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0048478.Pdf (4.096Mb) TEKİRDAĞ İLİNDE BULUNAN TINGIDAE TÜRLERİ, YAYILIŞLARI, DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARI ve Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Tolga AYSAL Doktora Tezi Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Müjgan KIVAN 2015 T.C. NAMIK KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ TEKİRDAĞ İLİNDE BULUNAN TINGIDAE TÜRLERİ, YAYILIŞLARI, DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARI ve Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Tolga AYSAL BİTKİ KORUMA ANABİLİM DALI DANIŞMAN: Prof. Dr. Müjgan KIVAN TEKİRDAĞ 2015 Her hakkı saklıdır Bu tez NKÜBAP tarafından NKUBAP.00.24.DR.12.02 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir. Prof. Dr. Müjgan KIVAN danışmanlığında, Tolga AYSAL tarafından hazırlanan “Tekirdağ İlinde Bulunan Tingidae Türleri, Yayılışları, Doğal Düşmanları ve Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerinde Çalışmalar” isimli bu çalışma aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı’nda Doktora tezi olarak oy birliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Başkanı : Prof. Dr.Müjgan KIVAN İmza: Üye : Prof. Dr. Nihal ÖZDER İmza: Üye : Prof. Dr. Erol BAYHAN İmza: Üye : Prof. Dr. Ali ÖZPINAR İmza: Üye : Prof. Dr. Levent ARIN İmza: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu adına Prof. Dr. Fatih KONUKCU Enstitü Müdürü ÖZET Doktora Tezi TEKİRDAĞ İLİNDE BULUNAN TINGIDAE TÜRLERİ, YAYILIŞLARI, DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARI ve Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER ÜZERİNDE ÇALIŞMALAR Tolga AYSAL Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Müjgan KIVAN Tekirdağ ilinde odunsu bitkiler üzerindeki Tingidae familyası türleri, yayılışları ve doğal düşmanlarını saptamak ve Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) arasındaki biyolojik ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Türlerin tespiti için yapılan sürvey çalışmaları 2011-2012 yıllarında, Malkara, Saray, Süleymanpaşa ve Şarköy İlçelerinde, gözle kontrol ve darbe yöntemi kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Armut kaplanı ile S. pyri arasındaki biyolojik ilişkiler, 26±1 °C sıcaklık, % 60±10 orantılı nem ve 16:8 saatlik aydınlatma koşullarına sahip böcek yetiştirme odasında araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Tingidae familyasından; Corythucha arcuata (Say), Corythucha ciliata (Say), Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey), Physatocheila confinis Horváth ve Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius) olmak üzere beş tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerden C. arcuata, M. unicostata ve P. confinis Tekirdağ ili faunasında ilk defa kaydedilmiştir. Armut kaplanı ise ilde en yaygın ve yoğun bulunan tür olarak belirlenmiştir. Tingidae türlerinin doğal düşmanı olarak; dört Coccinellidae familyasından (Coleoptera); üç Anthocoridae familyasından ve iki Miridae familyasından (Heteroptera), bir Chrysopidae familyasından (Neuroptera) olmak üzere toplam 10 predatör tür; Mymaridae familyasından (Hymenoptera) ise bir yumurta parazitoiti tür tespit edilmiştir. Yumurta parazitoiti Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) panis (Enock)’in, Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıt olduğu belirlenmiştir. En çok bulunan predatör ise Stethoconus pyri (Miridae) olmuştur. Laboratuvar koşullarındaki biyoloji çalışmaları sonucunda; S. pyri’nin çiftleşmiş dişi ve erkek ömrü sırasıyla ortalama 14,16±1,20 ve 10,41±1,03 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Preoviposizyon, oviposizyon ve postoviposizyon süreleri sırasıyla ortalama 3,68±0,24; 10,08±1,14 ve 0,40±0,21 gün olarak tespit edilmiş ve oviposizyon süresinde bir dişi ortalama 89,68±12,48 adet yumurta bırakmıştır. Yumurta açılma süresi 15,59±0,46 gün, yumurta açılma oranı ise % 84,96±2,21’dir. S. pyri’nin toplam beş nimf dönemi, dişi bireyde ortalama 10,69±0,31 gün, erkekte 10,20±0,17 günde gelişmesini tamamlamış, nimf gelişme süresince ölüm oranının ise % 12,50 olduğu saptanmıştır. Laboratuvarda yürütülen av tüketimi çalışmaları sonucunda, çitleşmiş ergin ile çiftleşmemiş dişi ve erkeğin ömrü boyunca sırasıyla ortalama 101,38±11,40 adet, 84,75±8,46 adet ve 27,25±4,00 adet av tükettiği saptanmıştır. Erkek ve dişi için nimf dönemlerinin av tüketimleri sırasıyla ortalama 29,5±1,42 adet ve 27,2±1,20 adet av olarak bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Tekirdağ, Tingidae, doğal düşman, Stephanitis pyri, Stethoconus pyri 2015, 180 sayfa i ABSTRACT Ph.D. Thesis STUDIES ON TINGIDAE SPECIES IN TEKIRDAG PROVINCE, THEIR DISTRIBUTION, NATURAL ENEMIES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Stephanitis pyri (F.) and Stethoconus pyri (Mella) Tolga AYSAL Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Plant Protection Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Müjgan KIVAN This study was carry out for determining species of Tingidae family on woody plants in Tekirdag province, their distribution and natural enemies, and for defining the biological relationship between Stephanitis pyri (F.) and Stethoconus pyri (Mella). Survey studies for determining the species were carry out at Malkara, Saray, Suleymanpasa and Sarkoy districts in years 2011-2012 through visual inspection and shaking methods. Biological relationship between pear lace bug and S. pyri were studied in insect rearing rooms which had conditions of 26±1 °C temperature, % 60±10 relative humidity and 16:8 hours of illumination. As a result of the study, five species of Tingidae family, Corythucha arcuata (Say), Corythucha ciliata (Say), Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey), Physatocheila confinis Horváth and Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius) were determined. C. arcuata, M. unicostata and P. confinis species were recorded first time in the fauna of Tekirdag province. The pear lace bug was determined as the most widespread and intense one. A total of 10 predator species, four from Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), three from Anthocoridae and two from Miridae (Heteroptera), one from Chrysopidae (Neuroptera); and one egg parasitoid from Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) were determined as natural enemies of Tingidae species. The egg parasitoid Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) panis (Enock) was determined as a new record for Turkish fauna. The most abundant predator was S. pyri (Miridae). In the biological studies of laboratory conditions, the average longevity of mated female and male S. pyri were determined as 14,16±1.20 and 10,41±1,03 days, respectively. The preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods were determined as average 3,68±0,24; 1,08±1,14 and 0,40±0,21 days, respectively and one female laid average 89,68±12,48 eggs during oviposition period. The egg incubation period was 15,59±0,46 days and egg hatching ratio was 84,96±2,21 % . Total five nymphal development period was completed in 10,69±0,31 days for females and 10,20±0,17 days for males and the mortality rates of nymphs was determined 12,50 % during nymphal development period. According to the results of the prey consumption studies in the laboratory, mated adult, unmated females and males consumed average 101,38±11,40; 84,75±8,46 and 27,25±4,00 preys respectively. The prey consumption of nymphal periods for female and male S. pyri were found average 29,5±1,42 and 27,2±1,20 preys respectively. Keywords: Tekirdag, Tingidae, natural enemies, Stephanitis pyri, Stethoconus pyri 2015, 180 pages ii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………... i ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… ii İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………….. iii ÇİZELGE DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………………. v ŞEKİL DİZİNİ………………………………………………………………………... viii 1. GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ……………………………………………………………... 4 2.1. Corythucha arcuata (Say)…………………………………………………………. 4 2.2. Corythucha ciliata (Say)…………………………………………………………... 7 2.3. Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey)………………………………………….. 12 2.4. Physatocheila confinis Horváth…………………………………………………… 16 2.5. Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius)………………………………………………………... 17 2.6. Doğal Düşmanlar………………………………………………………………….. 22 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM……………………………………………………….. 32 3.1. Materyal……………………………………………………………………………. 32 3.2. Yöntem…………………………………………………………………………….. 32 3.2.1. Sürvey çalışmaları……………………………………………………………….. 32 3.2.1.1. Tingidae familyası türlerinin saptanması……………………………………… 32 3.2.1.2. Doğal düşmanların belirlenmesi………………………………………………. 34 3.2.1.3. Türlerin teşhis edilmesi………………………………………………………... 36 3.2.2. Stephanitis pyri (F.) ile Stethoconus pyri (Mella) arasındaki ilişkiler…………... 36 3.2.2.1. Armut kaplanının üretimi……………………………………………………… 36 3.2.2.2. Konukçu bitkinin üretimi……………………………………………………… 37 3.2.2.3. Stethoconus pyri’nin üretimi…………………………………………………... 37 3.2.2.4. Stethoconus pyri’nin biyolojisi………………………………………………... 38 3.2.2.4.1. Ergin dönemi………………………………………………………………… 38 3.2.2.4.2. Yumurta dönemi…………………………………………………………….. 38 3.2.2.4.3. Nimf dönemleri, yumurtadan ergine gelişme süresi ile ölüm ve cinsiyet oranı………………………………………………………………………....................... 39 3.2.2.5. Stethoconus pyri’nin ergin döneminin av tüketimi……………………………. 39 3.2.2.6. Stethoconus pyri’nin nimf dönemlerinin av tüketimi…………………………. 39 3.2.2.7. Besin verilmeyen Stethoconus pyri’nin ergin ömrü ve nimf dönemi süreleri… 39 3.3.3. Denemelerin değerlendirilmesi………………………………………………….. 40 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI ve TARTIŞMA….………………………………… 41 4.1. Tekirdağ İlinde Saptanan Tingidae Familyası Türleri…………………………….. 41 4.1.1. Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832)………………………………………………… 41 4.1.2. Corythucha ciliata (Say, 1832)………………………………………………….. 48 4.1.3. Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)…………………………………. 56 4.1.4. Physatocheila confinis Horváth, 1905…………………………………………... 67 4.1.5. Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius, 1775)……………………………………………….. 70 4.1.6. Tespit edilen Tingidae türlerinin
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