The etwork Newsletter Message from the Executive Director Strategic Planning for LTER ŠRobert B. Waide, Executive Director, Roger Bales, Barbara Bedford, Robert tion of NET activities as well as visits by LTER Network Office Dickinson, Jim Levitt, John Magnuson, Pam NET staff to sites for joint discussions of Matson, Elinor Ostrum, Jack Stanford, needs. The LTER Network will spend the next few Margaret Werner-Washburne, Michael Development of these strategic plans will months developing a strategic plan to help Goodchild, and Paul Risser, Chair) this benefit greatly from the involvement of a define future goals and activities of the summer. After revision, the strategic plan will wide range of LTER scientists and students. network. The 20 Year Review Committee be rolled out at the All Scientists Meeting for Two groups have already been asked to called for such a plan, saying: general comment before taking final form. focus on specific sections of the Network “The LTER program must forge a bold NSF has also asked the LTER Network strategic plan. The LTER Education Commit- decade of synthesis science that will lead to Office (NET) to develop its own strategic tee has been working on a strategic plan for a better understanding of complex environ- plan. This request was based on a series of education in the LTER Network for over a mental problems and result in knowledge that recommendations made by the Site Review year. This plan, when completed, will inform serves science and society. To realize this Team that evaluated the Network Office development of the education section of the ambitious goal, the LTER community, renewal proposal. The goals of the Network Network strategic plan. The Network working with NSF, must develop a compre- Office strategic plan will overlap greatly with hensive strategic plan for the LTER enter- the plan being drafted by the Executive prise.” continued bottom of page 2, col. 1 Committee for the network as a whole, and —Final Report, LTER Twenty-year Review the NET plan will be developed in close Committee consultation with the Executive and Coordi- NSF endorsed the recommendation nating Committees. However, the NET plan Inside This Issue strongly, and the LTER community is will also include sections that address responding. The Executive Committee will management structure and evaluation of the Site News (Shortgrass Steppe, McMurdo, take the lead in developing a draft plan, Luquillo, Palmer).....2 Network Office, as well as sections focusing working closely with the Coordinating on tasks that have been assigned to NET in All Scientists Meeting Announcement.....6 Committee and the Network Office. The the new Cooperative Agreement with NSF. Executive Committee (Dan Childers, Bruce These tasks include linking the LTER Network News (EML, Invasive Species Hayden, John Hobbie, Nancy Grimm, Alan Database, AG TRANS, LTER Outreach, information management efforts with the Knapp, Peter McCartney, and Jim Gosz, Special Journal Issues).....7 global information technology infrastructure Chair) met in Washington in late February to and facilitating international LTER activities. Special Feature—Augmented LTER decide the timetable and approach to the task One important element of the NET strategic Sites.....12 of strategic planning. They will meet again plan will focus on a mechanism for sites to before the May Coordinating Committee International Networking (Kellogg/Taiwan provide input to NET on their needs and to Agriculture, Luquillo/Taiwan Invasive Earth- meeting at Kellogg Biological Station to assess NET response to these needs. The worms).....14 continue their work. After the Coordinating goal of this section will be to enhance regular Committee provides input to the draft, a Publications .....17 communication between sites and the revised version will be reviewed by the LTER Network Office. Operationally, this will Calendar....20 National Advisory Board (Peter Arzberger, involve formal requests to sites for evalua- 1 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 The Site News Each keynote talk was followed by a poster SGS Symposium session and a discussion. Since we were etwork specifically seeking areas for future collabo- Opening the Doors to rations, the discussions focused on how ews Collaboration basic and applied aspects of research fit into N Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 ŠNicole Kaplan, SGS LTER conservation efforts, and the relationships between research, land use and management The Network News The Shortgrass Steppe (SGS) LTER project, issues facing the SGS. Approximately 90 is produced each along with the USDA-ARS, the USFS Pawnee spring and fall at the National Grassland and the Colorado State people attended the symposium, including LTER Network Office University Agricultural Experiment Station five high school students from eastern through a cooperative agreement sponsored the 6th Shortgrass Steppe Sympo- Colorado, who presented several posters of between the sium on January 10, 2003, in Fort Collins, their research. Twenty-six posters were National Science Founation Colorado. One of the main goals of this year’s presented covering research studies, and the symposium was to create opportunities for conservation, land management, information University of New Mexico collaborations between the research commu- management, schoolyard LTER, and the GK- nity and others 12 partnership interested in or program. Although it working on is too early to issues concern- measure success of ing the conserva- the formation of tion or manage- collaborative projects, ment of the SGS. many email addresses Keynote talks were exchanged and were given by several of the Greg Gamble and contacts made at the Steve Kettler of symposium have been The National Science Foundation The Nature continued over coffee Conservancy of and at CSU seminars. Colorado, We will keep the LTER “Biodiversity community updated The University of New Mexico Conservation in on how our relation- Please contact the the Western High ships with conserva- LTER Network Office Plains” and Ken tionists and land with your questions, comments, Morgan of the managers develop. ideas Colorado Steve Currey, USDA Forest Service, District Please see the list and requests for more copies: Division of Ranger Pawnee National Grassland, and of poster titles and LTER Network Office Tammy VerCauteren, Prairie Partners Wildlife, “Species authors on the University of New Mexico Conservation Biologist with the Rocky Mountain Department of Biology Conservation on Bird Observatory, Fort Collins, CO, discussing Newsletter posters at the SGS Symposium. Albuquerque NM 87131-1091 Private Lands.” Web site.

Edited, designed and produced by Msg from the Director will provide input to both Network and NET Patricia Sprott Continued from Page 1 [email protected] Information System (NIS) Advisory Group planning efforts. Printed on recycled paper with soy-based (Barbara Benson, Emory Boose, James Brunt, More involvement of LTER scientists will inks at Academy Printer David Foster, Mark Harmon, Don Henshaw improve our planning efforts. I urge you to comment the planning documents, and to This publication is available in its entirety (chair), Tim Kratz, Peter McCartney, Bill on the LTER World Wide Web Site: Michener, John Vande Castle, Bob Waide, communicate your ideas to the Executive and Marilyn Walker) is working to develop a Coordinating Committees and the Network http://www.lternet.edu strategy for making the NIS more responsive Office. Presentations and discussions of the to the needs of sites and the network as a strategic plans are scheduled for the All Scientists Meeting, providing an excellent The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 whole. The results of 2the group’s activities forum to obtain a broad spectrum of Site News more. As a result, solutes accumulate over holes are frozen solid for most of the year, time; atmospheric gases such as N2, O2, and except for a few summer months when solar Exploring an Ecosystem CO2 are scavenged from ice bubbles resulting radiation melts the ice around the sediment Entombed in Ice in chemistries within the cryoconite holes that allowing biological activity to occur within Life in extreme envi- are distinct from the surrounding ice. The this sealed microcosm. The contents of the photosynthetic and heterotrophic activity of holes are flushed during decadal warming ronments at McMurdo resident organisms modify the initial events, when melt water abounds on the Dry Valleys LTER geochemical characteristics of the cryoconite glacier surface. The flushing events trans- dust. Algae and cyanobacteria have been port the hole contents to the valley streams ŠAndrew G. Fountain, MCM-LTER identified in cryoconite holes of the McMurdo and eventually to the lakes, thereby provid- Additional Investigators, Dorota Poransinka, Dry Valleys, as well as rotifers and tardigrades. Martyn Tranter, and Christine Forman ing organic carbon and other nutrients to Our estimates of bacterial production in the oligotrophic aquatic ecosystems down- Frozen environments comprise 25% of stream. Nutrients make their way back the Earth’s surface. Once believed to be up to the cryoconite holes via dust, and devoid of life, closer observations of various chemical cycles. This feedback glacial ice reveals microhabitats— loop connects all the major components frequently teeming with life. Cryoconite of the dry valley ecosystem and holes, from “cryo” meaning ice and involves exchanges of unique bio- “conite” meaning dust, form on glaciers geochemistries between soils, streams, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and offer a lakes and glaciers. unique addition to the growing list of We have encountered holes that extreme habitats where life thrives. have been isolated by an ice lid from the New research on these micro habitats atmosphere for a decade. For such suggests they are more important to the holes we believe that gases and some overall function of the polar desert nutrients important to the biochemical ecosystem than previously thought. reactions are scavenged from the Cryoconite holes develop from melting ice. Other nutrients may be sediment that collects in small patches obtained from the dissolution of both on the glacier surface (Fig. 1-top). As inorganic and organic debris in the hole. the hole grows, fine sediments, microor- Photosynthesis, which only occurs ganisms and organic matter collect, during summer, utilizes both new and creating an ideal environment for cold- recycled nutrients and drives the pH, weather critters. O2-saturation and pCO2 towards values r Open, water-filled cryoconite holes of 11, 160% and 10-7 atms, respectively. are commonly found on the exposed This chemistry better resembles that of surfaces of glaciers in temperate alpine African soda lakes than glacial melt regions. These holes frequently contain waters. We speculate that photosynthe- biota, including microfauna such as sis may be limited by this combination tardigrades, rotifers, protozoans, Figure 1. On top is an aerial view of cryoconite holes of extreme values. copepods, insect larvae and on Taylor Glacier. Below is a schematic of a vertical Cryoconite holes contribute to the cross-section of a cryoconite hole with sediment cyanobacteria. In contrast to these open (cryoconite) at the bottom. functioning of the polar desert ecosys- holes, cryoconite holes on the glaciers tem by of the McMurdo Dry Valleys are covered with cryoconite sediment rival that of the local lake playing an important role in recycling an ice lid of up to 30 cm thick (Fig. 1-bottom). water. nutrients, biota, and sediments in a system This lid isolates the hole from the atmosphere Cryoconite holes cover about 7% of the ice- seemingly lacking linkages between ecosys- and the surrounding glacier surface. Analysis covered zone of our study glaciers with tem components. The formation of the of the chloride content of the hole melt diameters from 1 cm to meters and averaging cryoconite holes, partly through biologic waters, in comparison to the surrounding ice, about 38 cm. The ice lids average about 14 cm suggests that the melt waters are often thick over a 14 cm water column. Cryoconite Continued on page 16, center column isolated from the atmosphere for a year or 3 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Site News Take a Journey to El Yunque Rico, held in conjunction with the LUQ LTER annual meeting. McGee and Zimmerman MIlestones provided attendees with a demonstration of Dick Olson Retires A New Education the program and an explanation of the After 35 years of working with environ- Project at LUQ LTER science underlying the models used in the mental data and the producers of those program. data, Richard “Dick” Olson has announced Researchers at LUQ LTER have teamed up While in Puerto Rico, the CET hosted four his retirement from the Oak Ridge National with the Center for Educational Technologies middle-school teachers from the U.S. and Laboratory’s Distributed Active Archive (CET) at Wheeling Jesuit University and the two teachers from Puerto Rico who received Center (ORNL DAAC). “Although I will U.S. Forest Service to teach middle-school training on the use of the prototype. The miss the interesting and productive students about the effects of hurricanes on El teachers gained hands-on experience with interactions with the GPPDI, EMDI, NPP, Yunque rainforest. The CET has recently been the Web site. In addition, teachers had the TCO, GCP, LTER, NCEAS, LTSS, ISLSCP, awarded a three-year grant from NSF to opportunity to discuss strategies for modeling and other communities,” Olson develop “Journey to El Yunque” — a four- integrating the Web site into their classes. says, “I’m looking forward to different week, Web-based curriculum unit. The Web The teachers will be testing the prototype of types of adventures.” site features Olson regards the LTER community and, stunning panoramic more specifically, the LTER data managers views of the as a “great group,” with special thanks to rainforest and “all the other data pushers for helping to engaging back- legitimize data management (and archiving, ground reading informatics, etc.), as part of ecosystem material. In the science!” Olson says he will retain his culminating activity current contact information for the immedi- students manipulate ate future. models of popula- The ORNL DAAC will continue to tion dynamics in the provide access to the various collections of aftermath of field observations. Please contact Bob Hurricane Hugo. Above: Teachers Cook, DAAC Scientist ([email protected], The models are get hands on 1-865-574-7329) with questions or sugges- based on the experience with the tions or data needs. research being Journey to El conducted at LUQ Yunque Web- In Memory of Dick Wiegert LTER. based curriculum. It is with great sadness that we report the When complete, Left: Journeying death Monday, 4 November 2002, of Richard the Web site will into the field to G. Wiegert, after a long illness. He will be replace the four- experience the greatly missed by his wife, Liz McGhee, his week ecology unit tropical forest. family and his many friends and colleagues students normally study in middle school. the Web site during the spring semester. throughout the world. Students using “Journey to El Yunque” will After the workshop, McGee led the teachers Those who knew Dick will remember him learn about food web dynamics and energy on a hike through El Yunque so they could for his enormous intelligence, his great sense flow within an ecosystem. The program will obtain first-hand experience with the of humor, his love of a good story, his provide a solid foundation for students rainforest. insatiable curiosity about how the world participating in the Schoolyard LTER program. The CET is recruiting middle-school life around him worked, and his great love of A prototype of the Web site is available at science teachers who would like to partici- books and learning. We ask all of you who http://elyunque.cet.edu. pate in the next phase of Web site testing. knew Dick to take a few minutes to remember Steven McGee, senior educational re- Teachers will receive funding to attend a a special conversation, experience, perhaps searcher at the CET, and Jess Zimmerman, co- two-day summer workshop at the CET. even an adventure, that you shared with him, PI of LUQ LTER, presented the prototype in Please refer interested teachers to Jennifer and to join us in celebrating his life rather January at the third annual Symposium on Kirby ([email protected]). than mourning his death. Long-Term Ecological Research in Puerto The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 4 Site News class,” Barnes says. “I think my kids Charlottesville Public School system used definitely benefited from graphing the the penguin data to do similar kinds of On-line Journaling penguin populations, Antarctic temperatures, graphs. Her students diagramed an Antarc- and Data Bridges the and coordinate graphing of Antarctica. We tic food web and are examining the effects Learning Gap to the took a test on all types of graphing, and the of global warming on the food web. They students did very well, better than last year’s are also reading about the history of Antarctic group. The kids really took an interest in the exploration in Antarctica. “My students fact that we were graphing real data as have started to realize that the true purpose ŠCindy Baker, Director of Publications, opposed to something assigned from a of learning—be it graphing raw data, College of William & Mary textbook. They made good hypotheses studying the interdependent parts of an Some lucky 4th and 5th graders in Virginia about the data and were able to answer ecosystem, or drawing hypotheses from got to experience the wilds of the Antartic higher-level questions about it.” information—is to solve problems by asking from the comfort of their computer screens. Language arts learning is more difficult to pertinent and well-informed questions,” While two College of William & Mary immediately quantify, Barnes said. “I think Kessler says. students joined the new Palmer LTER lead PI the kids benefited from reading extensively “The authenticity of the data, the texts Hugh Ducklow on an we’re reading, and the problem of global Antarctic Peninsula research warming help my students recognize the cruise this season, school applicability of the facts they’re learning, children in Virginia partici- facts that are all too often divorced from pated via the World Wide reality. They are asked to act as scientists Web. rather than students--sifting through data, Callie Raulfs and Mary analyzing it and reporting their findings. Turnipseed, the first We are not just discussing the scientific students from W&M to go process; we are participating in it!” to Antarctica, recorded For Callie Raulfs, the contact with the journal entries about their public school students added dimension impressions of the cruise, to her time in Antarctica. “The Web site and the chance to correspond with the while Hugh Ducklow Pete Barnes’ 5th grade class graphs Palmer LTER data. discussed the science. fifth graders greatly enhanced my Cindy Baker, director of publications at overall experience in Antarctica.” the W&M, organized a Web site for the The Richmond Times Dispatch classes (www.wm.edu/antarctica), adding gave the Web site “two thumbs up” new journal entries and photos from the for the journals and the student’s Antarctic almost daily. participation, and other teachers Pete Barnes, 5th grade teacher at have approached Barnes and Williamsburg/James City County Schools, Kessler about joining the project incorporated the PAL LTER team research when Ducklow and more WM into his classes in a number of ways. His students return to Palmer Station next research season. reading class wrote short stories based on Mary Turnipseed and Callie Raulfs enjoying the Antarctic information they read about Antarctica. His summer. “It was an engaging season with math class graphed the fluctuations in this year’s outreach participants penguin populations culled from data about Antarctica before writing about it. adding to the growing diversity of Ducklow sent him and Barnes asked his Once the kids learned that some of their Schoolyard LTER journaling efforts,” adds science students to concoct animals with stories would be on a Web site or sent to Karen Baker, Palmer LTER information adaptations that could survive in the Prof. Ducklow, I think they took the writing manager and education/outreach Antarctic. The results of these assignments more seriously. Sharing several different cooordinator. “The team used a variety of were posted on the Web for the Palmer types of reading about Antarctica also electronic communications to deliver the scientists to review. helped the kids master the pertinent vocabu- excitement of ongoing Antarctic research “The most quantifiable outcomes of this lary and helped their comprehension.” experiences and data into new classrooms.” Lara Kesslers’ 4th grade students in the project would probably come from my math 5 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Network News consideration to NSF’s Education and Human Resources Directorates. Some of Announcing the 4th LTER All Scientists Meet- these proposals include cross-site partici- ing 18-21 September 2003 Seattle Washington pation. Launching into Synthesis I will be working closely with the Education Committee and with the Educa- tion Representatives to coordinate Hundreds of scientists from dozens of will accentuate how LTER work can be more activities and to make this year very disciplines will gather in Seattle 18-21 integrated. productive. Please keep in touch with the September 2003 for “Launching into Synthe- Details as they emerge will be available on LTER education efforts via the website: sis,” the 4th LTER All Scientists Meeting. the website: http://www.lternet.edu/asm http://lternet.edu/education/ This meeting will include a joint session with the annual meeting of the Estuarine Education Update Research Federation on 18 September. News from the ILTER ŠSonia Ortega, LTER Network Office Following the joint session there will be a It’s shaping up to be an active year for Network joint mixer, and the LTER meeting will Education in LTER. As you can see, we ŠAlan Schroeder, LTER Network Office continue on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. need full participation from everyone to get ILTER Annual Meeting in Beijing The choice for an LTER/ERF joint session the most out of our planned activities. On September 5 and 6, Beijing, People’s was an easy one says LTER Network Office The Annual Meeting of LTER Education Republic of China will host the 2003 executive director and meeting coordinator Representatives will take place in conjunc- Annual Meeting of International Long Bob Waide. There are five coastal LTER sites, tion with the All Scientists Meeting in Term Ecological Research Network. The and they will most all be attending the ERF Seattle, Washington. The Network Office will meeting is tentatively titled: Long Term meeting. Locating the LTER meeting in provide funding to education representa- Ecological Research: Theories, Technolo- Seattle and planning a joint session makes it tives to attend. Information on logistics will gies and their Applications in Ecosystem very interesting for everyone, says Dan be sent to site PIs. Please contact Sonia Management, and is co-sponsored with the Childers, PI of the Florida Coastal Everglades Ortega Chinese Academy of Sciences. ILTER LTER site and chair of the joint-session ([email protected]) with your ideas for Business Meetings and a regional Asian program committee. workshops, and for the education represen- LTER Network meeting will follow on 7 The other LTER coastal sites include Santa tatives meeting agenda. September. Field trips to the Loess Plateau Barbara (Dan Reed, PI), Georgia Coastal (Tim At the top of our agenda will be the at Yangling in Northern China, the Tibetan Hollibaugh and Steve Pennings, PIs), Virginia Assessment of LTER Education Activities. Plateau in Qing-Zang, or Subtropical Coast Reserve (Bruce Hayden, Karen As NSF decided not to proceed with the Evergreen Forest in Southern China will McGlathery, and John Porter, PIs), and Plum formal assessment at this time, we will work commence on 8 September. Island Ecosystems (Chuck Hopkinson, PI). on developing ways to assess LTER All-Scientist Meeting in Seattle The goal of the joint session, titled “Long- education activities at our sites. This may The NET office, in association with the term and large-scale patterns in coastal and include organizing a series of workshops to meeting of the Estuarine Research Federa- freshwater aquatic ecosystems,” is to bring gather data and to develop tools and tion, has begun to organize the 2003 ASM coastal and estuarine scientists together with assessment instruments. meeting for September 18 - 21 in Seattle, scientists from other LTER sites, to address I recently submitted the LTER Education Washington, USA. The ERF’s meeting the common theme of large-scale compari- Strategic Plan to the Executive Committee for begins on September 14 and will wind up sons, Childers says. review. The plan will be included in the with a joint ERF/LTER session on the This joint session affords the opportunity Coordinating Committee meeting agenda afternoon of Thursday, September 18. for convergence and a stronger understand- (May 6-8, Kellogg Biological Station) for There will be a joint mixer for the two ing of ecosystem science, says Tiffany further consideration. The Executive groups on Thursday evening. Please Troxler-Gann, one of two graduate student Committee will consider the Strategic Plan access information about the ASM on the representatives on the program commitee. for Education in the development of overall LTER website: http://www.lternet.edu/asm The estuarine and coastal systems are the Strategic Plan for the Network. Please direct questions regarding downstream ecosystems of many LTER Several LTER education representatives International LTER issues to Alan research sites, Tiffany says, and this meeting are in the middle of preparing Proposals for Schroeder in the U.S. LTER Network Offce: [email protected] The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 6 Network News for me? Approaching a Dream The LTER Network is currently in the investment phase of EML. Resources will be Implementing Ecological Metadata Language needed to convert legacy metadata into EML. Resources will also be needed to continue at LTER Sites to Facilitate Cross-site Synthesis the development of software to enter, search, and retrieve metadata documents store in ŠDavid Blankman, LTER Network Office based, i.e., not in a relational database) to EML format. Ecological Metadata Language (or EML), EML is a four step process (see Fig. 1). So, what’s the payback? As anyone who is a content standard implemented in XML Visits for the near future include PIE, HFR, has participated in an NCEAS synthesis for documenting ecological data. If EML is HBR, ARC, and BES, as well as Cedar Creek workshop knows, doing synthetic research in used at the time the data is recorded, it will and Luquillo. The CAP team will be assisting ecology is tedious. Often more time and effort “reduce the time required to standardize data the other sites. North Temperate Lakes LTER is spent finding and then converting hetero- —months or years after it has been collected site is already generating EML dynamically. geneous data into a common format, than is —and will facilitate research at larger scales ______spent on the actual synthetic research. of time and space” (see “Ecological As part of the move toward standards and The Present: The software to allow for Metadata Language Increases search and retrieval of relevant data is now Research Capability” by John Porter, available for EML compliant metadata.. in The Network Newsletter Vol. 15 The Near Term: Once the vast quantity No.1 Spring 2002). of legacy LTER metadata is converted to At a workshop in June 2002, the EML and stored in EML aware network LTER Information Managers ex- catalogs, researchers will be able to do pressed the desire for on-site consul- targeted searches for data of interest. tation rather than a group workshop The Future: The true power of EML will to implement EML. Beginning in emerge in the next decade as intelligent December 2002 and continuing over software agents are developed to aid in the next several months David the integration of ecological data. Through Blankman of the LTER Network Office these exercises, we are getting close to is working directly with the informa- Rudolf Nottrott’s dream (ca 1993): I was tion managers at their sites to lying on the beach. I had a research idea. implement EML. So far, David has Figure 1. Steps to convert metadata to EML I picked up my smart phone, spoke my visited Niwot and McMurdo sites in research question. The smart phone Colorado, the Florida Coastal Ever- tapped into my personal data gathering glades, and the Coweeta and Georgia Coastal to facilitate cross-site synthesis, the Network research software agent which searched the Ecosystem LTER sites, to onvert their legacy Office is organizing a workshop to be held this web, retrieved the relevant data, sent it to text-based metadata to EML. Meanwhile, a spring. The purpose of this workshop will be my analytical agent, which then tested the team from Central Arizona-Phoenix LTER site to develop a recommendation that might be hypothesis. My paper-writing software agent (CAP) will work with those sites that have called LTER EML Core. LTER EML Core will wrote and then submitted a paper to Science metadata stored in relational database address issues such as: for review... And then I woke up. systems. 1. EML is a very flexible and comprehensive EML and LTER Researchers: Ask not what The purpose of visits is to assist LTER site standard; the smallest valid EML document EML can do for me, but what you can do for information managers in the conversion of would include only a title, and two last names. EML. While the EML implementation team legacy metadata to EML and to help the The largest EML document could contain can assist the site information managers in information managers develop systems that thousands of separate fields. What should the technical aspects of converting legacy will automatically produce EML compliant LTER’s minimal EML document contain? metadata to EML, virtually all sites will need metadata. As a new LTER site, FCE provides 2. With EML there are different ways to to add additional metadata. The site informa- the opportunity to design a system that document the same information. What should tion managers will, in most cases, need to meets all of the site’s internal needs and will the LTER approach be? consult with site researchers to help in the be optimized to produce EML. 3. EML and LTER Researchers: What’s in it generation of the new metadata. The conversion of legacy metadata (text- 7 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Network News land managers and the public using online GIS technology. In addition, the synthesized, Collaboration Opportunity spatially linked database can be used to create predictive spatial models for hotspots National Invasive Species Database of invasion in the state of Colorado or in a specific land management unit (for example, ŠNicole Kaplan, Shortgrass Steppe LTER see: http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ niiss/projects/colorado/colorado.htm). Land managers consider invasive species local, regional, and national scales. Informa- The Institute’s information management one of their greatest challenges. The tion about invasive species found across the system is designed to expand in detail as the economic cost of invasive non-native U.S. will be distributed through the National program grows. Spatial, hierarchical tables in plants, animals, and diseases exceeds $138 Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII). geodatabases (ArcGIS and MSAccess or billion per year, more than the damage http://www.nbii.gov/index.html Oracle) and new spatial analysis tools, will caused by other natural disasters, such as Tom Stohlgren, other researchers, and allow for multi-scale analyses, interactive flood and fires, combined. Invasive species information managers at the Institute will queries, and multiscale graphics. A web- are poisoning livestock, altering fire regimes, focus on information management, research, based interface will allow customers and clogging waterways, altering nutrient modeling, technical assistance, and outreach. cycling, and causing the demise stakeholders to access and of as many as 40 percent of the manipulate a variety of species listed as “Threatened databases, GIS themes, and and Endangered.” Nearly all predictive spatial models at terrestrial and aquatic ecosys- local and regional scales tems are now affected by without having extensive invasive species. hardware, software, or access The U.S. Geological Survey to experts. has partnered with other The Institute will continue agencies and research programs, to develop control and including LTER to establish a restoration techniques for “data cooperative” to accelerate severely affected areas and for the sharing, standardization, the most invasive species. completeness, and accessibility Research is already underway in many wetland, riparian, and of data on the distribution and abundance The first goal is to synthesize pre-exisitng data aquatic ecosystems where invasive species of non-native plants, animals, and diseases sets, including multiple scale information (i.e., have become dominant. Monitoring and across the U.S. The National Institute of 1 m2 to entire region), on non-native vascular modeling techniques will help set priorities for Invasive Species Science is a quickly plant species obtained from individuals, control and restoration. On a national scale, growing consortium of strong partnerships organizations, and agencies at all levels in a invasive plant control techniques published between government and non-governmental spatially linked database. by The Nature Conservancy, individual organizations administratively housed in the All LTER Network sites will be asked to states, and others will be linked to the NBII. U.S. Geological Survey’s Fort Collins contribute to the development of this data- This is an opportunity for the LTER commu- Science Center in Colorado. The Institute base. For example, state and county officials in nity to cooperate with other agencies and represents one of six primary focus areas of Colorado, land mamagement and conservation non-governmental organizations, and to the Fort Collins Science Center, with Tom programs, as well as information managers contribute their data to the development of a Stohlgren as the Science Program Director. from the SGS and NWT LTER sites are data synthesis project that will help to The Institute has the expertise to develop submitting their existing and legacy data sets document, map, predict, and manage the cost-efficient and information-rich interdisci- on invasive plant species. In this way, invasion of non-native plants, animals, and plinary approaches to inventory and collective knowledge created by data synergy diseases across the U.S. monitoring methods. This approach can be used to improve the quality of indi- For more information: Thomas J. Stohlgren, integrates multi-phase designs, with multi- vidual data sets collected across the state of USGS National Institute of Invasive Species scale field sampling to provide more Colorado. Data sets for recorded locations for Science, Phone: 970-491-1980, e-mail: consistent, accurate, and complete data at non-native plant species are now available to [email protected] The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 8 Network News pating scientists include: Charles Redman (PI) the interactions and relationships among and The Biocomplexity Program and Ann Kinzig (CAP LTER), David Foster between ecological, social, and geophysical (Harvard Forest), Myron Gutmann (Short- influences on changing agrarian landscapes. Agricultural Land- grass Steppe), Ted Gragson (Coweeta), Gerad To achieve this goal, we will examine these Middendorf (Konza), Alan Rudy (Kellogg), changes and forces at varying temporal, scapes in Transition: A and Peter Kareiva (The Nature Conservancy). spatial and organizational scales and focus Cross-scale Approach Other participating scientists are listed at on processes that act on long time scales and http://ces.asu.edu/agtrans/participants.htm. legacies in the landscape. The project also ŠCharles Redman, Ann Kinzig, and Lauren AG TRANS aims to understand what promises innovations in the area of inte- Kuby (CAP LTER) happens when humans impose spatial and grated data management (across disciplines temporal signatures on ecological regimes and sites) and K-12 education, where we will In 2001, the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long- and must then respond to the systems they develop curriculum that parallels the research Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) helped to create, further altering the dynamics of scientists looking at the agricultural-urban project, in collaboration with the Baltimore of the coupled system and affecting ecologi- interface. Partnering with The Nature Ecosystems Study (BES) Conservancy will allow received funding from NSF’s AG TRANS http://ces.asu.edu/agtrans us to test applicability “Biocomplexity in the of our results to Environment” program to conservation planning. hold a series of workshops to We have outlined promote the integration of ambitious, yet realistic, social sciences into long-term objectives for our first ecological research. It was year. Our goal for Year hoped that this incubation 1 is to create baseline grant would spark scientifi- sets of spatial, cally exciting interdisciplinary historical, and ecologi- research that would bring cal information about together social, biological, the study areas and a and earth scientists to better first iteration on a understand human ecosys- series of models to tems. explain the processes One workshop, “Integrat- underlying observed ing Census, GIS, and Histori- transformations. cal Methods into Long-Term This map shows the LTER participants involved in the interdisciplinary AG TRANS project Social, demographic, Ecological Research,” led to economic, and political six sites receiving a four-year cal and social resilience or vulnerability. Six information is being assembled under the award from the NSF’s Biocomplexity program. LTER sites representing differing biogeo- direction of Myron Gutmann; regional This project: “Agrarian Landscapes in graphic regions and contrasting agrarian ecological information is being assembled by Transition: A Cross-Scale Approach” or AG transformations will identify and quantify the a team directed by Peter Kareiva; and extant TRANS, is an interdisciplinary effort tracing ways in which agrarian transformations differ remote sensing and GIS data is being the effects of the introduction, spread, and across regions and time and how these collected by a CAP team (Will Stefanov and abandonment of agriculture at LTER sites, variations explain cross-scale patterns. Maik Netzband). Several modeling efforts are with cross-comparisons in Mexico and Expectations are that this multi-scale study being coordinated by Peter Kareiva, Ann France. The main LTER sites involved in AG will serve as a pilot project for cross-site, Kinzig, Bill Parton, and Marty Anderies. TRANS are: Central Arizona Phoenix LTER, interdisciplinary work and lead to a better Narrative case studies for each site are also Harvard Forest, Shortgrass Steppe, Coweeta, understanding of the mechanisms that govern being prepared and will be assembled into a Konza Prairie, and Kellogg Biological Station. ecosystem dynamics. AG TRANS is off to a book by David Foster and Charles Redman. CAP leads this collaboration of ecologists, great start and, we expect it to have a strong In addition, Charlene Saltz and Monica Elser anthropologists, sociologists, and geogra- positive impact on the entire LTER network. (CAP) are crafting K-12 phers, a collaboration expected to serve as a Our overall objective is to better understand Continued bottom of next page model for future integrative projects. Partici- 9 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Network News tors. The real (i.e., in-person) instructors came from the LTER Network Office (Bill LTER Community Outreach Michener, James Brunt, Troy Maddux, and Marshall White), the Sevilleta LTER (Kristin Ecoinformatics Training for Field Stations Vanderbilt), the Central Arizona Phoenix LTER (Peter McCartney), the Virginia Coast ŠWilliam Michener and Greg Bonito, LTER Network Office metadata software, SQL, PERL, and the Reserve LTER (John Porter), the University A National Science Foundation funded Specify biodiversity DBMS. Participants of New Mexico (Chris Frazier). Virtual Research Coordination Network project is used the software to register data sets from instructors, including Matt Jones from the off and running. The project, titled the their field stations in the OBFS Data Registry, National Center for Ecological Analysis and “Resource Discovery Initiative for Field to enter publications and bibliographies from Synthesis, Wade Sheldon from the Georgia Stations,” aims to develop several critical their field stations into a web-accessible Coastal Ecosystems LTER, Glenn Garneau databases that promote the discovery of “Bibliography of North American Field from the University of Kansas, and Robert personnel, data and information, and Station Publications,” and to contribute Colwell from the University of Connecticut infrastructural resources at North American standard field and laboratory methods to a appeared over Internet-based teleconfer- field stations (i.e., Organization of Biological Standard Methods database. ences. Field Stations-OBFS). In addition, a key The workshop was attended by thirteen Workshop participants appreciated the component of the project is the diversity of instructors. As annual training of 12 to 24 field one participant exclaimed, “No station personnel in information question went unanswered!” management concepts and Furthermore, participants technologies. uniformly felt that the topics The first of five annual covered during the workshop training workshops was will be very useful in expand- successfully held October 20 - ing the informatics capacity at November 2, 2002 at the their field stations. “I truly Sevilleta Research Station in wish that this course had been central New Mexico. The available three and a half years workshop provided hands-on ago - an excellent course!” training in ecological remarked one participant. This informatics, metadata manage- year (October 27-November 7, ment, biodiversity data manage- 2003) the two-week course will ment, web page authoring, PHOTO: (from left) Marsh White (seated, from NET) explains web-page again be held at the Sevilleta bibliographic database manage- programming to Don Schenck (Flathead Lake Biological Station, Montana), and will be broken into two Kristin Vanderbilt (SEV), Neela Akhouri (Lake Erie Center, Ohio), and Eric ment, database management Sanchez (Organization for Tropical Studies, Costa Rica). independent modules (one on systems (DBMS), quality ecoinformatics technologies, assurance/quality control, and advanced participants, representing biological field and the second on geographic information web page authoring. Trainees received stations from Montana to Costa Rica and systems). In 2004, the course structure hands-on experience with ACCESS, French Polynesia to Florida. A broad mix of remains the same, but the venue moves to La Dreamweaver, Biota, Endnote, Morpho real and virtual instructors served as instruc- Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica.

AG-TRANS continued from previous page outreach activities with John O’Keefe future stages of data collection and analysis. applied quantitative approaches of LTER (Harvard Forest) and Ted Gragson We believe that AG TRANS will demon- studies. We are planning to host a session (Coweeta). We expect that the various data- strate the value of these approaches and at the ASM meeting this September in collecting efforts will help provide a context contribute to their refinement across the LTER Seattle. Although it will still be early in the for understanding the processes we are network and elsewhere. Another potential project, we hope to have enough together to studying and that the initial modeling efforts contribution is our plan to integrate qualita- stimulate interest across the network and and case study narratives will help direct the tive approaches with the more frequently solicit useful input.

The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 10 Network News England Landscape. The volume, edited by Journal Features David Foster with assistance From Glenn Motzkin and Dave Orwig, contains 20 Special Section on the papers covering diverse topics: paleoeco- LTER Network logical, dendrochronological and witness tree studies of long-term vegetation The January 2003 issue of the journal dynamics; historical analyses of wildlife BioScience features a special section of and land cover changes; ecosystem articles reviewing the insights gained from consequences of introduced pests and the U.S. LTER Network, including compre- pathogens; controls of land-use history on hensive bibliographies. The special section modern vegetation patterns; and conserva- represents the first such production since the tion directions for the New England early 1990s. Reprints are availalble from the landscape. LTER Network Office ([email protected]) The Journal of Biogeography can be Bioscience, Vol 53 No 1 accessed on the HFR Website: http:// ŠScientific Accomplishments of the Long harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/pubs.html Term Ecological Research Program: An Stuart Chapin III, Diana H. Wall, Katherine Introduction (John E. Hobbie) pp 17-21 L. Gross, Laura F. Huenneke, Gary G. ŠThe US Long Term Ecological Research Mittelbach, Debra C. Peters, and David Sevilleta LTER Re- Program (John E. Hobbie, Stephen R. Tilman) pp 89-98 Carpenter, Nancy B. Grimm, James R. Gosz, search Featured on And Timothy R. Seastedt) pp 17-32 Cover of Bioscience ŠLong-Term Research on Biosphere- Atmosphere Interactions (David Greenland, Bruce P. Hayden, John J. Magnuson, Scott V. Special Journal Issue Ollinger, Roger A. Pielke Sr., and Raymond C. Features Findings Smith) pp 33-45 from Harvard Forest ŠDisturbance Dynamics and Ecological Response: the Contribution of Long-Term LTER Ecological Research (Monica G. Turner, Scott L. Collins, Ariel E. Lugo, John J. Magnuson, T. Scott Rupp, and Frederick J. Swanson) pp 46-56 ŠEcological Variability in Space and Time: Insights Gained from the U.S. LTER Program (Timothy K. Kratz, Linda A. Deegan, Mark E. Harmon, and William K. Lauenroth) pp 57-67 ŠUsing Mechanistic Models to Scale Ecological Processes across Space and Time Sevilleta LTER’s article “The Ecology (Edward B. Rastetter, John D. Aber, Debra C. and Evolutionary History of an Emergent Peters, Dennis S. Ojima, and Ingrid C. Burke) Disease: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syn- pp 68-76 drome” is featured on the cover of the ŠThe Importance of Land-Use Legacies to November 2002 issue of BioScience. The This fall the Harvard Forest LTER Ecology and Conservation (David Foster, publication represents the work of more published a Special Issue of the Journal of Frederick J. Swanson, John D. Aber, Ingrid than 16 investigators, a network of nine Biogeography (Volume 29; October/ Burke, Nicholas Brokaw, David Tilman, and study sites spanning three states, November 2002) entitled Insights From Alan Knapp) pp 77-88 evidence from two El Niños, and a decade Historical Geography to Ecology and ŠLong-Term and Large-Scale Perspectives on of research. the Relationship between Biodiversity and Conservation: Lessons from the New Ecosystem Functioning (Amy J. Symstad, F. 11 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Special Feature right conditions. “I think we are on the road to such collaboration at NTL,” he says, “but The Value of LTER it’s a journey, not a destination.” In addition to the augmentation, NTL has had help from Site Augmentation IGERT, BioComplexity, Pew, Rockefeller and Packard funds. “We have been lucky, In 1996, National Science Foundation began range of scales and to make significant Carpenter admits. “If LTER wants to grow an experiment that involved augmenting two advances in understanding the spatial, some good natural-social science collabora- LTER sites at a funding level double to the temporal, and decision-making components of tions, each site needs sustained funding for Network standard. The sites were selected land use and land-use change, and has helped a few students and some PI time.” based on competitive proposals. The success- build regional, national, and international The NTL LTER site augmented research in ful proposals contained significant commit- collaborations. several dimensions, including the addition ments to involving social and economic Despite the augmentation “the bridge of a second core site in the urban Madison sciences and plans for developing regional- between natural and social sciences remains area, “which provides an important contrast scale research. exceptionally challenging,” NTL PI Steve to study lakes in the north that are much Over the past six years, the increased Carpenter says, the main limitation being the less impacted by humans,” says Jim Rusak, funding has provided these sites, North cultural difference between the disciplines. NTL co-PI. “We have strengthened our Temperate Lakes LTER in Wisconsin (NTL) “LTER can be a key bridge for the scientific remote sensing and landscape ecology and Coweeta LTER in the southern Appala- community as a whole, because LTER can components at multiple scales-watersheds chian mountains (CWT), the opportunity to provide ongoing scientific interaction.” to lake districts, to State and the western focus on complex interactions between For LTER PIs to develop a collaborative Great Lakes region.” NTL has also been able humans and ecological processes across a style, Carpenter says, takes time— and the to forge ongoing collaborations with Canadian sites. LTER sampling reveals unusual winter lake-ice conditions Another dimension involves increasing cover and ice-free areas that interdisciplinary integration, including North opened up during an earlier Temperate modeling and landscape analysis, “which warming period. Without Lakes LTER has strengthened links among climatology, field staff the reflective snow, the ice drilling a hole and underlying water was remote sensing, landscape ecology, hydrol- through ice on heated by the sun’s radiant ogy, and limnology,” Rusak says. “We have Madison area also embarked on collaborations with rural lakes showing energy. In addition, open lack of snow holes on some of the sociology and economics.” cover and shallower lakes that did not While augmentation has had its success, open water completely freeze over in area in research and outreach accomplishments of background, early winter have allowed this nature are not exclusive to augmented the wind to mix the water February sites, says Ted Gragson, CWT LTER PI. 2003. column bringing the warmer “The Harvard Forest LTER site, for example, bottom water to the surface. The end result of these has some stellar regional-scale research, and relatively warm surface Andrews LTER is associated with similarly water temperatures has been stellar regional work (although with different Residents of Madison, Wisconsin expect their a premature melting of the ice from underneath funding),” Gragson says. “There are lakes to have thick hard ice for ice fishing, even though recent air temperatures have been certainly some documents that show the skating, and ice boating during mid-winter. This cold. These unusual lake ice and water tempera- value of, and highlight useful process on year, the ice in some area lakes is not safe. NTL- ture conditions prompted LTER researchers to regionalization, but they are not specific to LTER researchers during their routine sampling contact government authorities, who in turn [this] augmentation.” Gragson points out noticed that while the top layer of the ice was notified the public about unsafe ice conditions, some emerging models from outside the hard, the majority of the underlying ice was soft especially with warmer weather in the immediate and spatially variable in thickness. This was forecast. The unusual ice conditions are also LTER as well, including the BioComplexity because water temperatures right under the ice consistent with LTER research findings that program, and France’s Zones Ateliers (see were relatively warm, an effect believed to be winter ice duration on water bodies throughout The LTER Network Newsletter Vol. 14 No.1 caused by the combination of a lack of snow the world is becoming shorter in response to Spring 2001, page 8). global warming. The augmentation project at North The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 12 Temperate Lakes LTER site addresses two risk of shifting the lake into an irreversible management, and is a problem of global new types of questions: one type that eutrophic state. The model’s improved significance. This work has inspired requires integration of natural and social predictive capability is largely the result of dialogue in community, including a popular, sciences and another that requires under- including more realistic (non-linear) relation- Web-accessible version of a scientific paper standing of regional-scale processes. For ships between variables and the stochastic published in Issues in Ecology (see http:// example: What ecosystem services do the lake influence of climatic variation. www.esa.org/sbi/sbi_issues/) districts of rural northern and urban southern These analyses show that the total At the regional scale, a workshop Wisconsin provide, and what are their economic value generated by the Lake provided researchers with common goals of economic values? How do farmer behaviors Mendota watershed would increase substan- examining landscape-level processes that vary across watersheds, and why? How do tially if less fertilizer were used. Total lead to spatial and temporal patterns of lake ecosystems, agencies, farmers and other lake economic value is the net benefit from all characteristics in individual or multiple lake users, respond to political processes, and uses of the watershed, including agriculture, districts. A special issue of Freshwater how do these responses interact to affect the lakeshore property values, fishing and other Biology highlighted results from this temporal dynamics of the lakes? What are the recreation. workshop, which included 10 lake districts effects of prolonged drought on lakes Another finding resulting from this effort is from North America, Europe, and Antarctica. throughout the upper Midwest? How has the that the probability of cyanobacterial bloom At the global scale, records for freeze and timing and duration of ice cover changed in on a given day can be reduced from about thaw dates provide a seasonally integrated lakes throughout the northern Hemisphere 65% to 20% by halving the phosphorus view of trends from regions where early over decadal and century time scales? Can we inputs. These numbers became effective temperature measurements are sparse. NTL use satellite imagery to predict regional water public outreach tools to launch an aggressive investigators catalogued these records and quality? non-point pollution control program. developed a shared database for researchers Augmentation has lead to some A phosphorus budget we developed for around the world. significant findings at NTL LTER, Madison’s Lake Mendota watershed shows Relevant Reading including: The economically optimal phos- that fertilizers, supplements to dairy cattle, Carpenter, S.R., D. Ludwig and W.A. phorus input to lakes is less (often far less) and natural inputs are substantially larger Brock. 1999. Management of eutrophication than would have been estimated if the work than the outputs of crops, meats, diary for lakes subject to potentially irreversible was based on an assumption that the lakes products and runoff. This excess phospho- change. Ecological Applications 9: 751-771. were linear, equilibrium systems with no rus accumulates in soils at the rate of 450 kg Lathrop, R. C., S. R. Carpenter, C. A. Stow, stochastic factors and no time delays. per year. The accumulation of phosphorus in P. A. Soranno and J. C. Panuska (1998). By calculating the net economic value of watershed soils poses a challenge for lake Phosphorus loading reductions needed to water quality (based on control blue-green algal blooms in the economics of Lake Mendota. Canadian Journal of farming, value of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55(5): housing near the lake, 1169-78. and the recreational Kratz, T. K. and T. M. Frost (2000). economy derived from The ecological organisation of lake boating, fishing and districts: general introduction. soforth), NTL research- Freshwater Biology 43: 297-99. ers have shown that the economically optimal Significant findings resulting phosphorus loading from augmented studies at (which maximizes net Coweeta LTER costs and benefits to Permanent vegetation plots in society as a whole) is combination with climate modeling about one-third of the Grad students Lindsay Stallcup and Marcelo Ardon (University of Georgia) leave allowed us to relate forest composi- current loading rate to for the field carrying mesh bags filled with five different types of leaves to be tion and productivity to topography the lake. Furthermore, incubated in streams at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. This project over long time scales. A spatially is one of several leaf decomposition experiments taking place at La Selva and explicit model of land-use change over even economically the Coweeta and Luquillo LTER sites. Some of these studies involve inter-site optimal phosphorus comparisons and have been funded by augmentation grants to the Coweeta continued on page 16, column 1 loads may incur a high LTER grant. 13 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 International Networking Director-General of Taiwan’s Food and Breaking New Ground Agriculture Department stated: “This workshop focuses on agricultural ecosystem management at the ecosystem level, which I International LTER Workshop in Agricultural believe is an advance in agricultural re- Ecosystems Leads to Collaboration search... [and] serves as a platform to discuss possibilities of establishing new and enhanc- ŠAndrew Corbin, Kellogg Biological Station ing existing agricultural LTER sites in LTER— The author wishes to thank Hen- concerns about the state of biau King (Taiwan Ecological Research agroecosystems.” Effects of intensification countries of our region. I’m looking forward Network), whose tireless efforts and are stressing the integrity of agroecosystems to seeing collaborations among representa- extraordinary hospitality played a key role in the success of this workshop. and generating negative impacts on other tives from each site which occur within and The first International Workshop on Long ecosystems in Taiwan. Lin cited examples following this workshop.” Term Ecological Research in Agricultural such as “soil erosion on downstream In the keynote address, “LTER in Agro- Ecosystems took place 11 November 2002 at fisheries and reservoirs damaging both nomic Systems: Importance, Infrastructure the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute [these] aquatic ecosystems” and “fertilizer and Administration” Mike Klug (KBS) (TARI ) in Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. The and pesticide residues in water resources, air, considered the typical grant funding process, five-day event was “...they are really funded in very short time organized by KBS, TARI, periods and as a result we have lost a lot and the Chinese Forestry of information about those broad Association. Workshop temporal and spatial scale differences sponsors included the that we see within these systems...” Taiwan Council of The talks were separated into three Agriculture (COA), TARI, categories: -Session I, General Reviews NSF and the East Asia - of Ecolog-ical Research in Agri-culture Pacific Regional LTER consisted of Ecol-ogical Research in Network Committee. Agricultural Ecosystems in Korea in The objective of the which workshop, which Ohseok eminated from the LTER Above: International participants Kwon, All Scientists Meeting in outside the National Dong Hwa and Eun- Snowbird, Utah (2000), University in Hualien, Taiwan. Shik Kim (left to right) Jiabao Zhang, Zhu was to provide insight from the Ouyang, Ohseok Kwon, Tim and advice from KBS Bergsma, Mike Klug, Andrew National researchers and adminis- Corbin, Yue-joe Hsia, Youngsun Institute trators to those in Taiwan, Kim, and Hen-biau King. Photo of by Youngsun Kim Korea and China who are Agricul- Left: Mike Klug and Hen-biau considering establishing King present Su-san Chang with tural new or enhancing existing Michigan maple syrup produced Science agricultural LTER sites. at KBS. Photo by Andrew Corbin and Over seventy researchers and administrators and crops [affecting] human health.” With Technology (NIAST) through phase two of from the U.S., Korea, China, and Taiwan his introductory remarks, Chiu-chung Young, the workshop which will include a visit from participated in the workshop. Principles and from the department of Soil and Environmen- the East Asia group to KBS in early summer overseas guests spent the rest of the week tal Sciences at National Chung Hsing of 2003. focused on the importance of the role visiting LTER and other research sites University also acknowledged the concerns of governmental bodies to support ecological throughout Taiwan. brought about by high input agriculture research in agroecosystems and the collabo- The Director-General of TARI, Chien-yih within the ecosystem and advocated the ration among participating nations to Lin, welcomed participants by recognizing importance of long term ecological research maximize research productivity. Su-san “The unprecedented scale of agricultural for developing sustainability within modern Chang, Chief, International Organization expansion and intensification has raised agriculture. In his greeting, Shan-ney Huang, Division COA, gave an overview of Agricul- continued next page, column one The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 14 International Workshops International Collabo- adjacent invaded and non-invaded areas, continued from previous page ration Reveals Earth- but have not published the data yet. tural Research in Taiwan where she pointed Assuming that (1) most of the wet tropics out that safeguarding the ecology and the worm Invasion in are invaded with this species, and (2) the environment is one of the top three policy Taiwan magnitude of increase in CO2 efflux is 20%, objectives of the COA. Jiabao Zhang from data from Puerto Rico shows that the Through international collaboration, LTER the institute of Soil Science in Nan-jiang, invasion of P. corethrurus would raise the investigators have discovered that a species Chinese Academy of Science spoke on long efflux of CO2 — as much as equalent to the of earthworm that has invaded Puerto Rico is term monitoring and study of nutrition in amount CO2 release by fossil fuel also invading Taiwan. Recent work by agricultural ecosystems in China. compustion in the world, at least for short Xiaoming Zou of the Luquillo LTER site (P.R.) - Session II, Ecosystem Approaches in term. The long-term effects are not yet and Lucy Hou of the Nanhenshan site in Agricultural Research included a Study on known. Taiwan on the tropical earthworm P. Soil Ecology and productivity Improvement The department of agriculture of Taiwan corethrurus may influence invasive species of Maize-Rice Cropping in Taiwan by Chiu- contacted Hou and Zou, requesting advice policy. chung Young. Nutrient Budgets and to control the Dr. Zou took his Transformations in Subtropical Arable Land spread of the sabbatical leave in the was addressed by Hong-chi Lin from the earthworms. National Cheng Kung department of Agricultural Chemistry at The investiga- University and developed NTU, and Zhu Ouyang from the Institute of tors proposed a collaborative research Geography and Resources, Chinese the need for project with Dr. Hou, Academy of Sciences presented a study on more baseline examining interactions Long Term Monitoring of Water and Crop information on between soil fauna and Productivity in Agricultural Ecosystems. the current soil processes. Their work - Session III Sustainable Management status of on the invasion of this involved four talks. Project Management, invasion in species in Puerto Rico Sampling and Analysis by Andrew Corbin. Taiwan and revealed significant Chen-fang Lin of the Department of Soil and research data decreases in earthworm Environmental Sciences, NCHU spoke on on its potential diversity, as well as Data Management of Soil Information. Tim effect on soil increases in CO2 efflux Bergsma - KBS LTER deliberated on biodiversity from soil to atmosphere. Designing and Maintaining an Information and ecosystem The investigators warned Management System and Yuong-how Tsai, processes. that these ecological One of several newspapers in Taiwan to Chief, Chi-Nan Branch of the Kaohsiung cover the earthworm invasion story. Note Worm studies consequences may also District Agricultural Improvement Station the worms in the photo - center left. in PR demon- occur in Taiwan. Their introduced a Long-Term Field Trial for strated that work was reported on in seven national Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. forest restoration would reduce the exotic newspapers in Taiwan, sparking the attention Consequent discussion contemplated species and enhance the recovery of native of the department of agriculture, who solicited ecosystem landscape approaches such as earthworms, thus afforestation may be the scientist’s advice for controlling the sustainable management, ecological proposed as an effective way to control the pervasive invader. processes and services and minimizing spread of P. corethrurus. Originating in South America, P. environmental impacts on a crop by crop There are always two sides to any coin. corethrurus has invaded almost every part of basis. The main outcome focused on the An increase in earthworm density after wet tropical areas of Africa, Asia, Australia, need to establish a interdisciplinary team of invasion can accelerate the decomposition Hawaii, and Central America. The increased international collaborators to find common of soil organic matter, and thus may need for fishing baits may have brought P. links between cropping systems. Collabora- increase soil nutrient availability and plant corethrurus into Taiwan. tors can benefit from first-hand counsel of production, balancing the negative effect of At the Luquillo LTER site in P.R., Zou’s researchers and administration administra- increased CO2 efflux. But the scientists do research team showed a 20-30% reduction in tion through phase two of the workshop not have field data on plant production at CO2 efflux in worm excluded plots, and are which will include a visit from the East Asia ecosystem levels. currently we are measuring CO2 in Taiwan in group to KBS in early summer of 2003. 15 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 The Real Value of Augmenta- Intersite and Collaborative Activities Glaciology, 22, 177-181. tion at LTER Sites Since 1996 Coweeta researchers have led or Mueller, D. R., W. F. Vincent, W. H. Pollard participated in more than 30 LTER intersite or and C. H. Fritsen. 2001. Glacial cryoconite continued from page 13 international research projects. The collabora- ecosystems: a bipolar comparison of algal a 40-year period (1950-1990) identifying tions include comparison of organic matter communities and habitats. Nova Hedwigia, physical and human factors and determining budgets in streams within and outside the 123, 171-195. land-use patterns for representative areas LTER network and a chironomid biossay Wharton, R. A., Jr., C. P. McKay, G. M. across the region, shows that land-cover technique to assess quality of fine particulate Simmons, Jr. and B. C. Parker. 1985. changes are more frequent at lower eleva- organic matter in streams from five LTER sites. Cryoconite holes on glaciers. Bioscience, 35, tions and near roads. The implication is that It also involves examining the linkage 499-503. this development is concentrated in between biodiversity of litter-inhabiting sensitive riparian areas. microarthropods and the decomposition of The effort has also involved studies of leaf litter in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems how plant and animal populations respond at Coweeta, Luquillo, and La Selva. Coweeta to biotic and abiotic variation at plot-to- scientists participated in a cross-site compara- landscape scales, as well as how biota tive mycorrhizae ecosystem function experi- responds to past and present land use ment at Bonanza Creek, Sevilleta, and sites in patterns across the region. Bird diversity California, and participated in the 10-year declined with forest patch size, which in turn LIDET (Longterm Intersite Decomposition influenced plant community composition. Experiment Team) study designed to test the Some plant groups (e.g., Liliaceae and effects of substrate quality and macroclimate myrmecochores) with diaspores dispersed on long-term decomposition and nutrient by ants were scarce or absent in patches release dynamics of fine litter at 28 participat- subjected to intensive past land use. Land- ing sites. use history was more important than patch Please review relevant literature on the size in explaining variation in abundance Coweeta LTER Web site: and composition of seed-dispersing ants. http://coweeta.ecology.uga.edu/webdocs/1/ Fish density and diversity, in particular, are publications.html more affected by upstream than streamside deforestation. The “legacy effect” and the relative importance of upstream process McMurdo Site News point the way toward large-scale and long- continued from page 3 term restoration given the implication that activity, may initiate conditions for melt that localized efforts may ultimately have little are critical to the entire polar desert ecosys- effect. tem in the dry valley. This work has Small-scale measurements taken in 2000 at significant ramifications across multiple three locations in the Little Tennessee and scales. We are exploring icy extremes that French Broad watersheds were combined support antarctic life, as well as contributing with landscape-level modeling to determine to the understanding of the global-glacia- the impacts of land-use change on carbon tion theory of our planet. Cryoconite holes budgets. We found that woody biomass in provide a modern day analog of a possible old growth forest is 2- to 8-fold greater than refuge for microbial life during Snowball in early and mid-successional forests. Earth. In addition, our study sets the stage The discovery of these dramatic effects of for future searches for life on other ice- land-use patterns and environmental bound planets and moons such as Mars and heterogeneity on populations and communi- Europa. ties led us to begin a new 30-year study in Relevant Literature 2000 of stream regions forecast to differ Gribbon, P. W. 1979. Cryoconite holes on over time in type and risk of development. Sermikaysak, West Greenland. Journal of

The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 16 tion of historic rangeland remediation treatments in and L.J. Scinto, 2003. Decadal change in benthic algal biomass in temperate streams. southern New Mexico. J. of Arid Environments Publications vegetation and soil phosphorus patterns across the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 50:549-572. Everglades landscape. Journal of Environmental 59:865-874. Huenneke, L.F., J. Anderson, M. Remmenga, and Recent Publications from Quality 32: 344-362. Fay, P. A., A. K. Knapp, J. M. Blair, J. D. W.H. Schlesinger. 2002. Desertification alters Davis, S.E., C. Coronado-Molina, D.L. Childers, Carlisle, B. T. Danner, and J. K. McCarron. 2003. the LTER Community patterns of aboveground net primary production in and J.W. Day, Jr., 2003. Temporally dependent C, Rainfall timing, soil moisture dynamics, and plant Chihuahuan ecosystems. Global Change Biology Andrews N, and P dynamics associated with the decay of responses in a mesic tallgrass prairie ecosystem. 8(3):247-264. Acker, S. A.; Halpern, C. B.; Harmon, M. E.; Rhizophora mangle L. leaf litter in oligotrophic Pages 147-163 in Weltzin, J. F. and G. R. McPherson, Dyrness, C. T. 2002. Trends in bole biomass mangrove wetlands of the Southern Everglades. Kellogg Biological Station editors. Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Agrarwal, A. A., K. R. Kosola, and D. Parry. accumulation, net primary production and tree Aquatic Botany 75: 199-215. Ecosystems. A North American Perspective. 2002. Interactive effects of gypsy moth outbreak mortality in Pseudotsuga menziesii forests of Trexler, J.C. and D.E. Busch, 2003. Monitoring, University of Arizona Press. and fertilization on hybrid poplar regeneration. contrasting age. Tree Physiology. 22: 213-217. assessment, and ecoregional initiatives: a synthesis. Franzluebbers, K., A. J. Franzluebbers, and M. D. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 1491-1496. Bond, Barbara J.; Jones, Julia A.; Moore, In D.E. Busch and J.C. Trexler (eds.) Monitoring Jawson. 2002. Environmental controls on soil and Buckley, D. H., and T. M. Schmidt. 2002. Georgianne; Phillips, Nathan; Post, David; McDonnell, Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary Approaches for whole-ecosystem respiration from a tallgrass Exploring the diversity of soil - a microbial Jeffrey J. 2002. The zone of vegetation influence on Evaluating Ecoregional Initiatives. Island Press, prairie. Soil Science Society of America Journal. rainforest. Pages 183-208 in J. T. Staley and A. L. baseflow revealed by diel patterns of streamflow and Washington, D.C. pp. 405-424. 66:254-262. Reysenbach, eds. Biodiversity of Microbial Life: vegetation water use in a headwater basin. Trexler, J.C., W. F. Loftus, and J. Chick, 2003. Fritz, K. M., J. A. Tripe, and C. S. Guy. 2002. Foundation of Earth’s Biosphere. Wiley, New York, Hydrological Processes. 16: 1671-1677. Setting and monitoring restoration goals in the Recovery of three fish species to flood and seasonal New York, USA. Chen, Hua; Harmon, Mark E.; Sexton, Jay; Fasth, absence of historical data: The case of fishes in the drying in a tallgrass prairie stream. Transaction of Menalled, F., M. Liebman, and K. Renner. 2002. Becky. 2002. Fine-root decomposition and N Florida Everglades. In D. Busch and J.C. Trexler the Kansas Academy of Science. 105:209-218. The ecology of weed seed predation in herbaceous dynamics in coniferous forests of the Pacific (eds.) Monitoring Ecoregional Initiatives: Fritz, K. M. and W. K. Dodds. 2002. crop systems in D. Batish, ed. Handbook of Northwest, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Interdisciplinary Approaches for Determining Macroinvertebrate assemblage structure across a Sustainable Weed Management. The Haworth Press, Research. 32: 320-331. Status and Trends of Ecosystems. Island Press, tallgrass prairie stream landscape. Archiv Für Binghampton, New York, USA. Cohen, Warren B.; Spies, Thomas A.; Alig, Ralph Washington, D.C. Hydrobiologie. 154:70-102. J.; Oetter, Douglas R.; Maiersperger, Thomas K.; FCE-presentations Scriber, J. M., K. Keefover, and S. Nelson. 2002. Goodin, D. G. and G. M. Henebry. 2002. The Hot summer temperatures may stop genetic Fiorella, Maria. 2002. Characterizing 23 years (1972- Childers, D.L. 2003. Relating water flow relates effect of rescaling on fine spatial resolution NDVI introgression of Papilio canadensis south of the 1995) of stand replacement disturbance in western to wetland processes and landscape restoration in data: a test using multi-resolution aircraft data. hybrid zone in the North Amercian Great Lakes Oregon forests with Landsat imagery. Ecosystems. 5: the Everglades. Society of Wetland Scientists International Journal of Remote Sensing. 23:3865- region. Ecography 25: 184-192. 122-137. Conference, New Orleans, LA, June 2003. 3871. Scriber, J. M. 2002. The evolution of insect-plant Gurnell, A. M.; Piégay, H.; Swanson, F. J.; Childers, D.L. 2003. Ecological and hydrologic Grace, J. B., M. D. Smith, S. L. Grace, S. L. relationships; Chemical constraints, coadaptation and Gregory, S. V. 2002. Large wood and fluvial sciences meet socio-economics in the restoration Collins, and T. J. Stohlgren. 2001. Interactions concordance of insect/plant traits. Entomologia processes. Freshwater Biology. 47: 601-619. of the Everglades. LTER Network Mini- between fire and invasive plants in temperate Experimentalis et Applicata 104: 217-235. Harmon, Mark E.; Marks, Barbara. 2002. Effects Symposium, National Science Foundation grasslands of North America. Pages 40-65 in Galley, Scriber, J. M. 2002. Latitudinal and local of silvicultural practices on carbon stores in Douglas- Headquarters, Arlington, VA, February 2003. K. and T. Wilson, editors. Fire Conference 2000: The geographic mosaics in host plant preferences as fir - western hemlock forests in the Pacific Northwest, Childers, D.L. 2003. Relating water flow to First National Congress On Fire, Ecology, Prevention shaped by thermal units and voltinism. European U.S.A.: results from a simulation model. Canadian wetland processes and Everglades restoration, or And Management. Invasive Species Workshop: The Journal of Entomology 99: 225-239. Journal of Forest Research. 32: 863-877. “getting the water really right” in the river of grass. Role of Fire In The Control And Spread Of Invasive Scriber, J. M., M. Deering, J. Donovan, H. Hicks, William T.; Harmon, Mark E. 2002. Invited presentation, IFAS, University of Florida, Species. Tall Timbers Research Station. Tallahassee. Hereau, G. Ording, and A. Stump. 2002. Species at Diffusion and seasonal dynamics of O2 in woody Homestead, FL, February 2003. Gustafson, D. J., D. J. Gibson, and D. L. Nickert. the edge: Island refuges, interspecific hybridization, debris from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Plant and Childers, D.L. 2003. Relating water flow to 2002. Genetic diversity and competitive abilities of and climate-driven range extensions of North Soil. 243: 67-79. wetland processes and Everglades restoration in the Dalea Purpurea (Fabaceae) from remnant and American butterflies. Proceedings 10th Insects in Hicks, William T.; Harmon, Mark E.; Myrold, River of Grass. Invited presentation, Department restored grasslands. International Journal of Plant Captivity Conference 10: 178-185. David D. 2003. Substrate controls on nitrogen fixation of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, Science. 163:979-990. Scriber, J. M., A. Stump, and M. Deering. 2003. and respiration in woody debris from the Pacific February 2003. Hartnett, D. C. and G. T. Wilson. 2002. The role Hybrid zone ecology and tiger swallowtail trait Northwest, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. Evans, S.L., W.T. Anderson, J.W. Fourqurean, of mycorrhizas in plant community structure and clines in North America. Pages 367-391 in C. Boggs, 176: 25-35. R. Jaffe, E.E. Gaiser, L.S. Collins, and C.W. dynamics: lessons from grasslands. Plant and Soil. W. Watt, and P. Erlich, eds. Ecology and Evolution Janisch, J. E.; Harmon, M. E. 2002. Successional Holmes 2002. Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope 244:319-331. Taking Flight: Butterflies as Model Study Systems. changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: Composition of OM From Florida Bay, the Initial Heisler, J. L., J. M. Briggs, and A. K. Knapp. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. implications for net ecosystem productivity. Tree Results of a Paleoenvironmental Seagrass 2002. Long-term patterns of shrub expansion in a Tesar, D., and J. M. Scriber. 2002. Growth season Physiology. 22: 77-89. Reconstruction. American Geophysical Union C4-dominated grassland: fire frequency and the constraints in climatic cold pockets: Tolerance of Lach, Denise; List, Peter; Steel, Brent; Shindler, 2002 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December dynamics of shrub cover and abundance. 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Rothschild, Physical influences on marine Ecosystems of the central Great Plains of North G. Cumming, M. A. Janssen, L. Lebel, J. Norberg, G. D. B. C. Lubow, M. Miller, G. S. Olson, C. A. Parmenter, J. ecosystem dynamics, in The Sea, edited by A.R. America American Society of Agrononmy Abstracts, Peterson and R. Pritchard (2002). Resilience Pollard, E. Rexstad, T. M. Shenk, T. R. Stanley, and G. C. Robinson, and J.J. McCarthy, pp. 297-336, John Wiley Ziegler, K., Chadwick, O.A., Kelly, E.F. & Brzezinski, management in social-ecological systems: a working White. 2003. Small mammal density estimation: & Sons, 2002. M.A. (2002): The ?30Si values of soil weathering hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation A field comparison of grid-based versus web-based Dierssen, H.M., R.C. Smith, and M. Vernet, Glacial profiles: Indicators of Si pathways at the lithosphere/ Ecology 6(1): 17 pages. density estimators. 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Ecosystems Proceeding of the second ACM/IEEE-CS joint Dog Technical Conference. 25-27 February, Fort Collins, Yorque, R., B. Walker, C. S. Holling, L. H. 5:461-471. conference on digital libraries, 13-17 July, Portland CO. Gunderson, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter and W. A. Brock Murphy, K. L., I. C. Burke, M. A. Vinton, W. K. Oregon, pp. 287-288, ACM Press, New York, 2002. Lehmer, E.R. 2003: A Rare Incident of Hibernation (2002). Toward an integrative synthesis. Panarchy : Lauenroth, M. R. Aguiar, D. A. Wedin, R. A. Virginia, Haberman, K.L., M. Vernet, R.M. Ross, L.B. Quetin, in Free-Ranging Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs. Colorado understanding transformations in human and natural and P. Lowe. 2002. Regional analysis of litter quality in G.A. Nevitt, and W.A. Kozlowski, Grazing by Antarctic Prairie Dog Technical Conference. 25-27 February, Fort systems. L. H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling. the central grassland region of North America. Journal krill Euphausia superba on Phaeocystis Collins, CO. Washington, DC, Island Press: 419-38. of Vegetation Science 13:395-402. antarctica: an immunochemical approach, Marine Lehmer, E.M. 2003: Ecological and Physiological Peterson, G. D., T. D. Beard, Jr., B. E. Beisner, E. Gill, R. A. and I. C. Burke. 2002. Influence of soil Ecology Progress Series, 241, 139-149, 2002. Indicators of Habitat Suitability for Free-Ranging Back- M. Bennett, S. R. Carpenter, G. S. Cumming, C. L. Dent depth on the decomposition of Bouteloua gracilis roots Hofmann, E.E., J.M. Klinck, D.P. Costa, K.L. Daly, Tailed and Utah Prairie Dogs. Colorado Prairie Dog and T. D. Havlicek (2003). Assessing future ecosystem in the shortgrass steppe. Plant and Soil 241(2):233-242. J.J. Torres, and W.R. Fraser, U.S. Southern Ocean Technical Conference. 25-27 February, Fort Collins, CO. services: a case study of the Northern Highlands Lake Gill, R. A., I. C. Burke, W. K. Lauenroth, and D. G. Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics Program, Savage, L. and M. Antolin, 2003: The Effects of District, Wisconsin. Conservation Ecology 7(3): online. Milchunas. 2002. Longevity and turnover of roots in Oceanography, 15 (2), 64-65, 2002. Fragmentation and Plague on the Population Genetic the shortgrass steppe: influence of diameter and depth. Niwot Hollibaugh, J.T., N. Bano, and H.W. Ducklow, Structure of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs on the SGS-LTER Burns, D.A. 2003. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition Plant Ecology 159(2):241-251. Widespread distribution in polar oceans of a 16S rRNA in Northern Colorado. Colorado Prairie Dog Technical in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Epstein, H. E., R. A. Gill, J. M. Paruelo, G. J. Jia, W. gene sequence with affinity to Nitrosospira-Like Conference. 25-27 February, Fort Collins, CO. Wyoming- a review and new analysis of past study ammonia-oxidising bacteria, Applied and environmen- 19 The Network Newsletter Vol 16 No 1 Spring 2003 Calendar Coming events of interest to the LTER Community

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