N O T E S

ON THE

— ANTI CORN LA W STRUGGLE. Q

A N D R E W B I S SE T .

9 W A S A N D RG ILLI M NO ATE , 14 HEN RIE TT STREET C VEN T G RDEN LON DON , A , O A , ;

A N D 20 S U TH FREDERICK STREE T EDIN BU RG H . , O ,

1884 .

CON TEN T S.

INTRO DU CTION

H R C A PTE I .

W A S THE RE PEAL OF THE COEN LAWS THE E FFECT OF O RATOR! ?

CHA PTER II .

THOMAS PE RRON ET THOMPSON

CHAPTER III .

CHA RLE S PELHAM VILLI E RS

CHA PTER IV .

THE LANDLORDS

R CHAPTE V .

— F I . PEASANT LI E

—A N G IS I G I 1844 - 5 2 . EN L H V LLA E N

— CO ISH I G I N 1855 3 . A S TT V LLA E

CHAPTER VI .

F REE TRADE AND THE CHANNEL T UNNEL

NOTES ON THE AN TI-CORN LA W STRUGGLE

N TR I ODUCTION .

I N revising my MS o f N otes o n the A nti

C n Law St u l stru ck w t the f t or r gg e , I am i h ac that o ne - third o r more o f the b o o k is the wo rk o f him who was throughout the whole o f the Struggle the advocate in Parliament o f the Repeal o f the Corn Laws and is no w the only survivor o f a group o f contemporaries among whom Si mea f in u sit n l t t n tu n ama Obsc ro , obi i a e ac mag i di e ” c u meo u i n n aflicient n l . or m , q omi i , me co so er I will state shortly what led me to become o ne o f the labourers in the work o f repealing the Corn

On th 1 7th o f nu 184 2 L w . e a s Ja ary, , I received n t n A S tt t t n t t the w t a o e sig ed dam co , s a i g ha ri er had been requested to commu nicate with me o n 1 L N otes o n the A nti Corn aw Struggle .

lf o f the A nt - C n Law L A o r beha i or eagu e . day A " two ft . S tt ll o n at a er, Mr dam co ca ed me my ’ in St n uil in L n ln I nn and chambers o e B d gs, i co s , informed me that the matter on which the Council

o f the A nti - Corn Law League were desirou s o f

n ul w h L n - a A f co s ting me as t e a d T x . ter some correspondence and several conferences I received

fr S tt l tt 1 7 1 842 . d t om Mr co a e er, a ed March , ,

t n to sta i g that Mr . Cobden had requested him

an n n f r h f ll n n make appoi tme t o t e o owi g day . O

he 18 h o f 4 n t t 1 8 2 . C n a d . March, , Mr obde Mr

S tt ll t t tw n l n and tw lv co ca ed oge her , be ee e eve e e ’ l at o c ock , my chambers . In 184 2 and the following three years the prospects o f those who laboured fo r the repeal Of n the Corn Laws were not very good . Whe members o f the Leagu e went into the agricultu ral districts the farmers did no t give them a friendly

i n I witn of the f t recept o . have heard esses ac Speak of the farmers o n o ne occasion bringing the

Mr m a h r f tw e m . a Sc t w s t e au t o o a a ets Ad o t ho bl p phl ,

- ent e n Com Law ract . 1 . P ea for the ta itl d A ti T , No A l to l

and mmediate re ea o f the rn aw s wit rem ar s o n i p l Co L , h k ” “ the an - Tax frau n n 1842 and n - rn Law L d d , Lo do , ; A ti Co ’

rac . 2 . Sir R e r e e s ur ens o n an n n T t, No ob t P l B d L d , Lo do ,

1842 . I ntm d action . 3

hose o f a fire- engine to bear upon the Free Trad e

T who w t ll n t u the speaker . hose ere rave i g hro gh country to endeavou r to diffu se some knowledge o f political economy had to encounter no t only

' n u r m b lz u o t l ns b t the a umentu acu n m. h s i e opi io , g One o f those lecturers told me that ( at Dor O h t t nk it was t lw t c es er , I hi ) he observed a s a ar man in the front ro w o f the audience with a large c udgel o f which he appeared to make rather

an t nt ti u no t to n n l . os e a o s , say me aci g, disp ay Of the argument which I drew up in the case submitted to me professionally o n behalf o f the

C un l o f the A nt - C n L aw L u the C un l o ci i or eag e , o ci printed at the time two thou sand copies fo r distri l n b u i n t of P . C d n t o o Members ar iame t . Mr ob e

was t dl lie to fo r and fe repea e y app d copies , he re rred l A n t t app icants to me . mo g hose who no iced my argument o n the Land - Tax was a critic in a weekly

u l t n who u nt t t o f p b ica io , described my arg me as ha ’ ” “ o f l d w t . t an it a ri er Mr Brigh s schoo , said , was with universal assent that all the tenures were at the Restoration simplified into the form ” f and o f ree common socage . So far was it from universal assent that the resolution by which the excis e was substituted fo r the feudal d ues was only carried by a majority o f 1 3? ° 4 t nt o rn r N otes on he A z C L aw St uggle . two in a House o f three hundred Members— o ne hundred and fifty- o ne to o ne hundred and forty — nine many Members u rging in the strongest " terms the inj ustice o f the measure fi “ T i i o n to s a : If t his cr t c goes y Mr . Brigh had been then alive he might fairly have urged the j ustice O f commuting an obsolete bu rden fo r a

t l nd - tax b ut the l tt t w modera e a ; a er impos , hich

till i t un t t n m fu n an l s ex s s der ha a e , r ishes amp e equivalent fo r one Of the least productive revenues

l o h wn which be onged t t e Cro . The answer to this is that a question which all

u h n o f i thro gh t e reig James I . occup ed very mu ch o f the time and attention o f the Parliament was

Of n rid o f f u the mode getti g the e dal tenures . The same hand which dr ew the Petition of Right drew up an account o f a motion made at the Parliament in the eighteenth year Of the reign o f

fo r ut n th f u l n James I . comm i g e e da te u res and “ nt nt t nt l nt to payme s i o a compe e year y re , be

u to his t i and u s ass red Majes y , his he rs , s cce sors n 02 T i m ti n 4 t . 2 C t ( I s , , h s o o oke s amps “ wit his t n in t at so h approba io , hop g h good a

— ar iamentar s t r . . . 148 149. Comm . P l y Hi o y, vol iv , pp ,

- Jam m 2 1 1660 . , Nov . , I ntroduction. 5

m ti n w ll t o r t aut t o f o o i some ime o her, by hori y

P lia nt o ne wa o r t ta ff t and ar me , y o her, ke e ec be

t l The unt o f the - es ab ished . amo rent c harge which was to b e substituted fo r the feudal pay ments was equal to nearly one- half of the whole ” nu t n l R n at t t S t . u reve e ha ime ( i c air, His eve e , v l nd h u o f h l o i . 233 a t e l t e n . . , pp , as va e a d would increase with the wealth and revenue o f the n the t n w ul ain the ki gdom, propor io o d rem same . The confidence with which this anonymous writer expressed himself o n the subject Of the

L n - Tax in u to nt n o ne o f the a d , d ces me me io nu merou s applications fo r a copy o f my argument o n the L n - Tax u it w no twithstand a d , beca se sho s , in the u m nt of t i n n u ti t t g j dg e h s a o ymo s cri c, ha the sound ness Of the reasoning as well as o f the legal learning of my argument has been stamped with the approbation o f some Of the highest legal

ut t a hori ies .

I n l T 1852 an e n nt un l Michae mas erm , , mi e co se — — a Member o f Parliament who was engaged in a heavy land- tax case with the then A ttorney

G n l Sir A l n C u n ft w d L e era , exa der ockb r , a er ar s ord

C ef u t c C u n n l to all the hi J s i e ockb r , havi g app ied law ll w t ut ff t fo r o f the bookse ers, i ho e ec , a copy ° N o te on the A ntz o rn L a w tru le 6 s C S gg .

’ hl t w was o u t o f nt— in n t pamp e hich pri deed, I do know that it was ever actu ally published fo r sale I sent him a copy and received soon after the following note from him A llow me to thank yo u most sincerely fo r your very able and valuable

m l t o n the L n - Tax w n o f pa ph e a d , hich has bee ” n great use a d valu e to me .

On the 6th N 1 844 l tt ovember, , I received a e er f C b n t an 5 h N . a t t rom Mr o de , d ed M ches er, ovember,

1884 in w d : , hich he sai

There is an idea talke d of here Of sending a Commission o f n u r in two o r t ree o f the s u her n c un es s a I q i y to h o t o ti , y

rse S mers et W s as c er a n the c n d n o f the Do t , o , ilt , to t i o itio

a ur n u ati n and ar cu lar ho w muc Of th e l bo i g pop l o , p ti ly h ’ average earnings of a peas ant s family goe s in purchas ing

t n a ar a in rnm clo hi g nd ticles p y g excis e o r du ty to Gove ent . A s the only way o f m aking s u ch an inquiry u sefu l wou ld b e by having m en Of characte r and re spec tability to pu t their nam es the re r is u a o ne e rs n fr m to po t, it tho ght th t p o o Manches te r and another from London would b e bes t su ite d

th h u n n u n to e labour . T e O bje ct wo ld b e Simply a i q iry i to facts w u me n w e r es w e e r o f rn , itho t ddli g ith th o i , h th Co

r D O o l Law o Poor Law . y u think you wou d b e able to

e s ix wee s su c an n e s a n e we en s and giv k to h i v tig tio , b t thi ” r stmas if the an were c arr e o ut ? Ch i , pl i d

I n consequence o f unavoidable delays it was no t till towards the middle o f December that the 7 I ntrod uction .

ntl n n w t in t C n ge ema joi ed i h me his ommissio ,

li ll n d lf o ur tu . P an t Mr hi p Ho a d , myse ook depar re f r o Salisbury . I t will be o f use in throwing light o n the

u t to the nt l at l t the s bjec give here crede ia s , or eas

nt al l tt t l 0th 184 4 and crede i e er, da ed December, ,

A Es and P ll n E to . t . . s . addressed Bisse , q , Ho a d , q The following is a copy O f the letter

M! R I RS DEA S ,

I ha ve no t time to write notes to all those with

w m am ers na ac ua nte o r w m n w b e ho I p o lly q i d , ho I k o to

fr en in W il ts rs et and S me rse b u t o u w b e i dly, , Do , o t ; y ill

en u h in the first nstance to w s M r Lam good o g i Sho thi to .

e r s c t r Sa s ur and to M r . S u are and e wil b t , oli i o , li b y , q y , th y l,

am s re no t nl e all the ers na aid in t e r wer I u , o y giv p o l h i po , b u t also give yo u lette rs o f introduction whi ch will aid yo u

i n u r es in all ar s f the un r ha e se n n your i q i i p t o c o t y . I v t yo u a lis t o f nam es o f parties to whom I wo uld advis e yo u to apply ; and b e good enough to u se this letter as an .

n tr u ct n if necessar . i od io , y

e e e me m ear Sirs B li v , y d ,

u rs fa fu Yo ith lly, R ICHARD COBDEN .

This letter was written at the offices Of the

A nti- C n Law L u in S n G n or eag e , pri g arde s ,

L n n o n the n n o f the l 0th o do , eve i g December , 8 N otes on the A nti Corn L a w Struggle .

1844 w fr t n . I t as a very hard os . I had bee waiting all the evening to receive this credential

l tt f C n who was in - e er rom Mr . obde , his bed room ,

w t l fire n l o n u n o f i h a arge , receivi g peop e b si ess , w t which he had a vast deal o n his hands . He ro e this letter while I was in the room with him ; and it struck me as an example o f his great aptitu de fo r bu siness that though he had been occupied fo r several hours by a su ccession Of visitors who sought his counsel o r direction o n the bu siness

O f the L u u t t fr the u in o n eag e , q i e apar om b s ess

w to t l hich I came him , he immedia e y proceeded to w t the l tt u t and w t u ri e e er above q o ed , i h s ch precision and accu racy that he did no t need to

lt w o r n l tt can fr a er a ord eve a e er, as I see om

he in l l t no l t orig a et er w ying before me .

l ft L n n o n S tu 14th I e o do a rday , December ,

1 84 4 h S l u t w n n the . I reac ed a isb ry o ards eve i g

and ll o n Mr. L t the same day, ca ed amber same f n n . S t a t tu n to L n n eve i g ome ime er my re r o do ,

in nu 1 84 5 t to Mr . C n Ja ary, , I made a repor obde

f n u w ll o f the resu lt o my i q iries . I i refer in the fifth chapter to some points in my report that may appear o f import ance and interest ; and I may say here that I found myself upon an engagement

ul th ffi ult o f n very diffic t . Besides e di c y getti g 9 I ntroduction.

at the truth from the imperfect machinery we

fo r x nin w tn t was tt n had e ami g i esses , here ge i g

u in an unu u ll w nt at 4 or en p , s a y severe i er, , ev

s t 3 A M . to cat a c and the ome imes . , ch coa h ;

f who t u t t r nt st d nt l w t armers , ho gh hei i ere s i e ica i h

t O f th i l n l t t n to t us hose e r a d ords , hrea e ed shoo

if we u n t nd in came po heir grou . I remember

t ul a in an inn at C n u n the par ic ar room ra bo r e, door of which would no t close though the frost

was nt n and m ll u ft i e se ; I remember v co eag e , a er taking great pains fo r some hours in examining a

w tn n at the n lu n o f l u i ess, sayi g, co c sio his abo r, ’ ” I t s hard work ! Some time after my retu rn to Lo ndon I made

a n f h report to Mr. Cobde o t e result o f my in i i fi w qu r es . I rst made a some hat Short report n in order that Mr . Cobde might have it in his hands before making a speech o n a certain day in

the House o f Co mmons . Some months after I m l n and l t t in w ade a o ger more e abora e repor , hich I compared the condition o f the agricult ural labou rers at that time in England with their

n t n at o t t . w o n the t co di io her imes I sho ed , bes

n ul t n t t in the t t nt evide ce I co d Ob ai , ha hir ee h , f u t nth and fift nt ntu the wa o f h o r ee , ee h ce ries ges t e agricultural labourer in England were such as to 10 N o tes on the A nti rn L a w tru l Co S gg e. procure fo r him nearly dou ble the quantity o f food which his wages between 1 74 0 and 1 794 procured ; and that the wages obtained by him from 1834 to

1844 as u the uant t o f u , meas red by q i y prod ce , were considerably less than in the period between

1 740 and 1 7 94 l t t un the . I a so Showed ha der combined operation o f the Poor Law o f 1 7 90 and the Corn Law of 18 15 the wages o f agricu ltural l u w l w and the n t n o f the abo r ere o er , co di io agri cultural labou rer was worse than at any former period except that in which the Poor Law o f

l z was E i abeth passed .

I n tt t n to t l Of w the a emp i g make a ab e ages , most that can be looked fo r is an approximation

' ifi r nc Of wa in to the truth . Besides the d e e e ges

ff nt unt t the t n t u di ere co ies , here are varia io s hro gh the u n o f the — w nt u vario s seaso s year i er, s mmer,

l u t t . I n t w I w hay ime, harves a ab e hich dre p with great care to Show the comparative amount o f wages in pints o f wheat from the fifteenth

ntu to the l o f the n n t nt ntu ce ry midd e i e ee h ce ry, I have taken the su mmer wages as the basis Of the

l ul t n u t t ff t ca c a io , beca se ha basis a orded grea er f l t fo r n f the fa t t t in the aci i ies compariso , rom c ha early rates o f wages fixed at variou s times by the l l tu o r b v the t t t n un the egis a re , magis ra es ac i g der I r 1 1 nt od uctio n.

aut t o f l i l t n t nt t n hori y a eg s a ive e ac me , a cer ai s cale o f wages is always given from Easter till

M l w t the t n o f v t w n ichae mas, i h excep io har es , he l t a somewhat higher rate is al owed . I appears f t t l w was wn u f m the rom his ab e, hich dra p ro

t ut t w ut t t at the bes a hori ies , hich a hori ies are ci ed f t o f it t t w w u hi in the oo , ha ages ere m ch gher fifteenth centu ry than they have ever been since ; t t o ut the l O f the t nt ntu ha , ab midd e eigh ee h ce ry , they were higher than they had ever been since the sixteenth ; that from the middle o f the eighteenth century they declined till they attained a minimum

u 1824 t t ft the ultu l t an abo t ; ha , a er agric ra rio s d

u n n o f 1830 - 31 t ns l so b r i gs , hey rose co iderab y, as to be fo r a time higher than they had been for u w f fift But the r u p ards o y years . ise ca sed by the t o f 1830 an d 183 1 was nl t rio s o y emporary .

u n the l o w i f I s bjoi tab e t h ch I have re erred . 12 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Stru le gg .

Summer wa es er wee no t g . p k , includin ha im rv t g yt e and ha es .

I n wheat.

Winch m asu . e re .

in 163 p ts . 1 18 68 64 52 72 122 108 92 94 68 104

’ a f n n n era e o in ir . n e e e ears S e s a es . ( ) Av g i t y , F Ed t bl

b H . 1 1 n . Sta . e 2 . c . 2 ( ) t , VII , ’ 0 era e f the r e in o c s Sir . e n s a e s ( ) Av g p i F Ed t bl . H n d a . 1 6 . . e . c 3 . ( ) St t , VIII , ’ 6 ir en ( ) S F . Ed s tables .

(f) Ibid . ’ w in n era e o r e e s a e s . (g) Av g , b lo it, Ed t bl (h) Rate fixe d by ju s tic es o f Eas t Riding o f Yorkshire

1593 .

13 en e n 0 . . ( ) Ed , App dix N III

Ra e o f R u an s re u in (j ) t tl d hi j stic es 1610 .

k en en ( ) Ed , App dix , p . lxxix .

1 Ra e o f ancas ire u s ces 1 725 . ( ) t L h j ti ,

m n a es c e e s r o f ric e s ( ) Eto t bl , it d Took , Hi to y P ,

o on the A n o rn L a r 14 N tes ti C w St uggle .

E CH A PT R I .

WA S T HE RE PE AL O F T HE CO RN L AWS T HE E FF E CT .

OF ORAT OR! P

I T may be o f u se to try to discover what really wo n the battle between the manu factu rers and the lan ld s o n th s f the C n L w dho er e qu e tion o or a s . For it was a battle between those two powerfu l

l s and the man w a l f was c as es , poor , hose che p oa

ut f w the n l casus belli p or ard as pri cipa , had very l ttl n n t n to in the tt t i e , i deed o hi g, say ma er excep so far as his voice might be heard through the

t n o f t G n al T n and exer io s his advoca es , e er hompso

. V ll who u l l t n a n Mr i iers , co d hard y Ob ai a he ri g in the u s Of C m n n G n l Ho e o mo s i deed , e era

T n t n tl a in u l L tt hompso dis i c y s ys , his p b ished e ers ” to C n t t u nt t t was t l o n in his o s i e s , ha he ramp ed ll the u Of C m n and . V Ho se om o s , Mr i iers had

u w ful t n to n unt t t s ch po er opposi io e co er , ha , as

Mr s l a in n u t ut to the . Di rae i s id his ge ero s rib e “ character o f a political adversary, anybody b ut

nd l rn fo r l t n the ho n . a ea ed Member Wo verhamp o ” would have s unk in the u nequal fray . 5 Rep ea l of the Corn L aws .

Sir Robert Peel attributed his change o f Opinion “ o n the subject o f the Corn Laws to the unadorned ” d n wa . C s eloqu ence o f Richard Cobden . Mr ob e certainly at once a most agreeable and a most wh ff t v a . . t o e ec i e spe ker Mr Brigh , may be

d tte to m t nt u in a mi d be a very co pe e j dge, said a “ ’ Co den s n w to n o t to . b as e me, Mr speaki g me l alw n and t u . ays charmi g, so simp e, easy, r e He d id no t ft n u to n b ut w to O e ro se passio , his po er c o n n w n ful vince was somethi g o der .

t to . The words here applied by Mr . Brigh Mr ’ d n u l l C ob e s speaking may tr y be app ied t o Mr . ’ ’

B t o wn n of w h o f . Cob den s righ s speaki g, hic as Mr , f nd l n th ct N orce a c ear ess are e chara eristics . ever theless the repeal o f the Corn Laws was not the w ork o f the eloquence adorned o r unadorned o f

r f n l N C n o O . t Mr . obde , a ybody e se ei her did

l u n no r l no r n t i l n n e oq e ce ogic , eve geome r ca reaso i g

an t n i t o f n n was ever decide y grea co fl c Opi io , as

i t n two un a sa d by Hobbes more ha h dred years go . If it had been contrary to the interest o f men who were the ruling power in a c o untry that the three angles of a triangle should be equal to two right

n l t t t n w u l n u a g es , ha doc ri e o d have bee s ppressed

in that country . I t was the opinion o f Philip o f Macedon that he

1 7 Rep ea l of the Corn L o ws .

“ t t the l n him w his co m said , ha so diers behi d ere

n n a m an t o ut o f missio , bei g co m ded par y every

nt The u t in the at t u l regime . co r iers, gre s r gg e fo r l t lau and at the l u n o f iber y, ghed jeered e oq e ce ’ the talking members o f the Commons House o f

P l T l ru l nt . he n wn in the t fo r ar iame a do ers , s gg e f o f t no t t w o f the reedom rade , did drive heir vie qu estion between them and the Free - traders so far as the King did his view O f the question between him and the Parliament fo r as the battles o f Marston Moo r and N aseby settled the question of the n i t Of n the unia u divi e r gh Ki gs, pec ry reso rces o L n n f l the f a cashire, re dered more ormidab e by

i in ttl the u t n o f the i in i t Ir sh Fam e, se ed q es io d v e r gh

Of squires . The extraordinary power of enchaining the

tt nt n Of t u n l a e io heir a die ce , disp ayed by Mr .

n a d i art ul l C n Mr . t c r obde Br gh , p i ar y by Mr . B ight — in the latter part Of his career fo r some twenty years ago he had no t nearly the popularity he now

n u as w l u l ti n nt ndin to has , i asm ch a eek y p b ica o , i e g

m w u l d wit m n da age a book hich I p b ishe h y ame,

no t t m n e o r t t o f did give ei her y am ha my book, ’ ut as a w t O f Mr b described me ri er . Bright s ” o l — c n fo r few w scho , may give o casio a ords o n the o ld and much deb ated question whether 2 8 N otes on the A nti orn L a w t 1 C S ruggle . o t l u n o r the f ult Of an t ra ory, e oq e ce, ac y ora or, is a

ft o f n t u can tau t t li gi a re, or be gh by a eacher ke those G reek professors o f philosophy who professed to b e l to t l u n o r a fu l tu ab e each e oq e ce , by c re s dy o f t n and C and t t t Demos he es icero, o her grea ora ors . Dogmatists have been heard to affirm that they could by education o ut o f any human being make

t l h t t t n o r t a grea phi osop er, a grea s a esma , a grea

t u l o ut of n ora or, as s re y as a shoemaker a give

o f l t ul o f piece ea her co d make a good pair shoes . Two thou sand years before this dogmatic assertion was S t in the Gor ias o f Pl t made, ocra es g a o asks

G i w t the art was w ti org as ha hich he prac sed .

R t n w G i ! o u t n he oric, a s ered org as are he a “ A A d rhetorician good one . n yo u are capable of making others so I profess to be ” l I t u t n t t t the capab e . m s be o ed ha Greek word

'rw n tin u l o r t as w ll pn p , de o g a p b ic Speaker ora or e as t i n o r te of t the n n a rhe oric a acher rhe oric, mea i g o f Gorgias was that he professed to be capable Of

men no t l t i i n b making mere y rhe or c a s ut orators . Cicero also wrote much with the Object o f showing that eloquence o r the faculty o f an orator was

l o f n u A l ! of the un s usceptib e bei g ta ght . as h dreds

O f lli t u l fi t ni n &c . meda s s , do b e rs s, se or, seco d , , w n l ho w few t u ned out t t ra g ers , have r grea ora ors , rn a 19 Rep ea l of the Co L ws .

' and h ow many have shared the fate o f a certain senior wrangler who assured his clients that he would plead their ca use triumphantly before the “ L C n ll ! But L ! Sir a the ord ha ce or , ord , s id “ l nt the L C n ll w ul no t l t n to c ie s , ord ha ce or o d is e

to . A l ! fo r the l o f lli t ni him as g ory meda s s , se or w n l ub l fi t and the w l t of ra g ers, do e rs s , ho e ribe such ! Eloqu ence is no t more capable Of being I taught than poetry . t is as true of the orator as o f the t t t u t n no t ma and poe , ha he m s be bor de the votes and verdicts gained by studying Demos thenes and Cicero may be classed with the battles w on l s n o f t t and strate ies and the by es o s ac ics g ,

w n b the ul of epic poems ritte y r es criticism . I t is no t after a short o r narrow cou rse of

t n t a to t n lu n observa io hat I h ve come his co c sio . I n early life I was o ne of a party o f young men who m et at the chambers o f o ne of them to study s ome Of the mechanical parts of public speaking s u t ul ti n ul t n n in ch as ar ic a o , mod a io , expressio

n l u Two o f t who t u met readi g a o d . hose h s became e n nt— o ne a l nt the t mi e as par iame ary speaker, o her a s hil l w t and l t in l f l a p osophica ri er, a e i e as a c ear d l n f an logical par iamentary speaker . But either o t two men who d to tu hese , may be sai have s died o t e n l t t as t ra ory, becam ear y so grea , ei her ora ors 2 i f 20 N o tes on the A nti orn L a w tru l C S gg e .

t l wh . a o no t or deba ers , as Mr Disr e i, did , as

far n w tu t n ti as I k o , s dy Demos he es or prac ce

at t n n n nd a deba i g society ; o r as Mr . Cobde a

. t who l no t tu t n Mr Brigh , a so did s dy Demos he es

o r t at t n A nd o n prac ice a deba i g society . e remarkable element among the material s o n which

m n lu n t t t l u n nn t y co c sio res s , ha e oq e ce ca o be

tau t is n had an tun t o f gh , my havi g oppor i y

nd . n . C n a t who w observi g Mr obde Mr Brigh , ere

f n tu and no t an f n l ormed by a re , by y pro essio a

t l G o an l l th n eacher ike rgias , or y mode ike Demos e es

o r Ci cero .

n t the fi t t Mr . Cobde once said to me tha rs ime he got up to speak in public he was so nervou s

n T at that he hardly knew what he was sayi g . h

n u n w uld Of u w Off in t ervo s ess o , co rse , ear ime , o r at least diminish ; fo r some public speakers have said that to the last they never go t up to speak in the Hou se o f Commons without a feeling o f nervo u s

But C n w ul to ness . Mr . obde o d appear have attained an extraordinary command ove r his mental l re sou rces when addressing a pub ic audience . I s ul no t t n t t w t o ut a ho d hi k ha he ever ro e speech , o r n t ul o f o n eve par ic ar passages a speech, a f l t n question which he considered o specia impor a ce .

t a nt n t o m a He did some imes m ke, or i e d ake ,

2 tes n he A t rn L l 2 N o o t n i Co aw Strugg e.

“ ” ’ celebrated passage in the De Corona O z m

' ’ ' ' ’ éa 'rw o tue éa 'rw 6 d 're're dra e A 9 va 20 t T OV , , e fip p , p s n ,

' ’ inrép 7 739 a m iv'rwv éh evdep ta e fea t o wr np ta c xiv vo v

' / a a ra . dpdp evo o Ov mi 7 611? SV M a pa ddim. wpo xov I eé v s — 1c. 7 . 7L.

I have heard a successful candidate relate that a — man who stood against him fo r Preston a man

f u fo r w of n t and o f amo s his po er coarse i vec ive,

P t w n n m e in n w . t t hom Mr i , he he o ce him compa y, “ ” A l man b u tto o all said, c ever , coarse, c ed some

o ne was n n a n t an t t he i veighi g gai s , aris ocra ic ” t n - t in it was L St nl spit i g box . I h k ord a ey he h thus designated . This is t e nearest approach that has come within my Observation to the Greek T n t n n t n oratory . he desig a io give by Demos he es to E s chines T OV T o v'ro ut is very lamely and imperfectly reproduced by the words ” ’ t l f ll w i nn t n n . his despicab e e o , Mr Ke edy s ra s

l t n The w of n t t t o f l n a io . po er i vec ive , ha is app yi g

to an n nt the l n u o f oppo e a g age reproach, depre

ciatio n and o nt t lw s n n , c emp , has a ay bee recko ed

n f the w o n f o Bu t o e o eap s o an orat r . t here is a

o f l n u w n t and species a g age hich goes beyo d his , may be described as foul and abusive— lang uage

n no t su ch as is used by the lowest ruffia s . I do remember in any English orator any spe cimens o f 23 Rep eal of the Corn Laws .

such filth as is discharged by Demosthenes and

ZEs hin s n t t n t n ll n c e . agai s each o her For i s a ce, ca i g “ ” IE schines t i t - u n f ll w and n ultin h s spa po e o , i s g

’ the poverty of E schines s youth and attacking the

t o f his t w l t o n l l charac er mo her, hich as is a eve ’ w t the L n n w t n u l t of w i h o do a erma s sc rri i y , hich Johnson gave a caricature when he returned the answer to an abusive attack from a passing boat Your mother is a receiver of stolen goods under ” n t l the pretence o f keepi g a bro he .

L ul in the nn n o f his ord Maca ay says , begi i g ” t l o n t t t it w ul i l ar ic e His ory, ha o d be imposs b e t o alter a word in some speeches o f Demosthenes

w h w The t l o n ithout altering it fo r t e orse . ar ic e

in 1 u t i History was published 828 . I do b f he

w ul the n n in 1844 o d have expressed same opi io , l when the article o n Barere was pub ished . I have read again lately the Leptines and Midias o f Demosthenes and the Seventh Book of Thucy did e D t n t w s . emos he es may have grea po er o f

u n d with l ttl to t ut and ab se combi e i e regard r h, Thucydides has narrated some things well never theles s l ul e t n fo r , I p ace Maca ay abov Demos he es

w o f n t and T u fo r po er i vec ive, above h cydides power o f narrative and I could no t name any

t n an nt n w it l u his oria , cie or moder , hom is a p eas re 24 N o tes on the A nti rn L u e Co aw Str ggl .

’ to t ul . n n read excep Maca ay Mr . Ken edy s versio ' “ o f 7 611 rca 'rafrrr vo 'ro v r o vr o vt into this despicable ” fellow is only o ne o f many proofs that Demos thenes is unt n l t l The t o f the ra s a ab e . charac er invective partakes to o much o f the filth o f Swift to fit fo r t n l t n nt n l at l t in be ra s a io i o E g ish, eas the n n t nt ntu I t h n fit i e ee h ce ry . may ave bee when Swift wrote at the begin ning Of the eighteenth

ntu and it b e— Dii meliora - n in ce ry, may ( agai ’ the tw nt t n u But aul e ie h ce t ry . perhaps Mac ay s article on Barere may give some idea to an E nglishman o f the effect o n an A thenian o f the

w o f n in n t po er Demosthe es i vec ive . Whether the invective o f Demosthenes or that o f IE schines surpasses anything that human genius can in u far l t ever aga prod ce, as as my imi ed ’ t n t n L ul in t o n observa io ex e ds , ord Maca ay s vec ive “ ” u Barere appears to be a censu re of no slight nat re . I will venture to quote one or two sentences o f ’ Lord Macaul ay s article o n Barere

I n two t n s he was c ns s ten in his e o f r s hi g o i t, lov Ch i i it n i t an a d in h s atre to n an . I f t s were so we y h d E gl d hi , m u st say that England is much more beholden to him than

r s an t Ch i ti i y . as a

Rene a e ra r la e c war ar s an erer murd erer g d , t ito , S v , o d , li , l d , ,

ac wr er ce s — the o ne sm a serv c e w c he h k it , poli py ll i hi h ’ 25 Rep ea l ( y the Corn L a ws . c oul d re n de r to Englan d was to hate her : an d such as h e ” was may all who hate h er b e !

e it to the C t n Bar re, appears, adhered hris ia faith through the whole Revolution ; through

all t t t w n R t — w i ha ime he he made his epor s , h ch

w ul l ll C n l o f w ere pop ar y ca ed armag o es , hich, as

L M ul w has L ord aca ay says, hoever read ord ’ Ellenb o ro ugh s proclamations can form a complete

d —t u t t t w n o n the o n i ea hro gh ha ime, he day

w the u n was d a to her hich Q ee r gged doom , he regaled Robespierre and some other Jaco bins at a

t n w in the nt l tw n the un aver ; here , i erva s be ee bea e

and the C n etw n the ut Of t u hampag e, b ee rago hr shes

and the t i w t t uffl par r dge i h r es , he preached his political creed The vessel o f the Revolution can ” float into port only o n waves o f blood .

T — t t the un n o f l o f C i t n t his , ha is, io ove hr s ia i y

and t to n l n —t L aul ha red E g a d , his , says ord Mac ay ,

Makes the charac te r c omple te . Whatsoever things are

fa se w a s e e r th n s are s nes w a s e er n s are l , h t o v i g di ho t, h t o v thi g

u n u s w a s e er n s are m u re wha s e er n s are j t, h t o v thi g i p , t o v thi g

a e fu w ats e ver n s are o f e re r if ere b e h t l , h o thi g vil po t, th

an ce and if ere b e an nfam all t e se n s we y vi , th y i y , h thi g ,

n w w e re en e in ar ere . But one n was s k o , bl d d B thi g till

n n nd a . e arn has s u e W n wa t a . e i g , th t M Hippolyt C ot ppli d h to su ch an as s emblage of qualitie s a high profession o f

th eff c c m e s er w rin W s n e t is ad e e e e e . e pi y d d, t b o ov po g i k 26 N o tes on the A nti orn La w tru le C S gg .

un de r the contemplation o f su ch exquisite an d manifold

erfecti n and fe e wi e e u m ho w resu m u o u s p o l, th d p h ility, p pt it was in u s to think o f c omposing th e legend o f the b eatified ”

a et o f th f . r thl e e aith St Bert and Of th e Carm agnoles .

Besides the extreme coarseness Of invective o f

the A t n n t the t t and he ia ora ors , ora ors, rhe ors, “ ” ! “ n n ul in SO t . G t his oria s i d ged , says Mr ro e, much exaggeration and untruth respecting this convention that they have raised a suspicion against “ t l The a o f t t hemse ves . pass ges hese ora ors “ ZE c in ls 54 30 and s h es Fa . . 0 ( , De . c , p ,

A ndo kid es o r the P u - A ndo kides P se do , De ace ,

0 1 n l u t o f t l and n . ) i vo ve so m ch bo h his orica chro o

l l n u t at it un f to t t ogica i acc racy h is sa e ci e hem , and impossible to amend them except by co n ” ' “ ur The l l n o f t j ect e . 1 oose a guage these ora ors

t n L kur us I so krate s n it (Demos he es, y g , ) re ders impossible to determine what was the precise limit ” in t o f n t o h respec vici i y t t e coast . 1

N t l it b e n ll has ever he ess, may see , as James Mi said in his article Co lony in the supplement to ” n l ae it nn a f the A t n an E cyc op dia Br a ic , rom he i orators that the licence o f the rich and powe rful

’

3 . G rote s is t r o f G reece . 4 5 H o y , v

" 2 i . 4 n 4 n . . 50 e 5 e 1 Ibid . , v , ot Ib d , v , ot ’ 27 Rep ea l of the Corn L aws . and their means o f oppressing the body o f the

l A nd so far n tw ths t n n w . peop e ere excessive , o i a di g th l l n u and na u o f the t e oose a g age i cc racy ora ors, some information may be gathered from them whi h n d n fu n ch t e historia s o o t r ish . I n regard to what has been said respecting the

ini n t t t can t u t it n op o ha ora ory be a gh , may i deed b e nt n t t to t nt— fo r n t n co e ded ha some ex e i s a ce , — as regards the voice and action oratory may be

n t w ll t two men viewed as a acquired ar . I i ake w w t was itt to r t hose po er as ora ors adm ed be g ea ,

u n and n t S t n and Wedderb r Erski e , bo h co chme , consequently both more or less under the dis advantage O f a Scotch accent when addressing an n l u n u n t E g ish a die ce . Wedderb r had prac ised at the S t f was all to the co ch Bar, be ore he c ed

E n l and to t n l n g ish Bar, is said have ake esso s in elocution from an actor b ut I never heard that Erskine took any lessons to eradicate his Scotch a nt n the l n l nt in n n cce , beyo d esso s he ear k ocki g a ut the w l w n t bo or d , he as a boy he passed hree

r in the N and t n f t n to yea s avy, he rom eigh ee

- in The twenty o ne passed three years the A rmy . line o f defence adopted by Erskine fo r his client prosecuted by the Hou se of Commons fo r publishing

’ ’ the Rev . L n s t t o n st n . Mr oga rac Ha i gs s impeach 28 N t e o es on the A nti Corn L aw Struggl .

nt le n to f n to me , ads Erski e make a re ere ce his adventurous youth o r boyhood

G en t emen he sa n can ser e at o u l , id, I thi k I ob v th y are touche d with this way O f c onsidering th e subjec t ; and

can acc u n f r i a e no t een c ns er n r u I o t o t . I h v b o id i g it th o gh the c m e um o f s b ut a e een s ea n o f old di book , h v b p ki g

man and his na ure and o f uman min n fr m w a t , h do io , o h t I

a e s een o f em m s e f am n s re uctant n a ns sub h v th y l , o g t l tio

m n n w w e fe e and ho w itti g to o ur au thority . I k o hat th y l

s u c fe e n n e e ear em in h li gs can alo e b e e xpre ss d . I hav h d th

m ut fr m a na e s a a e in the n nan c arac er o f y yo h o k d v g , i dig t h t a r nc e s urr un e his su e c s a re ss n the ern r p i o d d by bj t , dd i g gov o o f a ri is c n di n in his an s a un e o f s c s B t h olo y, hol g h d b dl ti k , ’ as the n te s o f his un et e re e uenc e Who is sa o l t d loq it, id the j ealous ruler over th e desert encroache d u pon by the ‘ res e s s f o f n s a en urers who is it a ca u ses tl oot E gli h dv t , th t

s r e r to r se in the m unta ns and to e m s e f thi iv i high o i , pty it l into th e Oc ean ? Who is it that c aus es to blow the lo ud w n s Of w n er and at c a m s t e m a a n in the s u mm er i d i t , th l h g i

Wh o i u th e a f se f f re s ts and s it that rears p Sh de o tho lo ty o , blas ts them with th e qu ick lightning at his pleasure The same Being who gave to yo u a country o n the other Side o f the waters a e urs u s and s ti e we w , g v o to ; by thi tl ill ’ e fen it sa the warr r r w n wn his ma a w d d , id io , th o i g do to h k

- u n the r un and ra s n the war s un o f his na n . po g o d , i i g o d tio The se are th e feelings o f s ubjugate d men all roun d th e

l e and e en u n n in b ut fear wi c n r g ob ; d p d po it, oth g ll o t ol ” r i whe e t is vain to look fo r afi e c tio n .

I t is t t P tt w n E in n said ha i , he rsk e bega his

l 30 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Strugg e. o f Young to rival or at least imitate Shakspeare — a vain attempt— and conclude s thus

mi s tran u e en s ere is a man wh o w the A d t q il v t h , ith u m s insen s o f rem rse s tan s and a ws m se f t o t ibility o , d up vo hi l h t e au r O f all . c an c m are him n to Z an a in tho I o p o ly g , ’ r un D . Yo g s Revenge ’ Kn n w e was . o , th , t I — ’ I forged the letter I dispo s d the pic ture — i ’ — ’ I hate d I d es p s d and I destroy .

ask m r s w et er the re en efu e m er a r u e to I , y lo d , h h v g l t p tt ib t d the bloody Afr ican is no t s u rpas s e d by the c oolnes s an d apathy O f the wily Am eri can

I t t t n l n t u t no is said ha Fra k i , ho gh he be rayed

m t n in the u l w n he o t to e o io p b ic room, he g back

l n t Off the u t o f l t w his odgi gs , ook s i c o hes he ore , and never wore it again till b e affixed his name t o the treaty by which the independence o f A merica n wl was ack o edged . Those who have had the means o f the closest ’ f l o den s t observation admit to the u l Mr . C b meri s — the ability that he displayed in the organization — o f the movement his perception very early that it could only be maintained by money— his know ledge o f the Lancashire capitalists and his skill in convincing them o f the expediency o f employing their capital fo r the purposes o f the A nti - Corn

L aw L u t ll the nt the int eag e , i moveme reached po R l r a w 3 ] ep ea of the Co n L s . w n The Times n the a unt o f the fund he , Observi g mo “ ” ll t l it was t f t and n co ec ed, dec ared a grea ac , ever af d the u I n th u o f 184 5 t t . e er deser e ca se s mmer ,

M r n w to o f f n t t . Cobde avo ed some his rie ds ha he w r f h wh l n e ll n as wea y o t e o e co c rn. Sti he kept i m n t t if the c f l and t was n l i d ha rops ai ed, here ge era d t in the t wn t was l fun at is ress o s , here a arge d o n w n n o w wit A n ce to dra upo a d g to ork h . d

The the l t hat was what happened . report o f tota l oss o f the food o f the Irish was announced before o ur crops were gathered ; and these were announced

l T n S r l w a s great y defective . he i Robert Pee sho ed s n of un n wh no t t ll ig s easi ess , ich did disappear i he

his ll fo A l t n in r u 184 6 . proposed Bi bo i io Febr ary ,

n to t n f w t I have reaso hi k , rom ha I have heard from those who had the best opportunities o f watching closely the whole course o f the move m nt t t t who u the m n fi ml e , ha hose s bscribed o ey r y believed at the time that the success was entirely d ue to the fabulous amount o f money which had

n u and w the C un l of the bee s bscribed , hich o ci

L a u in h n t o o n the t t n e g e had a d carry agi a io . Much the greater part o f the money came from

L n f n t and a cashire, chiefly perhaps rom Ma ches er ; what made many o f the su bscribing capitalists impatient at the time was that this was no t fully 32 o s h o u N te on t e A nti C rn L aw Str ggle .

tt and t t in fo r the t l admi ed ; ha , hav g paid ar ic e , they were not properly credited with what they had n do e . They knew perfectly well that the fu nd was

n u w n the f n o ut in l nd e ormo s he ami e broke Ire a , and that Peel surrender ed from fear o f the agitation being continued more fiercely than ever in cou se quence o f the famine ; and no t ten men in a thou sand believed the cock - and - bull story o f his having been ’ ” n t Co b den s un n l u n co ver ed by ador ed e oq e ce , ’ and that to o after Co b d en s very earnest and argu mentative n l t a w h it speaki g had a mos ce sed , hic

n in the l o f 184 5 two nt f had do e midd e , mo hs be ore f n the Irish ami e . A nd what influenced Peel as much as anything was t t the f w tt n nt nt ha armers ere ge i g disco e ed, and w t t t t n o f the n t , ha ever hey migh hi k Ma ches er

l w n to the n n t t t schoo , ere comi g over opi io ha hey had been deceived by the parliamentary protection t promised hem . Of the dependence to be placed o n fluency of w o r l u n w n n t n ffi u lt to ords , e oq e ce, he a y hi g di c is n an t n f wh t be do e, idea may be Ob ai ed rom a has been said by the most eloquent writer and o ne o f

he m t l u nt of t L r t os e oq e speakers his ime . o d

aul in the n nt t o f st of Mac ay , i h chap er his Hi ory 33 Rep ea l of the Corn L a ws .

n l n n t t o f two m en w E g a d, has give a por rai hose

w u it was la in u n o f po er, s ch as , y fl e cy speech, o ne o f whom has been selected fo r an example o f

t t an min nt w t who f pa rio ism by e e ri er , be ore his

t Pr n t o f n l n The dea h , became ime Mi is er E g a d . two individu als characterized by Lord Macaulay

Sir n l are Patrick H ume a d Wi dman.

Sir P t u s L ul a rick H me, ays ord Maca ay, who had since his flight from Scotland lived

u l at t t no w f his u t h mb y U rech , emerged rom Obsc ri y,

b ut f tun t l l u n ul o n t a or a e y his e oq e ce co d, his occ

n do l ttl f fo r the P n o f n sio , i e mischie , ri ce Ora ge w as by no means disposed to be the lieutenant O f I a debating society su ch as that which had ruined

h n o f l The u tl and s t e e terprise A rgy e . s b e re tless

W l an who t f f un n l n i dm , had some ime be ore o d E g a d

an u n f n and to G n sa e reside ce , had escaped erma y, ’ ” f t o t P u t repaired rom his re reat t he rince s co r . But neither H ume no r Wildman succeeded in obtaining the smallest influence upon the enter pris e O f a man who was a statesman as well as a l so dier .

u n at u l e t n f Free disc ssio p b ic m e i gs , a ree press ,

and f l nt alt u t unt o f a ree par iame , ho gh a vas amo nonsense and worse than nonsense may be uttere d n l f m f l t n . or pri ed , are i separab e ro a ree peop e t 34 N otes on the A nti Corn L a w S ruggle .

! e t it . has been remarked by those who have long

s l l the w n o f l t l n Ob erved c ose y orki g po i ica machi ery , that great powers o f spe ech united to small powers o f u nt the u o f f n n j dgme are c rse ree gover me ts . The man who is fitted to give th e best counsel in a difficult crisis is almost never the m an fitted to take the lead in a debating society o r in a tumul f n nd T tuons assembly o a y ki . here may be cases which may look like exceptions to this remark ; nevertheless it has been often desired by those who have reflected o n the matter that the blessings o f a free government co uld be obtaine d withou t the addition Of a curse which almo st brings back

o f the w t v l o f t u nd r w some ors e i s despo ism , e hich free speech is a thing forbidden . Those who watched the movement fo r the repeal o f the Corn Laws from its commencement to its close noted four men as the leading Spirits in th at

e nt - G n l Per ro net T n ele t mov me e era hompso , c ed

m e o f P l nt fo r ull un 1 8 35 the Me b r ar iame H , J e , ;

. l s l t . f lv H P . l e P r V . o W e R t o n C . igh i ier , ec ed M o r

n n u 1835 R C n E t d s . hamp o , Ja ary , ; ichard ob e , q ,

l f r o t A u u t 184 1 the R t t M . P. o St e ec ed ockp r , g s , ; igh

n l MP fo r u 184 3 Ho . n t t . . Joh Brigh , e ec ed D rham , The extracts from the letters and speeches o f w t n t f hi l f fill n l . C n O s Mr obde , i h o ices i e , ear y a s 35 Rep ea l of the Co rn L o w .

u n The t a f the tho sa d printed pages . ex r cts rom

e o f t wit n ti e s o f his l f fill sp eches Mr . Brigh , h o c i e , u w o f n n r n a es p ards eleve hu d ed pri ted p g . w n A s so much has been ritten about Mr . Cobde and r 1 u se o w t few w d Mr . B ight p rpo t ri e a or s about General Perro net Thompson and the Right l V Ho n . C le Pe ill s two m en who har s ham ier , did something towards showing what effect the Corn Laws had o n the condition o f all clas ses o f men in

G t t n and w t n o n alf o f rea Bri ai , hose exer io s beh t he poor are no t assailable by such weapons as the Quarterly Reviewer has employed when he says ’ “ in v w o f n l L f o f his re ie Mr . Joh Mor ey s i e n l ff l f Cobde Mr . Mor ey has a orded amp e proo ’ Co b d en s f tu n w u t ut t t . ha Mr mis or es ere bro gh abo ,

no t l fo r the b ut n by his ove poor, by his passio ” n fo r speculatio . 36 N otes o n the A nti Corn L a w Stru l gg e.

CHA PTER I I .

T HOMAS PE RRON E T T HOMPSON .

GE N E RAL THOMAS PE RRON E T THOMPSO N was born at ull h 1 h f 1 783 was the o n t e 5t o . H March , He

l t o f t n o f T T n e des hree so s homas hompso , a

nt and n o f t t t wn and fo r e l mercha ba ker ha o , sev ra

P f r w f . . o u t u years M Midh rs , a boro gh hich, be ore the R f ll o f 1 832 l n to his tn e orm Bi , be o ged par er

R t S t t a n C n t n o f t n ober mi h, crea ed B ro arri g o Up o , 1 98 . h 17 In t 7 N tt t 20t 97 . O co o s , Oc ober , c ober, , Thomas Perronet Thompson commenced keeping ’ t at u n C ll C and t his erms Q ee s o ege , ambridge , ook

B A n h u t nu e . f . degree a ter keepi g t e req isi e mb r o f in the C m terms . His name appears a bridge University Calendar in the list o f hono urs fo r the

a 1 802 Se nt n l . The n o f ye r , as ve h Wra g er ame

un t t C l lli T m n his yo ges bro her, har es Wi am ho pso , in h C l n fo r 1805 S nt appears t e same a e dar , as eve h N tw th t n in t i ff n Senior Optime . o i s a d g h s di ere ce

3 8 o rn N o tes o n the A nti C L a w Str uggle .

’ General Pe rro net Thompson s fathe r was averse ’ to l t n nt in the N l S and his e des so s e er g ava ervice , he made it a condition o f his gi ving his consent that his so n shou ld first mak e a voyage in o ne o f his f ull to the M t r nean The ships rom H edi er a .

u t n l ma in ta n yo h accordi g y de a voyage a cer i brig , ’ which from the General s no t unfrequently alluding to his first voyage in that brig was called by some ” ’ o f l l t The n l his chi dren the ce ebra ed brig . Ge era s

l f n t ntu u o ne and l the i e had bee a mos adve ro s , ike o ld Hetman o f the Ukraine he might sometimes “ ” n o f m n track his seve ty years emory back . I “ ” to the le b t e o ne t regard ce ra d brig, s ory I remember was that in the A driatic they were o n the point of being attacked by a pirate and had made the best preparation s they could fo r resistance when something occurred— probably the appear — ance o f an English ship o f war which made the t pirates retrea .

t t if l t men ft I may add ha he, ike o her a er

a l f no t nl l n b ut ntu u n i e o y o g adve ro s , had ma y memories o f the past which he was apt to recall

to lf and t t l t o r himse o hers , he o d his s ories

n t w t l n n n and nt a ecdo es i h c ear ess , co cise ess poi . One anecdote I will attempt to give from memory

’ in the n l o wn w the at e t t Ge era s ords , r h r ha a r 39 Tho mas Pe ronet Thomp son. person to whom he had told it gave it in a news

in f w l it A o ne o f paper a orm hich spoi ed . t ’ Mr l f l n O u . Wi ber orce s e ectio s a body f his s pporters

f ll w to o wn u ut n had o o ed him his ho se, Sho i g

l f fo r S n un l at Wi ber orce ever . eei g a yo g ady “ o ne o f the w n w t ut l i do s , hey sho ed Miss Wi ber ” f fo r to w she m t l l orce ever, hich i media e y rep ied ” Go d f ! ntl n Go d f ! The orbid ge eme , orbid report Of this Slight anecdote in the newspaper represented the you ng lady as making a speech to the Worthy and Independent Electors after the orthodox form of an Election A ddress before the pa s sing o f the Reform Bill o f 1 832 and is about as near truth as the stories told by the celebrated

P ll o f he P w P r i n in . t t t Mr e ick ick ape s , a prac io er the L n n n l nt C u t who nte o do I so ve o r , represe d him self as standing so high in the estimation o f the

L C an ll t t his l d d P ll ord h ce or , ha or ship sai , Mr . e , — yo u are an honour to your profession yo u could ’ get any man through the Insolvent Debto rs ” Court . Indeed the reporter O f this anecdote in the news

n o ne of w t who f e to paper, remi ds a ri er pro ess d be acquainted with a certain attorney who has been

to P l o f the P w P u . l s pposed be Mr e ick ick apers ,

n h n o f ll to t e t . n accordi g descrip io Mr We er, se ior , 4 0 N otes on the A nti Corn L a w tr e S uggl .

’ who the f ll win t t f P l gives o o g ex rac rom Mr . el s conversation

Th e a e rd ance r en e m en sa e wa s l t Lo Ch llo , g tl , id P ll ,

very fon d o f m e . I re m ember din ing with him o n o ne

c c as n : there wa s on l u s two b u t e er t n as s en o io y , v y hi g pl did a s if twenty people had be e n e xpe cte d ; th e great s eal o n a

d um - wai er at his r an d an d a m an in a b a - wi an d b t ight h , g g s uit o f armou r gu arding the m ac e with a drawn s word and

s s c n s wh c is er e ua l ne e n em en n ilk to ki g , i h p p t l y do , g tl , ight ” and d ay .

I n 1803 ft n w n ut und n n , a er havi g he a yo h er i e

t n t n the o f S nt n l ee Ob ai ed degree eve h Wra g er, he

l d n in the s o f fift u ns sai ed as a mi shipma Isi , y g ,

the fla - o f V - A l Ga ft w g ship ice dmira mbier, a er ards

n un h Lord Gambier . Bei g rather der t e average height b e nearly lost his life from having been unable to Obtain the support intended to b e given

by the rope under the yard - arm from the oute r

t m t o f w to m his w a — so ex re i y, hich he had ake y that he said he was so exhau sted that he thought he should have t o let go his hold and drop into the

I n the f ll w n was l t to sea . o o i g year he e ec ed a ’ “ ” ll w at u n t o f t n Fe o ship Q ee s , a sor promo io , he “ k w no t ft n n l n w t remar ed , hich has o e go e a o g i h ” n t f A t the rank and dig i y o a midshipman . Ports

ut in S t 1805 saw N ls n m a mo h ep ember, , he e o e b rk m 4 1 Thomas P erronet Tho p son.

“ o n the V t fo r T f l w board ic ory , ra a gar, hich

l th t Of t in th N c osed e prospec ac ive service e avy. “ ” I n 180 6 he joined the o ld 95th Rifles as a s n n t n f 1 eco d lieutenant . I he Spri g o 808 he was s nt at the a e o f tw nt - fiv e G n to e , g e y , as over or

S L n t u the n u n Of l ierra eo e , hro gh i fl e ce Mr . Wi ber f f f ’ an l n of t . u n the orce , ear y rie d his a her s D ri g eighteen months that Lieutenant Thompson was Governor o f Sierra Leone he had fourteen fevers ; and also had a narrow escape with his life from the claws of a panther that he kept as a pet— a sort o f su ccessor to a Greenland bear which he kept when ’ b o at Cattin ham f t u tw n a y g , his a her s ho se be ee

ull and l A s l t the n nt to H Bever ey . he re a ed i cide

o ne had n the nt the w l me, some give pa her ho e carcase of a kid with which the panther retired

nt the un l - w was un u The i o co ci room hich occ pied .

G overnor went into the cou ncil - room and took the kid from the panther which did no t make much resistance b ut walked quietly two or three times

un the and t n u nl un u n ro d room, he s dde y spr g po the Governor who had taken the carcase o f the kid ft l f it . A t u t wn to t rom er a s r gg e hey came do ge her, and the Governor said he felt the claws o f the

nt u n n if t w pa her po his shi s as hey ere razors .

tun t l n m to t n For a e y some perso s ca e his assis a ce, t r e 4 2 N o es on the A nti Co rn L a w S t uggl . and the panther was prevented fi° o m doing fu rther

s f mi chie . I n 18 1 1 he joined the 14 th Light Dragoons in

S n l ut n nt and was ent at the t n pai as ie e a , pres ac io s o f N iv elle N t and T ul u fo r whi , ive , Or hes, o o se , ch he received the Peninsul ar War- medal wi th fou r

Cl h n o f 1 8 14 was . u n t e asps D ri g campaig , he taken O ff regimental duty and attached to the staff o f G n l ft w Sir n ane o f w e era (a er ards He ry) F , hose kindness and ability he preserved a grateful reco l ld l t n. S o n o n t ec io ome Dragoo s, discharged eigh ” n w t in w u t pe ce a day, he ri es a passage hich I q o e from an Obituary N otice o f him written by his

n s o n G n al C l ll T s n seco d , e er har es Wi iam homp o , and printed in the Obitu ary N otices o f the Royal 6 869 “ S t N O . 1 1 1 m a e t t ocie y, , , y rememb r ha he was ful l o f t l l - o ut a care eader a pa ro , a good ooker o n u t ul f l ti n n and Off piq e , co d ee a re ri g e emy, carry

nt fo r f w ll n t t t a se ry proo , as e as a o her , a grea ha er of un nt and man o f m ll p ishme , a very s a baggage , consisting o f something like a spare shirt and an ” A rabic grammar . — Captain Thompson he was promoted at the peace o f I SM — exchanged into the 1 7th Light

n n in n 1 1 9 e Dragoo s servi g India . I 8 he a com panied Sir William Grant Keir as A rab ic interpreter o t hom o n 4 3 Thomas P err ne T p s . to the Expedition against the Wahab ees of the

P n u f n the in of the ersia G l . Whe ma body

E t n tu n to was l ft in xpedi io re r ed Bombay , he e

o f RES al Kh ma w t l n un charge y , i h e eve h dred m en S w t t nt of u n , epoys i h a de achme E ropea t ll A r i ery . I t was no t the intention to introduce here any o f ’ the details o f General Perro net Thompson s active

c t t nn t w t t n areer, excep hose co ec ed i h his exer io s

fo r th l f C rn L w T is ho w e o the . repea o a s here ,

o ne n nt Of hi s l t l f w ever, i cide mi i ary i e hich may be glanced at as throwing some light o n the late fi n i h Hi n l l t n t e S u an. s so G n C gh i g o d , e era har es

ll T n in l tt to at 28th Wi iam hompso , a e er me d ed 1 884 March , , says

Th e ac c un s O f the a e fi n in the Sendan es ec a o t l t ghti g , p i lly ’ o f a er as a s efea o n 4 th e ruar remin m e s r n B k P h d t F b y, d t o gly ’ o f my father s de scription o f th e way in which the Sepoys ’ ran e s ee af er firin e r m us e s in the air and in lik h p, t g th i k t , m any c as e s allowing the Arabs to drag them o u t o f the ranks

e r c r ss e s wi o ne an and cu t t em wn w by th i o b lt th h d, h do ith

the er — a f afrai o f nra n m r oth s i d e gi g the by e sis tanc e . I s e e

a s m e ne e se h as een s ru c th e resem anc e and th t o o l b t k by bl ,

h as u s e a e e r w c s en an d w ic o u can ee p bli h d l tt hi h I d, h h y k p

f o u i i i e as a e an er c . s fa r wri e n an d y l k , I h v oth opy It i ly tt

re c rrect e ce t a fe w m s a e s w c ha e c rrec e p tty o , x p i t k hi h I v o t d ” in the mar n w t u t a er n th e e t . gi , i ho lt i g t x The letter referred to is headed by General 4 4 N o s h A n i a r l te on t e t Corn L w St ugg e .

“ C . . T n 1 l 5th 1884 . The W hompso March, s ip Of printed paper containing the letter is headed “ Letters to The S tandard— A forgotten page ” o f t The l tt n u His ory . e er comme ces th s R L f . o H f h n n C . w ut o the t o t e , a hor is ory I dia N ’ w t avy , ri es

The Bri tish pu blic appears su rp rised at the reckle ss gallantry of the Desert Arabs ; b ut the actions o f El Teb and Tam ati are not the firs t in which o ur troops have been en a e in n r g g d close a d deadly c onflic t with the Arab ac e . By a s trang e coincidence also it was the 1s t York and Lancas ter

en n wn as th e 65th R e m ent tha e f re a (th k o gi ) , t b o took ” prominent part in the s anguinary fighting .

I n the f ll w n a o f the l tt o o i g p ssage e er, I have ’ l f T n lf o n l C. avai ed myse G e era W . hompso s

t n whi in the in correc io s ch he has made marg , w t T i hout altering the text . he letter as corrected thu s proceeds

I n 1820 the en - - ra s who n a the c un r , B i Boo Ali A b , i h bit o t y near Ras - ul - Had in ra a a n c mm e s m e e ce sses , A bi , h vi g o itt d o x , a f rc e o f re e un re and wen m a e s w o th h d d t ty Bo b y S poy , ith f u r uns manne ur ean rt er m en and a ut two o g , d by E op A ill y , bo

u s an ro s o f the m aum o f ascat un er c mm an of tho d t op I M , d o d

a a n th e a e Genera Perro net m s n o f th e 1 7th C pt i ( l t l) Tho p o ,

ra ns th e i ca R e s en in the ers an G u f an e o n D goo , Pol ti l id t P i l , l d d the Arabian c oast and m arche d inland to infli c t chastisement

th m er h n f rces cam o n the A r a s . On the 9 e t e O s e b Nov b , ppo i g o

o t t r w e 4 6 N o tes n he A n i Co n L a Struggl .

C l lli T n who was t n l ttl har es Wi am hompso , he a i e

n e n n in n and c an boy , havi g b e bor I dia, remember the Imam with his hand in a sling o n board ship f w a ter ards . A misunderstanding having arisen between the Bombay Government and the A rabs o f A l A sh

a o n the ast o f an who had lu n e kar h co Om , p d red

ta n t s the f s nt an to Ca ta n cer i boa , ormer e order p i Thompson to act again st them from Kishm e in the

nt O f t r l l a n to t l b ut eve hei c ear y ppeari g be pira ica , to addres s a letter to them previous ly to any attack

n T s tt ‘ at n o t fa bei g made . hi a empt eg iation iling through the mu rder by the hostil e tribe o f the

s n a n the l tt the n un t n to mes e ger be ri g e er , i j c io l comm unicate appeared t o be fu filled and an swered . Military men will see the d uty o f acting with

n t s u s L n a decisio under he e circ m tances . andi g t

S o n the A an t f t - six n l les oor , rabi coas , or y E g ish mi f the t wn Of the t l t o f n Bo u A li rom o hos i e ribe Be i , ’ Captain Thompson s small force o f three hundred and twenty Sepoy s and fou r guns was joined by the Imam o f Maskat with two thou sand m en o f

The f f n w his o wn . orce o the e emy as reported to n n n h f be ine h u dred bearing arms . O the 9t o

N 1820 the lu n was t l n t u ovember, , as co m oi i g hro gh

the s n the t l Ben A li a d , hos i e sheik , Mohammed , h r 4 T omas P e ronet Tho mp son . 7

an w in n to the att . t adv ced ack, s ord ha d Wha ’ followed is best described in Captain Thompson s o wn w w tt n in t l tt the n t ords , ri e a priva e e er ex day

The ra s m ad e the uns th e n o f a ac an d A b g poi t tt k,

a T n m h adv n ced u pon them . he i stant I heard a s hot fro t e

r s w c we the ra s to b e in m n light t oop , hi h Sho d A b otio , I

O r ere th e e ar n a m an d d S poys to ch ge with th e bayo e t . Not

m o f r n e w r I en r ere em fire . e e a v d o a d . th o d d th to Th y b g

a s ra n and neffe c u a fire a e the r er th e t ggli g i t l , id d by A till y ,

Arabs all th e while a dvancing brandis hing their s word s . The

e s s the A rab s we re w n fif een ard s w en e S poy tood till ithi t y , h th y

u rne an ran mme d a e a e th e n w ere t d d . I i i t ly g llop d to poi t h

the e s were eas c nfu se and e n e a u re m a e S poy l t o d, d vo d to k them s tand ; b ut they fire d their mu ske ts in the air and wen t ’

o ff . Th e mam s arm e an a fire o f m a c c s and I y b g t hlo k ,

n r r we t O ff as s oon as the A abs app oac he d . I r ode to the

m n him Th e n I am a d foun d wounded . pe ople j u s t ra like

e e aw s me o f th e u r ean rt er m en and ran Sh p . I s o E op A ill y to e ndeavour to m ake the m s tand b u t they wer e too few to do ” anythin g .

I n the mélée Captain Thompson was struck o n

the ul t l all w s e sho der by a ma ch ock b , hich pa s d

t u t and s t n the n hro gh coa hir , grazi g ski , as he “ ” o l he cut o f w Th u t t . e sed say, ike a hip rem nants o f the force were rallied at the town Of Beni

Bo u n ut t l f the n o f Hassa , abo hree mi es rom sce e

t n and ft r ul s n ni t tta w e led ac io , a e rep i g a gh a ck , re 4 8 N otes o n the A nti Co rn L aw Struggle . back overland to Maskat by Captain Thompson in

n t d ft the fi t perso , eigh ays a er gh . There c an be little doubt that the c au se o f

’ Captain Thompson s defeat was the misbehaviour before the enemy o f the officers and m en under his command— though in the opinion o f the cou rt martial— while he was honourably acquitted o f the other charges— he was deserving of a repri “ mand fo r having addressed an Official Report to G n nt in w h un u tl and w t ut over me , hic he j s y , i ho f un t n f t to the a u o da io , ascribed his de ea misbeh vio r before the enemy of the Officers and men under his ” command . I will no t presume to Offer any opinion Of my o wn o n the u t n b ut w ll f the l tt q es io , I i give rom e er o f 28th 1884 al u t the w March, , ready q o ed , ords o f t n l s e t n t a o f an a ve era so dier, re p c i g his c se

n l ffi havm to l a t who n te o f E g ish O cer g e d roops , i s ad , l the n l t ll n t n tt n ike E g ish roops , as We i g o said , ge i g

m an o ut o f t if e o ne w ul et a a mis ake he mad , o d g a m an who had made no mistake into a disaster w n l t at the t and l ft hich ear y broke his hear ime, e

a e s fo r l f n n and s t s T tr c i e o his mi d piri . here is this difference betwe en the Government o f India o f 1820 and the n l sh G n nt o f 1883 - 4 , E g i over me , that the Go vernment o f India o f 1820 left Captain rr o m 9 Tho mas P e o net Th p so n. 4

Perro net Thompson no option o f engaging the — — VVahab ee s A rabs o f the Desert with an army o f S s wh l the n l G n nt of 1883 epoy , i e E g ish over me left it to the option Of Generals Hicks and Baker to e ngage the Soudan A rabs with an army Of Egyp t ians who appear to b e much lower in the scale o f

l t n u la t N l u so diers ha O tram p ced hem . apo eon sed t o say there were only two sorts o f troops— good

and The t n l s bad . Egyp ia s have proved themse ve n l T ll l t l l t l to belo g to the atter category . i a e y i t e

r n h n t n n wn ut t O ot i g seems o have bee k o abo hem . The words I allude to are these :

I have O ften wondered what wou ld ha ve been the change ’ (if any) in my father s c areer if he h ad been succes sful at

en Bo u as h e eser ve afte r all th e a ns h e t and B i Ali, d d, p i ook, the c oolne s s and s cience with which he e ndeavoure d to c h eck — the Arab attac k and wou ld have don e s o if the wretc he d

n But wh Se poys h ad o ly stood . en they tu rned and fl ed at the approach o f the enemy the c hance was lost as complete ly ’ s w en a fe nc er s s w r rea s in ma n u a h o d b k ki g a to r de force . ’ I m ay b e contradicte d by th e as sertion that th e Imam s

ro s in the fie w ere no t all na e s f a I f o as t . so t op ld tiv M k , they were Arabs o f a difi erent bre e d from the Wahab ees o f

en Bo u who were a war e and re i u s s ec o f B i Ali, lik lig o t ’ a m e an ref rmers s me n e r mwe s ar as M ho t o , o thi g lik C o ll p ty

oppos e d to the Royalists . It strikes m e to b e a mistake to ’ c a the na i e s o f the S u an ra s who are s r c ll t v o d A b , , t i tly

k n na e s o f ra a and no f ma s e a t r ca . e b e p i g , tiv A bi A i Th y y 4 50 w le N otes on the A nti Corn L a Strugg .

‘ a me ans o r e e n Wahab ee s b ut t e are no m re ra s M ho t v , h y o A b

’ t an e are re e s t u sui s the news a ers ca h th y b l , ho gh it t p p to ll ” t em h So .

s n l . I wa desirous o f obtainin g Ge era C . W ’ ' Thompson s opinion respecting the difl erenc e observable between the A rabs o f the desert and the natives o f Maskat ; and writing to him o n the

u t 1 the l tt t Of w s bj ec received e er, par hich I have already quoted ; and the part o f which I no w u t q o e seems to explain the apparent inconsistency . He says

I thin k it will b e foun d o n inquiry that the natives o f Maskat subjec t to the Imam (from whom my m other and I m et with much kindness and civility more than Sixty years a o on s re and afl a were and r a are a er g , both ho o t) , p ob bly , v y different race from the Arabs and Wahab e es o f th e desert mu c m re c iz e c mme rcia and eaceab e an the h o ivil d , o l , p l th

atter ess ru e fer c u s and i te and es s nc ne l ; l d , o io b go d , l i li d to ’ r s t eir o wn o r t e r ne urs es I an uarre i k h h i ighbo liv n y q l, re us or i ical w a e er A c r s o f two u san ligio pol t , h t v . o p tho d o f e m le d the mam in ers n and c m ara i e th by I p o , o p t v ly di sc ine were wit m fa er at eni Bou o n the ipl d , h y th B Ali

9th em er 1820 and a u e no t run awa Nov b , , ltho gh th y did y

e the Se s and the mam s a e rea a an r lik poy , I di pl y d g t g ll t y in en ea urin to sa e a ur ean r er man in n d vo g v E op A till y , doi g which the Imam was shot through the hand (I can remember him with his han d in a sling o n board Ship afte r — wards) yet his Maskat troops showe d no anxiety to retrieve the d a and m an o f the fr en e s who had ine y , y i dly Sh ikh jo d rro t Thom n 5 1 Thomas P e ne p so .

them on th e m arch began to drop o ff in a manner that

enf rce the re rea o f the remain er and the a an nmen o d t t d , b do t ” h n o f t e Expeditio .

I n 1822 i nt n , his reg me bei g ordered home, Captain Thompson retu rned with his wife and

l the Red Sea the N il C and A l n chi d by , e, airo exa

t l and an t an was dria, I a y, Fr ce . More h a year

u n n 1 2 7 cons med in reaching E gland . I 8 he was

m t to t in the 65th R nt pro o ed a majori y egime ,

t n in l n and in 1 829 to an un tt he Ire a d, a ached

l ut n n - l n l f f n ie e a t co o e cy o In a try . His su bsequent t n t — l n l 1 84 6 promo io s bore da e co o e , ; major

n l 1 854 l ut n nt - n l 1860 and ge era , ; ie e a ge era , ; n l 1 8 86 . ge era ,

n G n l T n tu n to n l nd Whe e era hompso re r ed E g a ,

b e e t tt nt n to P l t l n and d vo ed his a e io o i ica Eco omy, “ in 1 826 published a work under the title o f A n

E t n o f ll o n R n T t t &c . xposi io Fa acies e , i hes, This work b e repu blished in 182 7 under the title “ o f The T u T of R nt in r e heory e , opposition to w n . T Mr . Ricardo a d others his ork will be found

f u l 99 n t u 3 et s e . f i the o r h vo me (p . q ) o General ’ T n w it n u l in 1 84 3 in hompso s r i gs, p b ished six

lu un the t tl o f P l t l vo mes , der i e Exercises, o i ica

i - l d L ut . n l Co . an Others . By e o e T Perro net ” Thompson. 52 t s n n i or n w tr N o e o the A t C L a S uggle .

— John Stuart Mill who though s ome have thought him inferior in mental power to his f t ll— ta nl o n n o n a her , James Mi cer i y some , i deed , m n u t saw f t t n f t w a y , s bjec s ar her ha his a her, sho ed his su periority in mental vision in this matter .

The l t o f C l nel T n - me n pamph e o o hompso , above “ tio ned in the fi t t n was s A n , rs edi io de cribed as in t n o f all o n R nt T t s &c . Exposi io F acies e , i he , , ’ f R w M ll l nt o f the form o a evie o f r . Mi s E eme s ” l n f u it w ll u n Politica Eco omy . O co rse i be der ’ stood that this is James Mill s Elements o f

P l t al E n ff r nt f m o i ic co omy , a very di e e book ro ’ “ John Stu art Mill s Prin ciples o f Political ” n ll f w d Economy . I have see James Mi come or ar and shake hands with Colonel Thompson very heartily when they met in the hou se o f a common l n fr n . But l t u was ie d James Mi , ho gh his mi d

t w ful and n l and n nt u l bo h po er origi a , co scie io s y

u t ft t ut was t nt O f nt t n so gh a er r h, impa ie co radic io , and might consider it a piece o f presumption in “ ” Colonel Thompson to put forth a true theory in t n to and R a w t tle opposi io him ic rdo , hich i

l tl ll t t f l and ff imp ici y ca s heir heories a se, he di ered from his so n in some points very much . For James

ll t see w T n was w n b ut Mi migh here hompso ro g ,

e t did no t o r did no t d t t at saw i her see , a mi h he ,

5 N otes on the A nti r aw 4 Co n L Struggle .

uaintance w th m u ch ac q ith e commonest writings u pon it .

W e w ta e u n urse es to affirm t at no t n s me ill k po o lv h o ly o ,

b ut a m s all the wri e rs a a nst the rn aws a e l o t t g i Co L , h v d d a cate an o a ca e a erfec free ra e in c rn . dvo d, dvo t , p tly t d o Fro m Adam Smith to the author o f the trac t which we have

refi e to t s art c e t e a e u ni e rs a re resen e an p x d hi i l , h y h v v lly p t d y tax on the nece ssaries o f life as among the most impolitic ” s f ll m e s of a n and injuriou o a od tax tio .

M ll t u S. J . i h s proceeds

W e have thu s far Omitte d to notice the little trac t at the

a Of th e re sen artic e no t ec ause it was no t he d p t l , b highly

d e ser in o f ou r a te n n b ut ecau se we were es r u s in v g t tio , b d i o , the first ace to ex re ss o ur sen im ents on the su ect o f pl , p t bj

m iate n erest the re sent s tate o f the c rn u est n m e . i d i t , p o q io

h n m e f P rro net “ The author (w o Sig s hi s l T . e Thompson ) has

There is a long note to the article at this place fr om n h ar t a w e e r te is art . which it appe s h t h w o th icle J S . Mill knew nothing more of the author o f the Cate chism o n the Corn Laws than was to b e learnt from the signatur e at the ’ en d o f the Preface . Perronet m s n ueens l e e , T Tho p o , Q Col g , ” Cambridge . Th e note is so important that I will qu ote here part o f

w ic e ains t a if ca e c n m sts enera a e it, h h xpl h t politi l o o i g lly h v

sse sse the u a i ies o f ur and u c di o f min it po d q l t vigo l i ty d, m h c ul no t b e sa o f t e as as een sa o f . S . Mil] t a o d id h , b id J , h t the vigou r an d lucidity o f the unders tanding are mi rrored ” t e Th e n te runs us in the s yl . o th

Mr m s n has u is e an t er am et entitu led . Tho p o p bl h d o h p phl , R ’ A n x s ti n o f a ac e s o n ent t e s &c . w c has E po i o F ll i , Ti h , , hi h ro net Thom on 55 Thomas Per p s .

en after s me refat r ma te r o f w ch we no t t in g iv , o p o y t , hi do h k

s o hi as o f the w r its e f an enumerati n o f a un red ghly o k l , o h d

and s xt fa ac es o n the rn aws : o r to s ea m re i y ll i Co L , p k o

ac c ura e ten o r twe e fa ac es e hi te in a un re and t ly, lv ll i x bi d h d d i ff s eren s a es . Mr . m s n is master o f his su ect xty di t h p Tho p o bj , and has di s pose d o f the fallac ies with great philosophical

a ccurac an d c ns era e c earne ss c nc seness and fe c y , o id bl l , o i , li ity

o f e ress n A s t is m e o f c mb atin t se Pr te u xp io . h od o g ho o s

recently been advertise d un der th e title o f The true Theory ’ i d r n an h . o f Re n in s t to Mr . R car t e s s t, oppo i io do o Thi pamphle t appears to us a striking e xemplification o f the

m is a es o f an in eni u s m n d m re accustome to in t k g o i , o d th k

in s u e an to disc uss and c m are its i eas wit t s e olit d th , o p d h ho

m n M r m s n es not er i e t a h o f other e . . Tho p o do p ce v h t is

f m h f r theory o f rent difi ers ro t at O M r . Rica do only in th e ’ m n n t r n Mr . s s O ns on ti he nd t e xp ess io . Tho p o pi io s a o her

a es n the an are in ee difi erent fr m s f t x o l d d d o tho e o Mr . ’

Ri ar But if he w re a M r . R car r n c do . ill d i do s wo k agai care fu he w erc e e t at his n ns On se te ics are lly, ill p iv h opi io tho p

no t c r lar e s fro m his c trine o f rent b u t fr m a ecu ar o ol i do , o p li an d a o e her err ne u s O n n on ro ts w ic b e co n lt g t o o pi io p fi , h h c e iv es b e re u ate ik e wa e s the r rt n e we en to g l d, l g , by p opo io b t W nu m ers and e man . e a e no t s ace to b e m re e ic b d d h v p o xpl it, no r can we venture to refer any b ut the very labori ous reader ’ to M r . m s n s w r fo r err ne us as we em its Tho p o o k ; , o o de c nc us ns it is to the full as fficul o f c m re ens n as o l io , di t o p h io it c u b e if it were the uin n o u r N o ld q tes se ce f p re easo n . o r ’ i b e as cr e to an efec in the n s this to ib d y d t author s style . O the c n rar o ur CO io us e racts fro m his atec sm o n o t y, p xt C hi the Corn Laws afford sufi c ient proof that he posse sses 5 N otes on the A nti o rn L a w tr u le 6 C S gg .

e fa ac e s w c are f rm a e e s s fr m e r n a e lik ll i , hi h o id bl l o th i tiv strength than from the mu ltiplic ity o f shapes in which they a ear seem s u s a e e cu ar a van a es we s a pp , to to h v p li d t g , h ll m ake ro om fo r the expos ure o f s ome o f the mos t pote nt ” am n e s e nstrum en o f ec n o g th i ts d eptio .

The reviewer then devotes more than half- a “ dozen pages to extracts from the Catechis m o n th n L w I w ll u nn s sa t e Cor a s . t i be ece ry o repro

u an o f t t t t n d ce y hese ex rac s here , as hey have bee no w f r n f h l Th o ma y years be ore t e pub ic . e reviewer conclu des with observing that the Cate ” tt t the tt nt n o f L K n chism had a rac ed a e io ord i g , who had fought the battle o f Free Trade in the

u o f L and n it ula Ho se ords , recomme ds as a spec tion worthy the attention o f a bookselle r to mak e a collection o f all that Lord King has said o n this s ubject in Parliament since it began to be dis e u uncommon talent fo r e xplaining whate ve r b e u nder ” t n s a ds . Colonel Thompson refers to this c ontroversy in a lette r “ ” u l s e in th e s um e o f his e rc s es . 368 p b i h d ixth vol Ex i , p , in which he m en tion s the dispu te whe ther rent forms p art of the p rice o f corn and says

M r R car and his Th e main point o f dis pu te with . i do f wers is w et er re n ma es r ce o r r ce m a e s ren ollo h h t k p i , p i k t ; and though attempts have bee n m ade to ridic ule th e dietine

n as o ne o f w rds n it er es n mar e s tio o o ly , div g i to k d ho tility ” o n th e su bje c t o f tithe s . ’ 5 7 Thomas I erronet Thomp son.

u e in 1 825 and nt it in l t a c ss d , pri a pamph e as ” companion to the Catechism o n the Corn Laws . The writers adds

Th r f r W m re and o f r t n e exe tions o M . hit o Lo d Mil o d eserve no le ss prais e ; and their merit is enhanced by th e — dis grace ful rec eption disgrac eful even in the eyes o f indif — feren t s pec tators which they have experienc e d from the

s But t e r c un r w w t em an d e r Hou e . h i o t y ill eigh h th i

nents a ffere n s tan ar and w es e e m and oppo by di t d d, ill t v e n erate th em as deeply for having se t at defianc e the fury o f the band o f enr age d monopolis ts by whom they have be e n

nsu e as it w u a e d e s se e m if he had s e i lt d, o ld h v pi d th t y toop d ,

w the u ar er o f u c men c ur the a aus e o f ith v lg h d p bli , to o t ppl those m onopolists by the sacrifice o f the best interests o f their ” r c ount y .

The opinion o f General Thompson appears to have been that the cause o f rent was the limited

u nt t of l n and t t the ff n in the q a i y a d , ha di ere ce

u l t o f l n was no t the u s o f nt b ut q a i ies a d ca e re ,

nl the mea s ure of the ff n in its u nt o y di ere ce amo ; or,

in t the u o f its unt If lt u shor , meas re amo . Ma h s

and R n l w te l icardo had bee c ear ri rs , a good dea o f controversy o n the s ubject might have been ’ I t u t t t C l n l T s n o wn avoided . is j s ha o o e homp o s

ul n t nt C l n l words sho d be quoted o his poi . o o e ” T m n in o n S nt- S n n ho pso , his paper ai imo ia ism , f in The I'l zs tmins ter R evie w fo r A r l 1832 s ay s : p i , , 58 N o tes on the A nti o rn L aw tru l C S gg e.

Malthu s and Ric ardo are state d to have arrive d at the conc lusion that the differenc e in th e qualities o f land permits a part o f the produce o f s om e lan d to b e applie d to other ’ r n h m n nan th ass n pu pose s tha t e ai te ce o f e c u ltivators . P i g

ver an e rr r in t is c nc u s n w s e e er m a b e whic o y o h o l io , ho v it y , h c onsis ts in repre senting th e differen ce o f qu alities o f land as

the cau se o f th e exis tence of ren ins ea o f e n n the t, t d b i g o ly — c au se o f th e diferences in its amou nt the y are blam e d fo r c oming has tily to the conclusion that rent should b e at the

dis posal o f the owner o f the land . A n d here th e debate

m u s b e cut s r c m n at nc e the u es i n o f u t t ho t by o i g o to q t o tili y , and asking whether hone s t rent is to b e left in the hands o f

the wner o f the an o r is b e en a a n m n an o l d , to giv to S i t Si o i ” w n h c ommitte e that a ts to have t e di s posal o f it .

It is no t altogether unimportant to bear in

n A u u t n mi d that M . g ste Com e comme ced his career in the manufactu re of a new religion and pseudo phil osophy as a disciple o f this Saint- Simonian

o f n nt C ha n t u t scheme gover me . omte s bee ho gh by some to have been more indebted to Saint Simon fo r hi s speculations than he was disposed

o It u u to to l o n t admit . is c rio s me ook back the impression made by Saint - Simon o n General

r T n . ll Pe ro net hompso and by Comte o n J S. Mi . The latter modified very much his Opinion of

C t wn b n the l t t n om e , as is sho y compari g a er edi io s

i e in fin l o f his Logic w th the first edition . ! t his a “ st t o f C t il l s t n . C t e ima e om e , M ays , We hi k M om e 9 Thomas P erronet Thomp son. 5

as great as either of these philosophers ( Descartes L ” and nit and l t nt . eib z) , hard y more ex ravaga ’ “ General Thompson s Letters o f a Representa

t to his C n t tu nt u n the n o f ive o s i e s , d ri g sessio s

1836 and 1837 t lu l and at the , are a mos va ab e same time pictu resqu e record o f the state of the question o f the Corn Laws during the two years

1 Mr i tel n the 838 w n . immed a y precedi g year , he Villiers made his first motion and his first speech

o n the n L Cor aws . ’ In a l tt t 13 n T R nt e er da ed , Ha over errace, ege s

P 1st A u u t 1835 to the S t o f the ark, g s , , ecre ary ull R f m A i ti n G n l t n C l n l H e or ssoc a o , e era ( he o o e )

T n who had n tu n to P l nt hompso , bee re r ed ar iame

fo r ull o n the 2 th o f un 1835 1428 H 0 J e, , by t in t 14 23 vo es aga s , says

S I R — A s the n c mmunica n I ha e rece e fr m , o ly o tio v iv d o Hu ll s ince the aban donm ent o f th e petition agains t the elec

n has een t r u th e news a ers fee a re ens e tio b h o gh p p , I l pp h iv that we may have been waiting fo r each other ; and so p ro cee d to put an end to it.

O n the su ec t of t at e t ti n and its c nse uences I bj h p i o o q , h ave no hesitation in stating my personal conviction that I have been laid down and robbe d at the door o f th e Hou se o f

mm ns w t the n e e ct o f in o ut an e am e Co o , i h Si gl obj hold g x pl o f the punishment to b e inflicte d o n an individual who is bold enough to allow himself to b e returne d to Parliament 60 N otes on the A nti orn w t C L a S ruggle .

a ma r f hi - Th m by jo ity o s fellow townsm en . e s allne s s o f o u r m a r in th e firs ns ance w as e ffec e s u rna n o f jo ity, t i t , t d by bo tio perju ry o n the part of o ur oppon ents ; fo r which I refer to the e e nc e f r h A vid be o e t e Committee o f th e Hou s e . n d they afterwards rendered it impos sible that I shoul d a void the c n es a anc n a a ns m e sre u a e c ar es o f o t t by dv i g g i t di p t bl h g , no o ne o f which did they attempt any proof before the

mm r Co ittee . The e are few term s o f disgrac e whic h public opinion would no t j u stify m e in applying to s uch c onduct ; b u t c s e fo r c nc s enes s c m rehen em all I hoo , o i , to o p d th by s tamping each an d every o f th e parties concerne d with th e e laborate infamy o f robbing by means o f charging with disre putable o fi enc es .

A s ur re res e n a e a e the r u n nt yo p t tiv , I t k oppo t ity to poi

’ o u t the u Ref r m A s s cia n and hr u to e ve r to H ll o o tio , t o gh it y ass c a n o f the s ame na u re r u u th e c un r th e o i tio t th o gho t o t y ,

n su n fa s e c n a n e in ass er n a o u o r an i lti g l hood o t i d ti g th t y , y

r t f c fr f ! r fre e se o e e rs a e ee m o e e c n . o u a e e oth l to , h v do l tio t o e ec w m o u eas e u n er th e un ers an n a h e l t ho y pl , d d t di g th t Shall b e mulcte d in his pers onal property to any e xtent th e adversarie s may choos e to e ffect b y th e e xpe nditu re o f perhaps

m nf r r s m o f r wn a e the res ent case a u ch i e io u thei o . To t k p

ere am a m an o f c m ara e sm al r ert an d no h I, o p tiv ly l p op y,

— in h u u s n i m eans of ncreas n it , o ne fac w o c , c o s s i i g t , o ld j t tentl w ru enc e r u c e the m era e sum n ecessar y ith p d , p od od t y — efra th e e m a e e ens es o f an e e c n r e o f to d y l giti t xp l tio , obb d

th e r s n o f m chi r en the am un o f s u s e p ovi io y ld to o t , I ppo ,

se vera u san u n s ss a c ns r ac o f the l tho d po d , by po ibly o pi y

i st an d m s werfu n vi ua s in th e n m r c he o t po l i di d l ki gdo ,

m en fo r au we n w no t c nfine the ran o f mem ers , ght k o , o d to k b

o f th e mm ns u se o f ar amen b u t e en n u war s Co o Ho P li t, xt di g p d

62 N t s on th A nti orn L aw Stru l o e e C gg e.

I n the Short biography o f General Thomas Perro net Thompson by his so n General Charles

ll a T n n lu am n the tu Wi i m hompso , i c ded o g Obi ary

N t e o f the P n o f the R l S t o ic s roceedi gs oya ocie y , N 6 1 6 l l . 1 1 8 9 it t t t t C n T n o , , is s a ed ha o o e hompso “ ‘ was it l wn and e , as he expressed , aid do robb d ’ at the door o f the Hou se o f Commons to the amount o f £4000 by a petition o f which none o f ” the f the C t charges were proved be ore ommit ee . ’ There are some touches in Colonel Thompson s Letters to his Constituents that give a picture o f h n f n I n l t e i terior o f the House o Commo s . a etter

t L n n u 1 1 1837 s da ed o do , Febr ary , he ays

The e a e o n th e r sh un c a r ra ns w c d b t I i M i ip l Co po tio , hi h had e en a urne at we e o n u e s a ni was re su m e b djo d t lv T d y ght , d

o n We dne s a . Sir R er in ac e o f his u su a d y ob t, pl l ar um en a e manner was o s er us and u an d h e g t tiv , b i t o lo d, indu lge d to exce ss in the no t very agreeable habit o f t urnin g his ac th e ea er and the us e and in a s t n b k to Sp k Ho , th t po i io keeping the little boys o n hi s o wn benches in a roar o f Counterfeite d gle e ’ ll hi r m n a e had h A t a s es fo a e . jok , y jok O n the p re sen t oc casion he qu ote d To m T humb and

- t ers of the c ass c s w e m nen su c c e s s . Th e sc s o h l i ith i t hool boy , ” f i i b e th e f in th e u se and ou t o t w e a o us . Ho , ll d th

A s l m n the u t n o f th a ready re arked, si ce q es io e Corn Laws began to be discu ssed in Parliament in a r m n 63 Tho m s Per onet Tho p so .

1 82 5 t who ntu to n t the , hose ve red speak agai s Corn Laws were assailed and ins ulted by the band o f enraged monopolists who had so long revelled o n the plunder o f their country with all the fury o f a band of robbers who had carried o n their trade successfully and were threatened with resistance

f i I n l t to co n by some o their vict ms . a et er his s tituent s t L n n 18 G n l da ed o do , March , e era Thompson gives a description o f the reception a motion fo r an alteration in the Corn Laws m et with in the House o f Commons in 1837 in the

ll w d — and Mr Villiers fo owing or s as . made his first motion in the following year he might have a fore taste o f what he wa s to expect

r u n hi O n Th urs day M r . Clay b o ght o s motion fo r an A h s s n as . alteration in t e Corn Laws . oo Mr Clay had

r u m m r Mr fin s e s ea n an a c tura e e . a e r s e i h d p ki g , g i l l b ( C yl y) o wi the sec n er and en ea u re s r cee n s th o d , d vo d to top p o di g by

c un t n o ut the use . The num er was f un a e f r o i g Ho b o d bov o ty,

n n T e r firs m m and the seconder we t o . h i t ove ent having

u s fa e th e an wners m us e re kin an d c an and fina th il d , l do t d l , lly

m n the num er o f a e two u n r c a e dow to b bov h d ed . The or dinary routine o f a thou sand - tim es - ans wered fallacies was

ut f rwar and rec e e as m b e e e c e in an assem p o d , iv d ight xp t d bly whe re eve ry man had m ade an oath that he had a pe cuniary

i h n e f r hi the n n in tere st n t e qu estio b o e m . At i sta ce o f fr ends a u me ma e re e ate a e m s ffer re i bo t , I d p d tt pt to o ply, as also to explain my reasons for no t voting upon the ac tual 64 N o tes o n the A nti Co rn L a w tr l S ugg e .

u s n b u w e t as un a e to O a n a earin . an G o d ! q tio , bl bt i h g Th k

a e man b r f h I h v y ette plac es . I I ad be en a jobber in a

ra r a o r a a er in s me m n w s n m a e a il o d d bbl o o opoly, i hi g to k

s m ar e ana n s u a e e en e ard w re ere n a i il xpl tio , I ho ld h v b h ith v ti l

s m at the e x en a u m an r an s c u l s u y p hy , to t t th t h o g o d pply . Sir William Mole s wor th entered u pon a demon s tration o f the mode o f O peration o f th e c ompe tition g enerate d by th e

m a n o f f w c was erfec in its wa b u t c nfine d li it tio ood, hi h p t y , o

r . um w to a portion o f th e field . M H e as rec eived with groans and hideou s lau ghs when h e atte m pte d to open the c as e o f that part o f th e comm u nity wh o have no t thre e hundre d pounds a year in land ; and whe n h e proc ee ded to

c nnec th e u es n w the new r Law th e s un s o t q tio ith Poo , o d that is su e d from th e lande d benches had a tou ch o f the N e w

Z a n er I f ere is a r ri e s un o n e ar i h e a . s t e l d th ho bl o d th , it lau gh o f two o r three hundred aristocrats all s worn to a

c n rar n ere s w e n an nes m an rese n s m s e f o t y i t t, h ho t p t hi l befor e them to ple ad th e cau s e o f the in dustriou s and th e

A n w u rn th e e e o f E n n — p oor . nd o I t to p opl gla d to that portion o f them wh o do no t be lie ve that to s wear to a pecu niary inte re s t is th e way to cons titu te a ju dg e— to the

r n who are rn w r and s uffe r an d no t po tio bo to o k to , to

rec e e ren s and s en - a r n w w m e e e iv t to p d, po tio ith ho I b li v

ssess s m e nflu e nc e fr m w m e n s m e c nfi ence I po o i , o ho I joy o o d ,

w m a e at all e e n s en ea ure fa fu s erve ho I h v v t d vo d ith lly to , whose caus e I have ple aded till th e hair that w as dark has

u rne re w se c au s e w u and c u ea n o w if t d g y , ho I o ld o ld pl d , w e had a tribu nal where phys ical forc e and s worn inte rest

r n were no t oppose d to o u r having a hea i g .

as as a: a

’ m is o f rea im r Mr . u e s s e ec anc e e cau s e H p h g t po t , b it Thomas P rr n t Th m 65 e o e o p so n.

’ Shows that he is c ome over to the peo ple s Side on the qu estion f h h o t e Poor Laws as connecte d with th e Corn Laws . Thr oug ’ in in th e same ar of th e wn a e th e r e e liv g p t to , I h v p ivil g , as s m e o f o ur u fr en s w u sa o f c m n me w h o H ll i d o ld y , o i g ho it hi m a m s e er ni fr m the us e o f mm ns and l o t v y ght o Ho Co o , it is no t lo ng sinc e he in s om e sort rated me fo r my Poor Law

Th m s w s heresies at Preston . e me ber fo r Middlesex i al ay

r in the end b ut he is not ast in his c nc us ns . ight , h y o l io

He is surr un e n um e rs of d octrina ires w c n o d d by b , hi h o ly ma es his sca to the u r o f m r m k e pe pop la Side o e i portance . Another point on which I am glad to find the m embe r fo r Middles e x is c onfirming my prec onceive d O pinions with the we o f his au r is in el e v n a the a n ight tho ity, b i i g th t bolitio ’ o f th e Corn Laws is th e k ey to th e whole o f o ur e nemie s

s n . Ou r ress rs are s r n ecau se t e c n r e po itio opp o t o g, b h y o t iv to e u n o ur re s urc es e cau se r u th e rn aws liv po o ; b , th o gh Co L , t e raw o ur wea n the s a e o f ren s and m a e u S h y d lth i to h p t , k ” p ay for the hoof that trample s o n u s .

On A il 22 1837 wr t pr , , he i es

The us e o f mm ns as at resen e s s is an Ho Co o , it p t xi t , engine fo r sec u ring the minimum o f pu blicity and information

i c m a i e wit th s which s o p t bl h e actual tate o f popu lar powe r .

e a in le ns ance ere is no e r o f s e ec To giv S g i t ; th lib ty p h , e ce fo r a cer a n num ber o f r f n - x pt t i p o essio al s pee ch makers .

Hea en n ws a e r u e n at an rea en v k o I h v t o bl d obody y g t l gth , b ut from the mom ent I entere d the Hous e of Commons I ” n ram e n n have be e t pl d o because I belo ge d to no clique .

He then mentions two questions respecting which

e e l tun t o f n wl he poss ss d specia oppor i ies k o edge, 5 66 N otes on the A nti orn L w t l C a S rugg e .

and o n w tt t to few w d hich he a emp ed say a or s ,

b ut ut was t and was no t all w his mo h s opped, he o ed

to w t n r u say a ord . He he p oceeds th s

Was it ecent a a n acc r n to the su se ru e s o f d , g i , o di g ppo d l

u ar as se m es t a o n the u es n o f the rn aw s pop l bli , h t q tio Co L ,

on w c if s m e not n w ers a a e hi h , o do k o , oth do , th t I h v besto wed a greater qu antity of continu ou s labou r than any

t er man in th e use c an w and a e s me n no t o h Ho Sho , h v o thi g

un i e a tai in s me ar s o f the c un r in c nse u ence l k l o p t o t y o q , I should not b eallowe d to say o ne word ?

I quote these passages as evidence o f the state of things j u st o ne year before Mr . Villiers first brought forward the qu estion of the Repeal o f the

Corn Laws in the House of Commons . I have s u t one b ut u t to e i ut aid j s year, I o gh hav sa d abo

nt l than o ne fo r C l n l T n a mo h ess year, o o e hompso w t w t n u t o n A l 22 1837 ro e ha has bee q o ed pri , , ’ and V ll fi t t n o n the C n Law Mr . i ier s rs Mo io or 3 u t n was 15 18 8 . q es io made March , ’ I n reading General Thompson s Letters to his

C n t tu nt it nt t t no t in 1836 o s i e s is evide ha he had , and 1837 n the o f the u and n , gai ed ear Ho se ; i deed I doubt whether he ever gained t he ear o f the

u w unt to the t in w t Ho se , hich amo s same h g as ha “ t l t o f t n no l t he erms iber y speech, here bei g iber y o f speech except for a certain number o f professional P rr e h m n 6 7 Thomas e on t T o p so .

- I f t - w speech makers . hese speech makers ere

a l h v l n u l agree b e speakers t e e i might be more e d rab e . But are they agreeable speakers ? What he did fo r the Repeal o f the Corn Laws was done by his “ C t o n the n L w and t w t n a echism Cor a s o her ri i gs , and by his speaking at public meetings in variou s

t of n l n S tl n and l t ul l par s E g a d, co a d , Wa es, par ic ar y

in n to the in l that journey with Mr . Cobde pr cipa

t wn o f S tl n in f n to whi the l o s co a d, re ere ce ch Ear

o f lh u who n wn C l n l T n Da o sie, had k o o o e hompso

w n was in the u o f n he he Ho se Commo s as Mr .

ul ft w nt n at u l Fox Ma e , a er ards me io ed a p b ic meeting as a proof o f his Lib eral principles that he had gone to Glasgow to meet the apostles of l l h m n n nd n . T . C a C T Free rade , Mr obde o o e o pso Indeed many members o f Parliament have obtained a hearing from their first speech to their last without possessing the knowledge o r eloquence o f some

who n fu in b ut who in t me have bee re sed a hear g, i overcame the obstacles opposed to them and became leaders of parties whose words commanded atte n ’ F r f nn l n. o t t O o l n tio some ime a er Mr . C e e tered the House o f Commons he was received in such a manner that he said to a member h' o m whom I heard it that he thought o f giving up the attempt n n l to obtai a heari g . I have a so heard that the 5 r 68 N otes on the A nti Corn L a w St uggle.

d t w w hooting an roars o f laugh er ith hich Mr . ’ Disraeli s first attempts at parliamentary oratory were received disheartened him to such a degre e that he wou ld have abando ned the attempt to

e in the u no t n u sp ak Ho se , had he bee diss aded from such a course by a member o f the Hou se o f

l n n he ndi u l some par iame tary experie ce . T i vid a

llu to who l t the u tan to f n a ded , re a ed circ ms ce a rie d

o f in t t o ne met . l in m e, said ha day he Mr Disrae i the t ni l w f to w ci y accompa ed by a ady , his i e , hom “ he said : A llow me to introduce yo u to this gentleman to whose advice I am indebted fo r my

l nt c n b ut fo r par iame ary areer, si ce , his advice

t t ul no t t n ul ha I sho d be dishear e ed, I sho d have abandoned the attempt o f being a speaker in

Pa l nt r iame . General Thompson seemed to have been much interested by his journey to Scotland as o ne o f the

f n f it a T l t . t to nd Free rade de ega es He o e re erred , was fond Of relating little anecdotes connected with it ; o r I Shou ld rather say relating some of the Observations he had made in the cour se o f his

nf o o f o f jou rney . I t might be i erred t rom some the slight incidents he mentioned that in his addresses to the citiz ens o f the Scotch towns with

P t and l n o f their rovos s Bai ies, he evi ced a degree

70 e th nt r N ot s on e A i Co n L aw Struggle . thing o f the signification that might be attached to — the word grace in the story whether the story — be truth o r fictio n that has been told o f Cromwell o n t - t t C w ll o ne of his dea h bed, ha rom e asked his “ chaplains whether it was pos sible to fall from ” ”

? The l in l It no t l . grace chap a rep ied , is possib e “ T n the n man am saf fo r he , said dyi g , I e, I ” wa in n if u t l n w s . T k o I grace o ce his, acc ra e y

t d to n t t t C w ll was repor e , seems i dica e ha rom e himself consciou s that he had deviated from the n t path o f ho es y .

N t G n l T n no r as far ei her e era hompso , as I

n w an t o f t t ll t o f k o , y o her member ha sma par y

l t n to w l n w ul po i icia s hich he be o ged, o d ever pay

on fo r h f l G n l T n t e t o t . m ey vo es e ec ors e era hompso , after having declined to purchase o ne hundred votes at five un t was f t at t n in po ds a vo e, de ea ed Maids o e

1 837 l ll s . w . n Stu t a by Mr Disrae i . Mr Joh ar Mi f t t n i 1 8 . a t n t 86 . de ea ed Wes mi s er by Mr W H . n Smith . I 1869 the Committee o f the House o f Commons which was sitting o n Parliamentary and un l l t n n i i n M icipa E ec io s , recomme ded a prov s o prohibiting the u se o f rooms in public- hou ses and

n tin w n his was as the Baro Mar , he advice ked by P li nt C tt ar ame ary ommi ee , said, I have a very strong opinion in deed that the public - hou ses ought to l o n h t n the be c osed t e day o f polling . I hi k T hom P err 7 1 as onet T hornp s on.

u nt t of n o n the o f o llin and the q a i y dri k day p g, state in which many voters were alleged to have

u to t w f tl n al u t come p vo e , ere per ec y sca d o s ; hey were so drunk in two o r three cases that they did n w r The t ree ot know ho they came to vote fo . h Ju dges appointed fo r the trial o f election petitions all recommended an enactment that extravagant

r un n n ul t o reaso able expe diture sho d vacate a sea .

u t l u n u t t t an ex en Mr . J s ice B ackb r s gges ed ha y p diture exceeding five shill ings a- head should for t u l un a n l his p rpose be dec ared re so ab e .

ho t t t t . n Stu t ill w I have s a ed ha Mr Joh ar M , like Colonel Thompson would no t expend a farthing in was f t in 1868 at t n t bribery , de ea ed Wes mi s er, fo w had s n r at 1865 . . hich he si ce , by Mr. W H f S t . n t n o ne o the t u mi h Baro Mar i , hree J dges

o nt fo r the t l o f l t n etit n w n app i ed ria e ec io p io s, he his advice was asked by the Parliamentary Co m mittee o n thi nt o f n tu at l t n s poi expe di re e ec io s , said : I think it well worthy of consideration whether there Should no t be an enactment that

t nt n l nditu and will lim t ex ravaga ge era expe re, I i it to t t ul the t w t 7000 ha , sho d void sea he her £ ’ at f o r £9000 at st nst ul no t Brad ord, We mi er, sho d

Baron Martin probably allu des to the elec tion at Brad ford ; at which election 158 rooms in public -hou ses were 72 N o o ru tes n the A nti Corn L aw St ggle.

o f t lf T the i se void the seat . his remark is more important that Baron Martin was the Judge who

t the t t n n t th tu n o f . . ried pe i io agai s e re r Mr . W H

r in Bu t the u Smith fo Westminster 1868 . J dges experienced great difficulty in cases o f exceptionall y large expenditure in obtaining proof Of such infrac t n of law w ul t u n the tut io as o d void a sea der sta e . There was much evidence brought before the Committee o f 1869 o n the subject o f drun kenness

a l t n But th w l l n t . e C tt e ec io s ommi ee , hi e dec ari g their opinion that the closing o f public- hou ses at elections would tend to the tranquillity and purity

o f l t n f t t the u l inco n e ec io s , expressed a ear ha p b ic venience arising from such a measure would be so

t to u w i B grea as o t eigh ts advantages . ut three

r n h n su c r hi ed by o e o f t e c a didate s . I n h a p oceeding the re s eems to b e a cynical dem onstration o f c ontempt fo r all professions o f political morality which reminds m e o f a c ase (before 1832) of a man wh o purchase d a boro ugh from ’ Lord Th e man went down to his lordship s agent who ”

sa a e o t all the e ec o rs at m u se . The urc aser id, I h v g l t y ho p h

o f the r u acc m an e th e a en his use in th e bo o gh o p i d g t to ho , yard o f which a portion o f th e elec tors were lying abou t “ ” h nt are th e m en run . T ese sa t e a e can e en d k h , id g , I d p d

u o n . T e es t are c e u in the ar en e nc se p h r lo k d p g d , lo d by a

wa sixteen fee i — all e ce ree w m r ll t h gh x pt th , ho Lo d has

o t f an t u in ris g hold o d shu p p on . P erro t T m so n 73 Thomas ne ho p . m o f the m tt V ll C . C. . embers om i ee, Mr i iers , Mr

L t and awcett s the in ea ham, Mr . F , oppo ed passage the R t of the C tt w i epor ommi ee , h ch expressed a

f o f u l n n n . n t e tt ear p b ic i co venie ce . Whe h Commi ee made their report there were two days — the n n t n and the f ll n The omi a io day day o po i g .

ll t ot rid o f the n n t n and the ba o has g omi a io day,

n n n n f o the l n o f u li - u if i co ve ie ce r m c osi g p b c ho ses,

n unt w uld no w u f two e co ered, o be red ced rom days to one day .

The Co tt o f the u of C n tt n mmi ee Ho se ommo s , si i g in 1869 n tu ll u t to l t l s o f , a ra y so gh avai hemse ve the knowledge and experience which the Judges l n had acquired in their election tria circuits . O th t f u t n o f n tu C e n o di . . poi red c io expe re , Mr

ll e f ll w u n o f u t Vi iers asked th o o ing q estio Mr . J s ice Willes O ught yo u no t to discourage as mu ch as possible an t hing that is unnecessary in the way . y ” “ ” o f n tu ? n u t dl l the expe di re U do b e y, rep ied

u t w o u ull the J dge , o her ise y give a rich d ard n adva tage over a poor man o f intellect . n t n w ll This raises a ice ques io . I i quote in the n t t w o f G n l T n ex chap er some ords e era hompso , that the world wants honest law- givers not piou s ones ; and it may be added that an honest law

t u no t illi nt niu giver, ho gh he may be a br a ge s, 7 4 N o tes n t rn L aw Stru le o the A n i Co gg . is more desirable than a dishonest law - giver o f

t n u us wa man grea ge ius . J li Caesar s a poor o f nt ll t and w t w t all i e ec ; ha did he , i h his . niu and l u fo r the w l ? G ge s va o r, do or d eorge

hin t n n t nt t t and if no t Was g o , havi g a compe e es a e,

ll nt n u t nt un t n n a bri ia ge i s , a compe e ders a di g,

t be w t ul us Cae desi migh , as compared i h J i sar, g ” nated ull o ul u a rich d ard . I sh d very m ch prefer a rich dullard o f such kind to a poor man o f nt ll o f h n i e ect t e other ki d . There is a good deal o f misconception o n the

u t Of l nt t The n s bjec par iame ary sea s . importa ce f l tt to t in P l nt w n ormer y a ached a sea ar iame , he a ’ man s name at the corner o f a letter gave the letter a sort o f mysteriou s and sacred character over the

U nit in o f G t t in and l n ed K gdom rea Bri a Ire a d , made many persons in cur expense and inconvenience to have the privilege o f sitting with their hats o n u n the n l t n and n the po gree ea her be ches , havi g l f n P. t t talismanic letters M . p aced a er heir ames o n

l o t T the covers of all etters addressed t hem . here were also ambitious young men who might have discovered at school and college that they possessed that sort of ability which has received the name l L ul o f parliamentary abi ity . ord Maca ay says of Charles Montagu h s P erron n 75 T oma et Thomp so .

It soon bec ame clear that in the ne w ord er of things parliam entary ability mus t fe tc h a higher price than any other kin d o f ability ; and h e felt that in parliamentary ” a h e h bility ad no s uperior .

P l nta l t no t t n ar iame ry abi i y does here, I hi k , include the ability of a counsel in conducting a case before a Parliamentary Committee and I think it might be sho wn that ability o f a superior order in conducting a case before a Parliamentary

C tt f t t the nt t o r at l t ommi ee e ches a prese ime, eas it f t u t o f nt u a o e ched a q ar er a ce ry g , a higher n it price tha what is called parliamentary abil y .

the n u at the t of the R f I had ho o r, ime e orm

ll o f 1 832 to n ult o f Bi , be co s ed by a Member

P l nt who n to ar iame , said he had bee asked

n n t to rt n n t tu n recomme d a ca dida e a ce ai co s i e cy , and he asked me if there was any o f the men whom I knew as likely to meet the exigencies o f the

wa f n case . I s at that time a member o a debati g

t w t t f had man socie y, here a shor ime be ore I heard a make what then appeared to me to be a very good

n t man . T speech . I recomme ded his he Member of Parliament did no t seem to think he could

n t man n had u r l recomme d his , seei g he had a q ar e wit him W t s t u l t h . i h ome ro b e I overcame his

ffi ult and the o f P li nt w nt di c y, Member ar ame e 6 h t a 7 N otes on t e A n i Corn L w Struggle .

wn w t th n a an u l n do i h e ca did te d sec red his e ectio . Shortly after the same Member o f Parliament

l to n no w l o n o f app ied me agai . I app ied t a frie d

r t a e and n t n lf and g ea er g experie ce ha myse , he “ named a man as the best parliamentary man he n n k ew. The Member o f Parliame t opened a

s n en w I n the n t t n corre po d ce ith him . ego ia io some

t u w o i It hi ch occ rred hich p ut a stop t t . is in t u t to n t the ult s r c ive o e res . The man first refe rred to became an eminent and formidable parliamentary speaker and debater ; b ut nt P l nt man and he e ered ar iame a poor , he died m f l n l n l f a a t t . The poor n, a er a o g par iame ary i e second man referred to became the most eminent parliamentary counsel ever known and made a large f of f h ort une by the exercise his pro ession . T e extent O f his fortune may be partly indicated by the fact that during the last year he practised at the (parliamentary) bar he made — thirty seven thousand pounds . I t would appear from this that the ability exer cised by this parliamentary co unsel fetched a higher price than the ability strictly called parliamentary

l A t the t in u t to n m n abi ity . same ime j s ice ma y e who t in P l nt it t t seek a sea ar iame , may be said ha the money price o f parliamentary ability is not

78 N otes on the A nti Co rn L a w t u S r ggle .

i A nd the n elect on purposes . same pri ciple which forbids any payment of money fo r election purposes forbids also that the occu pation o f a member o f

P l nt ul t n u l t ro fes ar iame sho d be ake p, ike o her p

n w w i un u t to ts t n . sio s , i h a vie chiefly pec iary re r s

J . S Mill objects to the payment o f members o f Parli ament o n the ground that such payment

Wou ld become an obj ec t o f desire to adventurers o f a l o w c ass and six un re d and fift - e ers ns in s s es s n l h d y ight p o po io , w ten or went mes as m an in e ec anc w u b e ith t y ti y xp t y, o ld inces santly bidding to attrac t o r retain the suffrage s o f the e ec rs r mi s n all n s nes o r s nes ss e l to , by p o i g thi g , ho t di ho t, po ibl

Or m s s e and r a n eac er in an er n the i po ibl , iv lli g h oth p d i g to m eanes t feelings and most ignorant preju dices o f the vul gare st

u n u n w u m part o f the crowd . S ch an i stit tio o ld a ount to offering six hundre d an d fifty - eight priz e s fo r the m ost s u ccessfu flatterer the m s ad ro m s ea er o f a o f l , o t it i l d body his fellow

A mong the letters published by General Tho mp so n in the t lu o f his w t n w ll , six h vo me ri i gs , i be f un at 389 l tt t l t 2nd o d page a e er da ed B ackhea h,

S t 184 1 and to . ep ember, , addressed Mr James

S n l S t o f the C t A t n i c air, ecre ary har er ssocia io ,

N w tl -u n- T n in l to G n l Tho m e cas e po y e , rep y e era p so n to o ne o f the u t u fo r the , be sec ri ies req ired

’ s ns era n s Re r n J . S . Mill Co id tio o n p ese tative Govern

m en . 210 . n n 1861 . t, p Lo do , o n 79 Thomas P er ronet Thomp s .

l prosecu tion o f the petition from N ewcast e . General Thompson says

The effect o f th e law o f elections is in the firs t plac e to make the election depende nt o n the e xercise o f bribery and

n m a n and in the ne r v e a n c e w e r i ti id tio , xt, to p o id vi di tiv po c apable o f being used against those who Shall appeal to the

profe sse d reme dy . I do no t speak o n either o f these points withou t some

ers na e e rienc e . I n u 1837 s o fo r a s ne . p o l xp J ly, , I t od M id to

Th e n ef re th e e ec n a un re ers sent m ight b o l tio , h d d vot to y

frien s and s ate a e w u e fo r me fo r fiv e u n s d , t d th t th y o ld vot po d

- a ece and e s u ask a r e . e c ne and pi , th y ho ld To y ight I d li d ;

the c nse u enc e was a on th e was o ne u n re and o q , th t poll I h d d

f rt e n ns ea of s x a - ea as w u a e een the o y b hi d i t d i ty h d, o ld h v b

d e the ff r e r n afte r s case if I ha acc pte d o e . Not v y lo g rwa d another e le ction took place ; and thou gh th e s tate of the

ro u was n to r us as h as e en e scr e et w en the bo gh o io ly b d ib d, y h Liberal party were unwise enough to m ake an appeal to th e

e s n law e r a e a was ec are a s le ma r xi ti g , th i pp l d l d by ho ti jo ity

b e fr u s and e a u s and the n u a s who were to ivolo v x tio , i divid l the se cur es were s u e c e ss in th e sam e m anner a iti bj t d to lo , th t

fee assure w u b e a e m se f if was f un in I l d o ld ppli d to y l , I o d h m n t e s a e positio .

n h e r n r re en O t e oth poi t I have mo e c t experience s till . It is within your knowledge that I sto od at the e lection of

u s w r am o f n n 184 1 fo r Hull . I s ppo e nobody ill d e de yi g that

r er the m s e tens e and r er was rac se o n b ib y, o t x iv o d ly, p ti d " e very side b ut o urs The Whigs in fact began it as early as

i" h R That is o n e very side b u t th e Radical . T e adical 80 otes on the A nti o rn L aw tr l N C S ugg e.

u 1839 w en e s et o n f t th e an o f urchas n J ly, ; h th y oo pl p i g m en e r fr e e m s o n e r wr en r m se to te as a th i do , th i itt p o i vo name in vi u a s u dire c and the c anne s the su m s d di d l ho ld t h l , d s urs e ree u n re s ere ns at th e firs s w were i b d (th h d d ov ig t oop) , all m a e rs o f n r e and r u ef re th e c n z ance o f tt oto i ty , b o ght b o og i f a public m eeting at the tim e . O c ou rse it is no t an oc c asion

r u n he r fo r f l w n h m to b e ha d po t To ies o lo i g t e e xa pl e .

R es Sir R er e e s a ere was s m e n ightly do ob t P l y, Th o thi g ’ e d e s the han s c au se a c arr e th e e le n at ul b si C do l th t i d c tio H l . ’ I f h e w c me to u we w l w him to hi s e ar s c o n ill o H ll, il Sho h t

n A nd w en we ask a e the s ren o f b r er te t . h to h v t gth ib y a nd n mi at n wea ene the a the W s e u s i ti d io k d by B llot, hig t ll

e w m a e an en u es n as the es t m e ans o f th y ill k it op q tio , b

u n wn and th e rie s ca l o ur c war m e an p tti g it do To l it o dly, , ’ n cr ca snea n un - n s unman n en n lyi g, hypo iti l, ki g, E gli h , ly i v tio ,

u h all the me the r s and n u ra e en e men who tho g ti , lo d ho o bl g tl ‘ ca the a a c war m ean n cr ca snea ll B llot o dly, , lyi g , hypo iti l , k ’ in un - n s unman n e n n are u s n in e r o wn g , E gli h , ly i v tio , i g it th i

e n the n ar a es no t rac ce r er s me b i g o ly p ty th t do p ti b ib y, o rem ar s of a r ea er in - an o n e em er 15 k To y l d Mid Lothi , S pt b ,

1884 are e tra r nar . s r ea er wh o af er a , x o di y Thi To y l d , t

an e r c on fo x- u n n sa hat w a was rue o f th p gy i h ti g , id t h t t e ” c ase o f the fo x was a s rue o f the c ase o f th e Ra ca h l o t h di l, ma b e rem n e o f the answer o f n u e o f r e y i d d Joh , D k A gyl , n H to Qu een Caroli e . er Maj es ty in her displeas u re at the e ecu n o f rte u s s a d sh e w ul ma e c an x tio Po o , i o d k S otl d a

un in - field I n a case a m an we h . a s re t e u e h t g th t , M d , d D k , w a r f u n b ow w ta e ea e o f ur a e s ith p o o d , I ill k l v yo M j ty, ” and o wn to m o wn c un r et m un s rea g do y o t y to g y ho d dy. r T 1 Thomas P er onet homp son. 8

as s cia i ns w ere er t e find to b e for t eir co nveni o t o , h v h y it h ’ ence .

’ General Thompson s Political Letters par ticularly those addressed to the Secretary o f the

ull R f A t n and o ne a d to the H e orm ssocia io , ddresse ’ Secretary of the Hull Working Men s A ssociation? ’ ’ remind memore o f Swift s Drapier s Letters than an l tt t t u nt wit t y e ers ha I am acq ai ed h . Whe her or not can be said o f Gene ral Thompson what has recently been said of Swift vs ith reference t o the ’ ’ as Swift to ll it r Drapers , or chose spe Drapie s , letters that they demon strate his tact and sagacity as a political leader they are free from the

n u t n n f ft mo stro s exaggera io a d s ophistry o Swi . They are also specimens o f pu re and idiomatic

n l and of l u n f tl n tu l and E g ish , e oq e ce per ec y a ra ’ u n n — n tu l a t o f O Co nnel s t . ador ed as a ra ha Mr , which I once heard an eminent member o f Parlia ment describe as the sort o f speaking which a man might address to his soldiers on the best practicable

e se d - rc s ca an ers . eu t . ne Ex i , Politi l, oth By Li Colo l h m . Perro net s n . . . 389 390 . T T o p o , vol vi , pp ,

is ette r wi b e f u n at 312 of the f urt ume 1 Th l ll o d p . o h vol ’ ” o f G enera m s n s E erc s es itica and ers in l Tho p o x i , Pol l oth , which volume will b e found als o his Letters of a Re presou ” m tative and his atec s o n the rn aws . , C hi Co L o t th A nt o r 82 N es o n e i C rn L a w St uggle .

n o f n an u nf l T o ne mea s passi g ordab e river . here is sentence which I will venture to transcribe from ’ G n r l T n l tt at L n n 3rd e e a hompso s e er , d ed o do ,

u 1838 to the S t o f the ull Febr ary, , ecre ary H ’ Working Men s A ssociation

I as su me nothing b u t th e sam e fac ulty o f j udging o f co n

se uences fr m a earances a ma e s o ne o f ur s a rs q o pp , th t k yo ilo

ta e in a - a an sa l w en he sees th e s ua c as n him k top g ll t i , h q ll h i g

Thi nt n ul no t n w tt n b ut s se e ce co d have bee ri e , by a man who had been a sailor as well as a soldier ; ’ as some o f Erskine s best speeches could only have been spoken by a man who had been a sailor as well as a soldier . I n answer to the plea that the farmers were

nt tl to en t n for wet t C l n l e i ed comp sa io harves s , o o e Thompson said that the farmers and owners o f land are bou nd to make their reckonings o n an average o f n and a t ult t n o f l n u t seaso s , c rry heir c iva io a d j s “ so far and no f t I f t do no t n h ar her . hey k ow o w ” to d o it ntinu t t t u n and , he co ed, ha is heir b si ess ’ an no t other people s . Suppose underwriter was to make his calculations o n all his Ships coming

f and t n was to ru n to the l n home sa e, he a ded

1" - erc ses P t ca and hers . eut ne Ex i , oli i l , ot By Li . Colo l

Perr t n m n in . i . o e l . s 6 s . vo v . 315 . T Tho p o , vol , , p Thomas Perronet Thom son 83 p .

nt t and the act o f P n and i eres say , By rovide ce a w n n two o ut o f t en o f i dy seaso , my ships have f R u u f oundered at sea . em nerate me o t o your ’ n u t is th l m re ts . J s as good a joke e c ai o f the ” ultu l t to n t n fo r wet t agric ra is s co sidera io harves s . I n a subsequent chapter I shall have to touch o n the question o f the influence o f Free Trade o n f n l T who l nl to l oreig po icy . hose ook o y a arger market fo r their manufactures are very apt to fall

nt t u t t o f the C nn l Tunn l i o raps , s ch as ha ha e e the trap o f drawing a nation which nature has placed in an insular sit uation o ut o f that ad van t a eo us t n and l n t t n t n o n l l g posi io , p aci g ha a io a eve w t the n t n w no t t t nt i h a io s hich had ha adva age, only to put money into the pockets o f certain “ speculators who u se the words free trade to

n fo r l serve their passio specu ation .

’ There is a passage in o ne o f General Thompson s l tt to C n t tu nt t L n n 20th e ers his o s i e s, da ed o do ,

u 1 836 w o n t u t n in Febr ary, , hich bears his q es io

and w w ll u t w n some degree , hich I i q o e as sho i g , o r at least giving some indication that G eneral Thompson would no t have voted fo r a Channel n l Tu n e .

as n h e sa s — a is 19 e ruar 1836 ere L t ight, y th t , th F b y, th was a n e a e o n Rus sia an and u r e ar s n lo g d b t , Pol d , T k y, i i g 6 1? i w 84 otas on the A nti Co rn La Struggle .

h ou t o f a motio n fo r pa pe rs by Lo rd D u dle y Stuart . T e

use was e r thin and the ro ce edin s lan u d o n th e Ho v y , p g g i

w h r . . tt w ho le . T e Memb er fo Birming ham (Mr T A oo d) was all fo r active m easures ; and his speech wo ul d have been rece ived thir ty years ago with imm ens e a pplause as a s pe ci ’ m en o f th e trul y ritis spir . The ab es t sp eech o f th e B h it . l

ni was t at o f the emb e r fo r at M r . Ro eb uc who ght h M B h ( k) ,

was all fo r eac e b ut went in m es t m a io n as mu c to o p ; , y i t , h far in one direc tion as the Membe r fo r Birmingham in th e

rea e s no t seem diffi ul to t r h o ther . It lly do c t ac e t e pro per

lin e et wee n the two b a sim e refere nce to the u ties o f b , y pl d

man o t to o u t l el in n private life . A is n g o c o o n l g a d r un his head into sc raps in search o f re mote wro ngs and du bio us

Bu ne e r is h it t h m e in h r e vances . t e to s a is verand a g i ith o ,

wi his a u u ri us b ef re him and ear th e c r es o f th hook h l x o ly o , h i ' — m urder and the res t o f the four ple as o f th e Cro wn e o n to u ting himse lf with what he calls his mo ral influ ence

d trus t n to the i ht o f his n w ll an e ar e a . at ns l e i g h g g d N io , ik

in d ua s are w h n c er ain limi ts b un b a co mmo n divi l , , it i t , o d y

in eres t o n s in o f r ssin in I t thi po t rep e g jus tic e . f E ngland

u c il has a i h ar en wa o r wha t is better a dee s h l k y h g g d ll, , p fi

ond all a round the inference is t a t n land is b o un to p , h E g d

a l ese a vanta e to the eneral pp y th d g s g go o d .

The words in italics Show that General Perro net

I h v re su u e f ur f r a e he bstit t d o o five . Ge neral ” h m so n wr t es th e res o f the five eas o f the Cro wn T o p i , t pl . ’ as s um e a he was in in o f Sc tt s Old rtali I th t th k g o Mo ty , ’ c a ter 25— w ere c t s w r s are runnin o r s creamin h p h S ot o d g g , divisio n u pon all those crime s whi ch the lawye rs call the fo u r ” leas f th e ro wn namel murd er fire ra e and ro b o er . p C , y, , , p , b y

86 N o tes o the A nt n L tr n i Cor aw S uggle .

CHA PTER III .

H RLE S PE H V L IERS C A L AM I L .

THE RI HT H R ES E H VIL LI ERS was G HON . C A L P L AM

n in L f he Ho n bor ondon in 1802 ; the third son o t .

G V ll and the nl u t eorge i iers, Theresa, o y da gh er o f the fi L Bo ri l t t n d o n . t rs ord g His e des bro her,

G Vil l u c to the t tl of l o f eorge iers , s ceeded i e Ear

Cl n n t tl whi out o f the f l are do , a i e ch passed ami y

s o f Hyde into that o f Villiers in this way. Thoma

V ll n so n o f the n l o f i iers , seco d seco d Ear Jersey , having married the eldest daughter o f the third Earl o f o f the f l of C l n Essex ami y ape , by Ja e Hyde,

u t and co - o f the l t l o f Cl n n da gh er heir as Ear are do , o f the f l o f was te n o f ami y Hyde , crea d Baro Hyde

n n in 1 756 and l of Cl n n in 1 776 . Hi do , Ear are do There are reasons fo r saying a word o r two ’ V lli f il I at u . s abo t Mr i ers s am y . n hi speech

C l t ul 8 184 3 V ll t t t t o ches er, J y , , Mr . i iers s a ed ha he bore no ill - will to the landed interest ; that by Charles P elham Villiers . 87

rt was nn t w t the l n d nt rest bi h he co ec ed i h a de i e , and had no kind o f connection whatever with

u f man actures . There was in the beginning o f the seventeenth century a family of the name o f Villiers seated at

Bro o kesle H ll in L t i o n an t t y a , eices ersh re , es a e which had been in that family fo r four hundred

ir V Broo kesle was . S G lli o f years eorge i ers , y, tw r i n ice mar ied . From h s first marriage desce ded

w V ll t a n V ll o f Ed ard i iers, crea ed B ro i iers HOO, and V o unt V ll o f D tf t in the isc i iers ar ord , bo h

unt o f nt 20th 1691 and t co y Ke , March , ; crea ed

l o f the Isl n o f 13th O t 1 697 . Ear a d Jersey, c ober, From his second marriage descended George

Vill t V unt V lli in 1 6 16 l iers , crea ed isco i ers Ear of u n 5th nu 161 7 M u o f B cki gham , Ja ary, ; arq is

u in 1 st nu 1 6 18 and u o f B ck gham, Ja ary , D ke u in 18th 1 623 B ck gham, May, .

The t o f the o f w d Vil l s da es peerages Ed ar ier ,

l o f e wit the t o f the Ear Jersey, compar d h da es peerages o f the descendants o f the second marriage o f Sir G Vill o f Bro o kesle — n l eorge iers y ame y,

G V ll t V s unt V ll 1 61 6 eorge i iers , crea ed i co i iers , , and u o f Bu n 1623 n V ll D ke cki gham, ; Joh i iers ,

t V unt Pu 16 19 and C t crea ed isco rbeck, hris opher

V ll t l o f A n l 1623— w i iers, crea ed Ear g esey, sho ' 88 ot n r N es o the A ntz Co n L aw Struggle . that the peerages of the descendants of the second

w all t n of the t marriage, ere crea io s James Firs ,

w the o f w Villi V c u nt hereas peerages Ed ard ers , is o

V ll and l f w t n o f i iers, Ear o Jersey, ere crea io s

Willi the T The nn t n n of am hird . co ec io , i deed, Charles Pelham Villiers with the English peerage is quite independent o f the Duke o f Buckingham

n o f the V ll f il I nn t t t bra ch i iers am y . ca o say ha there is no connection with any Stuart peerage since

the of l of Cl n n and the peerages Hyde , Ear are do ,

of C l l o f w Stu t peerage ape , Ear Essex , ere ar

peerages . It t n t t Ch l V ll the d t appears he ha ar es i iers , a voca e

o f the l ti n o f the - tax was n abo i o bread , desce ded from an ancient and honou rable E nglish or A nglo

N n famil and no t f m an u t t C u t orma y, ro ps ar o r

favourite o f the times o f the Stu arts . It is

t u t t w n the G n nt is n hi l r e ha he over me mo arc ca , a

' A e can k an man u e and G Jack p ma e y a d k , eorge

V ll s u o f u n the w i ier , D ke B cki gham, possessed po er

o f nin I . as u the u o f gover g James , m ch as D chess Marlborough possessed the power o f governing

u n A n u n w n the G n nt is Q ee ne . B t eve he over me

w i w s nd u n A nn it is t t a un . a ha der James I Q ee e, possible that the difference may be very great between

the u f f n n and t t of n t Co rt avourite o o e reig ha a o her. '

Charles Pelham Vzl lzers . 89

The u n o f the u o f l u who h sba d D chess Mar boro gh ,

n u n A nn nt l ualit gover ed Q ee e , possessed me a q ies o f a very different order from those which

u in niu fo r l t B ck gham had possessed, a ge s po i ics no t nf i to the n u o f R li u n u fo r i er or ge i s iche e , a ge i s war ot inf i o o f T nn n er or t the geniu s ure e.

t the P n A nn o n the t n o f n l n Wi h ri cess e hro e E g a d, Marlborough might look forward to a time when the armies o f England woul d be commanded by a man with a geniu s fo r war very different fro m that o f the ut n — in wh n the n u D chma , ose case eve ge i s o f Macaulay has been u nable to disprove the maxim that without originality there is no great n —b m an w l nt ess , y a hose memorab e march i o

G n wo n the i t n o f N l n n erma y, adm ra io apo eo Bo a

t w d t d e an par e, by hose or er a His oire Je ” C u ll D uc lb u t lu h rchi , de Mar oro gh ( hree vo mes ,

t P r was w tt n in f t . oc avo, a is, ri e a air spiri The consummate skill with which the objects of the int G n in 1 704 w n l f m march o erma y, , ere co cea ed ro the n unt l it was to o l t to nt his r al e emy, i a e preve e

n on the nu n n desig Da be, has bee recko ed by competent j udges among the greatest achievements f o l ta n u . The u s of l u mi i ry ge i s s cces es Mar boro gh ,

to o w in wit an in w i the n ti , ere ga ed h army h ch a ve

iti nt n nt not men and Br sh co i ge did exceed , 90 N otes on the A nti or L C n aw Struggle. three- fourths o f which army were composed o f

ut n H n n n n and D chme , a overia s , Hessia s , Da es, Prussians and his plans were in almost every enterprise thwarted and marred by the timidity or

t n o f t u t u i obs i acy he D ch dep t es .

The d n nt o f Sir e Vill o f esce da s G orge iers,

Bro o kesle fi t w f and the n nt y, by his rs i e , desce da s o f the ir G V ll his n w f same S eorge i iers by seco d i e,

- A nd th were kinsmen only o f the half blood . by e o ld law of n l n the i n no t the E g a d, he r eed be n t n n l ut l b ut nl sub modo eares ki sma abso e y, o y t t is he u t b e the n t n n o f the who le ha , m s eares ki sma blood for if there be a much nearer kinsman o f the ha - l d t nt n n o f the w l lf b oo , a dis a ki sma ho e l all tt and the t nt l b ood sh be admi ed , o her e ire y

lu na the t t h ll t to the exc ded ; y, es a e s a eschea ‘ - l n t n the lf l all n t . ord, soo er ha ha b ood sh i heri

So t t the o ld law o f n lan the u o f ha by E g d, D ke

u k n and the t l n of Sir G B c i gham , o her chi dre eorge

V ll o f Brookesle his n w f ul not i iers y by seco d i e, co d have succeeded their half- brothers in the estate of Bro oke sley which remained in the line of the f il o f Villi nt w V ll am y ers represe ed by Ed ard i iers, created Earl o f Jersey in 1697 The law o f descent

mm . 22 . 2 . 7 Bl Co , P lh Vil s 9 Charles e am lier . 1

ha n ll lt h s i deed been materia y a ered by t e Stat .

u lf- l d 4 ll . 4 1 ut t t e a 3 an . 06 b h o d Wi , c ho gh h b o is no t lud it is na te t t l t n o f the exc ed , e c d ha a re a io

w l - l d and his o r u ll f r d ho e b oo , her iss e, sha be pre er e to l t n of the of the lf- l a re a io same degree ha b ood, and his u or her iss e .

The term half- blood appears from a passage in ’ h ks V S a eare s in L A ct . S n 3 to ha p K g ear, , ce e , ve

n u in i t n The t bee sed a deprec a ory se se . erm half- blooded is applied by the Duke of A lbany t o d und the t d so n of the a l o f E m , bas ar E r l u G o cester .

— - l A l The let al n li no t in u o wil . b. o e es yo r go d

- l E dm N o r in thin . . e, ord — A lb Halfe b loo d ed f ll w es . e o , y . The descendants of the first marriage o f the L eicestershire knight and the inheritor o f the

t t o f Broo kesle i t l u n t i lf es a e y , m gh ook po he r ha blood relations of the second marriage with a

f l n the r of i n twit tan in the ee i g everse pr de, o hs d g wealth and titles o f honour they had received from

u t o f w it t as has n a co r hich migh be said, bee

sa o f the R n R u l its n t t id oma ep b ic, e mi y migh be

an u b u t its fri nd was f tal— n n d gero s , e ship a o e ever escaped with life and honour from that deadly ac embr e . 92 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle.

The ancestor o f Charles Pelham Villiers was

to the n t the fi t no r the raised peerage ei her by rs ,

n no r the th no r the f u t o f t f u seco d , ird, o r h hose o r

n n the n o f St w t o r Stu t perso s beari g ame e ar ar , w t was t l n e— w t fi l l ha ever heir i eag he her dd er, ackey ,

n n l n who n the t tl o f ki g or ob ema , had bor e i e

K n o f n lan fo r f u and i g E g d some o rscore years , were o f those o f whom it has been said Many a de spot m en miscall ’ n Crow d and anointe d from o n high . Edward Villi ers was created Viscount Villiers and

a l o f n un W m n l n E r Jersey by a Ki g, der ho E g a d resumed her o ld rank in Europe o f a first- rate

w fi o m w the Stu t d n t po er, hich ar y as y had degraded

n r - w I n th file o f to a o t t . e her, seco d a hird ra e po er the Doges o f Venice a black veil is painted over

he l o f n l Th r o f the t p ace Mari o Fa iero . e histo y Stuart s in England might be told by a black veil painted over their place in the file o f the Kings o f n l n E g a d . The honou r conferred o n royalty by Robert

u has n unt - l n the n u Br ce , bee co er ba a ced by disho o r brought o n it by those who called themselves ’ Ro bert Bruce s heirs— dishonou r so great that a descendant o f Robert Bruce might forego the great honour of such a descent to escape the ignominy

94 N o tes o n the A nti orn L r C a w S t uggle .

A nd this is said o f a man who t ruly or falsely has been accu sed o f some o f the most frightfu l

crimes in all history. Besides the grossness o f

mnn s am unt n to filthiness t t l o n the a er , o i g , ha ies

u fa t is an n u l u u in t s r ce , here omi o s c o d made p par

o f fr tful m t n tl t o ut and in t igh cri es dis i c y raced , par

o f m t ll f tful n n in w cri es s i more righ , remai i g shado ,

w t to t t u t and in hich impar s ha co r , some degree to t t t t n ul t l nt l air ha ime, a s ra ge , rep sive , pes i e ia

and t l l n n in an u l to aspec , hard y be o gi g eq a degree

n f n The w o f a y other period o moder history . ars the Roses and the Tudor tyranny that followed and

completely destroyed the warlike A nglo - N orman

n il t n t l and e tt the ob i y re dered his possib e , p rmi ed protracted existence o f a King o n the throne o f

En l n o f w the b n o f the r n n and g a d , hom aro s i o ha d n the iro time would have made very short work .

’ ’ m n W am a s s . s s n n . a a s illi H ilto Philo ophy, J S Mill y E gl d

n ers are a a n e nn n see w a e had n thi k g i b gi i g to , h t th y o ly tem rar f r en a a ru e s c is th e n s po ily o gott , th t t P y hology i di

ensa e sc e n fic as s o f ra s o f cs o f th e sc e nc e and p bl i ti b i Mo l , Politi , i art o f Education ; that the difi cu ltie s o f Metaphysic s lie at the ro ot o f all scienc e ; that thos e diffic ulties can only b e qu ieted

b ein res ed and at unt e are res e s e by g olv , th il th y olv d po itiv ly w ene e r ss e b ut at an ra e ne a i e w e are ne er h v po ibl , y t g t v ly, v

s ure t a an u man n w e e e en s ca s an s as d h t y h k o l dg , v phy i l , t d ” n o n solid fou ndatio s . Charles Pelham Villiers . 95

Bu t if Hu and t who l a i l me hose , ike Isa c D srae i

n iff h t n Vi w mil a d . G to Mr ord, ave ake a e si ar

his t t the unf u l in n o f . , ha avo rab e op io James I is a re - echo o f the yell o f the N o nconfo rmists o f ’ t Cl n n full James s ime had ever read are do care y , they might have seen cau se fo r grave reflection o n ’ the significance o f Clarendon s guarded disclosures

r n n respecting the court o f James . Cla e do has displayed great ability both in what he has told and in w has l ft unt l T who ut hat he e o d . hose imp e t to f n n fo r t r f et t t his a o d ess mys e y , org ha ’ Cl n n t and L f t n t t are do s His ory his i e, ake oge her, may be truly viewed as an elaborate defence o f the Stu t n u t in nn t l ar s , co d c ed a ma er very credi ab e ’ to l n n ll an The C are do s ski as advocate . case resembled those cases in which the characters o f

e n n l d and in w the t p rso ages are i vo ve , hich mos consummate advocates at the bar are retained w t he hi f Th f w n i h t ghest ees . e ee hich Clare don ultimately received was a large o ne ; b ut it was earned by the tac t and adroitness o f the advocate in marshalling the strong points o f his case and

n h n u o f keepi g t e weak poi ts o t sight .

at a t an t fo r n tan half Wh s r ge s ory i s ce, is

veal lf t in s d w in his t re ed , ha kep ombre sha o , His ory, ta n t t w t w t l t o ut in L f ke oge her i h ha he e s his i e, 9 h - t 6 N otes o n t e A nti Corn L a w S ruggle. o f the a t and t o f Sir w S vill h bi s charac er Ed ard ack e,

l o f t and of o wn m an o f t n n Ear Dorse , his e s ob ai i g an nt t n wl of t m o f n i ima e k o edge he ; his havi g, w n a u n man in the T l nt u he yo g emp e , spe m ch “ t in the t n u wit the rl o f t ime ea i g ho rs h Ea Dorse , the L C nw and the L L u l men who ord o ay, ord m ey, ’ excelled in gratifying their appetites o f Dorset s ” n ut ful and a ful and u o f perso , bea i gr ce vigoro s ; his wit and l earning such that he could no t miscarry ” l L n n l n a in the wor d . ord Clarendo the g a ces t the unrestrained scope Dorset gave to his sensual appetites at that seas on o f life— in the latter years

I — w n the u t o f n l n nt o f James . he co r E g a d prese ed a n u as ul nl a all l the sce e , s ch co d o y be p r e ed by f l n n n u e n o f n . C t co rt o H ry III . Fra ce are do he alludes to the duel in which the Earl o f Dorset

ill the L u un the w ll o f A ntw k ed ord Br ce der a s erp , ” ul upon a subject very unwarrantable . I t co d no t have been under such a King as H ume has

d in the w u t t t the describe James ords above q o ed, ha men lived to whom Clarendon referred when he said that when he looked back to those days o f his o wn l l f w n w t u ear y i e, he he herded i h s ch a t t t u u to b e ssocia es , ha he had m ch more ca se terrified u pon the reflection than the man had who

v we in the n n R t d w ie d mor i g oches er Bri ge, hich he

' 98 A z r N otes on the nt Co n L aw Struggle.

Having examined the whole o f the evidence bearing o n the tragedy o f Gowrie Hou se having

full u the t n o f the w tn care y per sed deposi io s i esses, the letters all eged to have been written by

L n to the Ru t n and w i oga hve s, h ch I have proved to be forgeries executed seven o r eight years after the event to which they refer and all the papers relating to the matter having most anxiously sought to arrive at the truth by a careful examination and comparison of all the variou s

t o f w i the vi n n t in to par s h ch e de ce co sis s, order l n how fi l how l l ho w ntl o r ear rm y or oose y, cohere y ho w n ntl it n t t i cohere y ha gs oge her, I have arrived at the conclu sion that the assertion o f the exist ence o f the alleged conspiracy o n the part o f the two mu d the l of G w and hi s t rdere boys , Ear o rie bro her

A l n Rut n is nl o n t f exa der hve , based o y a vas abric o f u t nti l f l u u circ ms a a a sehood, propped p by perj ry, “ t tu f and murderfi or re, orgery, “ A n the w o f o f mo g revie s Essay V. my Essays ” o n t i l T ut was o ne in The Scotsman His or ca r h,

The examination o f th e Gowrie trage dy forms the bulk

f sa of m ssa s o n r ca rut n o Es y V. y E y His to i l T h (Lo don :

Lo n mans and Co . The s ul a e een g , book ho d h v b entitled A n Inqui ry into the credibility o f s ome portion ” r o f English and Scottish Histo y . 99 Char les P elham Villiers .

o f 26 187 1 the w t o f w i who December , , ri er h ch , had devoted more than ordinary attention to the

u t n o f the G w C n s q es io o rie o spiracy , say

The qu e stion o f the genuineness o r spurio usness o f the Logan Le tters m ay he c onsidere d the crucial test o f the truth ” n r o r fals ehood o f the Gowrie Co s pi acy .

will n to t t t t and t t if I am i g accep his es ; I say , ha the letters had been then in existence they would n n have been produ ced at the trial o f Sprot . My opi io is that they were fabricated in the interval between ’ n the trial o f Sprot and the trial o f Logan s bo es . — A t the same time I admit that my reviewer who “ says we have subjected the letters to a very s n n t n o n whi we nt w t earchi g exami a io , ch e ered i h — strong misgivings about their genuineness has “ some advantages over me in having had the Opport unity o f comparison with three undoubted signatu res o f Logan — o ne o f them appended to a ’ doc ument in Lord N s pier s possession ; the other t wo occurring in the Public Records ; and the “ fu t we u o ur n t t n the r her, he says , p shed i ves iga io ,

did o u r u n t ll the n more s spicio s disappear, i evide ce o f genuineness became so overwhelming that we ” co uld no longer resist it. On this it is necessary to remark that the 7 as ' 1 0 te th A utz n 0 N o s on e Cor L aw Struggle . reviewer appears to attach an u ndue or unwarranted au thority to What has been termed the evidence o f n w n nd l P n L t a . t ha d ri i g ; , ike Mr i cair , ord Dover,

and . P t i T tl to un co n Mr a r ck Fraser y er, gro d his elu sions chiefly upon the assu mption o f the s u then ’ ici f n w t ty o Logan s ha d riting . The cases that

f the n l u t w t t have come be ore E g ish co r s sho ha , as

r u C l in the o f m th M . t S J s ice o eridge said , case y

Sm th and others t at the Gl u te A z s y , ried o ces r ssi e in A u u t 1853 The nt t o f n w t n g s , , ide i y ha d ri i g is u tt o f n n and n very m ch a ma er opi io , a ybody might be deceived in a matter o f evidence like ” that .

I t is n e ul o f n l s law t t n , i de d a r e E g i h ha evide ce o f handwriting based o n the comparison be tween the handwriting o f a party to a document and other doc uments proved o r assumed to be his hand w it n as w ll as v n o f n w it n r i g, e e ide ce ha d r i g by

n wl ui f i n not receiv k o edge acq red rom spec me s, is ’ A n the ll t . t a l . b e mo g cases co ec ed by Mr Bes , there are two which strikingly show the deceptive

Se e est o n resu m t ns o f Law and act . 221 et B P p io F , p

se . and the cases there c ecte n n : S . Swee q , oll d (Lo do t, ancer ane Ch y L ,

' 102 N otes on the A ntz orn L aw tr C S uggle . writing by resemblance are worth little— in a n l crimi a case, One o f the Logan letters which was alleged to

n w tt n in ul 1600 fi extir have bee ri e J y, , speci es pating o f o ur names as a necessary consequ ence o f treason ; whereas the abolition o f a surname— a f l l n n — was nt u in N ami y or c a ame i rod ced ovember,

1600 l li nt n t nt in the , by specia par ame ary e ac me

o f the l o f wr an The case Ear Go ie d his brother .

u n o f u n in 1603 in the rec rre ce s ch a proceedi g ,

o f the Cl n G w ul a t to a case a regor, o d be p make person writing the Logan letters in 1 608 forget that the extirpating a family or clan name was not

tt o f c u and n f t t t in ul a ma er o rse , eve orge ha J y, 6 1 00 it was un nt . , precede ed The writer o f these letters never names any “ i l f wr an n b u o d . A . co sp rator t the Ear Go ie M R. “ Mr A l n Rut n t . A [ . exa der hve ], some imes Mr . ” his lo - t and in l tt f u t to the l o f bro her, e er o r h Ear “ ” l - . u o t . The l G wr A . tt o ie M yo r bro her e ers ,

five in nu all o f l w tt n mber, are pr essed y ri e by

fi t rd an fif l L n . The t d t tt to oga rs , hi , h e ers are “ and all commence with the words Right

n m n f Law and a 3 es o res u s o c . 23 . B t P ptio F t, p Cha rles Pelham Villiers . 103

n l ir I f we t the t n of Ho orab e S . ake propor io l tt to t R t n l ant as e ers his igh Ho orab e ph om , a measure o f the proportion of weight which he

in the all n we find t t bore eged co spiracy, ha he bore to the Earl o f Gowrie the pre portion o f three to o ne and t o A l n Rut n the E l of , exa der hve , ar ’ G w t the t n o f t to n t n . o rie s bro her, propor io hree o hi g I t appears from this that the King and his ministers in 1 608 lt t n n the u of , had a oge her aba do ed co rse

n t f ll w in 1 600 whi was proceedi g hey had o o ed , ch to assert that Gowrie was too cautious to have any l in i ll n n t t accomp ices h s a eged designs . Fi di g ha t f m ta n no c dit t heir or er device had ob i ed re , hey no w tried another device to make the story hang more handsomely together and from representing

G w n o f the e t t ut n re re o rie as a perso gr a es ca io , p sent him as so incau tious and rash as to put his life and f tun in the w o f un n u or e po er a dr ke deba chee, by a compact which was to deprive him of his

l t t of i l t n A nd ho w m it to valuab e es a e D r e o . ca e

t t t t n l nt who pass ha his righ ho orab e pha om, according to the Logan letters hypothesis was the

and f nt o f the l n ul head ro a leged co spiracy, sho d

lt t n w l the l w t is w a oge her va ish, hi e roya ra h reaked o n the house o f Gowrie 1 0 ' l 4 N otes on the A nte Corn L aw Strugg e .

T t was the a e o f u l and t t ll ha g j gg ers , his s ory ca ed

the w C n nt l Go rie o spiracy prese s some examp es .

The n o f S ottiswo o d who was t n A ame p , he rch

o f Gl w t n t in the l t o f t bishop asgo , s a ds hird is hose

who sat u n the t ial of G S t the n ta po r eorge pro , o ry, from whose repositories the Logan letters were

f iswo d pro essed to have been produced . Spo tt o was also one o f those who were o n the scaffold ’ at S ro t s ut n and n t n fi t in p exec io , his ame s a ds rs ’ the list o f those who subscribed Spro t s final

deposition there made .

’ ’ e ef re the e ecut n a erw sa s w en A littl b o x io , C ld ood y , h

Mr . n S tsw s o f G as w sa Mr . a r c Joh po ood, bi hop l go , id to P t i k

Ga wa am afra s man ma e u s all as ame llo y, I id thi k h d,

ic an ere L et a ne m rd s a warrant M r . a r s w P t k d, lo , y lo , I h ll him and inde ed he had the most part of the spe ech to hims elf ’

. W m ad he u n the scaff e a Mr . a er sa H t po old ll y N pi y, ’ reas na e etters een r uce o n S ro t s ria o r e en t o bl l b p od d p t l, v

o ne we - aut en cate e er ere w u a e een l e ll h ti d l tt , th o ld h v b litt reason for the courtly bishop expres sing his fe ar that the ’ wretched m an o n the scaffold would make u s all asham e d . This fact shakes th e credit of thi s criminal proc e ss ” and the farce that followe d to the very foundation ?

’ ’ i r ite in M r. ar a e s n e to S sw e ist C d M k N p ot potti ood H ,

2 . . . 77 vol . iii , p

' e . . 2 77. 1 Not , Ibid , p

1 6 N l 0 otes on the A nti Corn Law Strugg e. qu oting an epitaph o n James setting forth that Kings are no t men b ut gods

r nc e s are s no t en P i god , O do th

Rake in their graves to prove them m en .

Sir Walter Scott and Calderwood give very co n ’ flictin t t nt o f S rot s ut n the f me g s a eme s p exec io , or r saying that Sprot asserted to the last that the l tt w nu n and t t n to e ers ere ge i e , ha bei g desired

n of the t ut o f nf n ft give a sig r h his co essio , a er he was thrown o ff the ladder he clapped his ’ n t t Su S tt unt o f ha ds hree imes . ch is co s acco what Calderwood represents as the trick by which ’ un P n t fo r S tlan D bar, James s rime Mi is er co d , whose place was no sinecure when he had to attend

u t n as t nt - n n n w n exec io s assis a ha gma , gave a sig he ’ Spro t s dying speech should be interru pted by his being cast off the ladder so as to give to his words a sense the reverse o f that which they seemed “ intended to convey)

a d erw sa s The e e w n ere w ere f re C l ood y , p opl o d d h o D unbar should atte n d u pon th e execu tion o f su ch a mean / m an and s u rm se a was n e a s n w on ; i d, th t it o ly to giv ig h his s e ec s u b e nterru e and w en he was b e p h ho ld i pt d , h to cas t over the ladder (Calderwood : printed by the W o drow

v l c o . . . So iety, vi , p r P ham Vi l rs 107 Cha les el l ie .

One more question I would ask : Why were no letters of the Ru thvens produced ? I f there had e n n an l tt f the Ru t n t ve bee y e ers rom hve s , hose letters would have been more likely to be preserved than the letters alleged to be fou nd in the cu stody o f h n nn t w L n those w o had bee co ec ed ith oga .

— I n this way it is in the power o f any man by writing

e ters referr n to an en er ris e o f a reas na e na u re and l t i g t p t o bl t , — ke epin g the letters in his o wn cu s tody to make circum s tantial e vide nc e of criminality in any shape agains t any m n “ other a .

I n thi w the l tt w w tt n s case, ho ever, e ers ere ri e not R t L n b ut t who w far by ober oga , by hose ere m o w rfii l t n L n ore p e ha Robert oga . I have said that the letters were alleged to have been found in the custody o f those who had

n nn t w t L n R t L an l bee co ec ed i h oga . ober og , aird o f Restah'i in the nt of ul 1606 and g, died mo h J y, ; the state in which he left his property at the time o f his death throws some c uriou s light o n the selection o f him as a candidate fo r the honou r o f

ein i t w t the Rut n in w t n b g assoc a ed i h hve s, ha Ki g “ I James denominated the Gowrie Conspiracy . t

’

en am s Ra na e o f u icia id ence . iii. B th tio l J d l Ev , vol ,

. 43 44 . pp , nt Law r l 108 N otes on the A i Corn St ugg e . a t t the l o f un P n t ppears ha Ear D bar , rime Mi is er o f S tl n and L Balmerino ch S t o f co a d, ord , ecre ary

St t n in n t n t n to a e, had e gaged mo ey ra sac io s a

t u nt w t Lo an and w l n t grea amo i h g , ere deep y i deb ed to his estate .

r m the rec r o f th e G reat Sea a e ars sa s M r . F o o d l it pp , y ’ ar a er at in th e e ar 1605 an s es a e o f M k N pi , th y , Log t t Re stalrig h ad passe d into the han ds o f Balmerino ch by p ur h t h h t b nd c ase . Bu the p u rc ase money ad no een p aid ; a when the la r o f Restalri d e the e cretar was in his e no i d g i d, S y d bt

n e ht n thou sa d in le ss tha ig ee n a large su m those days .

s is r ve the re s er of co nfi rme es aments w er e Thi p o d by gi t d t t , h ’ Logan s is recorde d ; and by th e same it appe ars that the ’ ar o f unbar was a s an s eb o r to the am un o f E l . D l o Log d t o t ” fift n t n ' ee hou sa d marks . 1

It further appears by extracts from the Register

o f the P S l l fu ni to . rivy ea , a so r shed Mr Mark N L n t t G l of apier by Mr . David ai g, ha eorge, Ear

un t n f the n the ft o f the D bar, ob ai ed rom Ki g gi e scheit and ferfaulto u r of the sowms o f fyftene ” t u n i Sco tis n n n un ho sa d mark s mo ey, remai i g paid

him to the l t R t L n o f Restah'i for by a e ober oga g,

A mark is 13s 4 d . ’ ’ r r a er s n e in the anna ne u i 1 M . Ma k N pi ot B ty Cl b Ed tion ’

. iii 29 . o f S t sw e sto r . . 8 po ti ood Hi y, vol , p

1 10 N ote on the A nti orn L aw r s C St uggle .

b i' ib ed by promises o f benefit to his wife and

h l n tl t tu nt hi s t t nt to c i dre , par y or red i o s a eme as ’ L n n n w t he R B oga s correspo de ce i h t u thvens . ut this addition to the original story inste ad o f con fi n it it f l rmi g proves s a sehood . A s to the character attributed to the laird o f

Restalri who was u nf tun t to man g, so or a e as be a o f n l l n t in S tl n w n co siderab e a ded proper y co a d , he ’ no man s landed property was safe under a King ’ whose favourites might take any ma n s property w t t f n to the w ane l hich hey ook a a cy , ords god ess , ” dru nkin deb o schit man in t m e b the his y , Tdescri e character exactly o f a man whom H ume has white wa nt an n l of l t and who cc n shed i o a ge igh , a ordi g to n t u ut the in u t n Baco , hro gho q iries respec i g ’ “ Overb ur s u had wn to the w l y m rder sho or d, as if it w w tt n in un t t he was the ere ri e a s beam , ha Lieutenant o f Him with whom there is no respect

ffice fr m n am e r a n u e ar e t n da e O , o Joh Ch b l i to D dl y C l o , t d

n n . 11 1608 . e se w r s are e r s n fican as Lo do , Nov , Th o d v y ig i t s w n the ene ra o ne m sa the un ersa n n at ho i g g l, ight y iv l, opi io ’ tha m e in n a n and e en in am es s c ur res ec n t ti E gl d, v J o t, p ti g the Gowrie sto ry . ’ ’ ' W o dro w . in the cates rar c e d ca rn s 1 MSS Advo Lib y , it Pit i

r m na r a s . . 275 . C i i l T i l , vol p , Cha rles Pelham Vil liers . 1 1

o f n P l L n n la n perso s . ossib y oga has bee b cke ed as much as the other has been whitened ; and if Hu me were to have tried hi s brush upon him he mi t o ut ll f ll w gh have come as a jo y good e o , strongly inclin ed to mirth and wine — though he ’ ’ ap p rehended the Puritans cens ure fo r hi s manner ” o f l f f and n i e, ree dise gaged . The strange tragedy of Gowrie Hou se was a st n The ory dark a d terrib le as that o f Ugolino . Torre della fame of Pisa did not witness a crime l lt n n more horrib e , more revo i g, or more deservi g o f a terrible retrihutio n than that perpetrated in the Black Turnpike in that o ld tower of Gowrie

u at P t in f to t Ho se er h . K g James pro essed ake the t n n l u and men and w n redac i g ob e ho ses , ome ” o f n l l to l ffi to o ne o f ob e b ood, s avish o ces , be i ’ h s prerogatives granted by Holy Writ . James s practice was quite consonant with what Tacitus

ll the mos re ius in f n to the ca s g , re ere ce Emperor T u A nd w t iberi s . i h such a King as this James

ns n e s f ur m ean n s o f the w r a re en the Joh o giv o i g o d pp h d, “ fourth is probably the me aning use d here to think o n with “ terror ; to fear. Then what does Hu me mean by free and

’ ‘ K n me s s r s f 199 . a W . 1616 1 i g J o k , p , olio , 1 12 r N otes on the A nti Corn L aw St uggle .

Stu t o f w to t t w th ar , possessed po er perpe ra e i " impunity crimes such as the murder of A lexander

Ru t n and his t the l of G w of hve bro her Ear o rie, whom it has been said

nha s to er s suc a fate and ea e U ppy boy p i h by h , to l v

e n em u er shin so un a ac ene d b hi d th , tho gh p i g yo g , bl k m emory u a nee fat me rits nee m rte erib ant q i o , o p ;

” - Sed mis eri ante diem . r

The English and Scottish nobility were in as bad a condition as the Roman nobility during the l tt of T u w n t t n t a er years iberi s , he ha mo s er had retired to hide himself and his crimes amid the rocks of Capreee and sent forth his emissaries to s l t his t f the n l t u o f R e ec vic ims rom ob es ho ses ome , with power to employ force if necessary to effect their purpose .

’ Sir Wa ter Sc t no t c n en w turni n K n am es s l ot , o t t ith g i g J ” r m ance ca e The G wr e ns rac n s t r h as o , ll d o i Co pi y, i to hi o y , c haracteriz e d the base st an d mos t c owardly ac t o f a life of “ c war ce and aseness as o ne in w c Kin ames s we o di b , hi h g J ho d th e s ri of his ance s rs The rtunes o f e pi t to Fo Nig l , c hapter Which o f his ancesto rs ? Robert Bru c e o r Signior Davie

ssa s o n s r c a ru . 213 o n n 1 E y Hi to i l T th, p (L do

Lon mans and Cc . g ,

1 14 A t o r L w N otes on the n i C n a Struggle . admitted to the honour of sitting at dinner with th in or u n o f n l n e K g Q ee E g a d . It is somewhat difficult to place before the mind manners and customs differing very mu ch from those we have been u sed to ; and it may seem strange to persons living in the nineteenth century as it might seem strange to Hume in the eighteenth c ntu t t in the l nt and tw lft ntu s e ry, ha e eve h e h ce rie the person who had the charge of seeing that the royal dinner was no t served up half roasted held an office which made him the most powerful man

h in ft th n was no t nl in t e k gdom a er e Ki g . He o y ’ at the of the n l b ut o f all the head Ki g s pa ace,

rt nt of the St t i il and mil t f depa me s a e, c v i ary, chie a ini t t o f u t and l o f the dm s ra or j s ice, eader armies

n w is in w n i ar . t Madox error he he says His . in h n f illi . t t t e o I . p ha reig W am , ’ ll ia itz - Osb erne was the n C n t l Wi m F Ki g s o s ab e, because he is called Magister Militum whereas in ” the very same passage (of Orclericus Vitalis ) he is ll N o rmaniee f in i tu of w ffi ca ed Dapi er, v r e hich o ce he woul d be magister militum as well as capitalis

The n t l s n t in j ustitiarius . co s ab e wa o orig ally ma i t militum b ut was an ofiicer u in t g s er , s bord a e f to the senescallus o r dapi er . Some English lawyers have assumed that the Charles Pelham Villiers . 1 15 po wer of the officer cre ated p ro hcic vice to preside in the House of Lords at State Trials gre w o ut of

f h i f sticiar If t t w w those o t e Ch e Ju y . ha vie ere

t the fun ti n so nt w ul correc , c o ary appoi ed o d have “ ” n t l u ti w s is t l bee s y ed high j s ciary, herea he s y ed

l hi t w —t t is senescallus A n liae ord gh s e ard ha , g , and he exercises powers which had been delegated to the i u ti f the s enesca llus A n lice h gh j s ciary rom g , to whom they were restored p ro hdc vice in the ” n f hi perso o the lord gh steward . Fo r some twenty years this King had governed Scotland with a rule as absolute and much more

Pr fess r Stu s is as far as n w the n wr ter o o bb , I k o , o ly i ,

e a o r is t r ca who has c me the same c nc us n whi c l g l h o i l , o to o l io h h I ave come to as to the ori gin o f the Englis h Justiciars hip .

I n he fir t um e o f hi ns tu n l to r 34 t s s a is . 6 vol Co ti tio H y, p , he says It wou ld seem most probab le that Will iam Fitz

O sb erne at eas was ef in his c arac er of stewar and that l t l t h t d, th e Norman s eneschal ship was thus the origin o f the Englis h ” ’ j u s ticiarship . Professor Stubbs s fir st volu me was publishe d

in 1874 . In ul 1 838 u s e in The British and J y, , I p bli h d

Forei n Review an artic e w c n Kem e the e r of g l hi h Joh bl , dito

t at Re iew w m t Profess r Stu s and Mr . . A . h v , ho bo h o bb E

reeman cite as an aut rit in n s hi st r sa had F ho y E gli h o y, id a historical value . That article gave an explanation o f the functions o f the seneschal o r dapifer and their re lation to h those of t e Chief Justiciary . 1 16 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle . intolerable than that o f the Black Douglas three

un f But ho ff nt w the h dred years be ore . w di ere ere rulers I n the o ne case the ruler was a veteran soldier covered with honou rable wounds received in fi t n in t f ful to gh i g aga s ear odds, preserve his ’ unt n n n I n the t it was man co ry s i depe de ce . o her a who b o re the same relation to the warlike ruler o f former days that A ppiu s Claudius did to Marcu s — F urins Camill u s the relation o f a maker o f

nn f t l The w in o ne speeches to a wi er o ba t es . ords ’ o f Lord Macaulay s Lays o f A ncient Rome describe well the relation to which I have re ferred

S Cains o f riali his tr um s and his wr n s till Co , i ph o g ,

m - His en eance and his m erc e in o ur ca fire s n s . v g y, liv p o g Beneath the yoke of Furiu s o ft have Gau l and Tuscan bowed ; A nd Rom e may hear the pride of him of whom hers elf is

pro ud .

A ssu s i e a wi d cat s r n s e er at the fac e Co , l k l , p i g v

ear a a ns the s u n a A Fabius ru shes like a b g i t ho ti g ch se . The Claudian tri umphs all were wo n within the c ity

to wers

The Clau dian yoke was never pressed o n any necks b ut ”

ours .

’ If thi Kin w l in S tlan t s g s days ere evi co d , hey

no t l so w n a in o f n lan were ess he he bec me K g E g d ,

1 ° 1 8 N o tes on the A ntz Corn L aw Straggle . which in a tragedy of that time a veteran general applies to his sister whom a royal libertine had dishonoured Tis to b e r t er , thy b o h ,

A n nfam w the sin o f c war i y belo o d .

t o f war the James I . had as grea a horror as ntl n f in n l ge eme o the Peace Society. Be g ear y despotic he had been able to put in practice his

- at -an - i tri n so u s full t peace y pr ce doc es s cce s y, bo h in avoiding war and in breaking the once high

t of the n li l th t the spiri E g sh peop e, a ambassadors o f foreign powers resident in England repeatedl y expressed their astonishment that the English nation submitted to such disgrace and oppression

llin it c w i in the n l l s e ca g o ard ce E g ish peop e, om o f them even going so far as to say that there were

no men in n l n . En l n in fa t in t s E g a d g a d had, c , hi disgraceful reign sunk so lo w that her ambassadors w t l in ult at f n u t ere repea ed y s ed oreig co r s , her

nt i ul no t l the sea in f t mercha sh ps co d sai sa e y, and her coasts were ravaged by the Barbary

t who lun the ill and i off pira es , p dered v ages carr ed

n un o f the n n n l ma y h dreds i habita ts i to s avery . N 0 man ever engaged in the court intrigues of ’ that king s reign and escaped with life and ho nour ; and no man o f average knowledge and capacity Charles P elham Villiers . 1 19 ever attempted to write the history o f that reign and escaped without finding himself invo lved win a su bject unsuited to an age in which Spo ru s and

L a nn h n do ocu st ca ot be brought upon t e sce e . I ’ no t u t u t and as to kn w disp e H me s capaci y, his o ledge he knew enough to know that in the matter call ed the Gowrie Conspiracy there were pitfalls which even his dexterity might no t enable him to

and t f a i ed all nti n o f it . escape, here ore he vo d me o But though this might show prudence what did it say as to his love o f truth ? His account o f the

n o f w ll m n a e l o f his reig James I . i re ai m moria extraordinary interpretation o f the meaning o f the

w ut l to is n ord d y app ied a h toria . I t can be shown that the first Lord Hyde o f the name o f Villiers was a man posses sed o f qualities v ery different from those o f the unhappy minion

o f u t f u who the n f o f F lt n co r avo r died by k i e e o , o r o f his brilliant and dissolute so n who died at

l l ft n w t o f the t He ms ey , a er havi g as ed some choices

if o f n tu and o f f tun The at t t g ts a re or e . gre es a e

o f l l in the N t R n o f He ms ey, or h idi g Yorkshire, had been bestowed by the Parliament of England

on f t n l and n t o f Fair ax , heir ge era , had bee par ’ the marriage portion which Fairfax s daughter had

u n l was u brought to B cki gham . Helms ey p rchased 1 20 N otes on the A nt L i Corn aw Struggle .

fo r near ninety thou sand pounds by a goldsmith

o r n C l un and ba ker, har es D combe , ,

’ e m s e o nce r u u ck n am s d eli t H l l y, p o d B i gh gh , ” S i es a cr ner r a it ni l d to s ive o c y k ght .

The picture by the author of these lines on the

d t o f u in ha ea h B ck g m,

’

I n the w rs inn s w rst r m &c . o t o oo , ,

l l i in i in o ne o f his is comp ete y mag ary . He d ed

o wn f u n t n l o ne ft arm ho ses, havi g ake co d day a er

- fo x unt n tt n o n the l un . Thi h i g, by si i g co d gro d s threw him into an ague and fever which carried ’ ’ o ff ft t n at a t n nt him , a er hree days sick ess , e a s

' i u Kzrlcb - Moor - s ade l o f h s o wn ho se, y , a ordship , n l l A nd the s t t nt as ear He ms ey . besides mi s a eme “ ’ ” to the w t nn w r t the t wo l n ors i s o s room, i es “ “ ” ending with the rhymes friends and ends are words only meant to tickle the ear Instead ’ “ o f n as in P l di dyi g ope s Mora Essays, he ed l f s u un f n . The o A r n so n rro ded by rie ds Ear ra , l n n f n to u t . D ke Hami o ; Mr Bria Fair ax , seco d ’ so n to L i f un l to w t t t tl ord Fa r ax s c e, hom ha i e

and t f n w w t w n came , o her rie ds ere i h him he he ’ w M ul w s t u fo r died . Ho ever, aca ay s ord are r e ; “ ’ though his death was not in the worst inn s worst

° 122 N o t s t e A nt orn aw tra le e on h z C L S gg .

re u ce o r ar a Ho w n s s tate of ann a n p j di p ti lity . lo g thi ihil tio ’ will las t I can t determine as I have taken no re solutions o n

b u t c ns er n m rea n enc e and e mer t I it, o id i g y g t i dol littl i , shall scarce b e again in an ac tive s tation ; so my friends will s carce e er a e an in o f m e b ut m w s e s w c w u d v h v yth g , y i h hi h o l have acco mpanie d yours had I known they had tende d t o

A u sb o ur m ean fo r u rs e f for as m e am a g g , I yo l , to I h ppy

at r rem nt t the ea o f o ur n s er r th Lo d Eg o is a h d Mi i t s the e .

r Gran e is mu c as he was as s r s and i n Lo d vill h to pi it d g ity,

d r W n at leas t to us who s ee him daily an pa tially . e ofte talk

o u er and w s for the s o ri es we are a e w en o u y ov , i h t to h v h y

re u rn r er e h ra r m re u an he had in . s as e t Lo d J y th o go t th ,

h wis m r fri n n other re spects t e same . I h y poo e ds i f you r parts were as I left them . I often e el fo r yo u and fo r

r i sc as mu c as fo r an . Le t se who are a e who F t h h y tho liv ,

are no t m an and fa in u r wa b e ass u re o f m re ar y, ll yo y , d y g d ,

e s e em and c m ass n and b e urse f c n ince a am t , o p io , yo l o v d th t I

n tera r — H u al bly you s .

w fe e s h er c m men s o f fri en s and s m My i b g o pli t d hip e tee . “ I n l tt d t The G 24 th S t a e er a ed rove , ep , 1 7 63 L , ord Hyde says

“ M ! R ITC — I am er a to find ur DEA M HELL , v y gl d by yo

fa ur o f the 3rd at u r ea is e e r and at o u are vo th yo h lth b tt , th y no t s o G erm aniz e d b u t that yo u wis h to b e among u s ; all

h u f r r r n ! u n w o know yo wish o r you e tu . o will fi d terri ble gaps in o ur acquaintance s death has m ade crue l havoc we

a rema n acc r n to ru ss an dis c l ne s u s an th t i , o di g P i ip i , ho ld t d ” he c r t lose . A nd in l tt t G n r St t a e er da ed Upper rosve o ree , L l st . Dec , ord Hyde says Charles Pelham Villiers . 123

I f an i e f thin o f m e w ere o u are ybody bes des yours l ks h y , y ou may c onfidently ass ert that I retain warm gratitu de fo r

er in b ut ima n e m st o f m minister a and m tar B l , I gi o y i l ili y ac quain tan ce s are gone grad u ally o r precipitately to their last h m u r r u ni he s o ndl fa ura e as o e . Sho ld e ve oppo t ty bli y vo bl t o permit yo u to lay my du ty and resp ects at his Prus sian ’ a es s fe et o u ma w t reat trut add t at s a l M j ty , y y i h g h h I h l ’ e er fee as u t the n ur ne m e his a est s v l, I o gh , ho o do by M j y

m s rac u s n I s ere an h s o r an attem tin to o t g io opi ion . th y i t i p g de scri be and kee p pace with his wond erful achievements W ere I as young and as unengaged as when I first kne w

t at ar of th e w r w u a ain em ar in at a i a e h p t o ld , I o ld g b k th g t t d

Bu as mus b e c n ente sto ries to s ea . t it is I t o t d to tell old

m wife an d c ren and to rea and e a n the Gaz ettes . y hild , d xpl i W as there any h0 pe o f you r as sistance in these dom estic n f ns in a mu se me ts we shou ld b e all the happier . My wi e joi

ear wis he s fo r ur welfare and in t at erfec e steem h ty yo , h p t w t w c una era rema n i h hi h I lt bly i ,

ear tc e My d Mi h ll ,

s t c r ia l urs Mo o d l y yo , ! H DE .

Mr P V lli w s o f n C . a at th t . e . i ers , age six ee ,

nt to the t n C ll at l u se Eas I dia o ege Hai eyb ry, where he had the advantage o f studying fo r two

un lt u and ir m n years der Mr . Ma h s S Ja es Macki

t t n the P f of P l t l n m and osh , he ro essors o i ica Eco o y

n l L w l u u Internatio a a at Hai eyb ry . Circ mstances

V l u h int n having indu ced Mr . i liers to give p t e e

t n o f n to n his n nt io goi g I dia, he had ame e ered ’ n ll C and t the at St . C oo Joh s o ege , ambridge , k 124 ru e N otes on the A nti Corn L a w St ggl .

h e f B A . nd B 1 4 d e o . a L . in 82 an t degrees , degre o f A M . t r l . hree yea s ater .

l an un r d u t at C . Whi e derg a a e ambridge , Mr “ ” V ll was m o f the n n t n i iers a ember U io , a deba i g

c t in w w t was o r was no t a so ie y, hich he her he f u nt nn t s a fo r t u at t t req e speaker I ca o y, ho gh ha t was an un u t o f T n t C ll e ime I dergrad a e ri i y o eg , “ ” C was no t a o f the n n ambridge , I member U io , and the only members o f the Union whose ” names emerged beyond the walls of the Union

- T n . n w l d . d t . a u a eba i g room ere B . M ca ay W M

Praed T w t wh n t . here ere o hers o became o ed aft w n w n Sir A l er ards , amo g hom may be amed ex ’ an C u n L C f u t o f the u n der ockb r , ord hie J s ice Q ee s

n h C l ull and C l A u t n w Be c ; har es B er, har es s i , hose u n u ll u l nt un l eq a ed s ccess as a par iame ary co se , by

n him o ut o f P l nt l nt keepi g ar iame , possib y preve ed im f n P n t h rom bei g rime Mi is er . ’ ll w n n l n C l V t to St . C l Whe har es i iers e Joh s o ege ,

Ca t w the end o f the fi t u t o f mbridge, o ards rs q ar er the n n t nt ntu an nt n l t t i e ee h ce ry, i e se y aris ocra ic

i t l t o f G t t n sp ri prevai ed over every par rea Bri ai , and manifested itself in great force at the Univer

R nt o f l n w l n s ity o f Cambridge . e a d as ooked upo

as the only respectable source o f revenu e . The profits of trade were only fitted fo r the pedlar class

12 6 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Straggle .

su 4 n the wn o r o f perior degree ; , Bei g o er, keeper, f ‘ t o r w n . a ores , park, chase, arre But though shooting partridges and grouse

t b e w ll fo x- unt n was the u migh very e , h i g am se m n l n t fitt n nt n . A P t e be i g a ge ema rime Mi is er, if ul no t to un was l wn he co d ride ho ds, ooked do u n as no t u t ntl n a o din to the po q i e a ge ema , cc r g

n rd n l al the u proper sta da . Eve Fie d Marsh D ke o f Wellington was no t quite up to their mark in

n T t l was of and horsema ship . heir a k horses dogs, f - - d m - n o x unt n n an t n . h i g, horse raci g, a de drivi g The walls o f their rooms were covered with prints s uch as might be considered congenial to their c ultivated minds ; with portraits of celebrated

and unt and l for t racers h ers , dogs remarkab e heir

u it t u l l w n u u co rage or sagac y, par ic ar y he s ch co rage and sagacity had been exhibited like those o f the

- d o ill of rat catchin ut t n . t t g B y, g rep a io Wi h hose

un men t u n and l w no t as yo g , ho gh ki gs ords ere

t m en o f the t t b ut had t o f o her , ear h ear hy, a sor

in t in t un ut so t t t r div i y hedg g hem ro d abo , ha hei ’ chaff was better than other folks corn ; yet even

l nd 4 . h tatute a 2 W . c 32 4 mm . 1 5 . t e s . 7 Bl Co , By ill , , the qualification for killing game was abolished ; and every c r ificate er n ma il ame s u ect n to the law o f e t d p so y k l g , bj o ly trespas s . Charles Pelham Villiers: 127

in and l who ul no t r u t to t k gs ords, co d ide q i e heir s ti fa ti n w to r as l w a s c o , ere be rega ded s o coaches n d spoo s .

This question has another aspect . I t has been thought by some that the genius o f

lt S tt w l t in the nt and Wa er co , hich de igh ed roma ic

hi l u t of f u l has n c va ro s aspec e da ism , had co sider able influ ence in obtaining fo r the aristocratic spirit the ascendancy it held in England fo r the

u h n I first q arter o f t e nineteenth ce tury . t seemed a vain imagi nation in Wordsworth to attempt to establish a respectable pedl ar in the roll of honour which was appropriated to hold buccaneers and " t c - n w was th t l ow t l . t respec ab e s ea ers I deed, ha a foray which closed with the Battle o f Otterburne ? Does not the o ld ballad say

’ Doughty Douglas was boun to ri de To England to drive a prey

A n n i nt n e and lin w r n i n l a c e am eage e e i d spe sab e, and really Scott had wonderful success in stamping impressions that I can hardly admit were a very

By respectable here is meant a cow- stealer wh o

was in a ar e wa of u siness and w ul a e t u l g y b , o d h v ho ght it b eneath th e c haracter o f a gentleman to steal a single

co w or an hin ess than a er o f c ws wi the ull or , yt g l h d o th b

bul ls . 128 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

’ u seful or healthy part o f a boy s edu cation impressions that associated with the gloom o f Gothic castles and the high- fretted roofs and

u n w o f t o r ll pict red wi do s Go hic abbeys co eges , the of n u o f l and n u th t idea gra de r, g ory ho o r a w on ri t and t u o n the t s t t ere ce b gh r e, hypo he is ha they had been earned by labou r and wo n by heroic

s The ult l n t deed . res may perhaps be dim y i dica ed ’ by some of Scott s lines which describe the entrance o f Deloraine into the chancel o f Melrose A bbey

a ste e - c enc e s ern r By l l h d po t doo , ’ They enter d now the chancel tall ; ’ The dark en d roof rose high aloof

d i and ma On llars f an s . pi lo ty, l ght, ll

ul m an a scutc e n and anner ri en F l y h o b v ,

S to the c n - w n o f ea en hook old ight i d h v , A ro und th e s creene d altars pale ;

A nd ere the n am s urn th dyi g l p did b ,

ef re th lo w and ne u rn B o y lo ly , O gallant Chief o f Otterburne !

A nd hine ar Kn t o f es a e ! t , d k igh Lidd d l O fadin g honours o f the dead !

0 hi am i i n w a gh b t o , lo ly l id

I n the same poem Scott gives a striking picture o f the state of the country on the borders o f

130 N o tes on the A nti o rn L aw tru le C S gg .

n es timatio . Early authorities shows no such pers ons

as n u l n Ba q o and his so n F ea ce . Neither were Banquo or ” his so n n s f a ce tors o f the hous e o Ste wart .

Scott has in another o f his works some instru c tive remarks o n the effect o f times which may be

o n f l ut n said t have somethi g o a revo io ary character . “ ” I n the n t u the R nt Mo as ery , M rray ( ege ) says

I n times like the se we mu st look to m e n and no t to f n m n pedigrees . Timc s o actio akes princes i to peasants and

r f mi a e s run fr m n n boors into ba ons . All a lies h v p g o o e m ea man ; and it is well if they have never degenerated from his ” virtu e who rais ed them first from obsc uri ty . My Lord o f Murray will please to e xc ept the hou se o f ” u as sa r o n au men a e se en in the Do gl , id Mo t h ghtily ; h v it

ree b u t ne er in th e sa in — a e s een in th e s ream t , v pl g h v it t ,

t n r in the f u n I n th e ear es o f ur c is b u eve o ntai . li t o S ott h anna s th e ac u as was werfu and is in u s e l , Bl k Do gl po l d t g i h d

as no w .

en to the n ur of the u se of u as sa I b d ho o ho Do gl , id Murray somewhat iro nically ; I am co ns cious we of the Royal House have little right to compete with them in

n h rn cr n dig ity . W at though we have wo ow s and carrie d sce res for a few enera ns if o ur enea m es no pt g tio , g logy ov farther bac k than to the hu mble A lanus D ap tfer

“ W co see n a Sir . S t as e r e seems to e t ( Mo t y, Not N) h v ’ s ucc eeded in overthrowing Chalmers s schem e o f the Douglas

e i ree fr m Theo b aldus Flamm ti u Sc sa s The p d g o a c s . ott y lands granted by the Abbot o f Kels o to Theo b aldus Flam Charles P elham Villiers . 131

I t happened to me to have a singular opportunity o f observing this intensely aristocratic character in the fi t u t o f th n n nt ntu rs q ar er e i etee h ce ry,

n n l It wa at t t t pervadi g E g ish Society . s ha ime

u t n w no t if it is the u t now fo r c s omary, I k o c s om , the college tutor at Trinity College to take com passion o u the u nhappy Freshman who was to dine fo r the fi t t in ll so far as to nt him rs ime ha , appoi t o come to his rooms a few minu tes before the

nn ll n and n n to the care / o r di er be ra g, co sig him another Freshman who had been similarly intro du ced to ll o r two f and who the ha a day be ore, by arrangement o f the college tutor was to introduce into hall another Freshman as he had himself been

n f w a f h t t u d e . t n to t e i rod ce a d ys be ore I hi k, bes

m ation s are no t th e s am e o f whic h William de Dou glas was

n u a ar fro m m ar n t i poss ession . It wo ld ppe c o p i g he charter grante d to Theo b aldu s Flammaticus that though situate d o n the wa er o f u as e ne er ma e a ar o f the ar n t Do gl , th y v d p t b o y o f a nam e and ere f re cann b e the same w s e th t , th o ot ith tho

e am d e u n th e s u h ld by Willi Do glas i cceeding generation . Bu t if William de Douglas did no t succe ed Theob ald us

Flammaticus t ere is no m re reas o n fo r d n ese two , h o hol i g th perso ns to b e father and so n than if they had live d in difierent

r nce s and we are s t as far fro m a in disc ere the p ovi , ill h v g ov d

first mean man o f the Douglas family as Hume. o f G o ds croft was in the sixteenth c entury . ru 132 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw St ggle . o f ll t n th t the nu o f un my reco ec io , a mber der

u t n n l in the ll of T in t C ll grad a es di i g dai y ha r i y o ege,

C at t at ti was a ut t undr ambridge , h me , bo hree h ed

r l n th d a of fi t n n in more o ess . O e y my rs di i g

ll w nt nt nt to the in ha , I e by appoi me rooms ’ N eville s C u t of ll tut and was o r my co ege or, immediately introd uced by him to a man o f about

o wn t w t li t and l my heigh , i h gh hair a remarkab y

- um u unt n n who w nt w t to good h o red co e a ce, e i h me the ll whi was l and t n t o n ha , ch c ose by , aki g a sea a bench at a table covered with joints o f meat and

i o f t l t t w t and d shes vege ab es , oge her i h bread beer

l fill t l o f t g asses ed or emp y , carved some s ices mea f m nt ut t w t t l o n ro a joi , p hem i h some vege ab es his

l t and nt m t to t t was to f ll w his p a e, i i a ed me ha I o o T w n m inin in example . his as keepi g ter s by d g ll ha .

n dinn was we w l o ut and Whe er over a ked , my companion very heartily invited me to accompany him to his lodgi ngs and take a glass of wine . But as I had resolved at that tim e to avoid what are

ll w n t at C t n him ca ed i e par ies ambridge, I ha ked and declined — though I afterwards went to wine

art at his and a to w n t p ies rooms, he c me i e par ies at fo r f un it l to n my rooms, I o d advisab e cha ge my

n i to w n t to resolutio n regard i e par ies . I have add

134 N ° otes on the A ntz Corn L aw Straggle. o f R e t l o r G s n t n as to ob r B ake eorge Wa hi g o , — royalty had adopted the opinions o f those against whom Robert Blake and George Washingto n fought for he u sed to say it was unl ucky fo r him that A dmiral Blake had served under the Common w lt n if un n as ea h si ce, he had served der a Ki g he , his nt t w ul inh it a s represe a ive, o d have er ed peerage “ a peerage which the great admiral and general at sea w ould have declined . To minds weary o f the constantly recurring

t l of t rit n at t m nt spec ac e savage par y spi , risi g i es i o fu at t t w n t t f of ry, o her imes eari g ha degraded orm malig nity which has received in England the name — o f spite which has been described as in some n tu su i n all the t f ult so to a res rv vi g o her ac ies, as — give rise to the words his power gone his spite — immortal a dead nettle - there is a singular pleasure in turning to the testimony of the opposite

t — o f Cl n n o f n n of u to the par y are do , Joh so , H me,

l u and n f l The u t va o r i tegrity o Robert B ake . s bjec N seems to rouse even Hume into enthusiasm . ever ” “ man so z l u fo r f t n was so , he says , ea o s a ac io ,

in rance and at mu s et o ut o f S ain w m re F , th it t g p ith o

ra b ut in ten ear s w u b e eterm ne e re i e g vity, y it o ld d i d th l k w s —Sir war e ecretar c as adr e . S i Ed d Hyd to y Ni hol , M id,

e ru ar 9 1651 Cla rendon Sta te Pa ers . . . F b y , ( p , vol iii , p Charles Pelham Villiers . 35

u t and t d e n b the ite m ch respec ed es eeme , ve y oppos ” f n actio s . ’ Blake s fate as to a peerage is s uggestive and nifi n t h If sig ca t as o t e peerage question . a peer a w n n n f t ge ere i tended as a. public recog itio o grea

u li s n man n p b c ervices, ever had ear ed a peerage m t ul t n R t la If l had li ore r y ha ober B ke . B ake ved at the time when peers were persons who wore a ’ t o f l and no t a f t an l his f t coa mai oo m s ivery, a e would have been at least to escape the ignominy of ” the mean revenge which insulted his body by dragging it from the place where it had been “ ” nt wit n n all the fun l e ombed h, says Joh so , era solemnity due to the remains of a man so famed fo r ”

and tl s in his nt it . his bravery, so spo es i egr y Whatever weight may be at tached to the inves ’ tigatio n o f the Lords Committee on the su bject o f the Barones M aj ores havi ng the right to sit in the Legislative A ssemblies without being summoned ’ the in t it u t i nt t t by K g s Wri , m s be ev de ha peers who levied war against the Plantagenets were a different order o f persons from peers who might hear the very titles of the N evilles and the Percie s l un the Tu and the Stu t . R t C der dors ar s ober eci ,

' E l o f S l u was difl erent l o f ar a isb ry, a very Ear

S li u f R N ll l of S l u a sb ry rom ichard evi , Ear a isb ry 1 36 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle. and W w who f ll at the ttl o f n t and ar ick, e Ba e Bar e , among whose dying words Shak speare has written ’ t liv d n b ut ul hese Who Ki g, I co d dig his grave ? Whether he u sed these words o r no t it is certain he and Hotspu r and others were very different sort o f peers from the persons bearing the name o f peers who were the cou rtiers o r footmen i he o f the Tudors and the Stuarts . Footman s t

s o h a proper word . I n t t e court dress at this d y the dress o f a footman ? A nd as every peer

ut o n t t at rt n t in so p s ha dress ce ai imes , by do g he

n lf f m n a tra sforms himse into a court oot a . Is court footman a proper and fit legislator fo r a

t n t n A t l l u o r grea a io grea so dier, a Mar boro gh

llin t n w di t n t n no t to n We g o , o es his s i c io bei g a

in l f the two peer b ut to be g a great so dier . O greatest admirals o ne did not live to bear the title o f earl ; and the body of the other was torn from its t l in tm n t A and t li recep ac e Wes i s er bbey, cas ke that o f a masterless d og— fo r a dog that has a m t is d ntl u — it Th was as er ece y b ried into a p . is the f t o f man w n S u l n n a e a hom eve am e Joh so , while bestowing o n Hampden no more honourable ” n t n t t o f the al t o f ll n n u s ame ha ha ze o rebe io , ce s re fo r t n o n o ne n w t t me t in t s ac i g occasio i h e ri y , erm which may indicate the degree o f his panegyric

138 l N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Stragg e .

A modern hero- worshipper who has taken Crom ’ well for one of his heroes in reference to Cromwell s expul sion of the Rump declares he knows no t in w at are t at t i tu t it h eyes ears he r depar re , excep be t o wn heir . A friend o f mine who wrote a review that that tended much to the success of a former work o f t i w t to o f w o n C w ll h s ri er, said me his ork rom e t t had fi n to C w ll and ha he sacri ced everyo e rom e ,

n u o f h m T i - w hi had ot made m ch i . h s hero ors pper has been very profuse o f his scorn and reprobation towards those members of the Rump who did no t l th ll Th fault of ick e dust before Cromwe . e each o f those opponents of Cromwell is that he is no t a “ royal man He then makes another outcry fo r a royal man ; and all that he has to say o f the f t of the men who fu u i i n to t nt a e re sed s bm ss o a yra , w th n m was Stu t o r C w ll is u he er his a e ar rom e , s ch ’ cowardly scurrility as this peppery Scot s hot ” T S t ’ head will go up o n Temple Bar . homas co s ’ l t w d in P l nt as t in u t n as or s ar iame , repor ed B r o s

t and t w u Diary, are hese , hey are ords s ch as hero worshippers are no t apt to use

I would b e c onte nt it s hould b e set upon my monument — ’ - if it were m ast ac t o wn it I was o ne o f the n s y l , I ki g h mans u es . e it s a not b e sai o f u s as of t e R j dg I hop h ll d , o

nc e O m nes ad s ervi tu tem arati o , ho i p Charles Pelham Villiers . 139

ll t l the t n t l I sha be o d by cri ics , as I have bee o d

t f t at am di r n f m the by hem be ore, h I g essi g ro

s tr t u ect - tte na l the t u l s o f the ic s bj ma r, me y, s r gg e opponents o f the Corn Laws ; and perhaps I shall be asked what have Robert Blake and Thomas Scot in common with Charles Pelham Villiers and Richard Cobden ? My answer is that as Robert Blake and Thomas Scot strove against the Di vine

R t o f the Stu t n C l P l V lli igh ar Ki gs , har es e ham i ers and Richard Cobden strove against the Divine

Ri t of the L ndl w nif t b e gh a ords, hose ma es o may s ummed up in the words o f a certain I rish- English p eer whose English peerage dates from 1 l th

A u u t 18 15 and is t f r l w t the g s , , here o e coeva i h

n L T e w an far - n in ll Cor aws . h isdom d seei g te i

n o f t n l l who n ra l ge ce his ob e ord, had co side b e landed estates and held fo r some years the post o f

ni t o f unt the n and intelli prime mi s er a co ry, e ergy gence o f the inhabitants of which have made it fa u and w ful the w l in t of u mo s po er over or d , spi e s ch

ni t t in the t prime mi s ers as he , promp ed him deba e in the H u o f L M 14 1839 o n L o se ords , arch , , ord ’ Fitzwilliam s Resolutions condemning the Corn

L ws to utt n to t w : a , give era ce hese ords

To leave the whole agricu ltu ral interest withou t prote o t n ec are ef re G o d at in the wi est and io , I d l b o th I th k it ld 140 N otes on the A nti r r Co n L a w St aggle. m addest scheme that has ever entered into the imagination ” o f man to c onceive .

To contend against such reasoning there was n o f n w l t f Mr V ll t o . eed a mi d hich, ike ha i iers , had been trained to that rigid analysis o f the principles o f e conomic science which enables it to

t t f ll at l n and to set f t t uth de ec a a acy a g a ce , or h a r with the simple force and clearness that are best

fitt to i it f n of u ed g ve a air cha ce s ccess .

A n l . t the l t f 1826 . P G n o . C e era E ec io , Mr Villiers was o ne o f the candidates fo r the repre

‘ o f ull Th w o f scutation H . e riter a letter in a

ull o f 1883 H paper May , , says

’

Mr . tic n at on . . ill ers s car s were th e w rds No i g th C P V i d o , ’ e fo r i liers and ea re a it struc m e t a m u st Vot V l Ch p B d, k h t it

h n en r n f point to the right o . octo g a ia Member o r Wolver

am to n wh m all n an w fo r e er in affe c i nate h p , o E gl d ill v hold t o rem e mbrance fo r being the first to agitate fo r the removal o f ” h x n f t e ta o ood.

The writer of the letter also says that he copied M in f S. n t n a t ul s rom a his possessio , cer ai p r ic ar ’ l t n to V lli f m l the nt t at ul l re a i g Mr . i ers s a i y, co es H ,

h l ffi Mr V ll l and t e u . t k p b ic o ces i iers had he d, oo the l t o f f w in the u t n to iber y or ard g same , req es i g know if there was any truth in the statements V l t n. . ll l w t u u herei Mr i iers rep ied , i h his s a

° 142 o the t N tes on A u z Corn L aw Struggle.

u b the u nt t o f u w co n meas red y q a i y prod ce, ere siderably less than in the period between 1 740 and

1 794 .

That u nder the combined operation of the Poor

Law o f 1 796 and the C n Law of 1 8 15 ' the w s or , age o f ultu l l u w l w and the n t n agric ra abo r ere o er, co di io o f the ultu l l u was w t n at an agric ra abo rer orse , ha y f me t t t in w the P Law or r period , excep ha hich oor V ’ l o f l t was . ll a u as E izabe h passed Mr . i iers s bo r “ an A ssistant Poor Law Commissioner brought ” the w t o f the P lit l him, says ri er o ica Memoir “ fi to T S nt pre xed his Free rade peeches , i o

i t nt t w t the l u in l and d rec co ac i h abo r g c asses , introduced him to o ne o f the most instructive

n o f l al V ll t n . i bra ches po i ic scie ce Mr . iers may

' indeed have thus seen more clearly the efl ects o f the combined operations of two bad laws upon the

n t n o f all l t the o f nt co di io c asses excep receiver re , and this would be of u se to him in his free trade labours . Whether his duties as Secretary to the Master o f the Rolls and Examiner in the Court o f Chancery enla his liti al ws nn t t u n rged po c vie , I ca o ake po me to say . Wolverhampton had always sought as represen

e n tatives th opponents o f the Cor Laws . I t Charles Pelham Villiers . 14 3

tu n fo r its fi t e . hit who re r ed rs Memb r , Mr W more, lost no Opportunity o f denouncing the inj u stice

f t n L w n . t o he Cor a s . Whe Mr Whi more died he w as u V ll and the nn t n s cceeded by Mr . i iers, co ec io thu s formed has no t since been interrupted. From 1 835 to 1884 when these words are written is a period o f forty- nine years ; and I think it would

diflicult if no t l to find a l be , impossib e , case simi ar t o t ff W l n and t t C. P ha a orded by o verhamp o Mr . .

V lli o f utu l t m and utu l nfi n i ers , m a es ee m a co de ce

tw n h l and he l t be ee t e e ectors t e ec ed .

I n 1 837 V ll wa n th Li l Mr . i iers s chose by e bera s ’ as sembled at Sir William Mo leswo rth s to become their leader in the House o f Commons o n the

u t n o f he R l o f the n L w q es io t epea Cor a s . He

nt u t u t 15 1 838 and i rod ced his s bjec March , ,

e r f r repeated his motion every y a o eight years .

Mr V ll to fi t n ttl n t the . i iers had gh ma y ba es agai s

C n L w n and n t u d t t or a s , so ma y agai s s ch od s ha , — and I h0 pe the illu stration will no t be deemed ina ro iate— wh n o n the l 0th o f un 184 5 pp p e J e, ,

V ll s u t f w r t and la t Mr . i ier bro gh or a d his eigh h s motion for the Repeal o f the Corn Laws the cir cum stances of the case with its gloomy fortunes in the past and the dark clouds lowering over the futu w ll ll the l b t t t l o f re , may e reca ce e ra ed s ory o d 14 4 ot t A t or L w l N es on he n i C n a Stragg e . the exile o f Rachrin who won at last the great l f n Batt e o Ban ockb urn .

R t u w n l n o ne n n o n his ober Br ce , he yi g mor i g w t b ed l t n w t no t re ched , de ibera i g he her he had better resign his enterprise o f making good his

t to the S tt wn and n n to l righ co ish cro , happe i g ook u to the f o f the n in w la saw p roo cabi hich he y, a spider hangi ng at the end o f a long thread o f its o wn nn n and t n to w n t lf f o ne spi i g, ryi g s i g i se rom beamin the roof to another fo r the purpose o f

h i s w fixing t e line o n which it meant to stretch t eb . The spider made the attempt repeatedly and failed

t u unt a it t nd each ime . Br ce co ed th t had ried a failed six times ; and bethought him that he had f ought six battles against the English. He then resolved that if the spider shou ld make another

ff t and u w u l tr f tun in e or s cceed , he o d y his or e Scotland a seventh tim & The spider made another exertion and s u cceeded in fastening its thread to the beam which it had so oft en in vain attempt ed to u n f reach . Br ce seei g the success o the spider

l to tr f tun a n and reso ved y his or e ag i , as he had n f wo n ttl n ft l t o ne ever be ore a ba e he ever a er os . Sir Walter Scott says

a e f en m et wit e e o f the nam e o f ruce s o I h v o t h p opl B , c m e el ersu a e o f the ru o f s s r a e o pl t y p d d t th thi to y, th t th y

1 ' 4 6 N o tes on the A ntz Corn L aw Struggle .

t n n R l f the R f P l nt ob ai i g epea rom e ormed ar iame ,

until n o ne n t u 19 he happe ed igh (Febr ary , about two years before he became a Member o f “ the u to nt as t n and Ho se , be prese a s ra ger

w tn h V ll n t e t t nt whi . w i ess rea me ch Mr i iers , he

t n R l n fr the Pro advoca i g epea , experie ced om ’ tectio nis o f V ll ts . From a speech Mr . i iers s at ’ S lf h n of un l n o d n o n t e a . C b e s a ord, occ sio vei i g Mr

t tu it t t C n u nl l ft the s a e, appears ha obde s dde y e

u tu n to L n t t n t and Ho se, re r ed a cashire ha igh , determined that he would never cease to agitate until the public should be apprised o f the character

o f f l n those laws and the difficulty o repea i g them .

C n in fi t in the u Mr . obde said, his rs speech Ho se

o f C n A u u t 25 1 84 1 ommo s , g s ,

Wh at are these taxes u pon food ? They are taxes levie d

u n the rea o f th e e e and h o n . en e men po g t body p opl , g tl

site who s w su c s m a fo r the w r n clas ses oppo , ho h y p thy o ki g

af er e a e m a e e m au ers cann t en m r t t th y h v d th p p , o d y y igh to c laim o n their be half that those taxe s should b e a prim ary n em c e r c o sideration . I have heard th all d P otec tion ; b u t

axes e are and a es e s a b e in m m ut as n t th y , t x th y h ll y o h , lo g

as a h u r a s a in u The r I h ve t e hono o f e t this Ho s e . b ead tax is a tax primarily le vied u pon the poorer classe s ; it is a tax at th e wes es ma e o f 40 er c en a e th e r ce w e , lo t ti t , p t . bov p i s ul a if ere we re a fre e ra in rn The re r ho d p y th t de c o . po t u pon th e handloom - weave rs pu ts down ten shillings as th e e st ma e l earn n o f a fam m i ted we k y i gs ily . It oreover state s 1 7 Charles P elham Villiers . 4

that o ut o f te n shillings eac h family expends five shillings

n . i r f x f o rea . The tax o f 40 er ce n s e e re a ta o b d p t , th o , ’ 20 er c u n the earnin s of e er a uri n man s p ent . po g v y l bo g

fam l l n e Ho w e it er i y earning te n shil i gs a w ek . do s op ate as we pro cee d u pwards in so ciety The man with forty

l - h shil ings a we ek pays an in c ome tax o f 5 p er cent . t e man o f £ 250 a year pays b ut 1 pe r ce nt ; and the nobleman o r

mi li naire wit an inc me of a ear and w se l o , h o y , ho famil y cons um es no more bre ad than that o f the agric ultural

a urer a s ess an o ne ha lf enn in e er £ 100 . l bo , p y l th p y v y

u k n w n t r h t (La ghter . ) I o ot whe he t e lau gh is a the

m ns tr us c arac er of the case o r at the um e in i ua o o h t , h bl div d l who state s it ; b ut I repeat that the tax upon the nobleman

i r n n h s ess an o ne a f enn e ce . w e u t e r l th h l p y p t , hil po poo ’ r m s re er i man s family it is £20 pe cent . I a u th e s no t an h h n . m i h u r o r n o me ber n t e House w o wo ld da e t b i g in a. bill to levy an in c ome - tax on all grade s o f society upon a scale

s m ar t s and et ma n a n at the rea - tax is s uc i il to hi , y I i t i th b d h

a tax and is e e no t fo r the ur ses of the State b ut fo r , l vi d , p po ,

th e benefit of th e riches t portion o f th e c ommun ity . That is

r can s m a iz e a fair state ment o f the tax u pon b ea d . I y p th

t e f h n m n si e b u t if e w he incr u o on . e e e ith d lity g tl oppo t , th y

knew the cas e as rea is and fe t as e w ul if it lly , l it th y o d

t e di d n w e w u a s fe e a e c u no t h y k o it, th y o ld l o l th t th y o ld lie down to re s t in comfort o r safety if they vote d for s uc h

m the us a he r a tax. Le t e rem n e t a es who i d Ho , th t p ti have so patiently s tru ggled fo r thre e years past fo r a hearing

at ur b ar a e ne er een a we s ate eir cas e a yo , h v v b llo d to t th th t

r l r m t n M ar e r th m r f W e ha r . s e e ho n . Me be o o v p o ( Ch l Villi s )

fo r w se rea and nc essan ser ces in c mm n w t ho g t i t vi I, o o i h — mil i ns o f m fe w - c u n r men fee ratefu w en he l o y llo o t y , l g l h 10 “ 14 8 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle . propose d that the case o f those mill ions should b e heard at th e b ar had the r s t n sc ute and s urne and t a , p opo i io o d p d h t, w en e had en e em a ear n t e r cee e to h th y d i d th h i g, h y p o d d misrepresent their

One o f the ffi ult Villi to nt n di c ies Mr . ers had co e d with I can well understand from having experienced it myself when employed in an inquiry into the

ndit n o f the fa l ur in lt t co io rm abo ers Wi s , Dorse ,

nd in h - The a S t t e wint o f 1844 5 . omerse , er difficulty was that the A nti - Corn Law movement incu rred the disadvantage o f being represented — — ’ o r misrepresented as a purely manufacturers

t t n o t u and set n fo r the u o f agi a io , g p agoi g p rpose l w in the w o f t w n and t o er g ages heir orkme , hereby enabling them to compete o n more equ al terms

n n . n with other atio s I remember maki g Mr . Cobden very angry for a moment by telling him that some o f the n met w t in lt t and perso s I i h Wi s , Dorse ,

S t in and nu 184 4 - 5 omerse , December Ja ary, ,

u l t l at t in t t p zz ed me ex reme y imes by say g ha Mr . Cobden sometimes said the Repeal would raise

w ti t t it w ul l w t . ages , some mes ha o d o er hem

n was in the t n o f a un l Mr . Cobde posi io co se who l in o f t m t n is emp oyed a case vas i por a ce, beset with complications and difficulties ; and he

’ - . i Co b den s S eec es . . 3 5 . p h , vol , pp

1 50 N otes on the A ntt Corn L aw Straggle. o r land as the only things worth having and worth

t ri in fo r s v g . ’ V ll t n un di ulti Mr . i iers s posi io der these flic es has been described with singular clearness in the Political Memoir which forms an introduction to ’ V ll Tr d Mr . i iers s Free a e Speeches

His keen pe rc eption made him acutely sensitive o f th e embarrassme nts to which the pre dominance o f o ne body o f men in the movem ent e xposed the cau se o f Repe al in both Hou s es o f Parliam ent ; whilst their c omparative ignorance o f

ar amen ar r ce ure and th e st u n s ren a was P li t y p o d , bbor t gth th t arra e a a ns em in the e is a ure ace d em in no y d g i t th L g l t , pl th lit e an er in e r m a ence o f em rar efea and tl d g , th i i p ti t po y d t the c nsc usness of num e r ca su er r in the c un r o f o io i l p io ity o t y , c ompromising the cau se by s u ch ac ts o f indis cree t z eal as c ould only r etard th e obj ect th ev h ad in

’ ll u t n was n Mr . Vi iers s sit a io o e beset with difficulties which it is no t easy to analyz e com ’ l l T t . ll u in plete y . ha Mr Vi iers s diffic ties the Hou se o f Commons arose from no want o f power

an t far the t n u l as advoca e, as as mos ho o rab e fun t n o f an t in u t n wn c io s advoca e are q es io , is sho by the declaration o f a political adversary whose debating powers rendered him a competent j udge

o f l nt a in . . l w n par iame ary spe k g Mr Disrae i, he

’ s s ree T ra e S eec es ca m r er e . Villi F d p h , Politi l M oi , p xxxiv . l r 1 1 Charles P e ha m Villie s . 5

Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1 852 in Lord ’ ni t t n Derby s admi s ra io , said

I may say tha t he may look back with prou d self - co m p lac ency to the time when I rememb er him sitting o n almost

the as enc o n thi s s e of th e us e and r n n l t b h id Ho , b i gi g

f rwar w th e c mman o f a mas er o f th e s u ec ne er o d, ith o d t bj t, v

m n a s n e n and a a nst all the re u ces o f his o itti g i gl poi t, g i p j di

au d ence the u est n o f the rn aws . ere we re no i , q io Co L Th

c eers en fr m the f l wers o f Sir Ro ert ee ere h th o o lo b P l . Th were no enthusiastic adherents then in a defunct Whig

m n str . O n the c ntrar the r n ura e ar ne i i y o y, ight ho o bl b o t,

the mem er for ar s e c am e f rwar and rew his r ad b C li l , o d th b o shield over the territorial interest o f England ; and anybody b u t the honou rable and le arne d m ember fo r Wolverhampto n

w u a e s un in th e une u a fra . n ur res ec and o ld h v k q l y I ho o , p t ” a m re him b ut cann a ree to his Res u ns . d i , I ot g ol tio

The uphill battle that the A nti- Corn L aw League had to fight is exemplified in the meeting

l at C l e t o n the 8th o f ul 184 3 in he d o ch s er J y, ,

u t o f the l o f the C n Law It s ppor repea or s . is hardly necessary to say that Colchester was a

t n l o f C n t far C n v t m s ro gho d o serva ism, as as o ser a is nt the t n o f the C n L w n it mea preserva io or a s, si ce would have been difficult at that time to find any considerable town in Britain which was no t such a

A l t o f the l n stronghold . arge majori y a dholders and clergy throughout E ngland was in favou r o f the C n L w and l it o f e or a s, a arge major y th ' 152 N otes on the A ntz Corn L aw Struggle . thousands o f people assembled at the Co lchester meeting from all parts o f the country was expected by the Protectionists to be in favour of the main tenance of the Corn Laws and against the advocates o f R l n i l n to the l tt was epea . I deed v o e ce a er n apprehended and special constables were sworn i . ’ o b den s N ever perhaps was the effect of Mr . C

n w i to w the w ll - n w s speaki g, h ch, borro e chose ord “ ” l and t u o f . t was so and Mr Brigh , simp e easy r e , n more wonderfully manifested than on this occasio .

The farmers at first refu sed to listen to him . Before the end of his speech he wo n their attention if no t their acquiescence .

V ll who f ll w Sir n T ll was Mr . i iers , o o ed Joh yrre ,

wit t in and l his received h grea cheer g, c osed speech with a passage thus reported

If th e e e et rer can the farmer et ric w i e p opl g poo , g h h l his cus tomers are dec lining A nd if competition c m e s him to e the hi est r ce for his an can o p l giv gh p i l d, h e a his ren if the r uce fa s in ri ce p y t p od ll p No, Where then is the ad vantage to any o ne in such an unnatural re gulation P The Corn Laws have lasted twenty- eight years ; what good have they done you ! o u are no w calle d u pon

m n wn u r n nt n h ! u are to ake k o yo se time s o t e subjec t . o su mmoned here as j uro rs before your c ountry ; and after a

ful and fair ria o f ese aws o u are un to ec are l t l th L , y bo d d l

ur er ict u n em W at o u s a A re the rn yo v d po th . h do y y Co

1 54 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

“ n in his s e ec in am o rato r sai Mr . l iers I o , d Vi l p h

ent Gar en ea re u 3 1844 s m s ate facts Cov d Th t , J ly , , I i ply t d , in su ort of m Res u ns s c s n the stress o f th e pp y ol tio , di lo i g di

e nd f r a ro f p ople . A I aske d fo r an answer ; I asked o p o

at th e rn n n t e e Ho w th Co Laws were o t a inj ury to he p opl . was I m et Do yo u think that if they coul d have prove d that the la bourers were well off they woul d not have done so Do yo u think that if the farm ers c ou ld have be en shown to

a e b enefitted in o ne s n e res e ct o r if a an a es e sul te h v i gl p , dv t g r d

an o b ut emse es fr m es e aws we s u no t to yb dy th lv o th L , ho ld ’ have heard o f it i

I n his at C l t ul 8 1843 speech o ches er, J y , ,

r il i M . V l ersf said

We sometimes tell them in the Hou se that the special e i But e obj ct o f the Corn Law s s to keep u p rents . th y always say in reply that this is a vulgar view o f th e qu e stion ;

a if ren were the e c o f th e rn Laws ere w u th t t obj t Co , th o ld b e no diflic ulty in getting rid o f them ; that c oun try gentle m n i h ec en e would give them u p at once . What s t e obj t th They say that the farmers and farm labourers are s o w ell pleas e d with thes e Laws fo r th e good they have done them ’ t at w n r n a t e h they o t hear o f thei bei g abolished . Th t h y are really the people fo r whom the Corn Laws ar e wante d .

Th e farm ers e en u n em for r fit and the a u rer d p d po th p o , l bo gets good work and good wages by means of them .

e er e ess fr m the e nn n to the end o f a scu ss n N v th l , o b gi i g di io o n th e rn aws in the us e o f mm ns we hear o f Co L Ho Co o ,

’ i . 6 . iers s re e ra e S e ec es i . . 18 Vill F T d p h , vol , p

' I . 2 . i . . 5 1 b d . , vol ii , p 1 5 Charles Pelham Villiers . 5

’ n n b u t of ur the farmers nterests . I s it not othi g yo [ ] i ,

eref re c ns s te nt wi our s nceri in t is caus e t at th o , o i th i ty h h we s ul c me am n ou and face face ta er the ho d o o g y , to lk ov m a ter and s o earn ur rea fee n s on the su ec t , l yo l li g bj t b ec aus e b e it remem ere all are a ree now on the m s c ief , b d, g d i h

ha the rn aws do all er c asses and as a e t t Co L to oth l , , I h v a re a sai ou the farmers a ne are ma e the rete t l dy d, y [ ] lo d p x an d e xcuse for the ir continuance ? I s it not reas onable and

m re to iscuss the ues n lau dable in Mr . Cobde n to c o e he d q tio w o u w en ere are so man t n s afl at to ma e o ne ith y , h th y hi g o k — be lie ve that yo u are no t properly re prese nte d when people dec lare that the Corn Laws have done yo u so much good w en as he sa s o u and ur an r s are all u m e u h , y , y yo l dlo d j bl d p

o e er in a s r o f fami art ca e the an e n ere st t g th o t ly p y, ll d l d d i t , ” an d are said to b e so prosperous o n ac count o f them ?

C n I t appears from the evidence cited by Mr . obde

nd Villi t t the it l o f the t n nt a Mr . ers ha cap a e a ry had n i in in the n ten tw l bee d sappear g precedi g , e ve, o r fifteen years ; that many o f the farmers had in l nt the w o f l u n become so ve , ages abo rers bei g h f ’ l u o f t e t . n paid o t armers capi a . Mr Joh

u t n l n nt o n t in L n ln Ho gh o , a a d age proper y i co ,

u l Su Su N t t n B cks, Midd esex rrey, ssex, or hamp o and Suff l o k, said

When I have been paying workmen in provin cial towns t e a e sai ! o u a e all th e m ne o f the ace for h y h v d, h v o y pl ’ d h enant nn t a u rents an t e s ca s . , t o p y

’

i s r e . . ers e ra e S eec es . u . 55 56 V lli F T d p h , vol , pp , 1 5 t n e A nt l 6 N o es o th i Corn L aw Stragg e .

. Co x of Sco ts rove u Mr W . , g , B cks, said

A great part of the farmers have fail ed ; and more than

a f the rest if t e were to rec n w ul b e ns en . h l , h y ko , o d i olv t

Mr . n R lf Beaco nsfield u was Joh o e, , B cks, exam ined

Do yo u mean to say that one half o f the tenantry — ” ur istrict are ins en f ! es . yo d olv t , I do

hurnall Daxford Ca ri e . illi m T Mr W a , , mb dg , s ays

Th e condition o f th e tenantry is I think verging o n ins enc no t n in Cam ri e b ut in a rea art o f olv y, o ly b dg , g t p ' ” rf Suflolk and sse . No olk, , E x

C l w t Ri in k i Mr . har es Ho ard, Eas d g, Yor sh re, when asked

A re the present wages o f labourers paid o ut o f the profits o f the farmer or o ut o f his capital ? said O ut o f his

ta c api l .

C l th u Suff l . G . Mr . J ooper, B y b rgh , o k — What is th e state o f the farmer The condition o f the ” in n m in . farmer I consider to b e border g o

I n a former page I have quoted some words o f Min i t w i l fo r l a Whig s er, h ch are remarkab e severa things ; b ut passing over those words that are intended to convey the ministerial sense o f the

’ ree ra e S e ec es . n . . 55 56 . Vil liers s F T d p h , vol , pp ,

1 a 58 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Str ggle .

The nt l o f e Le u w e absorbed . ce ra offices th ag e er

t li a n t es ab shed t Ma ches er .

V s There is an argument mentioned by Mr. illier in in the u o f C m n 2 6 his speech Ho se o mo s , May ,

1840 nt n in the n w o f the andl m , co ai ed a s ers h oo w to the n l C m n whi eavers Ha d oom om issio ers , ch , as V lli i u lt t . s not Mr i ers observes , rged a oge her ‘ wit ut The n l w sa ho reason. ha d oom eavers y

W e have as good a right to have a tax imposed upon machinery as th e landown ers have to a tax u pon the produc e f m f l as taxe o ore ertile soils . The c oun try in the as t c e is d for the benefit of a class we have an equal claim to a tax o n m ac hinery ; for the principle is th e sam e : it is taxing the ” c mmuni fo r th en fi f a w o ty e b e t o fe .

A nd they say further that if the Legislatu re will neither act wisely as regards the pu blic and repeal the L w no r n t ntl t w t t n a s , co sis e y o ards hem by axi g

n t n t w ll to nt machi ery, he hey i seek be represe ed more faithfull y in this Hou se than they are at

w o f present . They claim the suffrage with the vie getting j ustice ; and it is a strange spectacle to see the persons who have got hold o f the soil o f this

unt of an u nt tt n u l to co ry, or y co ry, se i g p a c aim compel all the inhabitants of the country to go

’ i l . . 9 iers s ree ra e S eec es vo . 20 . Vill F T d p h , , p Charles Pelham Villiers . 159

to t and no t in the w l to heir shop, o her shop or d,

b u t m it w s lt in whi y heir bread . Someti es a sa ch

' th e n l s t u n trafl ord was mo opo y wa se p . Whe S

tt t n t m l f t t an o C . a emp i g ake har es I a ree , ha is ,

lut n n t t the n abso e mo arch , he recomme ded ha Ki g “ ul l nt o f lt u l sho d be so e mercha sa beca se, ike

a it is of lut n t and at all bre d, abso e ecessi y, may times be raised in price— witness the gabelles o f s alt in F Witness also some other things

' which such statesmen as Strafl o rd leave o ut o f

their reckoning .

On the 8th of A ril 184 4 utati n o f the p , , a dep o

L u n lu n Mr n . t and . C eag e , i c di g obde , Mr Brigh ,

C l n l T n and n the two o o e hompso , accompa ied by

u V lli and T nl boro gh Members, Mr . i ers Mr. hor ey ,

vi t l t n w t n was l si ed Wo verhamp o , here a mee i g he d

in l l n t for the a n it a arge pavi io erec ed occ sio , having been evrdent from the interest manifested that no building in the town was large enough to

nt n t nu l co ai he mbers assemb ed .

r Vill s h M . iers began hi speech by expressing t e great pleasu re he experienced in observing the numbers assembled to receive and welcome and

i l t n to the t n ui men nt g ve cordia ha ks dis i g shed prese ,

’

. i 3. Strafl ord s etters and es a c es . . 19 L D p t h , vol , p ' 160 N otes on the A ntz orn L a w tr C S aggle .

w V l “ h . l t t e hom, said Mr i iers , I may erm a l o f f post es Freedom o Commerce. ” ! o u w n V ll ere ever deceived, said Mr . i iers , “ the n o f n l w u t to by jargo Mo opo y, hich so gh

if it u t to n thin t t t prove, so gh prove a y g, ha scarci y l ” is n . To w f ll Vill n a b essi g hich a acy Mr . iers o ce heard a working man give this answer I f scarcity is such a good thing fo r the working ” l w t l n no f at all w uld b e 1 c asses, ha a b essi g ood o

I n the u o f his V ll co rse speech Mr . i iers gave some interesting ill u strations of that strange hallucination by which the landlords j u mbled up together in a sort o f family party themselves as l o f the il the t n nt f and the ords so , e a armers , l u and it the n o f the l n abo rers, gave ame a ded interest .

The ea ue sa s M r i ers is now ra in we L g , y . V lli , g ppl g ll

wi its two rea O nen s nte res an d n rance . th g t ppo t , I t Ig o It is fac n se who asser e r nterest in the rn aws i g tho t th i i Co L , and it tells them that the Laws are as foolis h as they are

I t se e n inf wrong . ks to e lighten the ignorant and to us e a little spirit into thos e who dare no t call their s oul s their

n has rawn the r a men f m n fro m e r o w . It d g e t o o opoly th i retirement ; it has bro ught them before the pu blic ; it has made them speak o ut and s how cause why these Laws

no a A nd a r t m ess the reat m en s hou ld t b e bolishe d . p et y g m e f t ir The is m of t eir f rmer i ence have ad o he case . w do h o s l

1 62 N o tes on the A nti o rn L a w tr a le C S gg .

rn aws came n n and M r d en a if Co L , to Lo do , told . Cob th t,

ere Were an r un e s u b e erfe c rea th oppo t ity, th y ho ld p tly dy to

s a e the rea c as e o f th e farm ers at en G ar en e a re t t l Cov t d Th t ,

at o ne o f th e great m e etings held there by th e Le agu e .

c c r n a u a f r n a o e s o and a er A o di gly , bo t o t ight g th y did , v y s trange tale they told abou t th e ble s sings o f Corn Laws to

em . u c a a e n ee a if here is an m e s in th S h t l , i d d, th t t y od ty

the an r s e w n e er a a n a s n as e e l dlo d , th y ill v g i , lo g th y liv ,

a n r r m m ention the farm e rs s a exc us e fo thei onopoly . It is impos sible to do j u stic e no w to th e narration o f a ll the mi s chief that th e two farm ers declare d th e Corn Laws had

nfl c e u n e m e s ec al as farm ers . Bu t e e fie i i t d po th , p i ly th y d d

c n ra c n o f an h n a e sa d an d e a e no t o t di tio yt i g th t th y i , th y h v

n e a re n e as farm e rs in t e r rec eived a y . Th y ot d good h i

c u n es an d are we n wn as e s ma e an d a e men in o ti , ll k o ti bl bl other

N o w that stat ues have been rais ed and clu bs

f in n u o f the l o f th e C n L w ormed ho o r repea or a s , it would be no easy matter to convey an idea o f the extremely hostile fe eling that fo r some years

l n the A nt - C n Law L u I prevai ed agai st i or eag e . t was no t merely the Tory party that evinced aver “ s ion and contempt fo r the men o f cotton and ” ant o f t an in the s s c , as some heir org s pre s phra ed i N o T ul the men t t . ory co d have despised hat

formed the bulk o f the A nti - Corn Law League

t n the n t L l u n and more ha mi is ers , ord Me bo r e

’ - ers s re e ra e e ec e s . . . 93 96 . Villi F T d Sp h , vol ii , pp h rl s P a V l r 1 C a e elh m il ie s . 63

L P l t n who w t ut w o f ord a mers o , , i ho a shado pre tension to ancestors whose names appeared eithe r in the Domesday Survey or among the barons o f “ n C t l wn u o n the men o f Mag a ar a , ooked do p ” cotton and cant with a scorn as lofty as if they had been able to prove an uninterrupted lineal d n f nu n t P r esce t rom a ge i e pira e . e haps they

t had n o f v n u nt migh have mea s pro i g s ch a desce , fo r those who had see n slave ships u sed to say that Lord Palmerston seemed to them to have mu ch the n o f the a t n o f l T appeara ce c p ai a s aver . hey laughed at the A nti - Corn Law League and treated its efforts t o infl uence the mind o f the public as the t s o f unt n L G nvill in rick mo eba ks . ord ra e , his

at l t n o n the n o f nu speech Wo verhamp o , occasio

l n the t tu o f the R t Ho n P V ll . C . vei i g S a e igh . i iers, o n un 6 1 8 79 s J e , , aid

A n offer to him to becom e Governor o f Bombay was w rawn in c ns e u ence o f e c ns ra s e the as ithd , o q obj tio i d by E t

n a m an e c u s e l w n th e ca antec e I di Co p y , x l iv y o i g to politi l

en s o f Mr . l e rs and the l o w c m an he had e in d t Vi li , o p y k pt his c mmun c a ns w the n - n o i tio ith A ti Cor L a w Leagu e .

I t nt f t t V ll v is evide rom his hat Mr . i iers deri ed nothing b ut loss in the world at large from his

x t n in the u o f C n Law R l T e er io s ca se or epea . hose who li li it have had, ke Mr . Disrae , as he expressed 1 1 1 ' 64 N otes on the A ntr Co rn L a w Struggle . in the u o f C n the n u and t Ho se ommo s, ho o r gra i

ficatio n o f u nt n t ul sa t t his acq ai a ce, may r y y ha V he Mr . illiers never acted in the matter with t

w to a ital fo r lf o ut o f it and was vie make c p himse , really to o well pleased with the result o f all that

had u v to l n of n l t l occ rred, e er comp ai bei g de ibera e y snuffed o ut fo r the sake o f the greater glorification

o f V ll f t in t . m l t t t o hers Mr . i iers hi se s a ed ha be g

t nn t w t the l n nt t and by bir h co ec ed i h a ded i eres , having no kind o f connection whatever with ‘ nuf tu ul no t a t in the ma ac res , he co d h ve ac ed

matter under the stimul u s o f commercial avarice .

V ll i n o f u . n o e Mr i iers , his speeches , sed some

w w full o f n n th u in ords hich are mea i g, o gh as ’ ’ the o f A nt n Cae case o y s speech over sar s body, t w t l n n A nt n w il hey are some ha mis eadi g si ce o y, h e “ ” n no t utu was far sayi g, I am ora or as Br s is,

f an t u more o ora or than Br tu s .

n r Mr i in his eec in n 1 am o ra sa . ers s e o to , id V lli p h Cov t

Gar en eatre u 3 184 4 m s a e fac s in d Th , J ly , ; I Si ply t t d t

s u r o f m Re s u ns sc s in th e s ress o f the ppo t y ol tio , di lo g di t

nd fo r n nswer f r r f a pe ople . A I asked a a ; I aske d o a p oo th t ” -' th e Corn Laws were no t an injury to th e people . l

’

S eec at c es er u 8 1843 . ers s ree p h Col h t , J ly , Villi F

ra e e e c es . . . 53 . T d Sp h , vol ii , p ’ iers s ree ra e eec es . . . 186 . 1 Vill F T d Sp h , vol ii , p

6 ° 1 6 N o tes on the A ntz Corn L aw Straggle.

f t — to in t w w o f over ac s have, o her ords , a po er l W t making and unmaking facts at his p easu re . ha “ does that mean ? A nd what does no orator mean ? Does it mean that it is part o f the business o f an orator to make facts to suit his purpose ? Is “ ” it ? ! et I hardly think Cicero made those facts

ut A nt n in the n P l whi t abo o y seco d hi ippi , ch cos the t l f The t n la in the t rr l ora or his i e . s i g y e ib e “ t uth o f ne w nt e f r them . O charge e deep r rom ’ Cicero s stating that he spoke from personal know l fo r e n in t t o f R edge ; ve ha depraved age ome , m en who Shrunk from no vice shrunk from the

n o f l in bra d disgrace imp ied such a charge . I t may be no t without u se to state more fully h m n f t e e n o the w n f t . a i g ords , a comma d over ac s “ ” A command over facts is understood to be

he u l f h t t t distinctive q a ity o t e highes paid advoca es .

The w t is n f t ? reader may ask , ha a comma d over ac s A command over facts is s uch a power as the

C to w n L et t rea r exercised he He said , here be l t and t was l t A n t o f t i igh , here igh . advoca e h s

i w n w nt f t e t t fo r h gh order , he he a s ac s , cr a es hem the i n and ll t m in the and occas o , marsha s he order

to th u in w array best s uited e p rpose he has vie .

l . 2 18 . Cic . Phi , ' ' h r V l z 1 67 C a les P elha m z l ers .

Such an advocate has been thu s described by an eminent lawyer who had occasion to watch his career

a c a had a rea e r mm n f His No dvo te g t c o a d over acts . ’ s a em en o f his c ent s case and e en his rea in fr m the t t t li , v d g o e ence in th e cau s e w u enc ain the a e nt n and ften vid , o ld h tt io , o e xtort th e admiration and as to nis hment o f his adversaries and ” the c urt— s if w re m n o a it e a ro a c e .

A n advocate o f this type may be expected to get

n u and fit t n an t who more ho o r more pro ha advoca e , in the of ut if is nt u t w t exercise his d y, he e r s ed i h the f n of ri n fo r u and o n de e ce a p so er m rder, examining the evidence sees that the crime cannot

w ll et o ff the m n l w n t t be proved , i g cri i a by sho i g ha the ann t d b ut w ll no t utt crime c o be prove , i er a single word which he knows to be an untruth . Such an advocate has very small chance o f being L t ord Chancellor. The Reverend Sydney Smi h says in a letter to a so n who was writing a life o f f t and l to S n S t fo r his a her, app ied yd ey mi h ’ assistance as o ne o f his father s friends :

urran the as er of th e R s sa Mr . Gra an C , M t oll , id to tt ,

! o u w u b e th e rea es t m an o f ur a e G ra an if o u o ld g t yo g , tt , y w ul b u a few ar s o f re d a e and tie u ur s o d y y d t p , p yo bill ’ is was th e f r th m sf r une o f u r and papers . Th ault o e i o t yo ” he r n h o f r e xc elle nt father ; neve k o w t e u s e ed tape . 1 68 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle.

The eminent perso n alluded to appears to have been somewhat scantily rewarded fo r his services f by his very good friends the Whig A ristocracy . I a very subordinate office was all the reward they

t u t fit to t w it w t t it was tt ho gh bes o , sho s ha a be er recommendation to high employment under a Whig A dministration to be a relation o f Lord ’ ’ Grey s or a tool of Lord Brougham s than to be a consummate master o f metaphysics and moral

l f un t i n and an acco m phi osophy, a pro o d his or a , li h t s ed t . w the Rev . S n S p ora or Ho ever, yd ey mi h seems to think that it was no t so much the posses sion o f the q ualities above indicated and the author

o f the Vindiciae G ll as as the w nt of ship a ic , a certain other qualities that hindered the promotion

o f the n u l llu to who t u i divid a a ded , , ho gh he has “ ” n ll an l at was no t an bee ca ed accomp ished or or, — orator fo r orators are powerful and often arrogant d an n . h Rev n it graspi g Whereas t e . Syd ey Sm h says of Sir James :

If he had been arrogant and gras ping ; if h e had been faithless and fals e ; if h e had be e n always eager to strangle infan t genius in its cradle ; always ready to betray and to blacken thos e with whom h e Sat at meat ; he would have

as s e man m en who in the c urs e o f his n ife a e p d y , , o lo g l , h v

as hi p sed m .

1 7 o l 0 N tes on the A nti Corn L aw Strugg e . f n l u n a actor i the prob em . Where the a die ce is s n l u d t n n l ud a i g e j ge, or more ha a si g e j ge , or

u an t t so m ul his dis u e j ry, adroi advoca e may o d co rs

' as t o t n t i sufl ra es Bu t no t l e ob ai he r g . I do be iev that the most powerful orator that ever appeared u n e t w ul t u k w t the po ar h o d , ho gh he spo e i h tongue o f men and o f angels when he asked fo r an l t n o f the - tax et n l t abo i io bread , g a si g e vo e from a House o f Commons or a House o f Lords composed o f landowners who had prospered as the British landlords had prospered by the high f price o corn and the consequ ent rise o f rents . It has been said with some truth that there is no tn w h u l B n l t grea ess it o t origina ity . y origi a i y I mean mental power s ufficent to originate new n l n ideas . Joh Mi l u sed to say that happi ess

n t in havrn w o an n it A co sis ed g ork t do d doi g . friend o f John Mill u sed to say that happiness ’ n t i a n n n ll t co sis ed n h vi g ew ideas . Joh Mi s es i mate o f that friend may be inferred from the fact that when the former was proposed as a member o f the P l t l n Clu w ul nl o i ica Eco omy b , he o d o y consent to have his name brought forward o n the condition that his friend should be elected a

r f the lu t h The f n membe o c b a t e same time . rie d 1 7 1 Charles P elham Villiers . o f Mill alluded t o was o ne o f the many subtle t n who in t i w l b ut l and hi kers appear h s or d , ive d ie un l n no n h n t heard , eavi g ame be i d hem . The founders o f the Cobden Club seem to have a t w u dop ed some ords sed by Mr . Cobden towards the end o f his 1 793 and The words u sed b C n P o n rt and - will y Mr . obde are eace ea h good ” t w m n Th w u th l o ards e . e ords sed by e C ub are ” T P a G - w ll a n N t n Free rade , e ce , ood i mo g a io s , accompanied by a somewhat gri m effigy of their n ew T t n m sum Messiah . here are cer ai emories moued up by those religio us o r quasi - religi o us professions o f unbounded philanthropy which

t tl nn n and the s ar e those who recall the . begi i g e nd o f h n l t o n The in t e first Fre ch Revo u i . Jacob “ Cl ub did no t say Pe ace and Good Will among ” n t n b ut it L b t u l t and U ni a io s , said i er y, Eq a i y , ” l P l nt th e u ni s l lant versa hi a hropy , ver a phi hropy n n mea i g in reality u niversal murder .

w ll u t o n the u t o f n i n li n I i q o e , s bjec bri g g re gio

nt the u t n w n n t w u l do w t i o q es io he ho es y o d , a ri er whose opinion respecting the new Messiah was

r tt u the in and who can p e y m ch same as m e , express mu ch better than I can the peculiar points o f the u t n G n l Perro net T n q es io . e era hompso , the wr t llu to in a e o n S nt i er I a de , his p p r ai 1 72 N otes on the A nti orn aw tr l C L S agg e.

Simonianism in the thirty- second number of The

West minster Review , says

The t ir een f urte en teen and s e ente en h t th , o th , Six th , v th

s n s n r u c e re i n . On w c it is e n u to s ate itti g i t od lig o hi h o gh t , and leave every m an to decide o n its truth b y his e xperi enc e — that there never was b ut o ne clas s o f m e n that ne edlessly ’ introduced religion as the instrum ent o f settling m en s te m

ral affairs an d b ut o ne t er c ass a e er a e su m e po , o h l th t v h v b itt d

. The w rl wan s hones t aw ers n o t us nes . I f to it o d t l giv , pio o

e w ma e me n nes let em fa u r u s w h t he pi ty ill k ho t, th vo it

ne s and ee the e t fo r G o d and eir o wn co n ho ty, k p pi y th

n r u n science s . There eve was a m an that bro u ght piety po the ar w en n es w u w ut its e n ss e bo d h ho ty o ld do, itho b i g po ibl ’ to trace a transfu sion in th e Shape o f money o r money s worth ’ h ec f u z z n from his neighbour s pocke t into his . T e obj t o p li g

e ue s n w re n is ear ! ou cann uarre fo r th q tio ith ligio cl . ot q l

h n th en Sixpe nc es with th e man w o is helpi g yo u e way to heav . Th e m an who wan ts your Sixpences therefore as su me s a

re u s rase w c is cant and can is frau and ligio ph ology, hi h ; t d,

frau is di s nes and the is nest ul ha e a mar d ho ty, d ho Sho d v k ” se t o n them .

But as there may be clubs that profess philan

thro w n t n u so t py he hey mea m rder, here may

lu th t w t ut u f n o f lt be c bs a , i ho m ch pro essio exa ed

n l n t l l and u nt be evo e ce , bro her y ove, s ch rodomo ade ,

ll en f t o f n n Th P l are rea y b e ac ors ma ki d . e o itical

n Clu was a lu o f t n P f Eco omy b c b his ki d . ro essor

Rain in L f o f ll nt n an , his i e James Mi , me io s

1 74 N o tes o n the A nti Co rn L aw Struggle .

’ Political Economy was no t James Mill s strong ’ nt and if l a ne o f t l was no t lt u s poi , c e r ss s y e Ma h s

t n nt ll no d in s ro g poi , James Mi made iscovery ’ Political Economy to be compared to Malthu s s

o f he n l f ulat n e discovery t pri cip e o pop io . Mor

n ll wn n o f the co n over, as Joh Mi has sho , ma y elu sions o f Ricardo and James Mill can onl y be admitted if their premiss es are admitted— which is l impossib e . Johnson defines Club (in his definition (4) o f t t w A n s l of fell w e t ha ord) as emb y good o s , me ” in t n n t n N o w t two un . g der cer ai co di io s , here are — Clubs which demand o ur attention here th e

l n lu nd n l Politica Eco omy C b a the Cobde C ub . Whether or no t the Political Economy Club cou ld “ ” t an l o f f ll w it be ermed assemb y good e o s , had

l to t d an s l o f fo r c aims be erme a semb y sages , it contained among its members Ricardo and

alt u o f w the l tt law M h s , hom a er had discovered a

t nt to the u n the law the as impor a h ma race as , dis cove ry o f which had made the name o f Isaac t l N ewton immor a . But if the Political Economy Club may be

ll an a s l o f s the C n ca ed s emb y sage , obde Clu b can

l la l to u s nat n hard y y c aim s ch a de ig io . The

Co en Cl u n e at the t m o f bd b , i d ed , i e the year when l V 1 Cha rles Pe ham illiers . 75

aft - d nn t in n er i er speeches are mos seaso , has a inn f ll w in w C n d er o o ed by speeches hich Mr . obde h f T is dul y glorified as t e apostle o Free rade . A dmitting that Richard Cobden was a remarkable m an w n lu u n it , he a c b ass mes his ame , may be ’ as d if u O f Co b den s ntl f ll n ke , so m ch ma e has a e u pon the Cobden Club as to render it a remarkable

Clu ? and if w t are its l to t n t n ? b so , ha c aims dis i c io

The P l t l n Clu t u it nta n d o i ica Eco omy b , ho gh co i e

m en o f n l t u t l nta n m e n o f origi a ho gh , a so co i ed whom a s ubtle analy sis is given in some word s Of

l tt O f m e ll to L u t a e er Ja s Mi ord Bro gham, da ed

5 th O t e 1 835 and u l s in P f c ob r, , p b i hed ro essor ’ n L f f l 39 The w f o e M l . 3 o Bai s i e Jam s i , p . ords James Mill are these

fo r M c Culloch he has a nac at fin n e e AS , k k di g p opl s teal in g from him thou gh the re is nothing in him to s teal fo r all that he has is either the Opinion o f some other previous ” wr er o r an e rr r it , o .

I do no t presume to say that the Cobden Club m ay no t in the co urse o f time favour the world

w t s s But ntu t o u t th i h di coverie . I ve re do b e appearance o f new ide as in answer to an advertise

nt The C n Cl ub ff fo r t n me . obde O ers prizes cer ai Ess ays which they advertise as Cobden Club

E u t if the t n t s e a ul ssays . I do b mos mi u e rch co d 1 7 6 N o tes o n the A nti Co rn L a w Straggle.

d an t t was w t nt n iscover y prize essay ha or h pri i g . The P rincipia o f N ewt on and the E ssay on the Princip les of Pop ula tio n o f Malthu s were no t

a prize ess ys . There is some evidence o n the subject O f the effect o f prizes in the Calendars O f the E nglish I n th f h n t . e O t e Seato nian P z U iversi ies case ri e , the Vice- Chancellor O f the University o f Cam

the t Of Cl and the G P f r bridge, Mas er are , reek ro esso

the u and the w no w fo r are j dges, have made a ard

t n un The whi more ha a h dred years . poems ch Obtained the priz e were printed at the time ; and these poems have been published in two volumes ; b ut it does no t appear as yet that the effect has

n t in the wa o f the t l t t at bee very. grea y immor a i y h

t u to i n d the u poe s are s pposed des re . I dee s ccess ful priz emen may be considered as somewhat

l l tu t w t the w t who n simi ar y si a ed i h ri er , accordi g

t o n ult vat u t n wn in the Byro , c i ed m ch priva e re o ” f n t no t to u s shape O Lati verses . I is be s ppo ed that the j udges se lected by the Cobden Club to adj u dicate the priz e fo r the best Essay o n the

futu O f T n o f dis re Free rade, have more cha ce covering a political economist who shall see fu rther

t n an in l ti l n t t n the ha y preced g po i ca eco omis , ha j u dges selected by the University o f Cambridge

1 78 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw ru St ggle .

C H A P T E R I V

T HE L N DL ORDS A .

SOME Of u s who lik the o ld man in the t , e s ory “ ” n fl in in the fa Of the l book, have go e y g ce Bib e , ’ w a din to t t o ld n ut ful and here , ccor g ha ma s d i “ ’ affectionate so n three score - and - ten s the mark and no man w t n n and i h a co scie ce , a proper ’ n O f w t t o f an u n se se ha s expec ed him, has y b si ess ” to l l n can n u t n o f ive o ger, bri g p s ra ge memories the days when G eorge the Third was King and his so n as n I n t Of the R n w Rege t . hose days ege cy h t n t e Bri ish landlords were gloriou s upo ear th . Their power seemed as firml y established as that o f L u I V th t o f hi s u o is ! . when e s ar prospero s ’ f tun was in it l n n t T or e s b azi g ze i h . hey had

I n a s eec ma e in th e us e o f mm ns e rua r p h d Ho Co o , F b y m h 26 1846 M r . ers sa the re sen e as , , Villi id, Up to p t ti it been the boast o f the landed proprietors that they have c hosen ” — ’ h nis ters Of the u n r . Villiers s Free Trade S eeches t e Mi Co t y p ,

2 . ii . 33 vo l . . , p l The L and o rds .

n t l war the t n e riched hemse ves by a , mos expe sive in w t unt had n n hich heir co ry ever bee e gaged . The general who had conducted that war with

n u t l was n r n co s mma e abi ity o their side . Eve yt hi g that had opposed them was prostrate in the du st ; and the monarchical potentates o f Eu rope were banded together in a Holy A lliance to establish ' “ t Strafl o rd w t to C l the t in hem, as ro e har es Firs ,

w lt t n t and l far an o f t ea h, s re g h , g ory, above y heir

I n t l n tu Of w the n li S t his p e i de po er , E g sh , co ch , and Irish landlords cou ld find little more fo r their

t to i T l fo r Old hear s des re . heir pa aces their

' manor- ho u sesj were found to o rude and to o small

' ’ - St fl r h n 1 . r d s r d s . 6 62 a o e t e s an e atc es . . L t D p , vol , pp

' 1 Some of those manor - hou s es might su ggest antiquity Of f B m f the amily . ut the wars Of the Rose s had roote d up ost o

O er fami e s n w a man r- use fr m its e n n ld li . I k e o ho o b lo gi g to

an Old fr en whi c nc e e n e to R er ru ce Kin Of i d h o b lo g d ob t B , g

re was a a r un f ear a er fu o f Sco tland . The mo t o d it o cl w t ll

- R au u wa r n I c am e er ruce in his wa . be tif l te pla ts . t to ob t B t y

r uce r of e t n and nan a e a e nan a e his B , Lo d Sk l o A d l , g v A d l to second son who c omplaine d to his father that he c oul d no t

t w a n r i u n i fa er a e ge he te b ead n Scotland . There po h s th g v

him the man r a e referred to and an er in sse to o I h v , oth E x

su him r f r e the nam e O f th pply with wheaten b ead . I o g t e

man r in sse b u t fee c nfi ence in the ac c urac Of th e o E x, I l o d y 12 ” ' L r 180 N o tes on the A nti Corn aw St uggle .

— fo r their rapidly expanding greatness exhibited every luxury that the planet o n which they dwelt l f could produce . A ll that the wor d possessed O

and o f u and ut ful to t t rich rare, gorgeo s bea i , emp the t t and l t the to t f the appe i e de igh eye, gra i y

f t n n s t A ll n and the i t wa . se ses eas imag a io , heirs the n nt n o f n all the u o f art i ve io s scie ce , reso rces

t i n n Th t ind us contributed to he r e joyme t . e mos triou s and ingenious people the world had ever

n was t l n f m nin to n t and f see , oi i g ro mor g igh rom n t to nin to u t new l u igh mor g proc re hem p eas res , to produ ce fo r them new discoveries in the arts o f lu u A n all t t o n f un t n Of x ry . d his res ed a o da io

lita and n l f so t that w t ut mi ry ava orce, grea i ho

u O f t it t m ch a me aphor may be said, heir armies ‘ o the rt t i n w t the an . c vered ea h , he r avies s ep oce

au r t for t s st r whic saw in a a er in The tho i y hi o y, h I p p i u arterl Rev ew wr en e e e . G . c art the Q y , itt , I b li v , by J Lo kh ,

o r o f a Re ie w who was ee rea in s r ca Edit th t v , d ply d hi to i l antiqu ities . The power of G reat Britain is very well expre sse d in the ’ f w n as sa e o f Mr . Co b d en s w r enti ed 1 793 and ollo i g p g o k, tl

Th e re nc a a n p . 64 F h h ve lively recollectio o f the te rrible disaste rs they suffere d from the implacable enmity

e m n n th e f un Of o ur gov rn e t duri g e last war . Th y o d them se es as sa e a fe u a aris t crac a n at its c mman lv il d by d l o y, h vi g o d the wea o f a ma nu fac urin and mercanti e e e t us lth t g l p opl , h

182 N otes o n the A nti o r L aw tr C n S uggle.

A similarity has been said to be nothin g b ut a l t iff n s igh d ere ce . When the difference becomes a

al t n sli t the m lar t good de more ha gh , si i i y may di and d ff n t its l T a sappear i ere ce ake p ace . here is curious and interesting illu stration Of this subtle connection between similarity and difference ’ afl o rd ed by the similarity and difference between the F n and n l t I n the re ch E g ish aris ocracy . eighteenth century the French aristocracy paid no t n l axes . Was there ever a time when the E g ish aristocracy paid no taxes ? I n the nineteenth

nt u G n l Perro net T n ce ry, as e era hompso has Observed in C t o n the C n L w the n l his a echism or a s , E g ish aristocracy paid taxes and recovered them through

n t tax the C n Law t t u the co m a o her , or , ha ca sed

un t to l the unt ten t m On t m i y ose amo i es over . his “ ul t G n l T n s res e era hompso Ob erves , We are pro di io usl tu ur t t w ll g y s pid . O pos eri y i have very ” l ttl to o ut the wrsdo m o f t nc t i e say ab heir a es ors . But the difference between the French and the English aristocracy is here very cu riously mani

ste The n t no t the fe d . Fre ch aris ocracy paid axes ; English aristocracy paid taxes b ut not their due proportion o f taxes ; and recovered far more than

t e t u n t tax the C n L aw . h y paid hro gh a o her , or The French aristocracy were destroyed by the

had l n an people they o g robbed d oppressed . For ’ '

1 he L and lord s . 1 83

the En l t to o t t a g ish aris ocracy, , here migh come

o f nin T w l th - day recko g . hey ere ike e horse leech which had swallowed more blood than was good fo r it and its lt u t t its t l ul , hea h req ired ha ai sho d ” di A nd th w t in lt . e be pped sa , says ri er above

u t t ma t n t l w ll O ff t at q o ed , hey y hi k hemse ves e , h ill t l thi all . T w t lt et s is hey have heir ai s sa ed y , they may depend upon it ; as certainly as the m nuf tu w ul if t n all t i t a ac rers o d, hey had bee h s ime ” l ng u o n m - wn ayi a d ty ho e gro corn .

The l n l l n lu n l u a d ord c ass , i c di g Simp e sq ires as w ll the t tl n l t in its l t n to the e as i ed obi i y, re a io t n and f n l l w t re radi g pro essio a c asses , some ha sembled the French noblesse before the Revolution in ts lat n to the u t n i re io bo rgeoisie . For more ha the fi t u t o f the nin t nt ntur n rs q ar er e ee h ce y, eve the members Of the Hou se o f Commons were regarded by the upper portion o f the landlord class somewhat as the doorkeeper Of the Hou se of Lords regarded them in the beginning O f the seventeenth

ntu utt n the in t f w t the ce ry , sh i g door heir aces i h “ ” w G man u o u no t ords , ood b rgess , y come here . The wives o f men who would sit in the Hou se Of

L o n the t o f t fat n ords dea h heir hers , have bee heard to say that the m en in question would then

— t t w n t sat in the u s Of L ha is , he hey Ho e ords

n I f u b e among gentleme . circ mstances had per 184 N otes on the A nti orn L aw Stru l C gg e. mitted the fashionable morals O f the Regency to

c nt nu fo r n t n and the l ft be o i ed some ge era io s , o y pretensions o f the men Of large rentals to become l ft the tax n m tu l the o ier by bread bei g ade perpe a ,

and lu u o f the nt- in l li pride x ry re receiv g c ass , ke the r and lu u o f the n n l p ide x ry Fre ch ob esse , would have gone o n advancing in extravagance and au dacity till they reached that condition in which words that have been applied to the French noblesse before the Revolution might be applied to them A ll the O ld safegu ards were broken

d no new n T f r l wn an t . do , o es crea ed ies o mer y the most sacred became despised . Marriage was a fa : n t tw n man and man was rce ho es y , as be ee ,

l t The en as w ll as the tu f Obso e e . dec cies e vir es o life passed away ; and every licentiou s desire had ” m n uncontroll able do inio . When within a period o f years no t exceeding the duration Of a sin gle life the rent O f land ran — up so rapidly as to be more than trebled more even — than quintupled it is not very surprising to find the t t l n who in t erri oria gra dees , had some Sor abandoned fo r a time their O ld pretensions to regard the industrial and trading classes O f their

u nt n l ttl tt t n u u te co ryme as i e be er ha a s bj ga d race,

— n t saw t t the nt l o f w l whe hey es a es , re a hich ess than half a centu ry back would have been reckoned

1 8 o 6 N tes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

But where is no w th e goodly audit ale

The urse - r u e nan ne er n wn fa p p o d t t, v k o to il Th e farm which ne ver yet was le ft o n hand The marsh reclaim e d to most improving land T he impatient hope Of the expirin g lease The dou bling rental ?

Those who have had Opportunities o f Observation have seen the effects o f the prospect Of the expiring lease and the doubling rental in encou raging pro fu n tu and an n o f the nu se expe di re, i crease mber and magnitude O f the demands o n the increased I n l f th l nt . the o e Old n u t re s p ace ma or ho ses , cos y and e ten n n w l t w s if x sive ma sio s ere bui t . I a as the Old n u t t u lt fo r men Of ma or ho ses, ha seemed b i

t m an and in t modera e e s , had disappeared , heir room had sprung up palaces such as kings o r

t n to w ll in l emperors migh deig d e . Some arge landholders have been heard to declare that they pulled down some Of those vast palaces which had been b uilt before they came to the su ccession becau se t e w t o l fo r th t t Th nl h y ere o arge e es a e . e o y remedy that occurred to them being an increase

' o f nt n b n t t w l re , eve eyo d ha hich had a ready t n l the t ri t nt t as ake p ace, sa i s represe s heir cry being

wn w e er t in and u w ren Do ith v y h g, p ith t ,

e r ill e al we a o o r sc nten Th i good, , h th, lth , j y , di o t ; ” e n end aim re n — ren rent ren ! B i g , , , ligio t, , t The L lor 187 and ds .

The w t o f the l n u t ri er i es above q o ed, besides

n a wit and t was o ne o f t who bei g a poe , hose , t u t t w n u u t a ho gh his es a es ere e c mbered, m s h ve profited with the other receivers o f rent from the nfl u n f i e ce O the Corn Laws o n the price o f b read . ! et his rentals could hardly have risen so as to t e l n to u l in few n r b e or eve do b e a years , si ce his biographers give u s reason to concl ude that the interior at N ewstead never exhibited the profuse lux ury and licentiou s revelry which are indicated in the n n t n f h l l N o t the ope i g s a zas o C i de Haro d . ’ l we L n a e an ess , ho ver, does ord Byro s c se s rve as illu stration o f the effects o f the high rents in raising t o a notable height the pride and arrogance o f the l l l Fo r he fu lu u — l l and ord c ass . t pro se x ry the ord y revelry

’ The e s b rimm d w e er c s l w ne gobl t ith v y o t y i ,

A nd all a m to u u r n i e th t ight l x y i v t , if they were above the means o f m en Of small

n u t t t the n u t or e c mbered es a es, charac erized ba q e s

o f the l l n l w was no t arger a dho ders , hose pride

u nworthy O f kings . A nd if Lord Byron was no t

u al in w lt was ual to the eq ea h , his pride eq pride o f the largest - ac red baron o r squire who voted fo r

u the Corn Laws. His pride was ve ry m ch pride

o f if the w n u race , as s ord had made him a co q eror, 1 88 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Str uggle .

If l O f the il and Of all who t the l . ord so , rod soi Lord Byron could have proved that the Byrons w the m f m l the Buruns and t t ere sa e a i y as , ha

e ight - and - forty m anors ’ Were t e r rewar fo r f win i s anners h i d ollo g B lly b , the n w t N n not N n Byro s , he her orma or orma . " were as thoroughly beaten at Marston Moor as th e English were at Hastings ; and the m en who beat t m— m en who w t w nt n f u n he , herever hey e , ever o d an n t t ul t n t n t ai in e emy ha co d s a d heir o se , s d their Remonstrance to the Parliament for j ustice “ o n the K n lf n la m t o f n u t i g ki gs c i by righ co q es ,

Go d t n us the m t n t t ha h give sa e righ agai s hem , and there is an end to their pretensions as if the w le l w nl fo r t m and to ho peop e ere made o y he , ” t lu serve heir sts . The men who made that Remonstrance to the Long Parliament put down in England the divine

Som e idea may b e form ed of the s laughter in the ’ ’ enc ou nter between Ru pert s and Cromwell s cavalry at ’ ars n r r u o n r r n s m e u si in M to Moo , b o ght by Lo d By o i p t o ty ’ dashing over the ditch that se parate d him from Cromwell s ’ c u rassiers fr m the fac a f ur Of r ro n s r e rs i , o t th t o Lo d By b oth

fe . ere must a e e en Six r t ers at eas fo r Sir ll Th h v b b o h l t,

n ro n create rd r n in 1 643 was s ucc ee e in Joh By , d Lo By o , d d

1 652 his r er R c ar r n . by b oth , i h d By o

1 90 ot s o r t u N e n the A nti Co n L aw S r ggle .

O n an and sea and a wa s wi s uc ce s s who a e f rc ed l d , l y th , h v o

emse ves a re a of c mmerce dr n its c ars e and th l , by t ty o , to i k o

fi wines w c no er na i n cares to aste are the lthy , hi h oth t o t , m st u n u ar e wh o s rtu a o pop l p ople vi it Po g l .

The lowering o f the dutieso n French wines has had an effect very different from the treaty o f

mm w t P tu l The int u t n nto co erce i h or ga . rod c io i England of French wines is beneficial to the bodily health o f the English it has also a pacific tendency in proportion to the quantity Of claret and other French wines consumed in England and the n u nt num Of n n f the co seq e bers Fre chme , rom

it l t t o the l u nt t in the win cap a is abo rer, i eres ed e trade between France and England . A nd though treaties o f commerce are no t strictly in agreement

t the n l Of T the l wi h pri cip e Free rade, commercia n n i treaty which Mr . Cobde egotiated w th France may be admitted to have had a beneficial and a pacific tendency in regard to the two great nations n n in it c o cer ed . ’ t l tt fr i I wil l no w give Mr . Brigh s e er om wh ch I have quoted a few words

’“ Th e m an sa s M r . ri in a e er to a fr en in , y B ght l tt i d

r N . r f r M r n to Mr u s W . e O e w . Joh B ight Cy Fi ld Yo k ,

date anuar 2 1 1879 and u s e in The D ail N ews d J y , , p bli h d y ,

e ru ar 19 1879. F b y , The L andlord 191 s .

m erica who s sesse s a m n w ic he t n s A , po o opoly by h h hi k he ains is no t O en r um nt was so in t s g p to a g e . It hi c untr f r r n I i ea s a o a d it is so wi ou now . t s o y o ty y g , th y strange that a people wh o put down slavery at an immense sacrifice are not a e to su ress m n w ic is b ut a bl pp o opoly, h h m e r f rm Of h n r the man w ild o t e same evil . U der slave y as s e z e and his a ur st en fro m him and the r fit o f it i d l bo ol , p o enjoyed by his m aster and owner Under Pro te c tion the m an is a arentl free b u t is en e the r t to e c an e pp y , d i d igh x h g the r uc e o f his a ur e c e t wi his c u ntr m en who p od l bo x p th o y , ffer him m u o ch less for it than the fore igner wou ld give . Som e

rt n o f his la ur is u s n I n ur r c po io bo th co fis cate d . o p ote tive

a s our wea ers and ar isans c u no t e c an e w t d y , v t o ld x h g i h m ri n e c a fl ur . e e c an e wi an n is farm er A o Th y x h g d th E gl h , who gave them s om etimes only half the qu antity the Ameri can t would have given them . N o w your farmer is forbidden o tra e w the n s man and m u st e an m eri can d ith E gli h , giv to A double the quantity o f grain and flour fo r many article s he is c onstantly requ iring that he wou ld give if your laws did

no t f r hi un r m a a e o bid s trade with England . A co t y y h v

em cra c ns ut ns its ern ment ma b e Re u can d o ti i tit io , gov y p bli ,

an d as e o n a wi e suffra e an d et ere m a b e no b d d g , y th y fr ee dom to men for that which is the source o f life and ’ c m r h e man is no t free . f . If a m an s a ur is no t free t o o t l bo , A nd whether the law which enacts this restri c tion b e the

Ofl s rin of re u can o r aut cra c ernm ent and wer p g p bli o ti gov p o , it is e qually evil to b e c ondemned an d withstood by n all wh o love freedom an d u nders tand what it is . Natio s — learn Slowly b ut they do learn ; and therefore I do no t doubt that the time will come when trade will b e as

fre e as the w nds and w en free m O f in ustr w i , h do d y ill do 1 92 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle . mu ch to put down great armies and the peril and s uffering ” of war .

I should be wanting in my duty in the publica ” t n Of a t L n l if no t io a ch p er headed a d ords , I did at l t an ff t w in u t to eas make e or , ho ever adeq a e, “ ” delin eate a class o f the species Landl ords which has produced some specimens that may well call fo r the t ni nt if no t the i t n o f man as o shme , adm ra io kind . I have attempted to give in the third section O f the next chapter some very imperfect notes of the treatment which the people of Scotland receive l from their landl ords . I wi l here give o ne or two e xamples Of the treatment the people Of Ireland h f t l n I n tl ave received rom heir a dl ords . Sco and the l t n of l n l and t n nt in re a io a d ord e a may, some cas s un t fa t b ut its ff ts do not e , be very sa is c ory, e ec manifest themselves much beyond the sphere o f I their immediate action . n Ireland the relation O f landlords and tenants is such as to produ ce the most disagreeable effects to the inhabitants o f Great Britain who reap none o f the profits Obtained by the lan l d of l n and c n u ntl d or s Ire a d, o seq e y reap n t n b ut l and n n w il the l n l o hi g oss ig omi y, h e a d ords o f l n all the fit and all the n u if Ire a d reap pro ho o r, n honour it ca be called . The inhabitants o f Ireland have taken up a deep

1 e n A nti L a tru le 94 N ot s o the Corn w S gg .

I n n l n lan l v n to l w t t l t E g a d, d ords ha i g dea i h capi a is farmers can see their o wn advantage in making it the interest o f the tenant to improve the land or

e n in m in it fo r A n ve i prov g him. average Irish landlord does not even go so far in improving his estate as to put u p the fences and fa rm buildings which everywhere else are provided by the land l T l ft to the l ou - t n nt to ord . hey are e ab rer e a

and if t n nt w llin n t m provide ; a e a is i g, by maki g he

tt t n din to to the lu o f the be er ha or ary, add va e ; f t n t n in the E n l f u l law O f arm , here is o hi g g ish e da landlord and tenant to prevent the landlord fi'o m

w t n t ll it is n and t n n ai i g i do e , he maki g his appear

n and iz n o n the ult in the O f a ce se i g res , shape

t n l nt f the t n nt fo r the f uit o f addi io a re rom e a , r s his

o wn l u o r tu n n o ut the t n nt if abo r, r i g e a he is

u n l unw ll n to u t n l nt ab e or i i g pay s ch addi io a re . I n looking over the map Of Ireland the eye may

n to t w t the w Kilkee not o n al cha ce mee i h ord , G ’ ’ ” w shi wreck d t b u t o n the t O f the ay s p coas , coas

f l The n adjoining county o C are . Fre ch showed their good taste at the same time with their chivalrou s s pirit in erecting at Co rufi a a monument

to the o f Sir n w t t l memory Joh Moore , i h his simp e inscription 195 The L andlords .

R JOHN MOO E ,

R o r THE N G IS A BMI ES LEADE E L H ,

KI I B T LLED N A TLE ,

16 Janua r 1809. y ,

I n attempting to raise a memorial to Kilkee the simple brevity of the French inscription to the memory Of the English General killed at the battle o f Co rufia nn ! t as Sir n t i t t . e , ca o be mi a ed Joh

t u w nt t t f t lf- co n Moore , ho gh he a ed ha per ec se

fidence in t n w l n nl grea emerge cies, hich be o gs o y to the t o f n in his ut li highes order mi ds , died d y ke

ll nt s l and fill an n u l and a ga a o dier, s ho o rab e grave, his name will be fo r ever associated with chivalrous

u en n o f n u and nt u t co rage, ke se se ho o r, e h sias ic devotion to the duties o f his profession and the service o f hi s country ; SO the name o f Kilkee will

te wit the t n no t l o f be associa d h exer io , mere y

n t n u t b ut o f t a n n and ho es i d s ry, ex r ordi ary e ergy enterprise in the creation of a flourishing town under the blighting curse o f the E nglish law o f — landlord and tenant a law belonging to the pirate

and a men who w ian and age, m de by ere barbar s robbers . The disgrace o f the frightful robbery committed o n t l u - t n nt who ft hose poor Irish abo rer e a s , a er 1 3 l 1 96 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Strugg e . they had increased by their labou r the value o f

n t n n had the property in some i s a ces 700 per ce t . the alternative given them o f either having the rents at once raised to the full value Of the improve ments o r Of being turned adrift to wander about as

n on the fa o f the rt and c wit vagabo ds ce ea h, arry h ’ ’ them to A merica an exile s sorrows and an outlaw s — hate fo r though it may be shown to be in accord an w t the orm law it was O f the ce i h f of , a robbery — most cru el nature a robbery that took advantage O f the best qualities o f its victims to make those very qualities the instruments o f their destruction

— the o f t i f tful e u t disgrace h s righ robb ry, I say, m s f ll not o n the l n l who in u a head a d ords , s ch cases ,

nl f ll w the law o f u n n tu b ut o n o y o o ed h ma a re , those who coming forward to make laws to redress the law Of human nature produ ced the English law o f lan l and t n nt w i had its f un t n in d ord e a , h ch o da io the system o f government int rodu ced into England by the man who displayed the same spirit O f uu re l nt n u lt w n b e n l the N ew t e i g cr e y he e c osed Fores , and when he reduced the northern counties o f

n l o t It no t dit l to an E g and t a deser . is cre ab e y governm ent calling itself a Christian and civilized government to allow such a law to remain o n the

n l St tut If an u t l ll w n E g ish a e Book . eq i ab e a o a ce

198 N o tes on he A nt orn w t i C L a Struggle .

d lt wit fo r it d f t the int nt n of its ea h , e ea ed e io s

f a and n o ne set Of l ndl r mers, excha ged bad a ords

fo r O f T a set landlords worse than the former . his effect o f the A ct is shown in a passage quoted in a ’ n t to l l . ll P t n . 13 S. l vo i . 4 o e J Mi s o i ica Eco omy ( . , p ,

t t n f rivate communication six h edi io , rom a p

rom P r r f ofesso Cairnes .

c as s O f men no t er numer u s b ut su fi cientl SO A l , v y o , y to

muc m sc e f a e thr u the an e s ates urt do h i hi , h v , o gh L d d E t Co ,

o t into s ses s n Of an in re an who Of all c asses are g po io l d I l d, , l , ’ eas n l t likely to recogniz e the dutie s of a landl ord s positio .

es e are smal ra ers in t wn s who nt o f eer ars Th l t d o , by di Sh p i

m n fre uent c m ne w m ne - en in at u sur u s o y, q ly o bi d ith o y l d g io

rate s a e succee e in the c u rse Of a n ife in scra n , h v d d , o lo g l , pi g together as m uch money as will enable them to b uy fifty o r a

un r r o f e se e e ne er hin o f turnin h d e d ac es land . Th p opl v t k g

farmers b ut r u o f e r s i n as an r s r cee to , , p o d th i po it o l dlo d , p o d

h m n A n instan e f his in c am e turn it to t e ut ost accou t . c o t k d

un er m n tice ate . Th e te nants on the r ert were d y o l ly p op y ,

at th e time o f th e urc as e s me twe e ears a o in a p h , o lv y g ,

t era c mf rta e state . W t in t a er t a is ol bly o o bl i h h t p iod [ h t , within twelve ye ars ] their rent has been raised three se veral t mes and is no w as am nf rme the riest of the i it , I i o d by p

istri ct near u e its am u nt at the c mmencement o f d , ly do bl o o i ’ the resent ro r eto r s re n . The resu t is at the e e p p p ig l th p opl , who were f rmer in to era e c mf rt are no w re uce to o ly l bl o o , d d poverty ; two of them have left the property and squatte d near an a ac en urf b o w ere t e e s trustin fo r dj t t g , h h y xi t g

s u rt to cc asi na s . If t is man is not s t he w ppo o o l job h ho , ill Th L a dlor 199 e n ds .

n ure mse f r u the eter ra n of his ro e rt b ut i j hi l th o gh d io tio p p y, m e an r n h time he has be en getting 8 o r 10 pe ce nt . o is

- urc as m n i no m an a rar case . The p h e o ey . This s by e s e Sc andal which s uch occ urrences caus e casts its reflection o n

' transactions o f a wholly difl erent and pe rfectly legitimate

in w ere the rem al o f th e te nan s is m an act o f k d, h ov t Si ply m f ” ercy o r all parties .

A thorough reform o f the law Of landlord and tenant has no chance of passing the Hou se o f L t ords . To a person acqu ainted with other par s o f England it seems incomprehensible that the people o f London should submit to the tyrann ou s absurdity O f being compelled to build hou ses u pon l n w the t of the l is at the a d hich, by erms ease , , e nd o f n n t - n n to n u w t i e y i e years, be give p, i h

t n o n it to the l n wn w l u in every hi g , a do er, hi e d r g the ninety - nine years they are to pay a yearly

- f Th nt lle un nt o r the l n . e re , ca d a gro d re , a d ’ device o f such ninety - nine years leases in London

d ue to the w of the t l n n l s t is po er grea a d mo opo i s, the u Of f P tl n t in t the D kes Bed ord, or a d , Wes m s er,

ui o f S li u and t . T n Marq s a sb ry o hers hose perso s , no t content with having become owners Of large portions O f national property by the liberality Of V nd il l in n n a 111 . He ry III . , James I . W iam givi g

w w t did no t l n to t l the a ay ha be o g hem, emp oyed most astute lawyers that could be go t fo r money L 200 N o tes on the A nti Corn a w Str uggle . to devise schemes such as this o f making a house and the land o n which it is built return at the end

f - n n l n l T i o ninety ine years to the grou d a d ord . h s d f the n n n un l o f the evice , ramed by co veya ci g co se

t l n wn l o n t grea a do ers , is eager y seized by rades m en who n t t n in lan fo r u l n , i ves heir savi gs d b i di g, and have been heard to declare the delight wi th which they would step in at the end o f ninety nine years and take away the hou se from the chil dren o f the man who built it or bought it from the u l o f it T o an o ne who no t o t b i der . y has g saddl ed with the vampire notion that ninety- nine ’ years leases are part o f the origi nal scheme o f

C t n it is at n n t u u t and rea io , o ce a mo s ro s abs rdi y

nt l l n u t t t w n man u l i o erab e i j s ice ha , he a b i ds a ’ u o n an t n l n for the u se o f w ho se o her ma s a d, hich he pays a yearly ground - rent representing at the date o f the lease no t merely the full annual value o f the l n o n w the u u lt b ut u l a d hich ho se is b i , do b e , ! t t l it s nnu l lu the n to some imes reb e a a va e, perso

A cas e cam e to my knowledge only yes terday where

an the annua a ue o f w c was £ 6 was lot fo r u n l d, l v l hi h , b ildi g Th n a hous e at a ground re nt o f twenty guineas . e ge tleman wh o u l the us e for m se f at a c s of £ 2000 o n a b i t ho hi l o t , ’ n net - nine ears ease u t a u s e ha w u as m re i y y l , b il ho t t o ld l t o

- n h than double ninety nine years . Cons eque tly t e ground

202 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

’ mentioned by Mr Co b den s biographer that Mr .

C d n n ul t u o f ob e , havi g made spec a ive p rchases land in various qu arters o f Manchester where his imagination painted a great demand fo r buil dings o n the e l o f the C n L w was c ll d rep a or a s , ompe e

- nt to pay a thou sand pounds a year as ground re . But as long as the thou sand pounds a year was

the l n was his own and w ul n d paid a d , o d have i crease

' in lu if u and f t i n u lt va e ho ses, shops ac or es had bee b i

n fo r tw nt o i . d n t Mr . Cob e it seems kept up e y

five t nt w i w ul t f years his payme , h ch o d here ore amount to a sum o f and helps u s to un an h l to derst d o w Mr . Cobden was enab ed absorb the unt ll t fo r him w i has n amo co ec ed , h ch bee estimated at no t mu ch under I have no t happened to meet with any case o f ground rents in London being specul ated on in this way . But suppose a man were to build an expensive factory such as are built at Manchester o n a ’ n n t - nin le at the t n t n o f i e y e years ase , ermi a io w l the f t w t l t u an d hich ease ac ory , or h severa ho s

un w ul f ll nt the t of the und po ds , o d a i o pocke gro

nt l n l d the nf n is t t no u f t re a d or , i ere ce ha s ch ac ories w ul uilt and the t o f n t w ul o d be b , rade Ma ches er o d no t t b ut n t w ul now have exis ed , Ma ches er o d be the village o r small town it was two centuries ago . nd r 203 The L a lo d s .

The land of England was held on certain co n

ditio ns w te the u h - n of , hich may be rmed p rc ase mo ey

t t l n T u - n n ha a d . hat p rchase mo ey had bee made

l rt o f tu l nnu t to the St t payab e as a so perpe a a i y a e, n n l i creasing in value as the la d increased in va ue . But the Convention Parliament of 1 660 passed an A ct by a majority of two — the votes being 15 1

fo r nd 1 n — h A c 1 14 a 4 9 t t e t 2 Car. 2 . , agai s , c that the holders o f the land o f England should be totally exonerated from the futu re payment o f this

tu l nnu t whi n t tu t the u perpe a a i y, ch co s i ed p rchase

n o f t ir t t and t t t i nnu t o r mo ey he es a es ; ha h s a i y ,

u - n ul fo r the futu in p rchase mo ey, sho d re be paid,

the o f an i l who l n n shape exc se, by peop e he d o e

o f h w u o t e land for which they ere th s made t pay . I n the debate many members spoke vehemently

a n The t l n g ai st the measu re proposed . mos ear ed

l w o f t t ti Pr nn it was no t fit to a yer ha me , y e , said

all u e l in ca ite and to f make ho sekeep rs ho d p , ree the n l t and n i n tel the obi i y ; i ve ghed passio a y , says

i n t the whi was to sub sti D ary, agai s excise , ch be tuted in lieu o f the payments fo r which the lands o f E ngland had been granted to be held as private t proper y . Without embarrassing the reader with legal t n l ti it uffi nt to t t SO ech ica i es , may be s cie say ha 204 N o tes on the A nti o rn L a tr C w S uggle . far as the words o f their laws enable us to j u dge o f t n n and nt nt n the f o f no heir mea i g i e io , ramers inconsiderable portion o f that system o f govern ment which is generally understood when we s ay the n l C n t tut n t nl nt n t t E g ish o s i io , cer ai y i e ded ha the tax which the land was to pay was to be a “ certain proportion o f the full yearly valu e thereof ” at the t o f n t f not t n ime assessi g hereo , a propor io o f n n l f I b e a omi a yearly value thereo . t may added in corroboration that in all the land - tax

a t wn to the 38 Geo . 3 in lu the c s do c sive , commis ' “ sioners are directed to appoint assessors ( see 3 f n 38 . 5 . o r t u o f Geo . 8 he , c , s ) p rpose assessi g all l l N o unl t al w l n . w proper y, re as e as perso a ess t was to new nt here be every year a assessme , collectors o f the moneys to be levied would b e suflicient w ft ir t n the nt nt , hereas , a er d ec i g appoi me o f t e lw i t n t and assessors , h re is a ays a d s i c “ separate clau se for the appointment of collectors o f the moneys which shall be assessed as afore ” said . William the N orman took from the A nglo

S ns t unt b ut un i lf and axo heir co ry, bo d h mse his

u far u l n t s ccessors , as as he co d bi d hem , by

n nt w i w fulfill fo r six u n e gageme s, h ch ere ed h dred

to fr the n rt Of the n years, de ay mai pa expe ses

6 h t rn w tru l 20 N o tes on t e A n i Co L a S gg e .

’ seems to have cooled even Lord Macaulay s z eal fo r his u L ul D tch hero . ord Maca ay says

I f his ar ame n had ee n f rc e efer ear afte r P li t b o d to d , y

ear the c ns era n o f SO ar e and c m e a uest n y , o id tio l g o pl x q io as a o f th e r s f rfe ures ecam e him to a e th t I i h o it , it ill b t k advantage o f s u c h a la ches with the eagernes s o f a shre wd

rne an ers wh w r incere at che hi s atto y . M y p ons o e e S ly ta d to

ernment and sa r e o f resu m ns u th e gov , di pp ov d ptio , tho ght

o s f rfe ur e n e n h nera ru c ase f the e o it s a e xc ptio to t e ge l le .

Of all the rants the ar e s was W st c th e g l g t to ood o k, e ldest so n o f Portland ; th e ne xt was to A l bem arle . A n admirer o f William cannot relate withou t pain that h e divide d be twe en these two foreigners an e xtent o f c ou ntry ’ m n r larger than Hertford shire . Willia s a swe was that h e had thou ght hims elf bound to reward o ut o f the f rfe e r er t s e wh o had s er e him we and e s e o it d p op ty ho v d ll , p c ially thos e wh o had ho m e a principal par t in th e re duc tion

o f relan . Th e war h e sa had left a ea e t an d I d , id , h vy d b ; he Should b e glad to s ee that debt redu ce d by jus t and effec

a m n an w r wa b ut a d o ne and in r u u ea s . s s e s b a t l Thi ; , t th , h it was hardly possible fo r him to retu rn a good o n e . He ad

ne w a was n efens e and a em t n efe n do h t i d ibl ; , by tt p i g to d d

imse f h e ma e his case w rse . I t was no t rue a the h l , d o t th t

ri s f rfe ure s o r o ne - fifth r o f hem had een ran e I h o it , pa t t , b g t d to m en wh o had disting uished thems elves in the Irish war ; and it was no t j u diciou s to hint that those forfeitu re s c oul d n th c ar e o f h u e o t j ustly b e applied to e dis h g t e p blic d bts .

h m n murm nd no a t e er w u re s n T e m s ure a t a . Co o d, l og th itho t o

’ His a e s e s u s e s a a th e e s fa u s M j ty t ll , th y id, th t d bt ll to

n u r r o ma u f th a d the forfe it es to him . We a e t ke good o t o e 207 The L andlords .

‘ p u rses o f Englishmen what was Spent u pon th e war ; and he is to pu t into th e purses of Dutchm en what was go t by the ’ 9” war .

no t w t n ut illi the T b ut it I am ri i g abo W am hird , was necessary to introdu ce him here to Show how e asily the land had been Obtained which some o f o ur noble landlords let o n su ch terms as those ’ n n t - nin u ld n l so ft l i e y e years b i i g eases , cra i y devised to su ck the blood o f the unhappy man

who is so ill - advised as to build a substantial house

n u l A n the t t we u der s ch eases . mo g o her deb s “ ” o we to Old Gl u is t i t t his ut orio s h s , ha D ch advisers designed that the method o f raising money by a pound rate— the subsidy o f earlier

o r the L n Tax A ct o f 4 lli and days a d Wi am Mary ,

. 1 the inci le o f w i was t tl c , p r p h ch s ric y observed — in the five su cceeding years shou ld no t prove effectual in order to redu ce u s to the nec essitv

n n u t n and t u t o f taxi g co s mp io , hereby, beca se axes

n u t lw u n t on consumptio m s a ays be heavy po rade , prevent o ur being such formidable rivals to the D utchj '

’ u s is o r o f n an . . 323 324 327 . Maca lay H t y E gl d , iv , pp , ,

’ ' u n am s i s o r o f a es . 186 3rd e ti n . 1 Se e C nni gh H t y T x , p , di o

n n 1 778 . Lo do , 208 N o tes on the A nti orn L a w tru l C S gg e .

: V lli in his e in the u o f Mr i ers , spe ch Ho se

C n 9 184 3 : ommo s , May , , said

Let them re member what has been th e c ons equ ence o f u rging that there are pe culiar bu rdens o n th e lan d as a pre te xt th n u r n i r man e . fo r e Corn Laws . I q i y i to ts t u th was de d d

Two m ns were m a e in hi s u e f r But e were otio d t Ho s o it . th y

n t arr the u r n f m m d h o . O A n w c ie d N ; Ho se sh a k ro the . y

ec ause af e r th e m a ter had e en r u hl f e was B , t t b tho o g y Si t d, it

f un t a so far fr m t ere e n e c us e c ar e s ere o d h t o h b i g x l iv h g , th f m ” were shame u l exe ptions .

A fter a few words respecting the tithes as a

l f r i in nt law V ll w n o o . i t n p ea ra s g re by , Mr i ers e to the question Of the Land Tax

fo r th e an Tax is u e s s a e uc n fr m AS L d , it do btl d d tio o

ren b u t o ne w c the ate is e n e and su re c o n t , to hi h St titl d ; ly, sid ering the m anner in whic h the lan dlords in Parliam e nt

ha e dea w nce was m s e ne er c an b e fo r v lt ith it Si it i po d, it v their inte rest to have it discu ss e d o r inqu ire d into no m an

can earn a s t r w u a m s fee n t a as a c as s l th t hi o y itho t l o t li g h t, l , the landowners have proved them se lve s u tterly un worthy n m o f pu blic trus t . Nothi g ever was more sha e les s than the manner in which th e Sta te has be e n deprive d o f its d u e amount o f the Land T ax by a gros s violation o f th e bargain the landowners mad e with the Crown when it w as

was ri c i n eu f the f u da s r impose d . It s t tly li o e l e vic es by w c a ne e r an s we re e and fr m w c 4 3 in th e hi h lo th i l d h ld, o hi h — poun d o n the rental were re qu ired cle arly an inadequ ate c ommutation fo r th e inconven ience to which s uch s e rvic e s

10 N o tes on the A nti Corn L aw tru l 2 S gg e. p urchase - money will no t be considered as degree extravagant o r beyond the limits o f fair f n l n o n a d uit . I t will no t dea i g, reaso , eq y be c n t a nt w n the l o f t o sidered ex r vaga , he c aims hose who have got present possession Of this landed — property is taken into consideration the claim that the land is theirs fo r the whole remainder o f t n t n tw t t n n the t u t inin e er i y, o i hs a di g r h Sh g by its o wn l t t t l n t u t igh , ha a ded proper y m s be more li t in its natu than t i t ts mi ed re o her propr e ary righ ,

becau se no man made the land . L i 2 1 1 P easant fe .

H V C A PTER .

SE CTION I .

P E A S A N T L I F E .

THE peasant life may be more pictu resque than the artisan life ; b ut the artisan is less helpless against

t an the nt L ul oppression h peasa . ord Maca ay

l t how in n u n o f the t t o f the re a es , co seq e ce s a e currency in 1 695

The a u rer f un at the of meta w c w en l bo o d th bit l , hi h, h

he re c e e was c a e a in w u ar l w en h e iv d it, ll d Shill g, o ld h d y, h

wan e ur c as e a o t o f e er o r a af of r e rea o t d to p h p b lo y b d, g

f er f m r n ua as ar as Sixpenc e . Wh e artisans o o e tha us l

n e ence were c e c e in reat nu m ers as in th e c i t llig oll t d g b , do k

ar at ha am t e were a e m a e eir c m a nts y d C th , h y bl to k th o pl i

r and n m r r s But he n ran and hea d to obtai s o e ed e s . t ig o t helple ss peasant was c ru elly ground between o ne clas s whi ch

w ul e m ne nl a e and an er wh c w ul o d giv o y o y by t l , oth i h o d “ a e nl e t k it o y by w ight .

’ A nd the peasant s wretched condition had lasted

4“ s r o f n an . 1 19 Hi to y E gl d, iv , 2 12 N t o t o es n the A nti Corn L aw S ruggle .

— fo r innumerable ages through which they lived like the b easts with which they shared the tillage o f the un and t n l t t gro d , he died ike hose beas s , leaving no trace behind them o f a moral and

nt ll tu l n and n t u and i e ec a bei g . Day igh , s mmer w nt u t b ut the sun of i er s cceeded each o her, each successive day which brought so many blessings to the u and the u t n t n prospero s happy , bro gh o hi g to t b ut f t l and uff n and it t hem resh oi s eri g, , migh

the t n t t th w o ne t n be , reflec io ha ey ere s ep earer to the in w t w ul at t an d grave hich hey o d be res , d f l l and un n an w no . ee co d h ger, pai sorro more

A nd if t t n n t u t w n had lif ha i a ima e d s , hich o ce e and u n f w no w to nd w w t a h ma orm , ere be e o ed i h the w o f u n w t t l o f o re s po er h ma speech, ha a es pp

n and uff n o f n and ul it sio s eri g, ago y horror, co d no t u nfold ? The cou ntry churchyard seems to awaken memories that carry the mind o f the Observer further back into the past than the u rban

u t u the l tt w one o r ch rchyard , ho gh a er may Sho two names more celebrated than any that may

o n the t t n o f the f The be read ombs o es ormer .

ill n and the ut n l u lt n v age Hampde m e i g orio s Mi o , ’ if they ever lived the village life o ut o f Gray s ” l l and u n o f and as E egy, ived died as heard un as if t n n T recorded hey had ever bee . here

2 1 th A orn L 4 N o tes on e nti C aw Struggle .

I n reference to the conversion into private

t o f w t was no t t t it proper y ha priva e proper y, may he t t d n to the t o f remarked here ha , accor i g sys em law t l in n l n at the C n u t in es ab ished E g a d o q es , t w t l n w u u ll ll hose as e a ds , hich are s a y ca ed com

n the t o f the il n ll in the mo s , proper y so is ge era y " lord o f the mano rfi But in common fields the property o f the soil is in the particular tenants T There is evidence that though the lords o f manors were the predominant powers in regard to the l n u t n n to the law o f n l n a d q es io accordi g E g a d, the n as t w t m w no t commo ers, hey ere er ed, ere

al t t w l . T u to an llu t t n oge her po er ess h s , give i s ra io o r two the t o f the n to the tu , righ commo ers pas rage may be subservient to the right o f the lord of the manor ; fo r if the lord o f the manor has imme m o rially built hou ses or dug clay- pits upon the common without any regard to the extent o f the

the i l o f u t herbage , mmemoria exercise s ch ac s is evidence that the lord reserved that right to him s lf w n nt the t o f tu to the e , he he gra ed righ pas rage commoners }; A nd if a lord o f a manor plant t u n n n t u rees po a commo , a commo er, ho gh he has

m 2 . I b . 1. m 2 B Co . 3 1 id

T . R . 4 11 3; 5 . 2 15 P easant I nfe .

no t to cut t m wn a an righ he do , has remedy by

Su ch cases Show that the clas s called commoners in the English law books had a recognized position in the English constitutional polity ; and it would seem that a scheme which made use o f the authority o f the English Parliament fo r converting those waste lands and common fields in which the poorer

l of the un t t u t not the c asses comm i y, ho gh hey had

rt o f the l u n fi l int t prope y soi , had s ch a be e cia eres in the l n to f t i t to at fish a d as eed he r beas s , c ch , ” to tu f to cut w o r the l ' was dig r , ood , ike, i a scheme somewhat analogou s to that of Sancho

n no Panz a whe gover r o f the island o f Barataria . I t is said by the witnesses examined before the

P li nt C itt o f 184 4 on the n l u ar ame ary omm ee , i c os re o f C n t t u i u n l u w ul ommo s , ha j dic o s i c os re o d make a large portion o f common lands mu ch more pro ductiv e This may be a tolerably safe prediction ; b ut it two t I u n has aspec s . ts prod ctive ess may be advantageou s to some and disadvantageous to ’ n P nz l n Of in v others . Sa cho a a s p a deriv g ad an

6 . R . 483 1 B d P l an u . 14 . T ; OS .

‘ m . . 1 2 Bl . Com 32 2 1 6 N ote on t e A i or L w s h nt C n a Struggle . t f the n nt o f an lan l t age rom gover me is d, ooked ra her

in to S n lf fo r it was l promis g a cho himse , a very simp e n proceeding . Sa cho simply proposed t o sell the

n t nt o f the l nd fo r l and ut the i habi a s is a s aves , p n in h B mo ey is pocket . ut to the people sold the

l n t not e i p a migh app ar so good as t did to Sancho . ’ S n P n o f ttin t u a cho a za s scheme ge g rich , ho gh it may wear the semblance o f being only o ne o f the elaborate jokes o f him who was said to have ’ ” l S a n l w lan l smi ed p i s chiva ry a ay, has a me cho y

ffin t w t t n w i n tea o f a i y i h cer ai schemes h ch, i s d

n ul and i n o n the nt bei g joc ar magi ary, are , co rary, to o u and too l S n the a 1800 serio s rea . i ce ye r ,

t wo u n n l u t abou t tho sa d i c os re ac s have passed . Before that time about o ne thousand six hun dred

u n n un I t o r o ne tho sa d seve h dred had passed . , was stated in evidence before the Committee o f the

u Of C n in 184 4 t t l xt nt of Ho se ommo s , ha a arge e e common and waste land had been illegally inclosed u nder the provisions of the A ct o f 1 836 ( 6 and 7 V f f . I . . o r il t t n the Wm , c passed ac i a i g inclosure of open and arable fields in England and Wales ; and the persons who hold su ch lands have

no l l t tl and can nl t n o ne l o f ega i e , o y Ob ai by apse

The f ti fo r t u al n w time . chie mo ve h s de i g ith

18 2 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

in defence o f what A dam Smith has called the

t t n t t w to the l t l n t o f s a io ary s a e hich, po i ica eco omis

the l t two n t n nt t n nt and as ge era io s, prese ed a s ag a unpleasing prospect

Th e density o f popul ation ne c e s sary to enable m ankin d

a n in th e rea e s e ree all th e a an a e s o f to obt i , g t t d g , dv t g both

c o - O era n and of so c a n erc urse h a s in all th e m s p tio i l i t o , , o t

n n u n m a b e to o u u s c un ri e s ee a a e . a pop lo o t , b tt i d A pop l tio y

c r w e u all b e am s u li e wi f and ra m en o d d, tho gh ply pp d th ood i t, It is no t good fo r man to b e ke pt perforc e at all tim e s in th e

hi w r fr m wh s tu e is presenc e o f s Spe cie s . A o ld o ich oli d

e r a e is a er r e a . u e in th e sense o f xti p t d v y poo id l Solit d ,

e n f en a ne is es se n a an e o f m ed ta i n o r b i g o t lo , ti l to y d pth i t o o f c haracter ; and solitu de in the pre senc e o f natural be au ty and grandeu r is the cradle o f thou ghts an d aspirations which

are no t n for the n u a b ut w c s c e c u o ly good i divid l, hi h o i ty o ld

r m u f n in n e m ill do without . N o r is the e c h satis ac tio co t plating th e world with n othing left to the Spontaneou s activity o f nature ; with every rood o f land brought into

c u t a n w c is ca a e o f r w n f fo r u m an l iv tio , hi h p bl g o i g ood , h

b e n s e er fl wer was e o r na u ra as ure u e u i g ; v y o y t t l p t plo gh d p , ’ all qu adrupe ds o r birds whic h are no t dom e s ticate d fo r m an s

u se e term na e as his r a s fo r f e er e e - ro w o r x i t d iv l ood, v y h dg

su e rfl u us tree r e o u t and s carce a ace ef w ere p o oot d , ly pl l t h a wild shru b o r flowe r cou ld grow withou t being erad icate d

u as a we ed in th e name of improved agric ult re . I f the earth mu st lose that great portion o f its pleas antness whic h it owes to things that the u nlimite d inc rease o f we alth and popa la

n w u e t r a e fr m fo r the mere u r se o f ena l n tio o ld x i p t o it, p po b i g it s u rt a ar er b ut no t a e e r o r a a er u a n to ppo l g , b tt h ppi pop l tio , t Li 2 19 P easan fe.

s nc ere e for the s a e s e r a e w b e I i ly hop , k po t ity, th t th y ill c ontent to b e s tationary long be fore nec essity compels them to

Mill goes o n to say

I t is sc arcely nec e s sary to rem ark that a s tationary co n dition o f c apital and popu lation implies no stationary state o f

u man im r em n er ul b e as m uc s c e as h p ov e t . Th e wo d h op e er fo r all in s o f m en a cu u re and m ra and s cial v k d t l lt , o l o

r ress as m u ch r m fo r m r n the A rt o f n p og ; oo i p ovi g Livi g, an d m u c m re e i o f its ein m r e w en m n s h o lik l hood b g i p ov d, h i d ceas e b d to e e ngrossed by the art of getting o n . Hitherto it is que stionable if all the m ec hani c al inve ntions ’ yet ma de have lightene d the day s toil o f any hum an be ing . They have enable d a greate r popu latio n to live the sam e life o f d ru e r and m r s nm en and an n crease num er o f dg y i p i o t, i d b ” manuf ac tu rers and others to make fortunes ?

I n another page o f the same work the writer says

The exclusive right to the land fo r purpose s o f cultivation does no t imply an exclu sive right to it fo r purpose s o f access ; and no s uc h right ou ght to b e re cogniz ed e xcept to th e e xtent ne ce ssar r ect th e r u ce a a ns ama e and th e y to p ot p od g i t d g , ’ Th n owner s privacy against invas ion . e prete sion o f two

u e s to u u a ar o f the an s and e c u e the d k Sh t p p t Highl d , x l d

r nc es o f o ca c n m b n tu art P i ipl P liti l E o o y, y Joh S Mill ,

. 3 1 i n . n n : Lo n mans and c . . 3 e C vol ii , p . , S xth ditio Lo do g , 6 18 5 .

' 1 Ibid . 220 ot e N es on the A nti Corn L aw Struggl . rest o f mankin d from many squ are miles o f mou ntain sc enery to preven t disturbance to wild animals is an abus e it excee ds th W e n e legitimate bou nds o f the right o f lande d property . h

an is n o t inten e to b e cul ate no reas n can in l d d d tiv d , good o g eneral b e given fo r its being private prope rty at all and if an o ne is e rm tte to c a his h e u to n w t a h e y p i d ll it , o ght k o h t

s it s ufferanc e of th e c mm un and o n an m e hold by o ity, i pli d

c n n a his wne rshi nce it cann ss e m o ditio th t o p, Si ot po ibly do th

an at eas s a not e r e em o f an w c e y good, l t h ll d p iv th y, hi h th y c ou ld have derive d from th e land if it h ad been unappro

riated . en in the case of cu ate an a man w m p Ev ltiv d l d, ho ,

u n one am n m ns th e law erm s to tho gh o ly o g illio , p it hold

usan s o f acre s as his n e s are is no t en e to n tho d Si gl h , titl d thi k

t a all s is en him use and a use and ea w h t thi giv to to b , d l ith as if it concerned nobody b ut

’

I h m . n t e passage last qu oted fi o J S. Mill s Political Economy the words necessary to protect ’ the owner s privacy against invasion are parti

cularl n o f tt nt n and f had y deservi g a e io , be ore I

u r to the fo r the nt u rec r ed passage prese p rpose , I had noted in the margin o f the newspaper ( The

ail N ews fo r A l 1 8 1844 nt n n l tt D y pri , ) co ai i g a e er “ ” T ut fi hin in S tl n and n headed ro s g co a d , sig ed

A n Stu t an b t n t t u d J . . Erski e ar , O jec io ha occ rre to me at the time to what is said in the lett er “ ’ ” ut w t the w t ll fisher s t abo ha ri er ca s a pa h .

i r nc es o f ica c n m . i . . 290 291 . P ipl Polit l E o o y, vol , pp ,

2 th nt L tru l 22 N otes on e A i Corn aw S gg e.

i n in the thi d ti n o f this t nn t be g ve r sec o chap er, ca o be viewed as having a tendency to strengthen their

t n and to t l t as St ff posi io , es ab ish hem ra ord bragged he woul d establish Charles the First and his

t it in w lt t n t and l far pos er y ea h, s re g h, g ory, above f ni any o their proge tors . The qu estion o f trout - fishing is complicated by the vast increase of population which renders fi'ee trout - fishing a very different thing from what it was w n the ul t n was t l ll he pop a io compara ive y sma . I know nothing to which the word Cons ervative may be more j udiciou sly applied than to the pre s erv ation o f the fair pursuit o f trout - fishing ; that is to the n l for t ut w t the t fi l a g ing ro i h ar i cia fly, and no t to the use o f certain kinds o f bait which ma t nd to the u t n o f l b ut to y e prod c io a arge bag, the t u t n o f all fai fi n and nl to des r c io r shi g, o y be

t t who fish no t fo r lt and prac ised by hose , hea h s t b ut fo r the o t and n di t o n por , p , bri g scredi n angling as tu rning it to a mere trade i fish . - 223 A n E nglish Village in 1 844 5 .

CHA PTE R V

SECTION II.

E GL I SH VIL L G E 1 - N A IN 844 5 .

I WI L L endeavour to give fi'om my rough notes some idea o f the condition o f the peasantry o f the district I had undertaken to visit fo r the purpose especially of ascertaining ho w much of the average ’ earnings of a peasant s family go in purchasing clothing and articles paying excise o r duty to ’

n nt as t t in the w of Mr . Cob den s gover me , s a ed ords

l tt to d t n t N e 5 184 4 e er me, a ed Ma ches er, ovemb r , , in h nt u ti n and quot ed t e I rod c o .

One da in the nt o f 1 844 y mo h December, , I walked along the road that ascends a somewhat steep hill separating two villages fi'o m one another

in o ne of the ut - w t n unt o f n l n so h es er co ies E g a d . The view from the summit o f this hill (and there

l u i w in t t t of the unt are severa s ch v e s ha par co ry,

w is l w and b eautiq hich a good dea ooded , y 224 N o tes on the A t n i Corn L a w Struggle .

fi wit ll l and w t fin diversi ed h hi , da e, a er) is a er one t n n l s n w i is a t t u ha E g i h sce ery, h ch p , ho gh

ft and i to w t t u u ll fur so r ch, be some ha ame, s a y

n . n t w fi t n U n the ishes Whe his vie rs ope ed po me , effect of the variou s colours presented by wood lan tu and l u l n in to the d , pas re, p o ghed a d, jo ed

l t z o r fl o st fo in the t very s igh ha e, g, a mosphere, natu l to in was as if had ra a day December, I come suddenly u pon a bay with the sea immediately

n t . A s n to n w be ea h me I bega desce d, ho ever, the ll u i n was u ll ll and ld i s o grad a y dispe ed, I behe a scene which at a more favourable time o f the

f lt u t o ne o f t n tu l ut year I e m s be grea a ra bea y , and mu st have presented a fine specimen o f an n l ill at l t as far as the E g ish v age , eas regards

i tu s u fo r the lla in u t n was so p c re q e, vi ge q es io s cattered that it might be almost said to be c c extensive with the parish in which it was situated — a circumstance which may add much to the pic tures ueness w t ut d in thi n t n q , i ho , as appeare s i s a ce , n h f ll adding anythi g to t e prosperity o a vi age .

ir W lt S tt in l in his t n S a er co Waver ey , descrip io

f the aml t of Tull - Veo lan : The u s o h e y , says ho se

e m l in the t ial l to an s e ed miserab e ex reme, espec y eye accu stomed to the smiling neatness o f English ” “ cottages. A las ! either the smiling neatness o f

22 6 N o tes on the A nti orn L a w tru l C S gg e.

t all t hearts and harder brains . Wi h hat philo s o

hers w t and all t t l nt t and p ri e , ha phi a hropis s do ( I really believe in the existence o f true philanthropists even in spite o f the existence o f false philanthro “ ” “ et the o ld n ho mini l u u m an pi s) , sayi g homo p s , ” w lf to man till l t u : and the O ld is a o , s ho ds r e verse of the Old song has no t lost its melancholy meaning

Wh let the s r c en e e r o we e y , t i k d g p, The hart ungalle d play

Fo r s m e m u st wa c w e s me mu s ee o t h , hil o t Sl p ; ” s ru ns h Thu t e world away .

Retu rning from o ne o f my inquiries in the neighbourhood of a small town in a south - western

unt w l t o f the wa w t an co y , I a ked par y back i h o ld man in t n l n lu l t t a s ra ge o g b e c o h dress coa , w t n u utt n whi n n i h e ormo s brass b o s , ch had o ce bee

ll w and to t the t of w had n ye o , p boo s, ops hich o ce

I w un n ll w to o . t as S bee ye o his day dress , perhaps

lf nt u at l t u t o f ntu o ld ha a ce ry , eas a q ar er a ce ry, . A tailor in a town in those parts told me that he had j u st seen a man come into that town with a coat on his back which he (the tailor) had made

- f ul not a fo r him twenty fou r years be ore . I co d t first guess what the strangely accoutred Old man l n u o u to . co d be . He tur ed t be a shoemaker He A n E n lish Villa e in 1 44 - 5 227 g g 8 .

said that fo r ready money he could make a pair o f ’ l u fo r n n ll n and i n abo rer s Shoes i e shi i gs s xpe ce, and get about two shillings and Sixpence by the n f job . A d even if in ull work he could hardly make more than three pairs o f such shoes in a w whi w ul n him if b ut n eek, ch o d bri g , paid , seve ’ hillin and i n f r his w B s gs S xpe ce o eek s work . ut

l t n the a ultu l l u he os mo ey, he said, by gric ra abo rers n m T mi ot paying hi . hey pro sed to pay at the

f o n hillin w b ut ul n t o e o t . ra e S g a eek, co d He “ w s ft ill ff f wa a O en very o himsel . He said he s su re the Queen did no t know ho w ill Off the poor ” l w w ul thin fo r t . peop e ere , or she o d do some g hem Some had only o ne shilling a day or six shillings

w nl five hill n w . A nd the a eek, some o y s i gs a eek

bread - tax was then U pon them in all its oppressive f orce . I will note here another recollection o f that inquiry which had other difficulties besides the

s til t o f the f nt n t ink in the ho i y armers me io ed , I h ,

n n wa w l n n the precedi g sectio . I s a ki g alo g road

tw n C rf C tl and m whi l t is be ee o e as e Wareha , ch as separated from that part of Dorsetshire called the Isle Of Purbeck by a small stream running into P l u w at t of the w i oo e Harbo r, here, a par road h ch la tw n two i n u nl saw two y be ee h gh ba ks , I s dde y 15 22 8 N t n h n a tru e o es o t e A nti Cor L w S ggl . powerful men in the dress o f sailors advancing t w in t ut fift un o ards me . I had my pocke abo y po ds w i u t f l ft L n n wn o ut h ch I had , j s be ore I e o do , dra o f n fo r t llin ns and my ba kers my rave g expe es , I had not so large an account at my bankers as to render the loss o f this sum o f money a matter o f

nd ff n to . w l to i i ere ce me Ho ever, I reso ved make the t o f it and w n the two l l bes , he sai ors came c ose to me and said that they were travelling on foot f L r l to P l to fo r l nt rom ive poo oo e , seek emp oyme ,

t ll n wit w f tun t l t I gave hem a Shi i g , h hich or a e y hey

t fi d t n and nt nu t appeared sa is e , ha ked me, co i ed heir journey . To return to the particular village before men l n l l tio ned . Wa ki g down hi l towards this vi lage some fifty o r sixty years later than the day when

A t u un w l u t t ll in n r h r Yo g a ked p ha hi Fra ce , I

n u nt t and n w h e co ered some sigh s some sce es , hic those witnessed by A rthur You ng in France in that bygone time cou ld hardly exceed in the material s they afforded fo r taking the gauge and ” i n f mi r n d n n i o an t t . d me s o s se y, depressio , co emp What is this ? A cottage built of wood and w t ut hi n the n n t u i ho a c m ey, smoke asce di g hro gh

l l in th f The n what appears a arge ho e e roo . chim ey f ll wn l n o n n u m t m n e do , I ear ed i q iry, so e i e si ce ,

230 L N otes on the A nti Corn aw Struggle.

whom She paid the rent always said he spoke to " the ll w was the wn b ut ul no t co ege hich o er, co d

et t to n t n g hem do a y hi g . N o repairs for thirty years ! Corporations are

i to no ul an m l —a sa d have so s . Here is exa p e f n — f n Bu t proo i deed O f the tru th o the sayi g . though there are certain powers and rights which

t n law nn t find t t t corpora io s have by , I ca o ha hey are entitled by law to have no souls— and no

w l O f n S t t nl bo e s compassio . tomachs hey cer ai y

in f t w t t e t m in law have ac , he her hey hav he or

no f n n t . I there ore apprehe d that this corporatio cannot plead that they are entitled by law to feel no compassion fo r the sufferings which their tenant s endu re by reason o f the entrances o f the wind

and the n the f t and the n w t u the rai , ros s o , hro gh “ rents of ruin which time has made in their l hove s . Whether their landlords were o r were no t nt tl law to l t t th -had no ul it e i ed by p ead ha ey so s ,

o o n w w t t l seemed t g hard a y ay i h hese poor peop e . For it did n ot appear that the advantages enjoyed b the t i t the n l o r t n le y o her propr e or, ob e mos ob

A c ollege in one o f th e Universitie s which was the owner o f this part o f the parish with which this village was nearly c o - extens ive E l 1 844 - 5 231 A n nglish Vi lage in .

u in the tt of ul was tt n marq is , ma er so , a e ded by

t l nt to the tt percep ib e adva ages poor co agers . ’ ! ” He s a marquis indeed was the observation “ o n the t t t n o ut I heard spo . He akes every hi g

o f i and n n n n it Th L t t t . e , bri gs o hi g i o ord ” deliver u s from su ch a marqu is ! I cannot say ho w the case might be in respect to

an w t u n y parish here his marq is might be reside t . I t is possible that he might be there as popular as

was n l Th i n w u u . e s at he pop ar here case a yho , l t w t ff nt w the t eas , some ha di ere here proprie or is n I n t in reside t . t eeds no very advanced s age civilization fo r the preference o f a flower - garden to ’ u f f I u no a d nghill in ront o one s house . t req ires

t unt o f u n t to u l very grea amo h ma i y remove sq a or, ’ filth and extreme misery from under one s nose ; ’ to desire to see the cottages clu stered round one s

t no t l n t and tu u b ut park ga es , mere y ea pic resq e ,

ntl l n u and f t l A dece y c ea , commodio s , com or ab e . comparison o f the cottages in certain localities ’ near the owners residences with those in certain other localities at a distance fi'o m su ch residences will occur to every o ne who has seen anything o f the nt t t of n l n — at l t o f it s prese s a e E g a d eas ,

t t a o Sir n l t ff l s a e some years g . Joh Fa s a dec ared t t w en was l t to the ha , h he e eva ed peerage , he ’ rn L ru le 232 o tes on the A nti Co aw St gg .

ul f w and l l nl as n l sho d ors ear sack , ive c ea y , a ob e

I t n tu l t t n l n man should do . is a ra ha a ob ema should no t desire to have a slovenly unhandsome li cottage come betwixt the wind and his nobi ty . The price o f bread is al ways considerably higher in these places than in the neighbouring towns ; a fact which is partly accounted fo r by the number o f bad debt s met with by those who sell bread d and u . One man ul no t et flo r said he co d g pai ,

u fif and gave up the trade . He said he lost abo t ty

f hi A n t man pounds be ore he shut up s shop . o her said the people had got between two and three

in I n ut h u l in un un t . t t e h dred po ds his deb r h, p b ic those parts o f the kingdom could no t and did no t live o n their wages and the above is only o ne o f the ways in which those wages were eked o ut so as to enable them to keep bo dy and soul together l n in the t l nn . A s w nt mos miserab e ma er I e a o g,

n u t The man who I observed a other shop sh .

t it was nf n u n kep , I i ormed , had bee r i ed by bad

t and w nt O ff in the n t w t all the s deb s, e igh i h good

he had left .

N l t t s ut - u tt n ear y opposi e his h p shop, ge i g over

a t l f un f t t l n n s i e, I o d a oo pa h eadi g across a cor er

f w t was n t u w run o ha o ce a park , hro gh hich had a

fine l t well u l e w t fine t u t c ear, rapid s ream , s pp i d i h ro

2 4 l 3 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Strugg e . l t n t the n a nt of t i k n iber ies agai s e cro chme s he r i gs , l the f un t n o f the l t o f n l n and aid o da io iber ies E g a d , t of th l t o f all n n hereby e iber ies ma ki d . From the stile above mentioned there was a view o f u o f n l z tt l tu t a ho se co siderab e si e , pre i y si a ed , which an Old woman informed me was the hou se o f “ ’ the l n n n t u c ergyma , addi g , We do have m ch good n u from he. The living is worth upwards o f o e tho sand pounds a year ; b ut the incumbent at that time did no t appear to enjoy a large amount o f popularity

n his n who o n the t n amo g parishio ers, , o her ha d,

xt ll the tu o f n u n u the e o ed vir es a eighbo ri g sq ire , labourers o n whose property were mu ch better O ff t n t in t t o f t l n nt ha hose his parish, mos hem ivi g re f and n l ree having fuel found them by their la d ord .

u I u lt o f Here is a cottage a mere r in. t is b i mu d u t u t and o f , s ppor ed by prigh cross pieces t in ll f n u b ut no w dis imber, orig a y ormi g sq ares , to rted by time and neglect into irregul ar fig ures n n i n t ? fo r which geometry has o ame . Is t i habi ed Yes ; and the woman in this hovel says that in the cold weather they pay two shillings a week o ut O f t n ill n w fo r fi in and t heir seve sh i gs a eek r g, hey have

l n T n n and she t . o eigh chi dre hey have garde ,

n o ne un says their re t is po d a year . But a man now pointed o ut a cottage worse than A V l 184 4 - n E nglish i lage in 5 . 235

an o f t th t n n y hese a have bee described, sayi g he i n could drive a horse and cart through t . A d in

t ut l t w n so r h he scarce y exaggera ed he he said . There were holes in the windows large enough to p ut both hands through and holes in some parts O f the wal ls large enough to put the whole body

t u f l full of l Th was . Th hro gh . e roo a so ho es e o ccupant o f it said the rain ran in in a hundred

l t t t ul no t lie in t p aces ; ha hey co d heir beds dry . A good many cases had been met with o f families

n ll t to o in the l t and w t (ge era y hose, , co des ors

w ll n who no l n t n in t t d e i gs) had b a ke s, eve ha

w nt A nd o f t who l n t severe i er . hose had b a ke s , the best Off had no t more than two to a bed frequ ently b ut o ne— while most people found three to o few and t t to o in u to o ut , ha ho ses made keep the l w t w n w and n o f co d, i h doors , i do s, chim eys very different constru ction from that o f the majority ’ f ult T o agric ural labourers cottages . he family in t tt o f w no w no l n t his co age hich I speak had b a ke s .

The l n t w n o f t in chi dre ( here ere seve hem) , some

and lm t n w w n un the rags a os aked, ere co eri g ro d embers o f a fire o n the hearth within the large n — t t chim ey he only sheltered spot in the co tage .

One l ttl t n a u t two O ld poor i e hi g , boy abo years , was l n n the un n u li e p ayi g amo g embers, co scio s a k 2 6 N o the A nti o r ru e 3 otes n C n L aw St ggl . o f nd n Hi the dark fate o f his race a his o w . s little brother had been bu rnt to death only a shor t t f whil n no w was ime be ore , e e gaged as he . These children had recently lost their mother o ne consequence of which was the death by bu rning o f th l l T w no w n th e itt e boy. hey ere u der e care o f t l t t i l u t nt n heir e des sis er, a g r abo seve ee . Rather less than three weeks after this time o n

t n t ll in was inf t t visi i g his vi age aga , I ormed ha t l w and u d h had n to his gir as dead b rie . S e go e ’ ntl n u at l ttl di t n to a ge ema s ho se a i e s a ce beg , and t n in ut two u in the l and the , s a d g abo ho rs co d wet u t l w h f the t t o f the , she ca gh a co d, hic , rom s a e

tt insufli cient v n t w as e co age, co eri g ( here ere, I hav

no l n t and the w nt o f n said , b a ke s), a ecessaries , t urned into a fever and carried her Off in about ten

h r n . l f n days . S e died avi g mad Her i e had bee

t an l tt to in t e e shor d miserab e . Be er be h grav n than to go o n livi g thu s .

I n Of t t n t is the u u l t in cases s arva io , his s a erm a “ t n o f l l T w the io the me ancho y process . o ards “ ” nd l e L A n C t . , says iebig ( ima hemis ry, p “ the particles o f the brain begin to undergo the

o f i t n and d l u ni and process ox da io e iri m, ma a , t l h n dea h c ose t e sce e . I will not weary the reader with more o f the

238 N ot th A n orn Law tru le es on e ti C S gg .

S tt ll w to lt f th e co ish vi age ere , as she er rom w t tt Off t n the l in the n l h ea her, be er ha peop e E g is

ll b ut t w u nd l n l who vi age, hey ere er a a d ord , though sometimescalled a religi ous o r pious noble man f the f t to n an , appears rom ac s have bee

and - t t nt oppressive hard hear ed yra . 1 239 A Scottish Village in 855 .

CHA PTER V

I I SECTION I .

L I A SCOT TISH VI L A GE N 1855 .

THE Scottish village referred to ,o n which I have

few n t l n d w t all the u u n made a o es , be o ge , i h s rro d in unt to o ne o f t L t n l n l g co ry, hose evia ha a dho ders , among some half- doz en o f whom the greater part o f S tl n ll o ut and who unl i t co a d is parce ed , , ke heir E nglish brother peers who profited by the plunder o f the English Church lands at the Reformation in

n l n and at n f a u l t t n E g a d, rose o ce rom h mb e s a io to l and n t f to t t be ords k igh s , pro ess race heir

nt f n and o f t t desce rom ki gs heroes very remo e imes . I will no t at present trouble the reader about those

f t t n to t t t t t ill pedigrees , ar her ha s a e ha his v age had

n l n to an A the u n o f w til l o ce be o ged bbey, r i s hich s remained in the condition in which they had been l ft at the R f t n in S tlan and e e orma io co d, had come into the possession o f the family o f the present 2 r 40 N otes ou the A nti Corn L aw St uggle .

t ft nt the t o f t ir proprie or some years a er . I o roo he t tl no n u It t n i e I do t i q ire . migh be as good or eve

n n tl u t better tha ma y other ti es to Ch rch proper y . Lord Byron was very proud o f the possession o f

N w t A and to o t nt his e s ead bbey, seems have g i o

w t mu n hi s di e head i h ch pori g over pe gree, som tou ch Of the co nfirsio n which he ascribes to the

P l C unt P l t n in Maz e a and to o ish o a a i e pp , have satisfied himself that the Byrons o f the sixteenth century were identical with the Buruns o f the t i t nt ntu o f w nt t t no h r ee h ce ry, hich ide i y here is n evide ce .

T S tt s ll ff u att th his co i h vi age a orded m ch m er , bo from Observation and reflection to any Observing n l n Th fi and reflecting E g ishma . e rst thing that natu rally stru ck an E nglishman was the contrast between it and the English villages — particularly the villages o f the souther n and south- western

l n The t i n counties o f Eng a d . mos str ki g contrast that first presented itself was the monotonou s

ul t o f t S tt ll d reg ari y his co ish vi age, as compare with the picturesque irregularity of many English ll will l n w t n m n vi ages . I exp ai ha I mea by o o t n u ul r t tat n t t t ll t u o o s reg a i y by s i g ha his vi age, ho gh

u t in t tu u unt was l sit a ed a mos pic resq e co ry , mere y

ll t n o f tt u lt o f s t o f an a co ec io co ages, b i a or red s d

242 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle. had a b it o f ground at the back by way o f garden

r l o kai yard . ’ A nother part of Scott s description o f the village o f T ull - Veo lan m nt n the t nu o f y , e io s grea mber u l and the t t l o f t se ess dogs , s ory o d hem by a

n t u t who w in to find n fo r Fre ch o ris , ish g a reaso the nu o f saw o ne o f the mber dogs he , recorded as n t n l t t o f S tl n t t the Stat a io a charac eris ics co a d, ha e

m nta n i n e ll l o f ours ll ai i ed ach vi age a re ay , ca ed

co llies w u t it was to the chevaua: de , hose d y chase p oste ( to o starved and exhau ste d to move without

s u ti ulu f o ne l t to n t t ll t ch a s m s) rom ham e a o her, i hey

to th end o f the t T ll in drove them e s age . rave ers Scotland no w might no t find the number of ours SO great as described by the veracious French tourist ; b ut Colonel Thompson related a curious story O f the Scotch collies which he heard o n his Free Trade

n i l n The unt l u expeditio n Scot a d . co ry peop e sed

to f ll w to u t ll w be o o ed ch rch by heir co ie dogs , hich were al l put into an appointed place in the chu rch by themselves ; and the dogs knew by the change ’ in the a t n w n was w n n u pre cher s o e he he i di g p , and with one consent cried Hoo in joy at their ’ n I t a nt n approaching liberatio . c me i o o e preacher S head to try the experiment o f imitating the tone s A t h V l 1 243 Sco tis il age in 855 .

i O f w n n u and t n in o n n . i di g p , he go g agai Wh ch he did and the dogs made their B oo ! in the wrong

place .

To turn to i tt ill t n re th s Sco ish v age . I Ob ai ed tolerably good lodgings at a hou se of two stories belonging to o ne o f the principal shopkeepers in the lla w w f and vi ge, hose i e, a good cook, remark

l int lli nt w n tt n to the l in . ab y e ge oma , a e ded odg gs One Of the first things that attracted my atten tion was the bad ness o f the bread procured from — the village baker the bread being sour from an

n l n n o f and t u p easant combi atio bad flour bad yeas . I therefore ate chiefly bread made by my landlady

in th o f flat o f t n e shape cakes moderate hick ess .

T w t in ll n the n e hese cakes ere, I h k , ca ed sco es , am given also in Scotland to barley cakes— b ut never

o o at whi ll The t ca nn . kes , ch are ca ed ba ocks ’ reason given fo r the badness o f the baker s bread was this : A combination o r company of persons in the village enriched themselves by selling to the villagers damaged flour ; against which grievance

and ill n t was no u t u v a y here redress , beca se, ho gh ” the great man most probably did no t know of

thi ill an u n the l s v o s proceedi g , poor peop e dared ’ no t complain fo r fear of these scoundrels influence

wi him in u to u n t t in th be g sed r i hem, by ge t g 1 6 he A nti orn tr 244 N otes on t C L aw S uggle. them t urned o ut o f their small tenements o r l n ho di gs . But this was b ut o ne o f many evils incident Th to the condition of these Scotch villagers . e English squire is strict enough about the preserva t n o f and the n l f ft n f l io his game, E g ish armer O e ee s

n u n o f rv t n to his cost the co seq e ces such prese a io . Bu t this is nothing to what the Scottish inhabitant s — o f this village which is only an average example — — o f a Scottish village ah uno disce omnes felt and

T w u f l n suffered . hey ere as m ch attached by ee i g to the l w t f t l fo r n soi , here heir a hers had ived ma y

n ti n the villem s rd nt w un ge era o s , as rega a ere bo d

h the f u l l w in to t e il a . I t so by e da is , deed, as I have “ o f t wfull u heard some hem sorro y say, a grievo s ” n w n the t l n l who the oppressio , he grea a dho der, is l of the l fo r l un t ll t if t ord soi mi es ro d, e s hem , hey complain of the all b u t total destruction in many

in o f the t tal t u t n o f t l ttl cases , some o des r c io heir i e

— t t if t not l it t crops by his game ha , hey do ike , hey “ ’ may go elsewhere ; and when this great man s nu u who w t t un o n full mero s gamekeepers, i h heir g s

t ut o n the u l w wit the o f cock , s r p b ic high ays h airs ’ P u n l m n t the n fa u t r ssia po ice e , shoo poor ma s vo ri e ’ l l tt n in ff n l at its a t tt . i e dog, si i g o e sive y m s er s door “ ” Strange ! said an Englishman o ne day as he

24 6 N ' otes on the A nta Corn L aw Struggle . appeared to indicate that the owner o f it considered i lf n Th h mse a person o f very great importa ce . e ’ expres sion o f this man s face said as plainly as if the words had been written there in characters larger and far less ambiguous than those o f an A ct o f P li nt t t n i lf as n ar ame , ha he co sidered h mse bei g not only absolute master o f all the land fo r miles o n il un ut b ut l lut t o f m es ro d abo , a so abso e mas er all the human beings who had the misfortu ne to l o n l n T as t n in the ive that a d . here w some hi g

u t n l nt ot l of t man w ha gh y, i so e , desp ic ook his hich

’ u h n n A nd ro sed t e Englishma s combative ess . as the l tt tu n u t l w i a er re r ed his ha gh y ook , h ch seemed to demand what right a g utterblood had to be walking o n his domain with a fishing- rod in his

an t was t n in the n o f his h d, here some hi g expressio featu res that seemed to be new to the ru ral mag n t u t was to in n a e, acc s omed as he dom eer amo g dependents and the smaller lairds who looked upon — — him as a small god a very small one indeed and to u in an t n of w t ro se him emo io rage, mixed i h some other emotions he did no t much care to — alyz e inasmuch as an emotion very mu ch akin

f la l u n t o ear y coi ed p amo g them .

The a r ll o n and tu n o f the c rriage o ed , , by a r A nd th d t was n o ut o f t . e n road, soo sigh pe es ria V l 1 5 24 7 A Sco ttish il age in 8 5 .

w l o n to o w n in who t men mi t b e a ked , o der g hose gh in h m P ntl the carriage that had ju st passed i . rese y

met the l m n o f the the ini t he c ergy a parish , m s er as

“ was t ll and l t he here ca ed , , as he had a s igh

a u nt n w t t and a him cq ai a ce i h him , he s opped sked

w it was t t and hose carriage ha had passed him , which the minister coming in the oppo site direction had m t e .

’ ’ T t the L — ha s ord s carriage . ’ Who s the Lord

The l t so n o f t t t n u l w ll e des ha righ ho o rab e, as e

t w t and u n l n the l as righ or hy, pio s ob ema , Ear

o f

is the wn o f the l n ut is He o er a d abo here , he ” no t ?

A is o s . y, he Did no t his family get possession o f it at the

Re f t n w n t ot the l n o f t t orma io , he hey g a ds ha A bbey ?”

A t so y, hey did . I have read some story about roasting a man ” ill n t he sig ed some deeds . His lordship and his noble anc estors were aye a very piou s family ; and had j ust a perfect abhor

n o f t t man o f sin the P o f R and re ce ha , ope ome , ’ t n it s no t u nlik t t all his works . May be he e ha 24 8 r l N o tes on the A nti Corn L a w St ugg e . they might show their z eal fo r the true religion by taking vigorou s measures to get the lands o ut ” o f u n s ch ha ds . “ ” T t the n l n t new ha , said E g ishma , is ra her a

w f Bu o th n o f n vie o the matter . t as t e cha ge ha ds o f the A l n I u t w t bbey a ds . have my do b s he her a change might no t have been made o f rather a

ff n n Bu mi I f the two di ere t ki d . t ght ask which o seated in the carriage was Lord h His Lordship s at with his back to t e horses . A nd the other who sat with his face to the horses ?”

t t was the l o f n l Oh , ha Ear a rich E g ish n l m n th l t so n and o f the t ob e a , e e des heir grea Marquis The Scotch have generally a vast respect fo r

n li n l n w t s u to a ll E g sh ob eme , hom hey a s me be

t a n t n t t n l n rich, as hey h ve a o io ha E g a d is a rich

n A nd the n l tu n the l n cou try . E g ish re r comp ime t by the prodigious respect they have fo r those Scottish magnates who are repo rted to be the

wn o f a t t nt o f untr and in o ers grea ex e co y , some l cases to have a very large renta . ” ! o u to t n Sir the n li n seem hi k , , said E g shma , that the ancestor o f this worthy and pious noble m an the rl o f did w ll in ttin t , Ea e ge g hese

25 0 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle . s ur o f the t u G s l o r the u unad ul avo r e o pe , p re ” terated Word o f Go d in it ? I excepted their spiritual co ndition expressly ” f u i n h n li hman N o t o t e . rom my q es , said E g s doubt as to their spiritual condition they were

t in r t n and n n But e kep g ea dark ess ig ora ce . I hav always understood that the Ro man Catholic clergy were easy landlords ; and I have read in you r Scottish histories that the nobles and gentry who go t possession o f the Chu rch lands were the revers e o f lan l A nd n w e e l n l easy d ords . o I s e her a a d ord feeding his game upon the little crops o f his poo r t n nt and am nf t t w n t u m l e a s, I i ormed ha he hey h b y petition for redress their petitions are treated with the disregard that a beast o f prey might be expected to show fo r the petition of the animal he preyed o n . Is this j u st ? Is this merciful ? Is this the condu ct becoming a piou s nobleman ? ” Sir r l the ini t in n to , ep ied m s er, obedie ce — the command j u dge no t that ye be no t j u dged I would be far from presuming to j udge a great and piou s nobleman as respects this matter o f — game though even I myself in respect o f my small b it o f glebe land have been a sufferer in no s ll and m did n n ntu e ma degree , oreover I eve o ce ve r A o l 55 25 1 Sc ttish Vil age in 18 . to present a hu mble memorial to his lordship o n the u t and t f in u his s bjec , hereby, I ear, did c r ’ l l sur . Fo r at men Sir do ordship s disp ea e gre , , ” n ot easily brook any o ppo sition to their will. So much the worse fo r the great men them ” l in the l n run ai the n li n I t se ves o g , s d E g shma

o ne o f the t d nt of a f unt is grea est a va ages ree co ry, w t fr Pa l nt and f e to t t i h a ee r iame , a r e press , pro ec

at men as o u ll t a n t t l es . gre , y ca hem , gai s hemse v

S of the t t men t t li N l n ome grea es ha ever ved, apo eo

n rt fo r n t n n to t u ti n Bo apa e , i s a ce , have go e des r c o

a n A s bec u se they were without such prote ctio . fo r t s ll t nt u h u l n l hese ma yra s , s c as yo r a d ord here , yo u s ee what monkey tricks they play when left to h l t s l . A nd in li t em e ves , deed, I be eve hey ose the little intelligence they may have had from natu and n in the al of in so as re , desce d sc e be g to form the connecting link between man and the n baboo . The Englishman woul d no t have gone so far in the e s n of his in ns fo r w as xpres io op io , he always careful not to say u nnecessarily what might hurt the feelings o f any person unless such

n n n the n ed an perso , by havi g bee aggressor, re der attack o n him a mere act o f self- defence ; b ut he saw t t the w t in t th u he mi t ha or hy m is er, o gh gh 2 52 N otes on the A nti orn L a w tru C S ggle . consider it his du ty to speak o f the great land

l w t a t n u d t n of t wa s ho der i h cer ai g arde o e respec , greatly displeased at the destruction o f his o wn ’ ’ and n the l ndl his parishio ers crops by a ord s game , and by the unfeeling manner in which redress wa s

fu re sed . “ N o w Sir nt nu the n l n t k n , , co i ed E g ishma , a i g “ ll lu o ut o f t w t u a sma vo me his pocke , i h yo r permission I will read to yo u a short passage o u t o f a History o f Scotland I have here in my

n w tten m an f w t u ha ds , a book ri by a rom hom, ho gh in common with the rest o f the world I admire

n u ff t t ll o n n nt and in his ge i s , I di er o a y ma y poi s , none more than in his admiration o f your Stuart n Th w t ki gs . e ri er I am about to qu ote is Sir Walter Scott ; and the admis sion o f gross inj u stice and rapacity o n the part o f your nobility is the more important as made by a writer whose bias was qu ite as aristocratical and as much against the Scottish democratical Church as that o f Thucydides against the A thenian democracy ; and t t f anala to his passage, here ore, bears some gy a passage in the eight book o f the History o f Thu cy ” dides .

Sir Walter Scott was no friend to the Kirk o f

S tl n and d n his st to ul the co a d , he has o e be ridic e

254 N otes on th L e A nti Corn aw Struggle. and la o f u t n But the L r who had p ces ed ca io . o ds ,

z the nu s o f the C u w t ne sei ed reve e h rch, ere de ermi d no t to part with the spoil they had obtained ; and those whom the preachers had fou nd most active in t n P w wo nderq l w en des royi g opery, ere y co d h it was proposed to them to su rrender the lands they

u n fo r t own u se The lan o f had seized po heir . p

n n was t ut ina Joh K ox , hey said, a devo imag ’ t n a i n whi w the io , v sio ary scheme , ch sho ed good ’ n o f the nt nt n b ut whi it was ess preacher s i e io s , ch

l to nt t I n t t impossib e carry i o prac ice . shor , hey retained by force the greater part o f the Chu rch

nu fo r t o wn nt reve es heir adva age . ” “ ’ A the n t n n y , said mi is er, Joh K ox s scheme was and n t one th u the L a good ho es , o gh ords who had gotten the Chu rch lands might call it visionary .

u t wit o u The n u t o f n I q i e agree h y . co d c Joh Knox in this was that o f a wise statesman as well as o f an honest man ; the condu ct of those Lords was the n u t o f n o f A a o f co d c a ba d robbers . p ck

t ath u l n u n grea er r a s , I be ieve, ever appeared po

t in an o r unt The n who ear h, y age co ry . perso s got hold o f the Church lands in E ngland were

n men o f the o f l and s But mea grade ackeys cook . the S t lun w to man re - in nt co ch p derers ere a p em e , 1 A Scottish Village in 855 . 255

n in t t o f men fo r f t t a eve ha age bad , eroci y, re chery, and u lt The f o f t u l cr e y . chie hem , James Do g as ,

l o f t n man o f f u t u Ear Mor o , a a erocio s, reachero s, and u l t n u t t n o n the n cr e disposi io , bro gh a s ai ame o f Douglas o f a peculiar kind a stain to o that shows that the morality o f the nobles o f that age had fall en below the level o f the morality o f two o r ntu Thi t n three ce ries back . s Mor o surrendered to the Queen o f England the u nfortunate Earl o f

N o rthumb erland who in n un u ful in , , hav g bee s ccess his ll n in n l n fo r fu nt rebe io E g a d, had fled re ge i o

tl n w lw f n f and Sco a d, hich had a ays be ore bee a sa e hospitable place o f refuge fo r those whom misfo r tun o r l t l f t n n nt l e po i ica ac io had drive i o exi e .

t t the l n o f the t n t n Wha aggrava ed b ack ess ra sac io , was that when Morton himself had been forced to ’ to En l n o n unt o f in R fly g a d, acco his share izzio s

u n u t u l and m rder, he had bee co r eo s y received protected by the unhappy nobleman whom he no w

l u to the n n o f the Tu u n de ivered p ve gea ce dor Q ee . ’ It was Sir lt S tt an t n l , says Wa er co , addi io a

and t n u t n t t it was aggrava i g circ ms a ce, ha a Douglas who betrayed a Percy and when the

nn l of t an t w n it was a a s heir ces ors ere co sidered, found that while they presented many acts o f open

tilit n in t n o f l and firm lli n hos y, ma y s a ces c ose a a ce, they never till no w had afforded an example of any 25 ote on t A nti r L a r 6 N s he Co n w St uggle . act o f treachery exercised by the o ne family against the t To l t the nf o f the ransac o her . comp e e i amy t t n sum o f n was d to the R nt t n io , a mo ey pai ege Mor o o n thi n w b e w t u l o f s occasio , hich divided i h Do g as ’ L hl n T . t o f u lt and oc eve here are o her cases cr e y, t u w t nt and reachery , mixed p i h ca hypocrisy ,

Sir lt S tt u n the ut t recorded by Wa er co , po a hori y o f contemporary evidence o f the most authentic k n w t t the o f u R f a i d , hich prove ha heroes yo r e orm tion in Scotland may rank with the worst men o f the worst times ; that they may vie with Ezzelino in f t w t in t and u lt and eroci y, i h Borgia reachery cr e y, w t L u the l v nt in t in i h o is E e e h rapaci y, hypocrisy, and in a n b se ess . But yo u do no t include in this description John Knox and the other preachers

N o — I n the l n— and o f t no t mea ayme hose, the l n ll b ut the l n who ll peop e ge era y , ayme ca ed t l o f n l o r at l t o f n nt f li hemse ves ob e, , eas , a cie ami es .

A nd Sir w n we t t t t , my dear , he remember ha ha

s nt L u the l nt was the fi t who mi crea , o is E eve h, rs ’ assumed the title o f Most Christian King ; we ought to reflect that a man may obtain the appel ’ l t n o f w t and u n l n w t ut a io a or hy pio s ob ema , i ho

n an u t t tl to it t in t t possessi g y very j s i e . I h k ha ’ ’ V r l u E n is tt i gi s hero , pio s eas , as pre y a ” n w scoundrel as yo u ofte meet ith .

258 N otes on the A nti Corn L a w Struggle.

The Chairman in the course o f his remarks said

I f any supposed fo r a moment that they m eant to slac ken their efl orts to attain the ir objec t they were ve ry m u ch

mi u s h h a e staken . A ca e which h ad t e advoc acy o f t e l t

Prince ns r o f M r. o en o f th e ar u s o f ans wn e Co o t, C bd , M q i L do ,

of rd A er are an d o f n ri was a cau se w c no Lo b d , Joh B ght, hi h ” man need b e asham e d to b e as sociated with . The Chairman al so said

There was no dou bt that they had succee de d in creatin g in this c ountry a distinct party o f m en in favou r o f the co n struct n o f the tunne and in a t n e had as s ciate io l , ddi io th y o d

the question indissolu bly with the name of peac e .

I t unfortunately sometimes happens that the persons who make most stir with the professed in t nt n o f t n do no t t the st e io promo i g peace, adop mo h f obviou s course to t e attainment o that object .

A din to t i t t nt o f Sir . . t in ccor g h s s a eme E W Wa k , the Channel Tunnel had the ad vocacy of the late f n If o . we to Prince Consort and Mr Cobde . are adopt any great undertaking no t upon o ur o wn

n wl and u nt b ut u n the ut it k o edge j dgme , po a hor y

of t t o n w aut t we to act o hers, hose hose hori y are

' should be men whose j udgment in great afl airs had been often tried and never fou nd wanting ; in civil as well as military affairs it should re semble that o f the

t n li n l o f w it n t at grea E g sh ge era , hom has bee said h Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 259

“ there was b ut o ne human being who was able to ” f - n - f u mislead that ar sighted a d sure ooted j dgment .

N ow w t all t fo r the P n C n t and , i h respec ri ce o sor

n d no t f l m lf un an fo r . C d o Mr ob e , I ee yse der y obligation to accept the Opinion of the Prince

C n t o r the ni n of . C n t t Sir o sor Opi o Mr obde , ha

' n ll fl ac the ul o f . t e e ins r t E W . Wa ki sha a charac er Great Britain and place it in precisely the same relation to France that Germany is. Such a pro posal indicates an amount o f arrogance and presum tion that reminds us of the extravagant assumptions o f an ntal t nt R n u Orie yra or a oma emperor . Spec lating traders think of nothing b ut filling their

But t thin t u pockets . there are o her gs to be ho ght o f besides raising the dividends o f railway com ’ n c w n the of the i n t n pa i s , he price r se may be a a io s ruin A l n at the will w t t if the . g a ce map sho ha n li C nn l fill u L n n will b e w thin E g sh ha e be ed p , o do i an i t n o f P t n l n and w n eas er dis a ce aris ha Ber i , he “ he o f to L n n ll is in 1 870 the t cry o do sha ar e, as “ to lin a n lan no t cry Ber rose, E g d may have the f tu n to u n l as lt good or e have s ch a ge era Mo ke,

an as lt niz and such army Mo ke had orga ed . Whether o r no t it was the desire and the design o f the Prince Consort to plunge England into the

d n t u to s n o o a . A w t Crimea War, I pres me y ri er, 2 60 N otes on the A nti Co rn Law Struggle . whose letters o n the subject o f the interference o f the C wn w t the C n t in ll u l in ro i h abi e , orig a y p b ished

n w a w n u l in ll te f m a e sp per had, he p b ished a co ec d or , in 1878 the tw nt t t u n reached e ie h ho sa d, says

se who remem er the r mean War m a a s er a s Tho b C i , y l o p h p re m emb er t at the mm e ia e cau se of it so far as we are h i d t , c ncerne was th e in er re a n attac e R u ss a the o d , t p t tio h d by i to

enna te af e r it had e en acce te all ar e s e ce t Vi No , t b p d by p ti x p

r it c r Turkey . A despatch f om Count Nesselrode made lea that Ru s sia unders tood th e Note in the s ens e which th e — Turkish Government alleged it was capable o f bearing a sense different from that in whi ch it h ad b een ac cepte d by th e r ffi i e en er m e other Powe s . This di cu lty m ght have b ov co

fur e r ne a n b u t the c r went f r a Russ a by th goti tio , y o th th t i had r e to e ce e u s and th e n i na n r us e t i d d iv , i d g tio o d by ’ W e earn Rus sia s s upposed treache ry m ade war inevitable . l n e w at A n as u n e s s e th this was the c ourt vie w. s soo Co t N l ’ rode s des patch was made known we are told that no t an ’ ur was st the u een and rinc e in ma n r ho lo by Q P , ki g Lo d Aberdeen aware o f their vi e ws as to th e course no w to b e a e I t is no s ur r s e t b e t t at e r ews dopt d . p i o old h th i vi

re a e and that the ar uments w c r e fr m the p v il d, g hi h d opp d o Royal p en were adopte d an d c arrie d o ut in detail by Lo r d

laren n in a es a c Sir Ge r e ami t n e m u r at C do d p t h to o g H l o S y o , ’ h th a e e r to . eters u r on t e 3o o f e te m er . I n St P b g, S p b l tt

ar n Sto ckm ar two a s af er is c mmunica n o f th e B o , d y t th o tio ’ u een s ews the a ine th e r nce referrin Ru ss a Q vi to C b t, P i g to i ’ s eak s o f the cl en f o f the cat let o ut o f the b a p ov oot, g , ’ o f the enna e as a tra s e t for u s wi th e co n Vi Not p , th nivance o f ustr a and o f the f o f ac n as if o ur an a A i , olly ti g t

262 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle.

I t is natu ral that an Englishman should desire the

r f n l n I t is n tu l t t G n prospe ity o E g a d . a ra ha a erma n A should desire the prosperity o f Germa y .

G n to war on Ru fan erma may desire make ssia, cy ing he sees some advantage to Germany in such

n w l an n l n n no advan a proceedi g, hi e E g ishma seei g

t to n l n in war w t Ru a no t age E g a d a i h ssi , may

desire to make such a war. in if ir . n w t u n S . t o I deed , W E Wa ki ere s cceed

o f C nn l Tunn l tt w ul his scheme a ha e e , ma ers o d be very considerably altered fo r the better as regard s

the l t n o f G n t w r n n u re a io s erma y o ards F a ce , i asm ch as France would then have another next neighbou r

t o u r l w t w n t n u t ff q ar e i h, hich ex eighbo r migh o er subjects o f competition as well worth fighting

f r t a u n tz n t o f n a o as S r sb rg a d Me . I s ead havi g pacific tendency this Channel Tu nnel woul d carry u s back to the time when we were burthened with the t o f f t fi t n and i n fo r C l cos or i ca io s a garr so a ais . A ssuming that we should not resume our o ld desire to C l we ul no n saf possess a ais , sho d be by mea s e in assuming that the French would no t desire to

m of t l ti al w t s possess Dover, as so e heir po i c ri er express a desire to possess o r to regain Strasburg n w n f and Metz . I k o othing arther respecting the ’ ’ n n n Prince Co sort s a d Mr . Co b de s advocacy o f the F ree Tra de and the Channel Tunnel. 263

C nn l Tunn l t n the t t nt o f Sir . . ha e e , ha s a eme W E

t n u in f m n w n t n Wa ki q oted a or er page . I k o o hi g o f the reasons fo r su ch a T unnel which the Prince

C n and h . n n t e o sort Mr Cobde may have give . From

tt n l n l n o f t it admi ed ge era be evo e ce bo h, may be inferred that they considered the Tu nnel as l ikely to have a tendency to produce peace and no t to

u war But it n t o few few if prod ce . is give , very , an o f the n o f men to f the r t far y , so s , oresee p oxima e less the distant and remote consequ ences o f human

Th t o f n t t e . C n was ac s . charac er Mr obde e erge ic and n u n T two u l t w t sa g i e . hese q a i ies ere mos important in the work he had to do in the A nti- Corn

Law t l . n n and t t to o t . C ba e I have see Mr obde , ha w n was w t n l t n two o f i t he he i hi ess ha years v c ory,

l t n l n to thin th t u l l a mos i c i ed k e s r gg e hope ess .

But the n u n t f n sa g i e charac er o mi d which Mr. Cobden possessed is no t altogether a safe guide in

u ul t n the C nn l Tunn l no r it s ch spec a io s as ha e e , is in the l u t n o f and war o f f n arge q es io s peace , oreig

l o f the n l o f no n- nt nt n in whi po icy, pri cip e i erve io ch

n n a f Mr. Cobde e g ged a ter the settlement of the

‘ The hi Corn Law question . editor o f s speeches says

in the f t at . C n s t t war pre ace, h Mr obde aid ha is n l b ut l t n and ever desired by a peop e, by po i icia s

lita men w t n and u t fi mi ry , hose ambi io c pidi y are red 2 64 N otes on the nti orn L aw tru le A C S gg .

th f n T s w e t o n t fit . o by , prospec adva ceme or pro ho

ho w diflicul t it to et at t ut will u t l tt is g r h, I q o e a e er t 25 h o f . C n to t u s t Mr obde me , da ed Midh r ,

e 1 58 . C n N ovemb r 8 . Mr obde says

S nce we as met the war w Russ a ccu rre an d i l t , ith i o d, I co nfes s it tende d rather to modify my O pinion as to th e th aristoc ratic origin of all our wars . I watc hed very closely e

f r e at w r in carr in u s int t at war and di d n o t o c s o k y g o h , I

i e men re m n t The u se o f find that the ar s tocratic le t p do i a ed . Ho

f r ss an th a in t Commons was a le warlike th e maple . T lk g o

r er een o ne d a a u the r n o f th e war he s a Lo d Ab d y bo t o igi , id

was the re s t at re en e him fr m e e in the it p s h p v t d o k p g peac e . Has it no t always been so I s uspect that the n e wspapers

are far m re werfu no w an e er and at t e are o po l th v , th h y gaining u pon the power Of the orators of whom yo u hold

s o u nfa ura e an O n n . A s a enera ru e hi n re at vo bl pi io g l l , I t k, g

rs n m u rm orato have do e quite as ch ha as good . They have

s b e sa fo r t em a e are a s rt o f uarantee in thi to id h , th t th y o g parliam entary governm ent that we are not govern e d by d o

I n means nsu r right foo ls . t by o i e s our being under th e ” ru e o f n t men r wise s ate s men l ho es o t .

n 2 nd . C n e o the o f A l 1865 e Mr obde di d pri , , mor than ten years before the publication o f Sir Theodore ’ Martin s third vol ume o f the Life o f the Prin ce l n rt C n u nt . Co d n n C . ot in o so o seq e y Mr b e had , forming his opinion respecting the origin Of the

C e n the t n w w ul rim a War, assis a ce hich he o d have d f th t t u n L erived rom a hird vol me . Whe ord

r l 266 N otes on the A nti Co n Law Strugg e .

I t will be necessary to make a careful examination f A l 1853 o w u l e . C n in a ork p b ish d by Mr obde pri , , which I have no dou bt was read by the Cz ar N icholas and had great influence in determining him o n war by leading him to imagine that Englan d had really fallen into the condition described in the words o f a French Vice - A dmiral which I wil l — qu ote a condition such that the French or any other foreigner had only to effect a landing in order to drive the English before them like a flock o f sheep and plunder and insult them to any extent t t l th new n ha might p ease e co querors . l n i . C n w u o t t u t Mr obde o d , may be ass med, ake ’ a G n vi w o f C nn l Tunn l b u t erma s e a ha e e , he was no t altogether u nlikely to take a view more favourable to France than an average Englishman w ul do o d . M I n 1853 r. C n u li 17 93 March , , obde p b shed ” and 1853 in t l tt in the f to the , hree e ers , pre ace Library Edition o f which he says

I have been charge d with an anachronism in having de signate d the hostilitie s whic h termi nated in 1815 as th e war

I t is true a ere o f 1 793 . th t th were brief suspensions o f ’ s l es at the ruce o f m ens and u rin na arte s s rt ho ti iti t A i , d g Bo p ho ’ s ojou rn at Elba ; b ut e ven if it were clear that Napoleon s am ti n ut an end to the eace it w u r e n n b u t bi o p p , o ld p ov othi g that h e had by the ordinary workings o f the moral law b een Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 26 7

in th e m eantime raise d into a retribu tive agent fo r th e chastis ement o f those wh o were the au thors o f the origina l 7 ,

war .

I n t i a . C n no u t h s p ssage Mr obde has , do b f Thi u n nt nti n ll m nt t . i e o a y, isreprese ed ac s s arose ’ f Co b d en n in n the rom Mr . s havi g read Ha sard d ebates in both Houses Of Parliament o n the war w t n f 1 791 to 1 7 96 b ut ntl i h Fra ce rom , appare y

n r n 1 7 96 no t havi g car ied his investigatio beyond . He thu s conclu des that England was the aggressor t u u t the war t ll 181 5 n n the hro gho i , havi g bee in 9 in 1 7 96 N l 1 7 3 . n aggressor Whereas , , apo eo Bonaparte having obtained the command o f the army o f Italy assumed a policy o f a universally

a t w . C n a aggressive ch rac er, hich Mr obde has p parently overlooked and given Bonaparte credit fo r virtues which he did not possess . n 1 1 Mr . Cobde says (p . )

I f yo u woul d re ally und erstand the motives with which we em ar e u n the as renc war o u m us urn to b k d po l t F h , y t t

ansar and rea the e ates in o t u ses o f arliam en H d , d d b b h Ho P t

h r u pon t e subject f om 1 791 to 1 796 . Bu t there m u st b e a

er r ec se and accura e a ent n d ates in r er to v y p i t tt io to , o d un erstan the su ec in an O ur us n s lie wi th d d bj t h d . b i e s s th e

nterva fr m 1 789 w en the ns uen s sem o f i l o , h Co tit t A bly

rance me t i 1793 w en war c mmence etween n and F t ll , h o d b E gl and France . 2 6 t or L r 8 N o tes on the A n i C n aw St uggle .

N o i n ful w f . C n t nu , Mr obde had co i ed his care

tu o f n n 17 96 ul no t a e s dy Ha sard beyo d , he co d h v failed to perceive that in and after 1 7 96 the

tu t n n i u l t n he ul si a io cha ged prod gio s y . I hi k co d no t have failed to be forcibly impressed by passage s in the debates o f both Hou ses of Parliament in ’ 1800 t ul l w t the a in P tt h , par ic ar y i h pass ge i s speec in the u o f C n o n the 3rd ua Ho se ommo s , Febr ry, 1800 .

I f we it sa s at th e cata u e o f the re ac es look , P t y , log b h o f re a o f the ac s o f erfid w ic are rec s e co mm en t ty, t p y , h h p i ly surate with the n u mber o f tre atie s made by the repu blic (fo r I have sou ght in vain fo r any o ne which it has m ade an d

whi c has not r en if we race th e hi s r o f em all h it b ok ) ; t to y th , o r if we se lect those which h ave been ac c ompanie d by th e

m s a r c u s crue th e name o f na arte w b e f un o t t o io lty, Bo p ill o d al lie d to m ore o f them than that o f any other in the his to ry ” f n o f th e crim es an d mi serie s o the last te ye ars . ’ o b den s t t nt t t n l n was the Mr . C s a eme ha E g a d

t u ut t he w l war n t Of nl aggressor hro gho ho e , i s ead o y

fo r the fi t t r nt a t nt rs hree yea s , is co r dic ed poi

l n n w t o f ut t . The war b a k by a Fre ch ri er a hori y ,

t w t w n l n w as w n his ri er says , hich E g a d agi g

n t u s n u t u at the nn n agai s , so i iq i o s begi i g, had

t n to o ur l u ntee become , ha ks aggressive po icy , a g ara l t ” and a protection to sma l sta es .

. 8 1 . Lam fre . . y , vol ii , p

270 N otes on the A nti Co rn L aw Struggle .

r n hi l - t The l tt e r has u s head against a amp pos . e o f the D uke o f Wellington to Sir John Burgoyne

in 184 7 w n L u P il e was o n appeared , he o is h ipp “ b n the the thr n and has n . C o e, bee , says Mr o de , “ - - n is text bo ok fo r panic mongers ever si ce . I t

t in ul t t the t l l - n ra her s g ar ha bro her y ove mo gers , and no t the n - n no w the te s pa ic mo gers, are advoca Of increased armaments— fo r there cannot be a doubt that a Channel Tu nn el will infallibly lead

l r to enormou s y increased a maments . I t is no t unreasonable t o require from any man who has given an opinion in favour o f a Channel

Tunn l t f to n t t the man e , some sa is ac ry evide ce ha has manifested a su re - footed prescience in other matters o f su ch importance that they concern the

f o n . C n to li e or death f a ation Mr . obde appears take fo r granted that the least sympto n Of distru st

unw t o f l n t n u as n l n is or hy a civi ized a io , s ch E g a d esteems herself to be and that to borrow the language o f a letter o f Sir William Molesworth “ n in he n C t . t which Mr . obde repr s (p Fre ch are as civiliz ed as ou rselves— in some respects ” r ll w f t nt ll tu ll o u u . t o t ? i e ec a y s periors We , ha ha I suppo se N apoleon Bonaparte was intellectually

“ 1 793 and p . 58 . Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 271

the u f m n Bu di t nt s perior o most e . t d tha preve him f n u l w s t of rom bei g a p b ic robber, ho e ac s perfidy were commensu rate with the nu mber Of t t A nd fu t Sir illi rea ies made by him , r her, W am “ Molesworth says that the French possess a c nst tut nal n nt t t the l O f ac o i io gover me ; ha ove pe e, and the t n ti n to a n de ermi a o preserve pe ce, have give to the in o f the n nst nt it in K g Fre ch, a co a major y ” th was lw un the i e Chambers . I a ays der mpres si n t t it was t in o f a iff nt ind at o ha some h g d ere k , r her

n n w t t na t n t t co cer ed i h pa ro ge ha peace , ha gave Louis Philippe his majority in the Chambers ; and

r n as fo the love of peace which Mr . Cobde and Sir Will iam Molesworth set forth as so violent a n a n n n w ll u t passio mo g Fre chme , I i q o e pre ‘ sently from the French E nquete P arlementaire of N e 1 84 9 the in n Of n V ovemb r, , op io a Fre ch ice

A d l who to an n to mira , appears ordi ary Observer have rather more Of the love o f war than o f the l o f o f w Sir ll M l w t ove peace, hich Wi iam o es or h

l o nt attributes to him a ove s arde .

C n to n the l tt of the Mr . obde appears co sider e er Duke o f Wellington to Sir John B urgoyne o n the

N ti n l f n of G t t in as the ro a o a De e ces rea Bri a , p duction of a man whose nervous system had been 2 72 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

Mr n and we n a e . C 1 793 ake ed by g . obde says 59 p . )

S metim es the str n es art of o ur nature w c ma o o g t p , hi h y

ha e e en su ecte to the re a est s tra n ec ines the fir st . v b bj d g t i , d l ’ “ I n the u e s cas e his ner us s stem his r n c aracte r D k , vo y , i o h

H ho t r a istic a e wa . e w a f was nca a e of fear t g v y o ty i p bl , " h was s u ect to alm s infant ne al m eig ty bj o t i ar s . C n t u not lut l Mr . obde , ho gh he does abso e y

f s the no n- e st n n l a to la pro es r si a ce pri cip e , ppears p ce great reliance o n the increase o f commercial industry

n n l u 79 80 l t r i . t . t Fra ce He a so q o es (pp , ) a e e a Sir lli l w t nu 1 7 ddressed by Wi am Mo es or h, Ja ary ,

1 848 to the t o f The S ecta tor L n n , edi or p o do n w in w the w t e spaper, hich ri er says ! ou say that the ne xt attac k o n E ngland will probably

b e w t u t n ce . Go Go d ! can it b e ssi e at o u i ho oti od po bl th y , whom I ranke d so high among the pu blic ins tructors o f t is na i n— tha t ou c n s er th e re nc to b e ru flians h t o y o id F h , — Pin arees free - b oo te rs a ou e ie e it necessar to e e d , th t y b l v y k p c ons tant watch and ward against the m A re yo u no t aware a that the Fren ch are as civiliz ed as ours elves . H ve yo u forgotte n that they have pas sed throu gh a great social re uti n w c has e u a z e r ert a is e ri l e e s vol o , hi h q li d p op y, bol h d p vi g , and converted the mass o f the maple into thrifty and in ustri us m en to w m war is ateful and the c nsc r ti n d o , ho h , o ip o de te s table T i l tt o f Sir ill l w t whi h s e er W iam Mo es or h , ch expresses indignation at the idea o f its being

74 N t h ti orn a t 2 o es on t e A n C L w S ruggle.

’ I t might b e expected that a Frenchman s opinion of Englishmen would differ somewhat from ’ Englishmen s opinion o f themselves b ut with so many opportunities of knowing the fighting

u lit s Of En l h n o ne w ul h dl e q a ie g is me , o d ar y hav looked in a paper printed under the au thority o f the representatives o f the French nation fo r su ch an ini n t w n u u t I t op o as tha hich has bee j st q o ed . is in the evidence o f the French E nquete P ar le mentaire n in t in N 184 9 and it is ac , om a ed ovember, ,

ni the n O f t - n n witn s compa ed by evide ce eigh y i e esse ,

and t ffi n to the n flag o her o cers , appe ded Fre ch

A ll t i w t t the n G n nt report. h s sho s ha Fre ch over me of that day contemplated a sudden attack upon England— an attack to which the Channel Tu nnel

w ul it u d ff t o d , may be s ppose , have a orded ex ra n f i A nd t i t l n ordi ary acilit es . h s ook p ace very soo ’ after the fine frenzy o f Sir William Mo leswo rth s

n n t n at the lit of an u l n t u t i dig a io possibi y y p b ic i s r c or, “ lik The S ectator n in the n to e p , co sider g Fre ch be ” “ ” flians Pin f t G Go d ! ru . , darees , reeboo ers ood

lai Sir illi l the fr n o f u nit exc ms W am, ike ie d h ma y ’ in C nn n n f G n in t n t o f a i g s K i e ri der, a ra spor

R u l n nt u and un l l nt ep b ica e h siasm iversa phi a hropy, can it be possible A nd o ne is inclined so far ’ to f ll w Sir illi e m l as to l his o o W am s xa p e, app y Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel . 2 75

e l t n not to The S ectator b ut to the n xc ama io p , Fre ch

G v n nt Of 184 9 fo r u l in u n n o er me , p b ish g s ch opi io s, ’ fo r Vice- A dmiral D upetit- Thouars utterance is

ini n n n ir illi l w t di o t i . S d op o , ev de ce W am Mo es or h

in the tt of the rit C l n good service ma er B ish o o ies , n a d Mr . Cobden did good service in the matter o f the British Corn Laws ; b ut the confidence which

t in the m nt n n o f is the hey express ai e a ce peace,

confidence rather o f a dreamer than a statesman.

P n L ui N l n n t who a ri ce o s apo eo Bo apar e, appe red u pon the s cene two o r three years after the ’ u O f llin t n l tt to Sir n Bu n D ke We g o s e er Joh rgoy e, commenced his career by strangling a nation in the

n - ight time .

K n la Mr . i g ke says

r m 1836 u n 1848 rince Lo uis had ne er cease to F o til , P v d

b e s cure e ce t r n n u n hh s elf the au te r o f ob , x p by b i gi g po l gh the world ; and his elec tion to th e chair o f the Presidency h ad only serve d to bring upon him a more constant outpouring t m h o f he sc orn and sarcas which Paris knows o w to bestow. Even th e su ddenness and perfect su cces s o f the blow stru c k in

the n b e we en the 1 st and the 2nd of ece m er 1851 ight t D b , ,

h ad fai e ma e aris t ink of him w ra i But it l d to k P h ith g v ty . ’ was otherwis e aft er thr ee o clock o n th e 4 th Of Dece mber ; and it happene d that his mos t strenu ou s adversaries were thos e who bes t s erve d his caus e ; fo r the m ore they strove to

’ t Ki n i n f he . i . n a e s as o rimea 5 e t . gl k I v o C , th di , vol ,

2 - . pp . 86 289 276 on th A L l N otes e nti Corn a w Strugg e . show that he and he alone had planne d and ordere d the massacre the m re c m e e e re e e him fr m th e dis , o o pl t ly th y li v d o qualification which had hitherto m ade it imposs ible fo r him

n ef the ni to be come the su preme ruler of Fra ce . B ore ght c s e in on th e 4th o f ec em er he was s e ere safe fr m lo d D b , h lt d o ” ridicu le by the ghas tly heaps o n the Boulevards . A ccording to this view Paris had to pay some what dear fo r the indulgence o f its powers of

i ul w ll u t the n r t o f an r dic e . I i q o e here ar a ive eye w tn whi Mr n l not n— at l t i ess , ch . Ki g ake had see eas it was nl u l ntl o y p b ished rece y .

On the nin Of the 4th o f 185 1 mor g December, , the t t o f P w t and ll w e s ree s aris ere deser ed, bi s er posted recommending the inhab itants to remain in t i u and t t n t t o ne who te he r ho ses , s a i g ha every resis d “ L u N l n n a t w ul t o is apo eo Bo ap r e o d be sho . Something strange and terrible seemed about to — happen the more u nexpected as the city where the ll w t was the t lu u i u it bi s ere pos ed mos x r o s c y , the n w ul sa the t liz t in Fre ch o d y, mos civi ed ci y

in the w l n the nin o f t t u . O 4th E rope, or d mor g ha o f 1851 l o f n t December, , arge bodies Fre ch roops ,

f men in ilita l n t at w n o m ry garb, garb resemb i g h or

men f l i di and l n by pro essed y ra sed, embo ed discip i ed to defend their country against foreign armed

n i u nl o n the ul of e em es , s dde y appeared Bo evards

P and fi u n un r e m en and u n aris , red po a m d , po

278 N otes on the A i orn L aw ru e nt C St ggl .

N ews t u w te in T he D a il N ews of Tu a h s ri s y esd y ,

1 6 187 9: December ,

A s an eye - witness o f the massacre o f the Boulevards o n ’ ecem er 4th cann a w ars a anr ert s e rsi n o f D b , I ot llo M h l C ob v o ’ t th e that historical d ay to pas s unc ontradicted . I don t quo e

is tories o f c r u Kin a e and ers b u t mere h Vi to H go, gl k , oth , ly rec un t w at did no t h e c rre o h I se e . At that time I was t o s o nd ent o f The D ail N ews b ut was an intirnate fr en o f th e p y , i d

ent m n n h hi r est e n e a wh o e fi e t e s . s e u g l th ll d po t At q , it b i g feare t a sta c mm un cati n w u b e st e s arte d h t po l o i o o ld opp d, I t d for n n o n ec em er 2nd wr n wi a enc in the Lo do D b , iti g th p il

tra n . re urne aris o n the m rnin o f the 4th w en i I t d to P o g , h

f un the streets eserte and s ste re c mm en in I o d d d, bill po d o d g the inhabitants to re main in their hou ses and stating lu gu

r ns t rea b ut s n b e rea z e — at e er o ne who b io h t, too oo to li d th v y ” resisted th e behests o f Lou is Napole on would b e shot . I walke d from the Northern Railway Station to the Ru e d e l a

a see rc n in th refre sh n sca e a e s ree s . P ix , i g ly ybody t t To m se f fo r wan of s ee went into an e s a s men no y l t l p I t bli h t,

n er e s in at the c rner o f the Rue de la a and the lo g xi t g, o P ix

ul e r le L s a n d e enu t ta warm a s c a e s s o e a a . Bo v d , l d B i V , k b th

On c m n o ut f un a err r z e cr w in the an wa o i g I o d t o i d o d g g y , and was to ld that it was uns afe to go into the streets . I s aid

I mu s o and us e m wa r u . On e mer i n t g , p h d y y th o gh g g I found myself j ust at the head Of a regim ent of cavalry whose rear e te n n a n the Rue d e la a reac e e n the , x di g lo g P ix , h d b yo d

ear fu u column Of the Place Vendome . I h d a youth l ch bby face eu ena nt - ne s a and s a ne er f r e the d Li t Colo l y , I h ll v o g t ’ w r u n t a a r We are in to swee s s a s u e . o d , No llo o t b l y [ go g p awa e er hi n A nd he a e n s i n ficant at y v y t g ] , dd d, looki g g i ly Fr Tr d d th h nnel T nnel 2 79 ee a e an e C a u .

’ m e Si o n en ra erser i ues . If an o ne cr sses the , v t t v , p q [ y o

s ree s ear him . e sus e c in w at rr rs were a u t t, p ] Littl p t g h ho o bo t

ensu e was not rea fr tene s m enace u n to , I g tly igh d by thi , po w c the nearest ser ean wi a a er no t act and hi h g t, th h lb d , did , w u u c enin m ace wa e to m en n itho t q i k g y p , I lk d y th lodgi g,

a few rs o ff 29 u e ar des a u c ns . Fr m m doo , No . , Bo l v d C p i o y windows I saw the regiment to which I had heard th e order given to tou t ba la yer charge down the Boulevards d es I talians ’ as far as r n s w ere ere was n t n to bala er at all To to i , h th o hi g y .

en t e ha e and eac s er raw n his car ne his Th h y lt d, h oldi d i g bi ,

rse n at a wa fire e erate int e er us e ri ho goi g lk, d d lib ly o v y ho ght

and ft il n rvan and r n th I e se s c e at e w n ws . did l , k li g t hild i do no t see the river o f blood on the slope o f the Bou levard

M o ntmartre a teste rr efra a e e ence and was not , t d by i g bl vid , I ’ present when a gun u nder Canrobert s c ommand made a

an r u n e in th e a s n all ndr n z gig tic o d hol M i o S a a e . Bu t I did

see th e ne d a w en err r h ad ne its w r e er u s e xt y, h t o do o k, v y ho ’ fo r the s pace o f a mile on the Boulevards from Tortoni s to

th e rte . ar n s e e a um u n fro m Po St M ti , pott d lik pl p ddi g,

- fl o r o s r m r r un o s w u et a s . g o d t ixth to y, ith b ll k This was done in purs uance Of the diabolical orders from

the see s r e err r n the r c ur e s uarters Ely , to t ik t o i to i h bo g oi q ,

w ere ere was no res s ance in r er a th e rum u r o f h th i t , o d th t o

r mis n m is c ura e he n n au thei s ub sio ight d o g t St . A toi e f bourg

nd er arr n ssem en s w ere ere were rr a s a oth o di t h th ba ic de . Marshal Canrobe rt calcul ates o n shor t m e morie s whe n he

r e ends a th e m as s acre o f the u e ar s in w c he p t th t Bo l v d , hi h

was a r nc a ac r was n the a az ar w r o f a fe w p i ip l to , o ly h ph d o k ” r drunken o r excited soldie s .

C n t u the fi t Mr . obde h s describes rs impressions 280 N otes on the A nti orn w r u C La St ggle.

u in n l n w t t l in an e prod ced E g a d, by ha ook p ace Fr c at the nnin o f 185 1 begi g December,

A re there no symptoms that we have spirits amongst us

wh o wan not the w if the wer an d ccas n he afi o rd ed t ill , po o io , to play the part of Burke in o ur d ay He e xc ite d the indignation o f his cou ntrym en against a re public which h ad decapitated a king now o ur sympathies are ro us ed in behalf

o f a re u ic w c has een s ran e an m p bl hi h b t gl d by e pero r .

’

. Co b d en s u nt wh f ll w n l Mr arg me ich o o s , ame y, “ that the French nation are the legitimate tribunal ” fo r di n o f the n and w t sposi g grieva ce, ha he says

o r two ft t t the n l fo r a page a er ha Fre ch peop e,

n t n wn to t l u in reaso s bes k o hemse ves, acq iesced

his ul unt to th t t t ul n r e, amo is, ha hey co d ever have got rid o f the tyrant who had go t upon their

ul l the O ld man of the sea u n the sho ders , ike po

ul o f S n unl t had d sho ders i bad , ess hey receive

t n f w t ut f the n u of lt assis a ce rom i ho rom ge i s Mo ke ,

fo r whom the night - strangler who inherited neither the geniu s no r the valour Of the great man whose

wa no t n s . wit . ame he bore, ma ch I agree h Mr Cobden that no good is done by levelling at Louis N apoleon the same invectives which were hu rled

at the C n t tu nt A l t f o s i e ssemb y six y years be ore .

n t n t in w t ut nal t If man I vec ive is o h g i ho origi i y . a were to attempt to hurl at his enemy some o f the

282 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle .

— — and contented and something else affording t o “ the world an example of the cold cal cul ating ” n of l r base ess commercia ava ice . “ I n the w f f to 1 793 and 1853 ork be ore re erred , , li i 1 8 n 853 . n u C . 5 p b shed , Mr obde says (p )

e e e eni es a u s a e n recei e Nobody , I b li v , d th t Lo i N pol o v d

h m r h r n I n h i n t e vote s of a ajo ity o f t e F e ch pe ople . t e elect o w c ac e fo r the res enc w en he was su rte hi h took pl p id y, h ppo d

ree - f ur s o f the e ect rs his nen G ene ra by th o th l o , oppo t l

a a nac had s sess n Of the a t- es and ere c u C v ig po io b llo box , th o ld

b e no frau acc unt for the ma r t W t w a ew d to o jo i y. i h h t vi

did the renc e e e e c him m e r r ? TO ma n a n in F h p opl l t E p o i t i ,

the firs ace as he is e e the r nc e s o f 1 789 t pl , pl dg d to do, p i ipl

an d in the ne re ser e r e r ee the e ace and ena e , xt , to p v o d , k p p , bl

n a th them to pros per . Nobo dy de ie s th t these are e obj ec ts

d esire rance . ! et we are a h e w re ar l e ss d by F told th t ill, g d ”

o f u l c O n n u n e the c un r n war . p b i pi io , pl g o t y i to

I n the n to o o f the w precedi g page, , same ork ,

C n u t w o f L u N l n Mr . obde ses hese ords o is apo eo , “ ” P u blic inion b which a lone he re ns I n o . u p , y ig exc se

fo r t it t t at hese remarks , may perhaps be said ha that time it was no t possible to obtain even a ’ ' glimpse Of the tru e history o f the coup d eta t o f 185 1 December, . ’ Co b den s t i i n n l to Mr . prophe ic v s o has bee appea ed

t o f l I n thi it no t to some imes ate . s case does seem

t no have been very trustwor hy . Did or did t Lou is Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 283

“ N apoleon plu nge the country into war What else could he do He was compelled fo r the very life o f him to do something to other people to help to make Frenchmen forget what he had done to them . He had stamped o ut the life o f the French n t n and l ft it b ut — l n z a io e a mere corpse ga va i ed,

n nt n l st t o f v t lit the i deed, i o occasio a ar s i a y by springs o f that vast system o f machin ery by which ’ l n di t t n t n Bu b d n s a ca to a . t o e c erk c a e a io Mr . C

t t u t n in t l s a ement m s be exami ed de ai . In the first place it may be admitted that the election to the presidency had been conducted with

f f rn C n w t t . o per ec ai ess . Mr obde , ho ever, seems

to the fu t n lu n t u proceed r her co c sio , ho gh he does not sa so in n w t t the l t n to y so ma y ords , ha e ec io the office o f Emperor was also conducted with fairness - with as mu ch fairness indeed as the

l t n to the O flice O fP nt n n u t e ec io reside had bee co d c ed . But between the two elections certain strange events n l T n n had take p ace . here had bee s udde imprison ment ; there had been su dden mu rder ; there had

n u n o n l l as far bee s dde massacre a arger sca e, as i t al n wl t n n my h s oric k o edge goes , ha had bee kn own since the wholesale murders of Sulla called

I is l to u o f h proscriptions . t impossib e j dge t e relation to each other o f the two elections by 4 l 28 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Strugg e .

um n f h n th t T e was j pi g rom t e o e to e o her . her a chasm between them in which were engulphed the bloody corpses o f many thousands of Frenchmen

— ho w n ll n v n ma y wi e er be k own .

i n ha in n O f Mr . K glake s given a strik g descriptio the result o f the deeds of this Bonaparte and his accomplices Of all men dwelling in c ities the people of Paris are perha ps .

h n ur eans are t e most warlik e . Le ss almost tha any other E op the y ac cus tomed to overvalue the lives of the m s elve s and

eir f - W t em h th e fi h as th ellow citiz ens . ith h t e joy o f ght

wer to erc me fear and r ef and t e had een u se to po ov o g i , h y b d great street- battles ; b ut they had not b een us ed o f late to

w ness the s au t r o f e e u narm nd e it l gh e p opl ed a h lpless . At the sight of what was done On that 4 th o f December the g re at

ru een - e e city was st ck down as though by a plague . A k y d

n s man who c anc e c me u n s m e of the e e E gli h , h d to o po o p opl

re treatin fr m t ese s c enes o f s au ter ec are t a e r g o h l gh , d l d h t th i c ountenances were of a strang e livid hue which h e had ne ver

r n i ecau se h e had ne er b ef re s e en the be fo e see . Th s was b v o faces o f men coming straight from the witnessing o f a

r a th s c of n t n i an d m assac e . They say th t e ho k bei g wi hi s ght hearing the shrieks broke down th e nervou s strength o f m any

a rave t u ten er man an d c aus e him to urst nto s s b ho gh d , d b i ob

o f th a s as though he were a little chil d . Bec au se e p l y

a came u n her after the s au ter on the ul evard th t po l gh Bo , Paris was delivered b oun d into the hands of Princ e Louis

na arte and rn and au as o r D o au as and St . Bo p , Mo y, M p M p , h n w c rince rnau f rmer Le Ro . A nd t e e efit A d, o ly y b hi h P I is a L ouis derived from the massacre was not transitory . t

286 A t N otes on the n i Corn L a w Struggle .

u n n n r n Louis Bonaparte wo ld have bee ull . A elec to was o ly ’ e rm tte te ! es o r N O and it seem s ain at th e p i d to vo , pl th pros pect Of anarchy in volved in the negative vote wou ld alone

a e erate as a su flicin m enac e . eref re e en if th e h v op d g Th o , v collec tion of th e sufl rages had been carried o n with perfect fa rnes s the mere stress o f th e u est n r se d w ul a e i , q io p opo o d h v made it impossible that there shoul d b e a free election : th e sam e c en ra wer w c near f ur ears ef re had com t l po hi h, ly o y b o ,

ol e the te rr fie na n to reten tha e a re u c p l d i d tio p d t it lov d p bli , w ul ave no w f rc e the same e ess e e nee and o d h o d h lpl p opl to k l, say they c hose for their o ne only lawgiver the man recom

n e m ende d to them by Mo si ur d e Morny . Having the army and the whole exe cutive power in the ir han s and a in re r a n e the ues n to b e ut the d , h v g p o d i d q tio p to

eo e the re ren o f the E l sée it w ul s eem mi ave p pl , b th y , o d , ght h s afely all owe d th e proc eeding to go to its s ur e conclusion with o u t fu rt er c erc n the e and if t e had n e t is e h o i g vot h y do h , th y would have given a c olour to the as s ertion that th e resu lt O f B t the plebisc ite was a na tional ratifi cation of their act. u remem er n w a e had ne and avin o o n t eir b i g h t th y do , h g blo d h

n fr e n an s e did no t e ure u o n a ee e c . W a e h d , th y v t p l tio h t th y di d was this : they place d thirty- two departments under m artial law ; and since they wanted nothing more than a sheet o f paper and a pen and ink in order to place e very other d e ar m ent in th e same re dicam ent can b e sa wi u p t p , it id tho t s ra nin a w r a ten ia o r ac u a l the w e of t i g o d, th t po t lly, t l y, hol

r m r law Franc e was un de a tial .

h r Bu r Therefore m en voted under t e swo d . t ma tial law is only one o f th e circu m stances whic h constitu te the difference betwe en an honest election and a plebis cite Of the Bonaparte

r TO the a ersaries o f the see all effe c ve means O f s o t. dv Ely ti c onc erte d ac tion were forbidden by Morny and Mau pas . Except Free Trad e and the Channel Tunnel. 287

h r n the for t e us e s o f the Elysee the e was no press . Eve printing and dis tributing o f negative voting - tickets was m ade ’ ena and u r n the cerem n w c was ca e an e ec n p l d i g o y hi h ll d l tio , se era ers ns were ac ua arres e and c ar e w h the v l p o t lly t d , h g d it

ffence o f s r u n ne a e in - t c ets o r e rs uadin o di t ib ti g g tiv vot g i k , p g others to vote against the ’ w l u e Who ou d s ppose that a man of Mr . Co b d n s abilities should have had nothing more than what has been quoted to say about Louis N apoleon Bonaparte For though Louis Bo naparte did not pos sess the abilities and force o f character which made the Roman Emperor so terrible

t nt t was t in ll l in the a yra , here a cer a para e two situations ; fo r Louis Bonaparte stood some what in the relation to the first Bonaparte in

h fi ae r L u which Tiberius stood to t e rst C sa . o is Bonaparte was probably a more humane man by — natu re than the first Bonaparte which could not be said o f Tiberiu s as compared with Juliu s Caesar ; and et t u h L u n t t no t y , ho g o is Bo apar e migh be

n tu ll l - t t f the o f a ra y b ood hirs y, I ear records historical truth will show him to have had more

l o n n t n T u — th t was b ood his ha ds ha iberi s a he ,

- in f t l t in man as Sull . ac , as b ood s a ed a a

The o f Pri n L ui n t n wn career ce o s Bo apar e, k o in n t N l n the T n Fre ch his ory as apo eo hird, is i deed

’ - Kin a e s n as n Of the rimea 5th e i . i. . 300 302 . gl k I v io C , d t , , pp 288 N otes the A nt orn aw tr on i C L S uggle.

i u u l an anomaly n history . For tho gh he can s re y not be compared to Tiberi us in force o f character o r in ilit l t l n wl and l t m ary or po i ica k o edge abi i y, he did more than Tiberius can be said to have

t o ut the l f f t n t n done . He s amped i e O a grea a io

r s w n h t T s did was fo ome t e ty years . W a iberiu to complete the work o f Julius and A ugustu s in

m l f o sta ping o ut the i e f the Roman Republic . But he only completed the work begun by the first

Caesar and on m i t u , carried by his i med a e s ccessor, whereas the work begun by the first B onaparte — — had been interrupted broken Off completely and this man and his band Of co adj utors had to do it f n in in over again rom the begi n g . They succeeded what they had undertaken ; and ho w they succeeded

is as t n and te l t l . in l s ra ge rrib e a a e, as Mr K g ake t ll it as can f un in the of the e s , be o d records

w l and w n ful u as . or d more o der , beca se, Mr

l has wn the a n t a n King ake sho , he d co spira or mo g these adventurers wanted that quality which has u sually been considered indispensable for su ch work— the power o f calm though rapid thought in

f i and o f an I t was in moments o cris s d ger. deed sad fo r France that a man shou ld be able to stamp o ut her life who certainl y could no t be reckoned a man Of genius in the sense in which the first

2 90 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle. order that traders and manufacturers and railway specul ators may have increased facilities fo r filling ’ t a l n heir pockets t other peop e s expe se . I believe I have already quoted the words o f “ a certain French Vice - A dmiral : The English have not the warrior- spirit ; and if we have war w t t we ul b ut o ne thin to i h hem , sho d have g do, t t is It nf t t thi ha , a may be i erred ha s French Vice - A dmiral was a very small boy when the ttl of T f l and t l w f u t ba es ra a gar Wa er oo ere o gh , o r believed that the French wo n both those

h o dm and ttl . . C n w o t ba es Mr obde , seems a ire

u n and t in n cry p Fra ce every h g Fre ch, as he depreciates England and every thing English o n all n mi t occasio s , gh perhaps have approved ’ o f t n n ni n u li his Fre chma s opi o , p b shed by his Government in the Official records of a Government

'

n u . C n 1793 and . 5 I q iry . 1 Mr obde says p )

' E n uete P arlementaire u e at a e 326 Of Our N ava l q , q ot d p g

P osition and o lic r n m P a a al ee . n n : Lo ans y, by N v P (Lo do g and Co . , 1' The conc lu sion to b e drawn from the whole scope o f the

renc Re r and ence is a was the ur se of F h po t Evid , th t it p po France in 184 9- 50 to s trike a decis ive blow o n th e first

r un n an s ul aff r h er whi c if su ccessful oppo t ity E gl d ho d o d , h, in aff r n em a an in w u acc r n to e r o wn o di g th l d g , o ld, o di g th i

O n n ena e em r e th e n s ef re em o r pi io , bl th to d iv E gli h b o th Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 291

When shall we be proof against the transparent ‘ appeal to o ur vanity involved in the liberties o f ’ Eu rope argument ? He then proceeds to say “ t t we n f t t u n it t ha , ever had or y ho sa d Br ish roops engaged in o ne field o f battle o n the Continent du ring the whole war and infers thence that we could have had nothing to do with putting down

na t in f t t t the Ru i n w nt did Bo par e ac , ha ss a i er the u n u t the f n did the b si ess, j s as Irish ami e s au er n rnm nt u is es l ght them like sheep . Whe a Gove e p bl h ' what the Fr ench Government pu t forth in its E nquéte

P ar lementaire o f 184 9- 50 do no t t n we are ui t of , I hi k g l y infr n in t n i g g he c omity of nations in calling this insole ce .

There is a monarchical ins olence and a republican ins olence .

s is re u l can ns ence and t ink it excee s m on Thi p b i i ol , I h d

' ar n n i I f s a were to c me chical i sole ce in o flens veness . Rus i o u nder re u ican ernment a Russian re u c w u d p bl gov , p bli o l

r n n z ar I f a p obably b e a worse neighbour tha a Ru ssia C . French repu blic of 1870 fancies it is to run the course o f the

renc re u c Of se ven ears ef re wi a mil tar F h p bli ty y b o , th i y

en u s Of the i est r er fi its a es the renc g i h gh o d to ght b ttl , F h R s n epublic o f 1883 may find itself very mu ch mi take . A Channe l Tunne l to bring us nearer to s uch a neighbour m ay b e agreeable to the high philanthropic aspirations of the a ance t in er of the eac e ar who r se to dv d h k P P ty, p opo d receive the invaders with such an e ffusion of hospitality and r e r e as c u no t fail to c n ert the Z ua e n b oth ly lov , o ld o v o v i to

h r nd un ersa t e friend of the family . B otherly love ! a iv l

an r r m the O es rec r to ha o f ester a phil th opy F o ld t o d t t y d y , 19 ” t o tr le 292 N o es on the A nti C rn L aw S ugg .

f h - T bu siness o putting down t e bread tax . here is something in this ; and yet Wellington did far more to put down Bonaparte than Cobden did to

h - tax I n w t w t . n put do n e bread a s er o Mr . ’ “ Cob den s forty thou sand British troops argu hi nt . C n n t t s me , did Mr obde ever hear ha hero Bonaparte said that there were onl y two kinds Of troops - good and bad ; and that there were no t in t l the S n n t t ul roops I a y , save ardi ia s , ha co d stand fire ; that they fled like wild du cks at the

. C n w t as if h first voll ey Mr . obde ri es he ad completely up profondi the philosophy Of courage and w do not u to t t co ardice . I pres me say ha I know very much of what is meant by standing fire ; b ut a friend o f mine who was o n Sir De Lacy ’ ne t ff at the ttl o f the A l w Eva s s a ba e ma , here he was n o ff l nt of ll k ocked his horse by a sp i er a she , and at the battle o f Inkermann was on the staff o f

I brotherly love doe s no t shine very bright . n the oldest family

n r r is r r n o eco rd brothe ly love ep es e ted by Cain . A nd in

l ua s e it is re resen e r Sybi (us lly p lt Sibyl) p t d by Lo d Marney . ’ urns sa s a Tam Shanter e u er o hnn k e a B y , th t o lov d So t J y li vera brithe r and the reas on he assigns fo r this brotherly love is that T am and Johnny had been fo u fo r we eks

e er a is t a e h ad een run fo r wee s th gith , th t , h t th y b d k k

r toge the .

29 rn ru 4 N otes on the A nti Co L aw St ggle.

o f natura al ur b ut m im ressi n eri e e ua fr m l v o , y p o , d v d q lly o interna fee in and fro m serva ti n is t a standin fire l l g ob o , h t g is a er un eas an in and e rem e re u nan to the v y pl t th g , xt ly p g t

na ural man . I f we in s m e m easure it no w a e it t o do , I t k that it is in virtu e of th e fag - end of the Old - fashione d training which ins tilled into a man from his b abyhood that s tanding

fire was the one t in h e had and w ch s uccee e in h g to do, hi d d the main in making it easier to most men to stand fire than to refu se to stand i

Such are the reflections of a man who has had

e i n and n u ntl n w some xper e ce, co seq e y has some k o

l Of w t is w tin ut w l . edge ha he ri g abo , hi e Mr

C n who no n wl Of the tt obde , had k o edge ma er, w t d ti ll ut it and ll in G n ro e ogma ca y abo , ca ed ibbo as w tn to u t him— G n t u a i ess s ppor ibbo , ho gh he

n a milit ffi n win as l ttl ut had bee ia O cer, k o g i e abo h n in t e tt as Mr C n . . C ma er . obde Mr obde , deed, qu otes these words as spoken by the Duke o f

ll n t n in the u Of L un 15 1852 We i g o Ho se ords, J e , “ — I believe every man is brave words which are in direct opposition to the words attributed to

al L nn t t man who no t Marsh a es , ha a says he does

n w f is w The u nt w C l n l k o ear a co ard . acco hich o o e Gurwo o d has given of his sensations when his Offer to lead the forlorn ho pe at Ciudad Rodrigo n u i had been accepted is very i str ct ve . Colonel Gurwo o d put together fo r a special Free Wade and the Channel Tunnel. 295 purpose the particulars o f his part in the storm o f

C u R in l t o f whi int i dad odrigo a pamph e , ch he pr ed

The onl y fifty copies fo r private circul ation . f 45 h n t n t 14th un 18 . o pre ace is da ed J e , I ave see the l t b ut the w t o f the t l Ga rwood pamph e , ri er ar ic e, ,

John in the n u l nt to The Penn , seco d s pp eme y

C clo aedia t t the t ul in his t l y p , says ha par ic ars ar ic e n T t are take from o ne Of the fifty copies . he wri er of the article appears to be in error in saying that the Officer who commanded one of the storming

ti was o f the n of ma . T t ffi par es ra k jor ha o cer, w v m et at the u of n f n hom I ha e ho se a commo rie d, was at the t saw him ime I a major, Major Mackie b ut at the storm Of Ciudad Rodrigo he was Lieu n te ant Mackie Of the Connaught Rangers . His — statement and I believe that he and Colonel Gurwo o d were both men incapable Of wilful inveracity or misstatement— was that he accepted the u n Of the n t t w ft s rre der gover or ; ha a s ord , a er wa f un to t at of an - - c n rds o d be h aide de amp, had bee presented to him in token Of surrender ; and that whil e he was engaged in saving the lives of two

ffi who lai l of fo r t t n o ne o n o cers d ho d him pro ec io ,

L ut n nt Gurwo o d u and t n each arm , ie e a came p Ob ai ed the w of the n in s ord gover or . Major Mackie died

1839 and t t t nt was u l in the , his s a eme made p b ic 2 96 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle . following year in a second edition of that portion ’ o f N apier s History relating to the storm Of Ciudad

R o d the fi t in t t t t . Gurwo odrigo , rs hav g s a ed ha Mr , who t u w un n n the f , ho gh o ded, had bee amo g ore ’ t at the l the n mos esser breach , received gover or s ” sword . The writer o f the paper in The Cyclop aedia says that the statement of Colonel Gurwo o d was

n il l a f d o irreco c ab e with th t o Major Mackie . I

n u not see this at all . Lieute ant Mackie s pposed that the sword Of an aide - de- camp was the sword o f the n and w il was t t n two gover or, h e he pro ec i g

n ffic L ut n nt G urwo o d u and Fre ch O ers , ie e a came p

n the f n T Obtai ed sword o the gover or . here is nothing irreconcilable here The luck was o n ’ ’ G urwo o d s in ttin the n w side ge g gover or s s ord, and as no doubt was thrown o n the tru th of ’ Gurwoo d s t fin n the n ffi s ory, his di g Fre ch O cer whose life he had saved does no more fo r his ’ case than Major Mackie s finding the two French Ofli cers whose lives he had saved would have done f r N 0 o n n l n l u rwo o d o his case . e that k ew Co o e G o r Major Mackie would have doubted their word

n u as men o f veracity a d hono r . ’ Colonel Garwood s narrative o f his adventures du ring that night is o ne o f the most valuable

298 N otes o nthe A nti orn L C aw Struggle .

s l s u . u n t to u n and e ve p He s mmo ed hem s rre der, the was u n b ut Pat L w who had door barred o e , n him ll “ out . Gu rwoo d t rejoi ed , ca ed , Dear Mr , hey ” will murder yo u ! and as he entered he was seized round the neck and expected a sword in his body ; b ut he found that the person who had seized him

un the n was the n and t at ro d eck gover or, h he

i l i lf his n rw d n u t y e ded h mse priso er. Gu o o co d c ed him to L llin t n o n the t who ord We g o rampar s, “ ” s o u t ? and on l in aid, Did y ake him his rep y g ’ t at did an to him the n w h he , h ded gover or s s ord, “ w t the w : T it o u are the i h ords ake , y proper n t w i i f a . perso o ear t . He wore t ever a terw rds ’ I t to the end nd f Cob den s seemed be a aim o Mr . book to cry down military men and cry up cotton

inn and al - nt il ta men sp ers c ico pri ers . M i ry may . and and tt n - nn and l be good bad, co o spi ers ca ico

nt ma b n But the pri ers y e more good tha bad .

t w s n d mis ake a that Mr . Cobde an some others ’ aft P l n r u n to b e er ee s pa egy ic ass med Mr . Cobde no t nl t b ut un l n u w o f o y a grea , a iversa ge i s ; hich

u was t was n an a l co rse a mis ake . He i deed b e man and an l uent man in ul n n o f , e oq a masc i e ki d n nd in l u a w t . t t t e oq e ce , I agree i h Mr Fors er, ha ’ di in the u ul f Cob den s vid g boro ghs I sho d pre er Mr . plan Of the single member constitu encies to the Free Trade and the Channel Tunnel. 299

u l The n l ft of do b e member . impressio e by some ’ in . Cob d en s l tt whi n u li Mr e ers ch have bee p b shed, which the writer gives opinions about the Govern

nt o f ti n and ut the P u n me Bri sh I dia, abo r ssia Government as compared with the English Con stitution is t t Mr C n not tudi the , ha . obde had s ed su t Of the n li C n t tut n of ti bjec E g sh o s i io , Bri sh

ndi of C n o r o f the n li C l n I a, a ada, E g sh o o ies, su fficiently to have accurate knowledge o n that

u s bject .

A lt u n at n l ho gh Mr . Cobde has o ce over ooked ’ Bonaparte s true character and overrated his

n u wn -a t nd n to un t the ge i s , he has sho e e cy derra e

n u o f llin t n and in f t to run wn ge i s We g o , ac do

l t l n l Th t u is e mi i ary ta e t a together . e r th mor nearly attained in some remarks of a military f n o f n who has n i n u to n l rie d mi e, see serv ce e o gh e ab e him to say that a man who has been in a battle all the time it lasted knows no more of that battle t n f h N s ha a herring does O t e orth Sea. He ays

’ ! o u sa at r mwe s en us in war was creat e no t y th C o ll g i iv ,

tr t I n h i l t n u f l s a e c . t t at t is s we u a d s e u as ten n gi hi k h l p , , di g to ead a reflecti n w ic has Often ccurre to m se f l to o h h o d y l ,

viz . the num er of different enius e s if t at is the ura , b g ( h pl l) which a m an must have o n han d who hopes to b e a first - class

ene ra er a s r fes i na c n t ma e s me hin g l . P h p p o s o l o cei y hav o t g

w it b ut a e a wa s u t t at to ma e a to do ith , I h v l y tho gh h , k 3 A 00 N otes on the nti Corn L aw Struggle .

rea enera it to a m re er ec t and com lete m an an g t g l, ok o p f p th

u r for n e r wal in fe no t s a woul d b e re q i e d a y oth k li . I do y

ha ma e a a e n re u res a an o ne fac ul t t t to k N pol o , it q i th t y y

f r shoul d b e so highly develope d as would b e wanted o a.

ewto n w a m ean is a w i e a ewt n can b e m a e N ; h t I , th t h l N o d by o ne abnormally de velope d faculty in an otherwis e m ediocre ” mind a a o e n m us a e wer in e er ire ct n . , N p l o t h v po v y d io I venture to think that these remarks are at

n ust and f u n . who th l e o ce j pro o d He made em , ik an t f n a f to in t a is o her rie d I h ve re erred hese p ges, perhaps o ne o f those subtile thinkers who appear in thi w l and l and die un l n no s or d ive heard, eavi g h n name b e i d them . “ ” L N l n in in the My ords, said e so , a speech

u Of L N 23 1 802 in Ho se ords, ovember , , I have different countries seen much o f the miseries Of war t f in t n t ul . I am here ore my mos i mos so a

! et w ul no O man of . t for the f peace o d I , sake an w f tun t n nt to rifi y peace, ho ever or a e, co se sac ce ’ n r o ne j o t o f E gland s honour . Ou honour is ” l n n n inseparab y combined with o ur ge ui e i terest. The gentlemen of the English Peace Society have no t shown in the peace question the logical n in t power which they have show other ma ters .

n t w nt to u t t Whe hey a p rchase a commodi y, hey do not adopt as a mode o f Obtaining it at a reason able price a display o f extreme anxiety to possess

302 N otes on the A nti Corn L aw Struggle. t tl 1793 and 1853 rl in the 1 853 o f i e, , ea y year , which I had the honour to receive a presentation

f in A u 5 Th w c the ut u t 18 3 . e opy rom a hor g s , ork , which woul d seem to be the pamphlet referred to

in l is t u a t d f n by Mr . K g ake , h s dver ise De e sive war e to ni l of C i tianit and o f prov d be a de a hr s y,

n n f i ill fa ts the Gover me t o Go d . W th ustrative c

nd n i 2mo . a n t s . C. t . 1 a ecdo e By He ry Wr gh ,

cl t 23 . o h, price

The s of the P c S t no t member ea e ocie y are ,

w lw n t nt at l t t e no t ho ever, a ays co sis e ; eas h y did always show themselves consistent in their pro

n f h i n P a ceedi gs be ore t e Cr mea War . A t a e ce and A nt - L n t n in 184 9 L u l i oa mee i g, , ord D d ey Stuart vehemently advocated the propriety of ’ England s giving energetic and efficient support

o Tu in in Ru r C n t the rk resist g ssia ; and M . obde ’ gave his support to Lord Dudl ey Stuart s argu

nt w i u t u n t to ant me s, h ch m s be ders ood have me war if nt an t n I f man of t e . n t , hey m a y hi g ac , a ’ C b den s t u t s n th utt Mr . o sagaci y m s have ee e er impracticability of su ch doctrines as those attri “ in l to the f t thin b uted by Mr . K g ake oremos ker

f e a t o th Pe ce par y . It is remarkable that the peace - at - any - price doctrine enunciated in the advertisement I have Free Wade and the Channel Tunnel. 303

u te n t u n and ut to the t t q o d had bee ac ed po , p es in England at a time when the coasts o f England w inf t not Z u b ut b ere es ed, by o aves, by Bar ary n t t the pirates . But I have ever discovered ha extremely pacific dispositions Of the King who then reigned in England had any effect whatever towards turning the once dangerou s Barbary pirate int the alu f n o f the f il On the co n o v ed rie d am y. trar all the n w n n y , evide ce hich I have see beari g o n the subject leads to the conclusion that the

fi it n o f the n l s n so far f paci c dispos io E g i h Ki g, rom produ cing a similar disposition in the Barbary

t nl n u and t him to pira e , o y e co raged exci ed more n exte sive depredations .

C n has t wn his w nto the f Mr. obde hro ork i orm o f Letters to the Reverend and begins with these words A ccept my thanks for your kind ness in forwarding me a copy Of your Sermon upon the death O f the Duke Of Wellington and ends with these words When the Master whom yo u

n l in the ff s o f t l f it was not serve mi g ed a air his i e , to join in the exaltation Of military genius o r share in the w l t u h of n ti n n t n b ut ar ike ri mp s a o over a io , ‘ to preach Peace o n earth and goodwill toward ’ m n u f th P - - n - e . S ppose some o e eace at a y price Corporation had gone o n a pacific mission to t r 304 N otes on he A nti Corn L a w St uggle .

N apoleo n Bo naparte b efore the Battle O f Wate rlo o as they went to the Cz ar N icholas before the

Crimean War. It would no more have stopped the career o f Bonaparte than it sto pped that o f

N l T t a r who are so ea to e t icho as . hose r de s ger g rich and cry o ut fo r Peace o n earth and goodwill ” to wa men do not see t t t and t r oo s rd , ha hey hei g d would b e a prey to the thousands Of robbers who sw and w ll nt nu to w u n a t if arm, i co i e s arm po e r h, it were no t fo r that infanterie A nglaise which at ’ Waterloo made good General Foy s remark to ’ Bonaparte o n the morning o f the battle L in ’ ” A n l en l l l fanterie g aise due c est e diab e . I n the course of an adventurous and stormy life -O f the resul t o f which he modestly said that he “ had been su ccessfu l in life — the Du ke Of Wellington had opportunities o f seeing the effect “ of the phrase Peace o n earth and goo dwill to ” men a d w t t u in l tt to the l , n he ro e h s a e er Ear

L l a in 2 r h o f t d St . 3 d iverpoo , da e Mar ha, Marc , 181 1

I shall b e sorry if Government s houl d think thems elves und er th e nec essi o f w rawin fr m s c untr on ty ithd g o thi o y ,

un o the n h n r at I a acco t f expe s e o f t e c o te st . F om wh h ve s een o f the obj ec ts o f th e French Government and the s acri

fices e ma e acc m s t em a e no u t a if th y k to o pli h h , I h v do b th t the British army were fo r any reason to withdraw from the

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c ure a s 4to c th 3s. 6d . olo d M p . , lo .

De Rheims Practical Lines in Geometri Drawin co n cal g, taining the U se o f Mathematical Instruments and the ns truc n o f ca es the ements o f rac ica and Co tio S l , El P t l escr t e Ge me r rt ra c and r z nta Pro D ip iv o t y, O hog phi Ho i o l e io s s metr ca raw n an u ct n d ers ec e . s j , I o i l D i g P p tiv Ill trated w 300 ia rams and n ana the ith D g , givi g (by logy) solution o f every Questio n proposed at the Competitive m na ns or the rm 8 o c xa f . v t . 98. E i tio A y , lo h

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