24/03/2014
Climate Change and Coastal Community Adaptations in India
Presented by
Prof. Dr. K.T. Thomson Principal Investigator (ARTISTICC-India)
School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin, Kerala, India at Brest, Brittany, France March 10-14, 2014
Indian scenario
1 24/03/2014
Indian coastal areas and communities • Long coast line of around 8000 kilometers • Highly diverse coast – Beaches, backwaters, mangroves, salt producing units – Coastal agriculture and aquaculture, tourism (spiritual, sport) • Diverse communities • Livelihood dependency – High density of population compared to other areas – Over 63 million people from costal communities in the states of Gujarat, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Orissa in India are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly sea-level rise • Low levels of technologies
Indian costal zone Major Features
• Rapid state sponsored transformation drive towards modernization • Strong state regulations • Privatization of coastal areas and ecosystems • Community resistance against state regulations • Climate change threats • Sea level rise, Tsunami, beach erosion, winds and typhoons, salt intrusion, drinking water problems
2 24/03/2014
Study Areas
Pakistan China
INDIA
Gujarat
Orrisa
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Tamil Nadu Kerala
Indian Ocean
Study areas • Two locations each in the west and east coasts • West coast • Vypin Island Kerala and • Kutch Bay in Gujarat (To be decided)
• East coast – Nagapatanam coast in Tamil Nadu – Orissa Coast (To be decided)
3 24/03/2014
Gujarat
4 24/03/2014
Orissa
Coastal Districts of Tamil Nadu
Andra Pradesh Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Karnataka
Villuppuram Pondicherry Cuddalore
Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam Thanjavur Thiruvarur Pudukkottai
Bay of Bengal
Ramanathapuram
Kerala Thoothukkudi Thirunelveli
Kanyakumari
5 24/03/2014
Coastal Districts of Tamil Nadu
Andra Pradesh Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Karnataka
Villuppuram Pondicherry Cuddalore
Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam Thanjavur Thiruvarur Pudukkottai
Bay of Bengal
Ramanathapuram
Kerala Thoothukkudi Thirunelveli
Kanyakumari
Strucutre of Taluks in Nagapattinam District
Sirkali Taluk
Tharangambadi Taluk Myladumthurai Taluk
Nagapattinam Taluk
Kilvelur Taluk Thirukkuvalai Taluk
Vedaranyam Taluk
6 24/03/2014
• Geographical characteristics of Nagapattinam district – Bay of Bengal – Estuary – Agrarian community – Aquaculture intervention • Communities – Marine fishermen • Traditional fishermen • Motorized fishermen • Small scale mechanized fishermen – Inland fishermen • Aquaculture entrepreneurs – Salt industries – Paddy farmers
Coastal Districts of Tamil Nadu
Andra Pradesh Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Karnataka
Villuppuram Pondicherry Cuddalore
Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam Thanjavur Thiruvarur Pudukkottai
Bay of Bengal
Ramanathapuram
Kerala Thoothukkudi Thirunelveli
Kanyakumari
7 24/03/2014
• Climate change threats • Sea level rise, Tsunami, beach erosion, winds and typhoons, salt intrusion, drinking water problems
8 24/03/2014
Case study Climate Adaptations in Vypin Island, Kerala, India • Vypin Early 1960s
9 24/03/2014
Vypin Island:Land use map 2000
Low-Lying Islands: Already very close to sea levels and are vulnerable to sea-level rise.
10 24/03/2014
• Proposed objectives of the study – To present an historical account of the political ecology of Vypin Island since its formation – To identify climate variability and vulnerabilities of actants (communities, industry, state and non human elements) in the Island. – To compose institutions and networks that foster sustainable adaptations to changing climate
11 24/03/2014
Methodology • Study area – Socio economic and political setting of Vyppin • Demographic trends • Ecological trends • Multiple drivers of change – Economic development trends – Climate change • Political trends • Institutional dynamics and trends • Governance trends and dynamics
Present social structure • Vyppin Island formed around early 1300 A.D due to a natural flooding in the region and its interaction with Arabian sea • Ecosystem Communities • Konkinies, Syrian catholic Latin Catholics • Ezhava and other Scheduled caste communities • Cultural entities • Sree varaha Gowreeswara temple • Syrian church Manjumatha Church
12 24/03/2014
Varaha
Resource system • Resource sector – Fisheries, Agriculture, Tourism, Petrochemical industries etc – Size of the resource system • Pokkali land area • Three mechanized landing centers • One artisanal landing area • Clarity of system boundaries – 25 Km mainland – Two estuaries, Cochin and Munabam – Back water and marine area etc
13 24/03/2014
• Human constructed activities – Fishing sector – Agriculture sector – Industrial Sector – Service sector • Productivity systems – Fishing – Agriculture • Pokkali, Coconut farms, Prawn filtration farms etc – Industrial sector • Petro chemical industries – Service sector • Tourism industry • Traders etc
Resource Actors • Number of actors – Fisheries – Agriculture – Tourism – Industry • Socio economic attributes of actors – Economic status of different actors – Cultural status of different actors • History of actors • Locations • Leadership/ Entrepreneurship – Formal leadership – Primary producers leadership
14 24/03/2014
• Norms / Social capital – Networking of homogenous groups – Networking of heterogeneous groups • Knowledge of climate variability on resource system – Fisheries – Agriculture – Tourism – Industry • Opportunity • Externality
Resource Units • Resource units mobility • Replacement structure • Interactions – Strong to weak – Predatory or symbiotic • Economic value • Size – Large to small – Trophic level • Distinctive markings • Distribution • Spatial heterogeneity • Temporal heterogeneity
15 24/03/2014
Governance system
Constitutional rules
Collective choice rules Rules Operational rules
Public
Private Governance Property system rights regime Common
Mixed
Centrality
Network structure Number of levels
Connectivity
Modularity
Actants House of Society House of Nature • Politics, Culture, • Science Religion, Supernaturalism, • Outside Superstitions • De animated • Inside, Multiple • Undisputable • Animated • Disputable • Non humans • Human • Facts • Values • Objectives • Subjective • Reality • Appearance
16 24/03/2014
The task ahead
Actor Network Theory and Climate Change Adaptation: Developing a Conceptual Framework
Methodology workshop in Kerala?
• August 2014 • ARTISTICC team members interested • Experts in actor network theory – Latour?, others
17