Lab has been essential to this research. -
Download the Full What Happened Collection [PDF]
American Compass December 2020 WHAT HAPPENED THE TRUMP PRESIDENCY IN REVIEW AMERICAN COMPASS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, launched in May 2020 with a mission to restore an economic consensus that emphasizes the importance of family, community, and industry to the nation’s liberty and prosperity— REORIENTING POLITICAL FOCUS from growth for its own sake to widely shared economic development that sustains vital social institutions; SETTING A COURSE for a country in which families can achieve self-sufficiency, contribute productively to their communities, and prepare the next generation for the same; and HELPING POLICYMAKERS NAVIGATE the limitations that markets and government each face in promoting the general welfare and the nation’s security. www.americancompass.org [email protected] What Happened: The Trump Presidency in Review Table of Contents FOREWORD: THE WORK REMAINS President Trump told many important truths, but one also has to act by Daniel McCarthy 1 INTRODUCTION 4 TOO FEW OF THE PRESIDENT’S MEN An iconoclast’s administration will struggle to find personnel both experienced and aligned by Rachel Bovard 5 A POPULISM DEFERRED Trump’s transitional presidency lacked the vision and agenda necessary to let go of GOP orthodoxy by Julius Krein 11 THE POTPOURRI PRESIDENCY A decentralized and conflicted administration was uniquely inconsistent in its policy actions by Wells King 17 SOME LIKE IT HOT Unsustainable economic stimulus at an expansion’s peak, not tax cuts or tariffs, fueled the Trump boom by Oren Cass 23 Copyright © 2020 by American Compass, Inc. Electronic versions of these articles with hyperlinked references are available at www.americancompass.org. -
Conservative Review
Conservative Review Issue #185 Kukis Digests and Opines on this Week’s News and Views July 3, 2011 In this Issue: Additional Rush Links This Week’s Events Say What? Perma-Links Joe Biden Prophecy Watch Must-Watch Media Too much happened this week! Enjoy... A Little Comedy Relief Short Takes The cartoons come from: By the Numbers www.townhall.com/funnies. Polling by the Numbers If you receive this and you hate it and you don’t A Little Bias want to ever read it no matter what...that is fine; Obama-Speak email me back and you will be deleted from my Questions for Obama list (which is almost at the maximum anyway). Political Chess More Proof Obama is an Amateur Previous issues are listed and can be accessed News Before it Happens here: Missing Headlines http://kukis.org/page20.html (their contents are The Greedy Rich described and each issue is linked to) or here: Pinch Happened By Jed Babbin http://kukis.org/blog/ (this is the online directory Where the Tax Money Is they are in) Obama targets the middle class while pretending to tax only the rich. From the WSJ I attempt to post a new issue each Sunday by 5 or Is Democracy Viable? By Thomas Sowell 6 pm central standard time (I sometimes fail at July 4th By Thomas Sowell this attempt). I try to include factual material only, along with Links my opinions (it should be clear which is which). I Additional Sources make an attempt to include as much of this week’s news as I possibly can. -
Johnny Isakson (R-Ga)
LEGISLATOR US Senator JOHNNY ISAKSON (R-GA) IN OFFICE CONTACT Up for re-election in 2016 Email Contact Form http://www.isakson.senate.gov/ 2nd Term public/index.cfm/email-me Re-elected in 2010 Web www.isakson.senate.gov/public SENIORITY RANK http://www.isakson.senate.gov/ 33 public Out of 100 Twitter @SenatorIsakson https://twitter.com/ SenatorIsakson DC 131 Russell Senate Office Office Building BGOV BIOGRAPHY By Eun Kim for Bloomberg News Johnny Isakson began his congressional career by assuming the seat vacated by Republican icon Newt Gingrich. Even so, the senior U.S. senator from Georgia continues to get his conservative bona fides questioned despite consistent support by fellow Republican office holders and his rise in the GOP ranks in the Senate. In the 114th Congress, he assumed the chairmanship of the Veterans Affairs Committee, and his committee portfolio also included seats on the Finance, Foreign Relations, and Health, Education, Labor and Pensions panels. He also retained his membership on the Ethics panel, where service helps a senator build a reputation as a team player. When he announced plans to launch his 2016 re-election campaign -- in November 2014 -- Isakson flanked himself with Georgia Governor Nathan Deal and other top party leaders from the state, which may provide some inoculation from critics such as the small-government, low-taxes Club for Growth and the Eagle Forum, which supports “conservative and pro- family men and women.” “I’m a known commodity in this state,” he declared at a news conference describing why he deserved a third term. “All you’ve got to do is Google my name and you can find out everything I’ve ever done -- and everything I haven’t ever done.” Just around the same time, the Conservative Review gave Isakson a failing 46 percent “liberty score.” The group also placed Isakson on its 2016 primary “hit list” of lawmakers it viewed as moderate. -
© Copyright 2020 Yunkang Yang
© Copyright 2020 Yunkang Yang The Political Logic of the Radical Right Media Sphere in the United States Yunkang Yang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2020 Reading Committee: W. Lance Bennett, Chair Matthew J. Powers Kirsten A. Foot Adrienne Russell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Communication University of Washington Abstract The Political Logic of the Radical Right Media Sphere in the United States Yunkang Yang Chair of the Supervisory Committee: W. Lance Bennett Department of Communication Democracy in America is threatened by an increased level of false information circulating through online media networks. Previous research has found that radical right media such as Fox News and Breitbart are the principal incubators and distributors of online disinformation. In this dissertation, I draw attention to their political mobilizing logic and propose a new theoretical framework to analyze major radical right media in the U.S. Contrasted with the old partisan media literature that regarded radical right media as partisan news organizations, I argue that media outlets such as Fox News and Breitbart are better understood as hybrid network organizations. This means that many radical right media can function as partisan journalism producers, disinformation distributors, and in many cases political organizations at the same time. They not only provide partisan news reporting but also engage in a variety of political activities such as spreading disinformation, conducting opposition research, contacting voters, and campaigning and fundraising for politicians. In addition, many radical right media are also capable of forming emerging political organization networks that can mobilize resources, coordinate actions, and pursue tangible political goals at strategic moments in response to the changing political environment. -
US Mainstream Media Index May 2021.Pdf
Mainstream Media Top Investors/Donors/Owners Ownership Type Medium Reach # estimated monthly (ranked by audience size) for ranking purposes 1 Wikipedia Google was the biggest funder in 2020 Non Profit Digital Only In July 2020, there were 1,700,000,000 along with Wojcicki Foundation 5B visitors to Wikipedia. (YouTube) Foundation while the largest BBC reports, via donor to its endowment is Arcadia, a Wikipedia, that the site charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and had on average in 2020, Peter Baldwin. Other major donors 1.7 billion unique visitors include Google.org, Amazon, Musk every month. SimilarWeb Foundation, George Soros, Craig reports over 5B monthly Newmark, Facebook and the late Jim visits for April 2021. Pacha. Wikipedia spends $55M/year on salaries and programs with a total of $112M in expenses in 2020 while all content is user-generated (free). 2 FOX Rupert Murdoch has a controlling Publicly Traded TV/digital site 2.6M in Jan. 2021. 3.6 833,000,000 interest in News Corp. million households – Average weekday prime Rupert Murdoch Executive Chairman, time news audience in News Corp, son Lachlan K. Murdoch, Co- 2020. Website visits in Chairman, News Corp, Executive Dec. 2020: FOX 332M. Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Fox Source: Adweek and Corporation, Executive Chairman, NOVA Press Gazette. However, Entertainment Group. Fox News is owned unique monthly views by the Fox Corporation, which is owned in are 113M in Dec. 2020. part by the Murdoch Family (39% share). It’s also important to point out that the same person with Fox News ownership, Rupert Murdoch, owns News Corp with the same 39% share, and News Corp owns the New York Post, HarperCollins, and the Wall Street Journal. -
Strategic Identity Signaling in Heterogeneous Networks
Strategic Identity Signaling in Heterogeneous Networks Tamara van der Does1, Mirta Galesic1, Zackary Dunivin2,3, and Paul E. Smaldino4 1Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe NM 87501, USA. 2Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computer Science, and Engineering, Indiana University, 919 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA 3Department of Sociology, Indiana University, 1020 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA 4Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 Lake Rd, Merced, CA 95343 USA Abstract: Individuals often signal identity information to facilitate assortment with partners who are likely to share norms, values, and goals. However, individuals may also be incentivized to encrypt their identity signals to avoid detection by dissimilar receivers, particularly when such detection is costly. Using mathematical modeling, this idea has previously been formalized into a theory of covert signaling. In this paper, we provide the first empirical test of the theory of covert signaling in the context of political identity signaling surrounding the 2020 U.S. presidential elections. We use novel methods relying on differences in detection between ingroup and outgroup receivers to identify likely covert and overt signals on Twitter. We strengthen our experimental predictions with a new mathematical modeling and examine the usage of selected covert and overt tweets in a behavioral experiment. We find that people strategically adjust their signaling behavior in response to the political constitution of their audiences and the cost of being disliked, in accordance with the formal theory. Our results have implications for our understanding of political communication, social identity, pragmatics, hate speech, and the maintenance of cooperation in diverse populations. -
BLACK NEOCONSERVATISM in the POST-CIVIL RIGHTS ERA a Thesis
INCITING THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION: BLACK NEOCONSERVATISM IN THE POST-CIVIL RIGHTS ERA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies by La TaSha Beatrice Levy January 2007 ©2007 La TaSha Beatrice Levy ABSTRACT Black neoconservatism is one of the most contested political ideologies of the Post-Civil Rights era. As a challenge to mainstream Black political thought, Black neoconservatism enjoys a particular celebrity as the “bold new voice” in American racial discourse. This thesis critically analyzes Black neoconservative ideology as a counter-discourse: a direct opposition to the liberalism of the 1960s and the legacy of the Civil Rights and Black Power eras. The emergence of Black neoconservatives as a significant collective in the Post-Civil Rights era correlates with the rise of the New Right in American politics since the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The New Right has forcefully disputed the philosophy and strategy of civil rights legislation and the traditional quest for racial equality and justice. Black neoconservatives play an increasingly significant ideological role in conservative politics and public debate in the Post-Civil Rights period. Furthermore, their racial identity lends credence to the New Right’s attack on social policy that disproportionately benefits Black people in general and the Black poor particularly. Black neoconservatives dissent from the prevailing convention that racism and White supremacy have become subtle, but nevertheless remain formidable. They insist that civil rights legislation, government intervention and liberal programs have created a pathological dependency among African Americans. -
Participatory Propaganda Model 1
A PARTICIPATORY PROPAGANDA MODEL 1 Participatory Propaganda: The Engagement of Audiences in the Spread of Persuasive Communications Alicia Wanless Michael Berk Director of Strategic Communications, Visiting Research Fellow, SecDev Foundation Centre for Cyber Security and International [email protected] Relations Studies, University of Florence [email protected] Paper presented at the "Social Media & Social Order, Culture Conflict 2.0" conference organized by Cultural Conflict 2.0 and sponsored by the Research Council of Norway on 1 December 2017, Oslo. To be published as part of the conference proceedings in 2018. A PARTICIPATORY PROPAGANDA MODEL 2 Abstract Existing research on aspects of propaganda in a digital age tend to focus on isolated techniques or phenomena, such as fake news, trolls, memes, or botnets. Providing invaluable insight on the evolving human-technology interaction in creating new formats of persuasive messaging, these studies lend to an enriched understanding of modern propaganda methods. At the same time, the true effects and magnitude of successful influencing of large audiences in the digital age can only be understood if target audiences are perceived not only as ‘objects’ of influence, but as ‘subjects’ of persuasive communications as well. Drawing from vast available research, as well as original social network and content analyses conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, this paper presents a new, qualitatively enhanced, model of modern propaganda – “participatory propaganda” - and discusses its effects on modern democratic societies. Keywords: propaganda, Facebook, social network analysis, content analysis, politics A PARTICIPATORY PROPAGANDA MODEL 3 Participatory Propaganda: The Engagement of Audiences in the Spread of Persuasive Communications Rapidly evolving information communications technologies (ICTs) have drastically altered the ways individuals engage in the public information domain, including news ways of becoming subjected to external influencing. -
Ffor U,S. Senate $17.76 Money Bomb
BEFORE THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Lisa J. Stevenson Acting General Counsel © Federal Election Commission -n 0 • ."j 999 E Street, NW -n .. • •.TP M O . 1 . '1 ' 1 Washington, D.C. 20463 1 rrs sT > __ m ' - - ..y "O BY E-MAIL & MAIL -n . ' O -o December 13,2017 ivn • •; C'~ —' J O vn 2: COMPLAINT s j= Dear Ms. Stevenson: Complainant seeks an immediate investigation into Todd Watson's failure to comply with basic disclosure requirements mandated by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (as amended) which require that he file a Statement of Candidacy or written disclosure with the same information to the Federal Election Commission. Public records show, and an investigation will confirm, that Todd Watson is a candidate under 11 CFR 100.3 and has failed to file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission in violation of 11 CFR §101.1(a) and 11 CFR §102.12(a). A. FACTS On November 21 , 2017 at 6:00pm, Todd Watson announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate on a Facebook live page with the words "Watson for Senate" at the top of the page.' On the site, Watson is quoted as saying, "Why we're all here is, we're announcing our candidacy to be the Republican candidate to replace Senator Deb Fischer here in 2018."^ Additionally, Watson uses the Twitter handle "WatsonForSenate."^ Watson's Twitter page describes him as a 2018 Republican Candidate for U.S. Senate.^ Watson has a campaign website where he solicits donations. This website states that he is running for US Senate.^ Watson for Senate made the following expenditures in 2017^: $1,925.00 for a radio advertisement on KLIN in Nebraska running from 11/21/17 to 12/13/17; $1,480.00 for a radio advertisement on KRVN running from 11/22/17 to 12/7/17; ' httDs://ww\v.i'acebook.com/WtiisonfoiSriiiate1776/videos/l835513733144647/ (accessed December 11,2017). -
Conservative Media's Influence on the Republican
Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy Discussion Paper Series #D-96, July 2015 “They Don’t Give a Damn about Governing” Conservative Media’s Influence on the Republican Party by Jackie Calmes Joan Shorenstein Fellow, Spring 2015 National Correspondent, The New York Times 1 Table of Contents 1. Overview 3 2. Media Pioneers of the Right 13 3. The Second Generation 18 4. “Conservative-Industrial Complex” 24 5. Messengers of the Left 29 6. Setting the Agenda: “Ugly” Debut of the Republican Congress 33 7. Setting the Agenda: Common Core 40 8. Agenda Setter – Steve Deace 45 9. Diagnosis: “Epistemic Closure” – “Untethered from Reality”? 50 10. Endnotes 54 11. Appendix A: Conservative Internet Sites 60 12. Appendix B: Political Slant of Top Talk Radio Hosts 63 13. Appendix C: Common Core Coverage and Commentary 66 14. Acknowledgements 68 2 Overview Republicans should still have been celebrating in late January 2015. Only weeks earlier they had opened the 114th Congress with a Senate majority for the first time in eight years, as well as a fattened majority in the House, where they had ruled since 2011 – full control of the legislative branch for the first time in Barack Obama’s presidency. Yet in reality, Republicans were out of control. They only had themselves to blame, and many did. So unhappy was Representative Charlie Dent, a six-term Pennsylvanian and one of the few surviving Republican moderates, he emerged from a private party caucus in January to share with reporters waiting outside the complaint he had made to colleagues behind closed doors: “Week one, we had a speaker election that did not go as well as a lot of us would have liked. -
Enterprise Report Restoring Liberty, Opportunity, and Enterprise in America
Issue No. 4, Fall 2015 Enterprise Report Restoring Liberty, Opportunity, and Enterprise in America Building Human Capital By AEI President Arthur Brooks By the time you receive this newsletter, I will have recently returned from the Brooks family’s vacation, biking around Crater Lake in Oregon and working off that haunted look that my kids see in Dad’s eyes during a new book launch. For most of the summer, I was giving speeches and interviews about my new book, The Conservative Heart, to articulate a vision for a humanistic, purpose-driven conservative movement that fights for the most vulnerable members of our society and reunites our country. My colleagues and I have been bolstered by the response from business leaders, students, political pundits, US presidential candidates, journalists, and policymakers—conservative and liberal alike—who are drawn to our broad, inclusive reform agenda. In the weeks and months ahead, AEI will continue to articulate how our shared beliefs in free enterprise and American leadership can revive our nation and help the world. Central to the reform agenda is a human capital approach to poverty alleviation, viewing the most vulnerable members of our society not as liabilities to manage, but as assets to develop. Charity for the truly indigent is important, and we should make sure the safety net is always there for those who need it. The safety net, however, should be limited to people who are truly indigent, as opposed to being spread around in a way that metastasizes into middle-class entitlements and imperils our economy. Just look to Greece, where its overextended welfare state has led to insolvency and austerity—and has hurt the poor the most.