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The Increasing Calls for a Human Right to Water and Participatory Governance in Water Policy

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The Increasing Calls for a Human Right to Water and Participatory Governance in Water Policy Title Page Using Advocacy Coalition Framework to Understand Water Policy in the Global South THE INCREASING CALLS FOR A HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE IN WATER POLICY by Jee Eun Song Bachelor’s degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 2007 Master’s degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 2010 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS This thesis was presented by Jee Eun Song It was defended on September 23, 2019 and approved by Dr. Louise Comfort, Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Paul Nelson, Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Mitchell Small, Professor, EPP, Carnegie Mellon University Thesis Advisor Director: Dr. Marcela Gonzalez Rivas, Assistant Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Jee Eun Song 2019 iii Abstract THE INCREASING CALLS FOR A HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE IN WATER POLICY Jee Eun Song, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2019 The historical pendulum between public and private sectors and mixed econometric outcomes of recent private sector participation in water management indicate that decision making of water policy is very much a political process rather than an economic or technical based one. Consequently, it gets more important to understand how water policy is formulated and implemented and under what political influences, as well as what institutional arrangements in the processes of bidding, monitoring, negotiating, and regulating have been attempted, succeeded or failed. This study aims to answers to these questions by assessing four cases in the Global South: Cochabamba (Bolivia), Uruguay, Johannesburg (South Africa), and Manila (Philippines), where the government implemented either or both private sector participation and re-municipalization in past decades. By employing the Advocacy Coalition Framework, Stakeholder Analysis, and Discourse Network Analysis, this study analyzes the coalitions which hold different policy core beliefs on water, their strategies to translate their beliefs on policy making, and institutional arrangements to adjust the policy after internal and external events. The content analysis with secondary data collected by Nexis Lexis and two interviews with experts were employed to obtain in-depth understanding on the cases. The study concludes that grassroots civil society organizations, which call for a human right to water and participatory governance, have increased their political leverage by forming powerful coalitions in water management policy subsystem. Their calls have been reflected in new constitutions in Bolivia and Uruguay, and new institutional iv arrangements in Johannesburg and Manila, to acknowledge the responsibility of the state as a water provider and leader of water conservation and to foster more institutionalized civic spaces in water management. v Table of Contents Title Page ........................................................................................................................................ i Committee Page ............................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 History of water management policy and supporting theories .................................. 2 1.2 Outcomes of private management models in water sector ......................................... 9 1.3 Objectives of this study ................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Theoretical frameworks ............................................................................................... 12 1.5 Research questions ....................................................................................................... 22 2.0 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Research design ............................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Data collection ............................................................................................................... 23 3.0 Case studies............................................................................................................................ 25 3.1 Cochabamba, bolivia: a fast-growing city with historical water shortage .............. 25 3.2 Uruguay: a small urbanized state with sufficient water supply ............................... 55 3.3 Johannesburg, South Africa: a city with historical inequality and limited water supply and financial capability.......................................................................................... 81 vi 3.4 Metro manila, philippines: a fast-growing city with overwhelming population .. 108 4.0 Comparative analysis.......................................................................................................... 137 4.1 Increasing political leverage of civil society organizations in water policy subsystem 139 4.2 Different levels of core beliefs toward private and public provisions .................... 140 4.3 Policy toward participatory governance by multiple stakeholders ....................... 143 4.4 Policy learning within and across coalitions ........................................................... 144 4.5 Internal and external events to influence on the stability of water policy subsystem 148 5. Advantages and limits of the advocacy coalition framework as a theoretical framework for the study of water policy in the global south ............................................ 150 6. Contribution of this study to literature ............................................................................... 152 7. Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 154 vii List of Tables Table 1. Allocation of responsibilities for Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) options......... 7 Table 2. Categorization of core beliefs on water employed in this study .............................. 19 Table 3. Classification of organizations and their core beliefs on water in Cochabamba case ................................................................................................................................................... 27 Table 4. Betweenness centrality of stakeholders in Cochabamba water policy subsystem . 29 Table 5. Solidarity actions conducted by international civil society groups ......................... 42 Table 6. Brief statement of 2009 Constitution on water management ................................... 45 Table 7. Brief statement of 2009 Constitution on the rights of rural native indigenous people ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 8. Brief statement of 2009 Constitution on water conservation ................................... 48 Table 9. Brief statement of ‘Law for the Rights of Mother Earth’ ........................................ 48 Table 10. Classification of organizations and their core beliefs on water in Uruguay case . 57 Table 11. Betweenness centrality of stakeholders in Uruguay water policy subsystem ....... 58 Table 12. Organizations participating in CNDAV................................................................... 65 Table 13. Brief statement of the 2004 constitutional amendments ......................................... 72 Table 14. Brief statement of 1996 Constitution related to water management ..................... 83 Table 15. Brief statement of neoliberal provisions under the Water Service Act................. 85 Table 16. Classification of organizations and their core beliefs on water in Johannesburg case ........................................................................................................................................... 87 Table 17. Betweenness centrality of stakeholders in Johannesburg water policy subsystem ................................................................................................................................................... 88 viii Table 18. Classification of organizations and their core beliefs on water in Manila case .. 110 Table 19. Betweenness centrality of stakeholders in Manila water policy subsystem ........ 112 Table 20.
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