A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF THE FT. LEAVENWORTH MILITARY RESERVATION, LEAVENWORTH COUNTY, . II

Open-file Report No. 117 December 31, 2003

Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759

A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF THE FT. LEAVENWORTH MILITARY RESERVATION, LEAVENWORTH COUNTY, KANSAS. II

Cover Photo: Understory of Pecan-Hackberry Floodplains Forest on Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation. Photo by Craig. C. Freeman, 2003.

Citation: Freeman, C. C, W. H. Busby, J. Delisle, W. D. Kettle, K. Kindscher, H. Loring, C. A. Morse, and V. B. Salisbury. 2003. A natural areas inventory of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Leavenworth County, Kansas. II. Open-file Report No. 117. Kansas Biological Survey. Lawrence, KS. 199 pp.

Assume corporate authorship for chapters and appendices except where stated otherwise. Chapters and appendices with individual authors may be cited as in the following example:

Loring, H. 2003. Natural communities. Pp. 13–46. In: Freeman, C. C., W. H. Busby, J. Delisle, W. D. Kettle, K. Kindscher, H. Loring, C. A. Morse, and V. B. Salisbury. Natural areas inventory of Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Leavenworth County, Kansas. II. Open-file Report No. 117. Kansas Biological Survey. Lawrence, KS. 199 pp.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List Of Figures ...... iii

List Of Tables ...... v

Acknowledgments ...... vii

Abstract ...... viii

Chapter 1. Background ...... 1 1.2. DETAILED STUDY OBJECTIVES ...... 2 1.3. STUDY AREA ...... 4 1.4. LAND USE HISTORY AND VEGETATION ...... 6 1.5. PROTECTED AND RARE ...... 7 1.6. PREVIOUS STUDIES ...... 8 Chapter 2. Natural Communities ...... 13 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 13 2.2. METHODS ...... 13 2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 14 Forest Communities ...... 15 Herbaceous Communities ...... 33 Sparse Vegetation Communities ...... 37 Successional Areas ...... 38 2.4. SUMMARY ...... 39 Chapter 3. ...... 44 3.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 44 3.2. METHODS ...... 46 3.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 48 Species Accounts–Federal-listed Species ...... 50 Species Accounts–State-listed Species ...... 55 Species Accounts–Kansas Species in Need of Conservation (SINC)...... 58 Species Accounts–Former Federal Candidate Species ...... 63 Species Accounts–Other Rare Species ...... 64 Faunistic Surveys ...... 65 3.4. SUMMARY ...... 67 Chapter 4. ...... 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 77 4.2. METHODS ...... 78 4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 78 Floristic Surveys ...... 80 Federal-listed Species ...... 85 State-rare Species ...... 85 4.4. SUMMARY ...... 92 Chapter 5. Management Recommendations ...... 110 5.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 110 5.2. LANDSCAPE ISSUES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE FT. LEAVENWORTH MILITARY RESERVATION ...... 110

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5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 112 Chapter 6. Summary ...... 120

Literature Cited ...... 124

Appendix A. Directions to vegetation plots...... 131

Appendix B. Checklist of vertebrates known to occur or possibly occurring on the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation...... 135

Appendix C. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Leavenworth County and the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR)...... 146

Appendix D. A report on a field survey of summer bats on FLMR...... 178

Appendix E. Report on a 2003 field survey of snakes on FLMR...... 183

Appendix F. Exotic and Invasive Species of Concern...... 187

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1. Location of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 1.2. Locations and names of trails referenced in this report...... 12 FIGURE 2.1. Locations of vegetation plots within natural communities on FLMR ... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 2.2. High-quality forest communities ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 2.3. remnants on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.1. Southern flying squirrel trap arrays (1–3), capture location (square), and unconfirmed sightings (circles) on FLMR in 2002 and 2003 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.2. Locations of baiting stations for American burying beetle on FLMR in September 2003 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.3. Locations of point counts for breeding in old-growth, mid-successional, and early successional floodplain forests on FLMR in June 2003 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.4. Element occurrence polygons for cerulean warbler and yellow-throated warbler. Both species are known to occur at multiple sites within the delimited areas, but populations are not continuous. Yellowed- throated warbler polygon includes that of cerulean warbler ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.5. Locations of eastern chipmunk sightings on FLMR from 1995–2003.. Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.6. Element occurrence centroids for great egret, broad-winged hawk, red-shouldered hawk, and ovenbird on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 3.7. Sites where reptiles and amphibians were encountered on FLMR in 2002 and 2003.Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.1. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.2. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Brachyelytrum erectum on FLMR ...Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.3. Distribution map of known extent of Bromus nottowayanus on FLMR Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.4. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for crus-corvi on FLMR ...... 97 FIGURE 4.5. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Carex hirtifolia on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.6. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Carex hitchcockiana, Carex rosea, Osmorhiza claytonii, and Uvularia grandiflora on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.7. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Carex normalis on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.8. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Carex radiata on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.9. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis on FLMR .... 102 FIGURE 4.10. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Hydrophyllum appendiculatum on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.11. Distribution map of known extent of Hypericum ascyron on FLMR . Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.12. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Lipocarpha micrantha on FLMR ...Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.13. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for glabella on FLMR .... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.14. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.15. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for alumnus on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 4.16. Generalized distribution of suitable habitat for Stachys pilosa var. arenicola on FLMR...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FIGURE 5.1. One of the small remnant at FLMR. Woody vegetation within and surrounding the site should be removed and a prescribed burning plan implemented to preserve biodiversity ...... 119 FIGURE D.1. Locations of bat netting stations on FLMR ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1. Summary of natural community survey activities on FLMR in 2003 ...... 15 TABLE 2.2. Natural communities documented on FLMR ...... 16 TABLE 2.3. Locations of vegetation plots and community types in which they occur ...... 17 TABLE 2.4. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 18 TABLE 2.5. Average cover (%) of understory species in the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 19 TABLE 2.6. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the mature to old-growth Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 22 TABLE 2.7. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the early to mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 22 TABLE 2.8. Average cover (%) of understory species in the old-growth Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 23 TABLE 2.9. Average cover (%) of understory species in the early to mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 25 TABLE 2.10. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the White -Shagbark hickory Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 27 TABLE 2.11. Average cover (%) of understory species in the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 28 TABLE 2.12. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the Maple-Basswood Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 ...... 32 TABLE 2.13. Average cover (%) of understory species in the Maple-Basswood Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003 .... 32 TABLE 2.14. species observed on prairie remnants on FLMR ...... 34 TABLE 3.1. species protected by federal and/or state laws with historical or extant occurrences in Leavenworth County, Kansas ...... 45 TABLE 3.2. Summary of areas surveyed for plants and animals in 2002 and 2003 on FLMR ...... 49 TABLE 3.3. Element occurrence records for state-rare animals on FLMR ...... 50 TABLE 3.4. Carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected on FLMR 3–6 September 2003 ...... 51 TABLE 3.5. Carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected at FLMR on 9–12 September 2003 ...... 51 TABLE 3.6. Aerial surveys for bald eagles conducted by KDWP from 1991–1993...... 52 TABLE 3.7. Results of strip-plot surveys for canopy-dwelling warblers in old-growth forest at FLMR in 2002–2003 ...... 59 TABLE 3.8. Results of point counts for birds conducted in June 2003 in three floodplain forest types on FLMR .... 66 TABLE 3.9. Number of vertebrate species known to occur or potentially occurring on FLMR based on data in Appendix B ...... 68 TABLE 4.1. Summary of dates, areas surveyed for vascular plant species, effort, and results during the 2003 field season on FLMR ...... 78 TABLE 4.2. Number of taxa and cumulative percentage of the 10 most species-rich vascular plant families known from Leavenworth County and FLMR ...... 81 TABLE 4.3. Number and cumulative percentage of introduced and native taxa in Leavenworth County and on FLMR ...... 83 TABLE 4.4. Number and cumulative percentage of annual, biennial, and perennial taxa in Leavenworth County and on FLMR ...... 83 TABLE 4.5. Number of instances and cumulative percentage in which taxa were reported from different habitat types in Leavenworth County and on FLMR ...... 84 TABLE 4.6. Number of instances and cumulative percentage in which taxa were reported from different habitat types in Leavenworth County and on FLMR ...... 84 TABLE 4.7. Summary of element occurrence records for 21 state-rare vascular plant species on FLMR ...... 90 TABLE D.1. Species of bats captured at FLMR in 2002 and 2003 ...... 179 TABLE D.2. Numbers of each bat species collected at each net site ...... 179

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TABLE D.3. UTM coordinates for net locations ...... 180 TABLE E.1. Reptiles and amphibians observed on FLMR between May and October 2003 ...... 185 TABLE F.1. Exotic plant species of concern at FLMR ...... 188 TABLE F.2. Life forms (habit) of exotic plant species of concern at FLMR ...... 189

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was carried out under Cooperative Agreement No. DAMD17-02-2-0050 awarded by the U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity in Ft. Detrick, (under the project title “A natural features inventory of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation”) to the University of Kansas, Kansas Biological Survey. It builds on the earlier studies of the Kansas Biological Survey, which were supported by Cooperative Agreement No. DAMD17-94-V-4019 awarded by the U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity in Ft. Detrick, Maryland (under the project title “Managing bottomland hardwoods for neotropical migratory birds, project #94-0614") and Cooperative Agreement No. 14-48-0006-95-3006, awarded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Denver, Colorado.

We are grateful to Judy Wimberg and Matt Nowak at Ft. Leavenworth, who provided logistical assistance and information about management issues. Both have been enthusiastic supporters of the Survey’s work.

Many individuals assisted with various aspects of the field work and processing of data. Special thanks go to Dr. Lynn Robbins, Southwest State University, who conducted surveys of bats, and Hank Guarisco, Lawrence, Kansas, who conducted American burying beetle and herpetological surveys. Erika Noguera and Todd Aschenbach assisted Hillary Loring in the field.

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ABSTRACT

A two-year field study was initiated in 2002 on the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR) as a follow-up to research conducted there by the Kansas Biological Survey in 1995 and 1996. The project had four primary objectives: 1) conduct surveys to update information about biotic assemblages, outstanding natural areas, and protected species, 2) identify the primary threats from exotic plants to native biodiversity, 3) make these data available in a geographic information system format, and 4) develop management recommendations to assist resource managers with maintenance of the installation’s biodiversity assets.

Seven kinds of terrestrial natural communities were confirmed. Riverine communities were not examined or evaluated. One occurrence each of the four forest types was updated in Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory’s database. The floodplain forest on FLMR remains one of the largest old-growth stands in the lower Missouri River valley, and upland forests and associated communities are regionally important. Visual analysis of the floodplain forests suggests significant changes have occurred since 1995–1996, but analysis of data did not reveal any statistically significant differences. Threats to biodiversity include degradation, fragmentation, isolation, and destruction of natural areas both on-site and off-site. Riparian forests are especially significant to native biodiversity, providing routes for the movement of wildlife and helping to maintain water quality. Degraded prairies, forests, and wetlands may serve as buffer areas and connectors between high-quality sites, and many areas have restoration potential.

Animal surveys revealed few changes from the earlier findings. One federally protected species is a regular migrant and winter resident. Four species of federally protected birds may migrate through the area, but nesting and/or foraging habitat for these species is limited or absent. No state-listed threatened or endangered species were documented, but several migratory species may make brief stops. Five Kansas Species In Need of Conservation (SINC) were documented on the installation and two species may use habitat on the installation. Four state-rare species also were documented. Of 428 vertebrate species potentially occurring on the installation, 292 species have been confirmed since 1995.

No populations of federal-listed plant species were observed. However, nine of 11 state-rare vascular plant taxa documented earlier were confirmed persisting. Populations of two state-rare species were not relocated but may persist. Ten species were added to the list of state-rare taxa occurring on FLMR. Plant surveys yielded 267 specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes, including 55 taxa previously undocumented on FLMR. Currently, 585 species of vascular plants and 43 species of bryophytes are confirmed at the site. A number of exotic plant species appear to have increased in abundance since the initial study, and several of these represent threats to the native biodiversity of the site.

Seventeen recommendations are made to help maintain and enhance the native biodiversity of the installation. The recommendations fall into one of three general categories: land management, education/promotion, and future studies.

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CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND

Craig C. Freeman Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 [email protected]

1.1. INTRODUCTION

In 1997, the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory (KSNHI), a program of the Kansas Biological Survey (KBS) at the University of Kansas, completed a two-year field study of the terrestrial natural environment of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR) in extreme northeast Kansas (Freeman et al. 1997). That study had five objectives: 1) compile a list of protected and rare species of plants and animals potentially occurring on FLMR, 2) plan and conduct surveys for these species, 3) document and map all findings of threatened and endangered species, 4) compile a comprehensive report detailing all occurrences of protected and rare species and describing exceptional biological natural areas on FLMR, and 5) assist in the formulation of management recommendations based on the survey results. The Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Kansas State University also conducted fish surveys in the Missouri River along the north and east side of the fort in 1996 as part of the overall effort to inventory the FLMR biota.

The Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory identified nine kinds of natural communities on FLMR during its study: four forest types, two herbaceous types, one sparse vegetation type, and two riverine types. One occurrence each of the four forest types was added to KSNHI’s database of outstanding natural community occurrences in Kansas. Field surveys confirmed that the floodplain forest at FLMR is globally significant and among the largest old growth stands left in the lower Missouri River valley. Upland forests and smaller natural communities associated with them were found to be regionally important, collectively providing habitat for nearly two-dozen globally rare or state-rare species and a rich assemblage of plants and animals representative of forest and grassland communities in northeast Kansas. Floristic and faunistic surveys greatly expanded the list of organisms known to use habitat on FLMR. A total of 253 species of vertebrates was confirmed on the installation, including 179 birds, 33 , 28 reptiles, and 13 amphibians. Surveys for fishes in the Missouri River yielded 21 species. Five hundred thirty- two species of vascular plants were documented, including 460 that were confirmed during the study. Seven vascular plant species were documented in Kansas for the first time. Bryophyte surveys yielded 42 species, including 15 county records and one state record. Primary threats to the biodiversity included destruction and degradation of natural areas (both on and off the installation) and establishment and spread of several species of exotic plants. Based on its findings, KBS made 15 recommendations to help maintain and enhance the biodiversity of FLMR. Among them was a recommendation to conduct periodic surveys to monitor the condition of populations and natural communities and to assess environmental trends.

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In response to that recommendation, in 2002 the FLMR Directorate of Installation Support, Environmental Division, requested a proposal from KSNHI for fieldwork to update the 1997 study. A proposal was prepared and submitted, and an award was made in July 2002.

There were four primary objectives. First, new surveys were conducted to update information concerning floristic and faunistic assemblages, outstanding natural areas, and species protected by federal and state laws. Natural communities identified during the first survey were re- evaluated to document any significant changes in extent, structure, or species composition. Systematic surveys were conducted for protected species known to occur on the installation and several other species that potentially might use habitat there. Second, because some rare species and natural communities are vulnerable to the spread of exotic species, the most serious threats from non-native species (mostly exotic plants) also were identified. Third, based on the cumulative findings, management recommendations were developed to assist resource managers with maintenance of the installation’s biodiversity assets. Fourth, locations of rare species, aggressive exotic species, and outstanding natural community occurrences were mapped using a geographic information system (GIS) and made available to the natural resources staff at FLMR. Field studies were initiated in July 2002 and were completed in November 2003. This report summarizes our work and compares current conditions to those described five years earlier (Freeman et al. 1997).

1.2. DETAILED STUDY OBJECTIVES

Objective 1. Surveys and Assessments of Natural Communities and Rare Species. A primary objective was to update element occurrence records compiled by KSNHI and summarized in Freeman et al. (1997). Natural communities identified previously were revisited to document any significant changes in their distribution, structure, or species composition. Natural community quality grades assigned during the first study were re-evaluated qualitatively with data generated from new field surveys. Additionally, areas of FLMR that were not accessible during the first study (e.g., the farm area) were visited and surveyed for the first time.

Similarly, zoological and botanical surveys were conducted to update data compiled during the first survey. At the request of FLMR personnel, surveys were carried out for one species not investigated during the first survey—the bat (Myotis sodalis). The Indiana bat is a federal endangered species that inhabits cave regions in the eastern . Most of the world’s populations are found in Missouri. The species has not been documented in Kansas. Females disperse to maternity roosts in late spring, and it is at this time that they have the potential to occur on FLMR. Dr. Lynn Robbins, Southwestern Missouri State University, an expert on this species, was contracted to conduct surveys for the bat. Information on other bat species encountered on FLMR was recorded during surveys for the Indiana bat, and this information is presented herein. Populations of the 11 state-rare plants documented on the installation were revisited and assessed. Occurrences for nine of these were updated in the KSNHI database.

Objective 2. Surveys for Exotic Species. More than 40% of the plant species documented on FLMR by Freeman et al. (1997) grow in disturbed habitats. Many of these were introduced

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intentionally or accidentally from or . While many non-native plants rarely persist very long outside of cultivation, some have become naturalized in , and a few have become serious threats to native biodiversity. Freeman et al. (1997) identified Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) as a serious pest in floodplain forests on the installation. More than a dozen non-native, woody species also were listed as potential threats and monitoring of their status was recommended.

As part of this study, we attempted to determine the distribution and abundance of exotic plants that represent the most serious threats to native biodiversity on FLMR. Our initial interested was garlic mustard, Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.), Chinese spindle-tree ( fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.), autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.), Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), and common privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). In addition, sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don), added to the state noxious weed list in 2000, was documented on FLMR during the first survey. Surveys for it were conducted and are summarized.

Objective 3. Data Management. Data about each population of rare plant and animal were entered into KSNHI's databases using standard Heritage methodology. Locations of rare species were mapped onto topographic maps maintained in the KSNHI map file. Natural community occurrences that meet KSNHI database criteria also were mapped and added to the databases. Natural community locations and plant and animal locations were digitized using ArcView GIS software. Attributes describing the species and plant community occurrences were attached to these polygon and point coverages.

Objective 4. Management Recommendations. Preservation of native biological diversity is mandated for Army installations and must be undertaken in ways consistent with military mission. Effective preservation efforts will require that conservation goals are science-based and fully integrated with current and planned military activities, recreational and education programs, and other endeavors. The linchpin of an effective preservation program is a set of sound management recommendations, targeted to specific sites, which can be referenced by natural resource personnel to accomplish well-defined conservation and restoration objectives.

Freeman et al. (1997) offered 15 recommendations intended to maintain and enhance the biodiversity of natural communities documented on FLMR. The recommendations fell into three categories: land management, education and promotion, and additional studies. Based on recent surveys, we have built on these original management recommendations by developing and expanding the management strategies to preserve and enhance the natural features of FLMR. Broadly defined, the objectives of this part of the study were: 1) maintain and enhance high- quality native communities on the installation, 2) improve habitat condition and quality of degraded sites, and 3) identify opportunities to restore other communities and populations. The methods used in planning require several integrated steps including: 1) establishing clear goals and objectives; 2) delineating management units; 3) identifying management issues and concerns; 4) developing recommendations and alternatives for different levels of management; and 5) outlining methods to assess the effectiveness of the plan in meeting objectives.

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The over-arching goal of this aspect of the project was to provide recommendations for maintaining native communities and rare species at FLMR, and enhancing them wherever possible. Resource managers and other personnel may then use this information as guidance to preserve and enhance native biodiversity at FLMR. Although the scope of this project focuses on native biodiversity, other base activities—such as landscaping programs, golf course maintenance, recreation (hunting, fishing, hiking, birding), and infrastructure development—may impinge upon native communities and should be at some point integrated into the planning process.

1.3. STUDY AREA

Freeman et al. (1997) provide a detailed description of the physical setting, history, environment, and biota of FLMR and surrounding areas. The history of the post is not discussed here, but information about the physical setting, environment, and biota is summarized from Freeman et al. (1997) to provide context for the chapters that follow.

The 2,399-ha (5,927-ac) Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation is located in northeast Kansas in eastern Leavenworth County (Figure 1.1). Situated on the north side of the city of Leavenworth, FLMR is roughly 40 km (25 mi) northwest of downtown Kansas City, Kansas. It is the oldest continuously-active Army post west of the Mississippi River. Ft. Leavenworth today is the home of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College within the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (Edgerton 1995). It is considered to be among the finest senior tactical schools in the world for advanced military education.

The Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation lies completely within the Glaciated Region physiographic province of Kansas (Schoewe 1949, Zavesky and Boatright 1977). It encompasses two distinct landscape features: rolling hills and uplands above the Missouri River, and an area of nearly level river floodplain. Elevations range from 232 m msl (760 ft) along the Missouri River at the southeast corner to 329 m msl (1080 ft) at Hancock Hill near the northwest corner.

Slightly more than half of FLMR is situated on rolling hills above the Missouri River. Most upland areas south and east of a line extending from a point where Quarry Creek empties onto the Missouri River floodplain (in the center of the installation) southwest through the National Cemetery and then along Hancock Avenue to its junction with US 73 and KS 7 (at the fort’s southwest entrance) has been developed. This area, which lies mostly between 244–274 m msl (800–900 ft), supports much of the fort’s infrastructure. North and west of this line are a series of forested ridges and valleys.

Most of Sheridan Drive (Figure 1.2) sits atop a prominent, sinuous ridge on the west side of FLMR that is part of the Oread Escarpment (Brumwell 1951). This ridge, which rises to an elevation of 323–329 m msl (1060–1080 ft) and extends from Government Hill in the south to Hancock Hill in the north, separates the major drainage basins of the fort. West of the ridge, streams flow west to Salt Creek, which flows north-northeast and joins Plum Creek 0.8 km (0.5 mi) northwest of the northwest corner of FLMR. Roughly 0.6 km (0.4 mi) northeast of the confluence of these two streams, they join the Missouri River. East of the ridge, streams flow

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east toward the Missouri River. Two intermittent streams drain most of the uplands. Corral Creek drains the southern quarter while Quarry Creek and its tributaries drain interior sections. Between these two creeks is One Mile Creek, an intermittent stream that was dammed to form Merritt and Smith Lakes. Uplands in the northwest corner are drained by a series of short, high- grade, intermittent streams that drop quickly from the bluffs to the Missouri River floodplain.

The remainder of FLMR lies on the broad, flat to gently undulating floodplain of the Missouri River. At FLMR, the floodplain is 4.3 km (2.5 mi) wide and lies on the inside of a large, tight meander. This meander begins on the west side of the floodplain at the northwest corner of the installation. From there, the river arcs eastward to the east side of the floodplain, creating a loop called Weston Bend, and then it swings back to the southwest to the west side of the floodplain near the site of the old Fort Bridge.

The southwest third of the floodplain is surrounded by artificial levees and dominated by open, grassy fields and former crop land around the Sherman Army Airfield. Outside the levees is a mix of floodplain forest and marshy, backwater areas. Most historical drainage patterns in the floodplain were obscured long ago due to human activities.

Brumwell’s (1951) description of the floodplain vegetation in 1939 and 1940 is very similar to the way it appears today. The eastern half of the floodplain supported oak-hickory-pecan forest surrounded by a fringe of cottonwood-sycamore forest. The southwest section of the floodplain was cleared of its forest in the late 1800s. In the north part of the floodplain were numerous oxbow lakes and marshes that filled with water during floods and periods of heavy precipitation. A railroad right-of-way runs the length of the fort at the base of the river bluff.

Uplands on FLMR, which lie along the Oread Escarpment (Brumwell 1951), consist of a mixture of rolling hills and inconspicuous limestone bluffs protruding from thick accumulations of loess or eroded slopes above the Missouri River. The oldest exposed bedrock is limestone and shale of the Douglas, Shawnee, and Lansing Groups of the Pennsylvanian system (Ross 1991). Most upland areas are overlain by unconsolidated till and windblown loess of Pleistocene age. The broad, fan-shaped area of floodplain along the Missouri River is covered by Recent alluvium (Brumwell 1951, Zavesky and Boatright 1977).

Three main soil associations are represented on FLMR (Zavesky and Boatright 1977). The Onawa-Haynie-Eudora association comprises nearly level soils formed in alluvium on floodplains and terraces. These soils are deep, well drained to somewhat poorly drained, nearly level, and have a loamy to clayey surface layer. Soils of this association cover an extensive area of floodplain along the Missouri River near Sherman Army Airfield.

The Gosport-Sogn association includes soils on moderate to steep slopes on uplands. They formed in silty to loamy loess and in material weathered from shale and limestone. These soils are moderately deep, moderately well drained, and have a silty clay subsoil. They cover a fairly narrow area along the ridge extending along the west side of the installation roughly from Hancock Hill south to Wagner Point and Government Hill.

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The Marshall-Sharpsburg association comprises soils on gentle to steep slopes on uplands in loess. These soils are deep, well drained to moderately well drained, and have a silty clay-loam subsoil. This association covers the remainder of the installation and covers the largest area of the three associations.

The climate of FLMR is classified as humid continental and is characterized by warm to hot summers, cold winters, moderate surface winds, maximum precipitation in the warm season, and frequent day-to-day changes in the weather (Zavesky and Boatright 1977). Average precipitation is roughly 89 cm (35 in) per year, 70% of which falls from April through September during evening or early morning showers or thunderstorms (Zavesky and Boatright 1977). Extended periods of below-average precipitation occur at irregular intervals. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the year for the period 1910–1960 were 19.3 C (66.5 F) and 7 C (44.5 F), respectively. The growing season generally lasts 180–185 days, from mid-April through late October (Zavesky and Boatright 1977).

1.4. LAND USE HISTORY AND VEGETATION

Before Euro-Americans settled in eastern Kansas, the landscape of this region was dominated by a mosaic of tallgrass prairie and forest vegetation. Küchler (1974) used historical and recent evidence to map the potential natural vegetation of the state. Upland sites in northeast Kansas were dominated by tall and medium-tall grasses and a rich variety of graminoids and herbaceous plants, broadleaf deciduous forests dominated by and hickories, or a mosaic of these vegetation types. Floodplains comprised a mix of floodplain forests, low prairies, and freshwater marshes. Herbaceous vegetation dominated poorly drained floodplain sites.

In Leavenworth County, Küchler (1974) mapped floodplain vegetation along the Missouri River and large streams, oak-hickory forest on uplands in a 10-km wide band paralleling the Missouri River, and a mosaic of tallgrass prairie and oak-hickory forest in the western and southern parts of the county. On FLMR, only the former two types were mapped.

He described the floodplain vegetation as comprising a mixture of forests, savannas, and freshwater marshes. Floodplain forests were dominated by medium-tall to tall broadleaf tree species and often with a dense understory and many vines. Dominant species included hackberry, cottonwood, American elm, and willow. Characteristic species included mulberry, honey-locust, common sycamore, ash, and maple. Oak-hickory forest on the uplands and steep slopes of valleys consisted of medium-tall deciduous trees dominated by bitter-nut and shag-bark hickory and red, white, and black oak. Secondary species included ash, walnut, ironwood, and common pawpaw.

A detailed review of Public Land Survey records from the mid-1850s has not been conducted to determine the general vegetation patterns in Leavenworth County as they existed 150 years ago. However, anecdotal reports hint at the extent and rate of change in the coverage of natural communities once Euro-Americans began to settle in the area. In the mid-1870s, the Kansas State Board of Agriculture estimated that 90% of the area of the county was prairie and 10% was forest (Kansas State Board of Agriculture 1877). According to the Kansas State Board of

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Agriculture figures (1874), there were 3,890 ha (9,612 ac) of prairie meadow and 4,189 ha (10,352 ac) of prairie pasture in the county in 1873, but none of these acres was in Kickapoo Township, which includes the FLMR. By 1946, the amount of wild (prairie) hay harvested in the county dropped to 1,064 ha (2,630 ac) (Kansas State Board of Agriculture 1948).

Fire and large grazing animals played important roles in the ecology of the North American tallgrass prairie before the arrival of Euro-Americans (Axelrod 1985, Shelford 1963). The suppression of fires formerly caused by lightning or set by Native Americans permitted woody species to spread onto grasslands, gradually shifting the boundary between prairie and forest (Axelrod 1985, Bragg and Hulbert 1976). The elimination of most large, native, grazing animals on the plains before 1900 also affected the vegetation (Shelford 1963).

Forested river valleys were settled quickly because of their accessibility from rivers, reliable water supplies, and the widely held but erroneous belief among Euro-American settlers that only forested land could be farmed successfully (Ware and Smith 1939). Forests provided construction materials, fuel, fertile soil, and abundant wildlife. Associated waterways were foci for transportation and the development of commerce. Forests along the Missouri and Kansas Rivers were cleared for agricultural and urban development, and their banks were stabilized and channels straightened (Bragg and Tatschl 1977). As human populations grew, upland areas gradually were settled and the prairie quickly was plowed to support annual row crops. Most areas that historically supported tallgrass prairie were plowed before the turn of the century.

1.5. PROTECTED AND RARE SPECIES

The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior. The Act provides federal protection for plants and animals listed as endangered or threatened. Previous studies (Freeman et al. 1997) confirmed that one federally-protected species, the bald eagle, is a regular migrant and winter resident on FLMR. Five species of federally protected birds were determined to migrate through the area, but nesting and/or foraging habitat for these species was determined to be limited or absent. They include the Eskimo curlew, least tern, peregrine falcon, piping plover, and whooping crane. No threatened or endangered plant species were found on the installation.

The Kansas Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act (K.S.A. 32-501 through 32- 510) places responsibility for identifying and undertaking conservation measures for threatened and endangered wildlife species with the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks (KDWP). Specifically, the Act requires KDWP to determine which species in Kansas are threatened or endangered because of habitat destruction or alteration, overutilization, disease or predation, inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms, or other natural or anthropogenic factors. It further directs KDWP to undertake conservation efforts for these species, including the establishment of mechanisms to protect the habitats of threatened and endangered species. The Act provides protection for rare and declining animal species but not native Kansas plants. All federal-listed animal species also are state-listed.

The Department also maintains a list of Species in Need of Conservation (SINC). Species on the

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SINC list receive no legal protection from habitat impacts under the Kansas Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act, but they are rare or threatened enough to be monitored by KDWP. In addition, KDWP may offer suggestions about how projects can proceed while minimizing impacts to SINCs.

Previous studies (Freeman et al. 1997) suggested that the white-faced ibis, a state-listed bird, may make infrequent, brief stops at FLMR during migration. Three SINCs also infrequently may use habitat on the installation: black tern, blue sucker, and red-shouldered hawk. The eastern chipmunk, a SINC, is a resident, and three neotropical migratory SINC birds breed on the installation: cerulean warbler, yellow-throated warbler, and whip-poor-will.

One population each of 11 state-rare plants were documented on FLMR (Freeman et al. 1997): white woodland aster, hairy wood-mint, upright shorthusk, Nottoway brome, notchbract waterleaf, American gromwell, hairy sweet-cicely, eastern hooked buttercup, floodplain ragwort, marsh hedge-nettle, and large-flowered bellwort. State-rare animals with no protection status documented on FLMR during that study were broad-winged hawk, Cooper’s hawk, great egret, and ovenbird (Freeman et al. 1997).

1.6. PREVIOUS STUDIES

The purchase of the Territory by the United States from France in 1803 ushered in an exciting period of scientific exploration and study in the American West. Some of the 19th century’s most prominent natural historians and explorers passed through Ft. Leavenworth in the early 1800s, but few recorded their observations of the area. Among the first written records concerning the flora and fauna of the Ft. Leavenworth environs were those made by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their famous expedition to look for a route to the Pacific Ocean in 1804-1806. On 2 July 1804, on their way upstream, they stopped in the vicinity of present-day Leavenworth. From a vantage point, Clark wrote, “The plains of this countrey are covered with a Leek green Grass...Groops of covered with the most delecious froot is to be seen in every derection and have exerted herself to butify the senery by the variety of flours...which strikes & profumes the Sensation.” (Cuttright 1969). On 14 September 1806, on their return trip, they collected the last botanical specimen of the expedition in the vicinity of Leavenworth; a specimen of heart- raccoon-grape (Ampelopsis cordata Michx.) (Coues 1898, Cuttright 1969). The next day, near the mouth of the Kansas River, they stopped to collect pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) (Cuttright 1969), a species common today in floodplain forests in the area.

Another observation pertinent to the natural history to FLMR was made by John James Audubon. On a trip up the Missouri River to collect and observe animals in 1843, he briefly visited Ft. Leavenworth. On 3 May he observed and collected a specimen of Carolina parakeet, Conuropis carolinensis, (Barry 1972, Peterson 1987), a species formerly common in eastern Kansas but that was decimated by the mid-1850s (Anonymous 1966). The bird now is extinct.

The most comprehensive study of the biota and ecology of FLMR prior to studies by KSNHI was conducted by Brumwell (1951). His work, conducted from January 1939 to November 1940,

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examined the status and ecological associations of amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds on the installation. Brumwell (1951) reported 259 vertebrate species on or near Ft. Leavenworth, including 12 amphibians, 36 reptiles, 47 mammals, and 164 birds. He also classified and described six major terrestrial natural communities (associations) on the installation: prairie, buckbrush (Symphoricarpos)-sumac, oak-hickory, cottonwood-elm, sedge-willow, and littoral.

During the past six decades, scientists from the University of Kansas sporadically collected plant and animal specimens on and around FLMR. Most voucher collections are deposited in the research collections of the Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center at the University of Kansas. These collections provide useful baseline information about certain elements of the flora and fauna.

Other studies have examined various aspects of the ecology of the Missouri River basin and have some relevance to FLMR. Weaver (1960) studied the vegetation of the central Missouri valley and contacts of woodland with prairie in this area. The portion of the Missouri River along FLMR was on the fringe of the area covered in his study and received very little mention.

Funk and Robinson (1974) examined changes in the channel of the lower Missouri River between 1879 and 1972. In a 36-mile reach of the river that includes Ft. Leavenworth, they reported a 57% reduction in water surface area. Most islands and chutes were eliminated and river bends were smoothed during the period. The authors also summarized anecdotal reports of changes in wildlife and riparian habitat along the river.

Bragg and Tatschl (1977) examined changes in the vegetation on the lower Missouri River floodplain from 1826 to 1972. Their study focused on the river in the state of Missouri, but many of their observations probably hold true for the length of the river in Kansas. They found that floodplain forest decreased in coverage from 76% in 1826 to 13% in 1972. Cultivated ground increased from 18% to 83% during the same period. These changes occurred coincident with bank stabilization and channelization efforts initiated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Woody species composition in mature floodplain forests evaluated in 1972 was observed to be similar to composition data derived from General Land Office Survey reports from 1826.

Stevens and Dill (1942) and Kramer and Wagenknecht (1957) focused on the habitat and occurrence of the puttyroot orchid, Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr., in Kansas. Both papers reported on occurrences of this perennial forest plant on or near the Missouri River floodplain on FLMR.

Information about reptiles and amphibians was provided in unpublished reports by Simon (1988) and Simon and Dorlac (1990). In the latter study, the authors reported seven species of amphibians and six species of reptiles on FLMR.

Several previous and ongoing studies have focused on the avifauna of FLMR. Zimmerman and Tatschl (1975) examined species diversity and density of birds in floodplain habitats on FLMR. Canopy warblers inhabiting mature bottomland forest were studied by Schukman and Mouras (1992) and Schukman (1966). The Institute for Bird Populations (2003) conducted the MAPS

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(Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship) program on FLMR from 1993–2002. MAPS used point counts and constant-effort mist-netting during the breeding season to study reproductive success and population demography. Four sites, two in upland forest and two in bottomland forest, were studied during the 8-year effort. A checklist of birds of Ft. Leavenworth was produced in 1996, based largely on observations by J. Schukman, C. Hobbs, and others.

In 1990, the Kansas Ornithological Society initiated the Kansas Breeding Bird Atlas (KBBAT) project (Kansas Biological Survey et al. 1992). The project provides basic information about the breeding status of birds throughout Kansas, and data collection began in 1992. For KBBAT, the state was divided into 748 survey blocks, each nine square miles in size. Detailed records of breeding birds were compiled in each block, and one special survey block was located on FLMR. Busby and Zimmerman (2001) summarized the statewide results of the project.

The most comprehensive examination of the ecology and biota of FLMR was carried out by KSNHI from 1995–1997 (Freeman et al. 1997). That study, which provides a baseline for assessment of the condition of natural communities and populations of rare species on the installation, is the foundation of this report. In the chapters that follow, we examine the current conditions on FLMR and compare them to our findings of five years ago (Freeman et al. 1997). Trails and roads are referenced in various chapters of this report using names coined by KBS staff during various studies. Their locations are shown in Figure 1.2.

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NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 11

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CHAPTER 2. NATURAL COMMUNITIES

Hillary Loring Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 [email protected]

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Freeman et al. (1997) documented nine kinds of natural communities on FLMR: four forest types (Maple-Basswood Forest, White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest, Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest, and Pecan-Sugarberry Floodplain Forest); two herbaceous types (Big bluestem-Indian grass Tallgrass Prairie and Bulrush-Cattail Marsh); one sparse vegetation type (Limestone Caprock Butte Sparse Vegetation); and two riverine types (Glaciated Region Headwater and Big River). Their surveys confirmed that FLMR supports several large and globally significant forest remnants. Floodplain forests on the installation were believed to be the largest old-growth stands remaining in the lower Missouri River valley. Upland forests and smaller natural communities associated with them were determined to be regionally important. Collectively, these natural communities were found to provide habitat for nearly two-dozen globally rare or state-rare species and support a rich biota characteristic of the forest-grassland ecotone.

Surveys undertaken in 2003 updated earlier studies by: 1) re-examining the boundaries of the significant community types; 2) gathering additional species composition and cover data to permit more accurate characterization of the community types; and 3) searching for and describing previously unreported, exceptional natural areas on the installation. It should be noted that surveys conducted in 1995–1996 occurred soon after the massive floods of 1993. The disturbance, dispersal, and flood-induced associated with that event likely caused significant and continuing changes in the distribution, composition, and structure of the floodplain forest communities. It was hoped that our follow-up studies would help characterize these changes.

2.2. METHODS

During the 1995–1996 field seasons, vegetation samples were obtained from six upland sites and 14 floodplain sites, all dominated by forest vegetation. Four plots were established at each site for a total of 24 sample plots on the uplands and 56 sample plots in the floodplain. Our hope was to resample each plot in 2003, but many of the plot markers could not be located, apparently having been removed by floods or humans. New plots were established as close as possible to the old plots.

Six upland sites (AA through FF) and 23 floodplain sites (A through W) were sampled (Figure

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 13

2.1). One plot was measured per site (compared to four per site during the 1995–1996 field seasons) except at three floodplain sites, where four plots were measured per site. This yielded a total of 38 plots: 32 in the floodplain, and six on the upland. Sampling procedures described in Freeman et al. (1997) were followed. A 20 x 20 m plot was established at each site. Within each plot, all trees and shrubs greater than 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured and identified to species. Tree saplings less that 5 cm DBH were counted and identified to species. Herbaceous cover was estimated for each species within a 20 x 5 m subplot established within each 20 x 20 m plot.

Following standard Heritage methodology, a letter grade was assigned to each natural community occurrence and species occurrence to summarize its quality, condition, viability, and defensibility. Four grades were used, ranging from A–D. An A-grade was assigned to pristine or relatively undisturbed occurrences, while a D-grade occurrence was severely disturbed but still retained some semblance of its pre-European settlement character. Detailed information typically is gathered only for A- or B-grade community occurrences. Limited data generally are gathered for C-grade occurrences, and D-grade sites rarely receive attention beyond that needed to assign a grade or if they border an area of higher quality. Information about lower quality sites often is useful when attempting to identify buffers for high-quality core areas of nature preserves, links between high-quality sites, restoration projects, and public use areas. C- and D-grade sites sometimes are identified and characterized if the information is deemed potentially useful, but normally they are not added to the Heritage database.

2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Surveys during the 2003 field season involved 228 person-hours of field work (Table 2.1) and confirmed the occurrence of seven types of terrestrial plant communities on FLMR (Table 2.2.). Vegetation samples from 38 plots at 29 sites (Figure 2.1, Table 2.3) were used to characterize the forest communities. Directions (Appendix A) and GPS coordinates (Table 2.3) were recorded for all plots. Natural community nomenclature follows Lauver et al. (1999) and North America (NatureServe 2003). In general, each name reflects the dominant species of a community type and also may contain references to a specific climate, soil type, topography, or other important factor. Plant nomenclature follows Freeman (2003). Survey results are discussed below in the context of specific natural community types.

The seven terrestrial community types currently represented FLMR (Table 2.2) include four forest types, one prairie type, and two sparse vegetation communities. Riverine types, which were examined briefly by Freeman et al. (1997) are not discussed here because no new data were gathered about them. It is likely that other community types existed in the neighborhood of FLMR prior to Euro-American settlement. Brumwell (1951) described the western part of the river floodplain on FLMR as a mosaic of oxbow lakes, sandbars, and various types of marsh communities, mostly dominated by sedges and willows. At that time, spring floods and occasional heavy rains often inundate the northern part of the floodplain. Although many community types may have been lost, FLMR today remains a significant regional refuge for species and natural communities.

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TABLE 2.1. Summary of natural community survey activities on FLMR in 2003. Hours are number of person-hours per survey.

Date Location Hours Personnel Notes 2003-05-30 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 18 forest Noguera A1, A2, A2 2003-06-09 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 18 forest Noguera A4, B1, B3 2003-06-10 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 18 forest Noguera B2, B4, M 2003-06-11 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest Noguera L1, L2 2003-06-12 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest Noguera L3, L4 2003-06-13 Floodplain H. Loring & E. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 17 forest Noguera E, D 2003-08-25 Floodplain H. Loring & J. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 18 forest Delisle F, K, N 2003-09-16 Floodplain H. Loring & J. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 18 forest Delisle G, I, J 2003-09-18 Floodplain H. Loring & T. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest Aschenbach C, H 2003-09-05 Upland H. Loring Collected data on vegetation survey plots 9 forest AA, CC 2003-09-19 Upland H. Loring & T. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest Aschenbach BB, EE 2003-09-10 Upland H. Loring & J. Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest Delisle DD, FF 2003-09-02 Floodplain H. Loring & Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest W.H. Busby O, P, Q, R, S 2003-09-08 Floodplain H. Loring & Collected data on vegetation survey plots 16 forest W.H. Busby T, U, V, W

Forest Communities

Forests are dominated by trees greater than 5 m tall with overlapping crowns, generally forming 60–100% cover (Lauver et al. 1999). Forest communities may occupy upland and floodplain sites. The largest forested areas on FLMR occur in two distinctly different sites: on uplands where topographic relief is the greatest, especially in the north half of the installation, and on the Missouri River floodplain north and east of the Sherman Army Airfield. These forests figure prominently in the long-term maintenance of the biological diversity and the ecological health of FLMR. They provide habitat essential to neotropical migrant birds and many other animals and plants, help maintain water quality, provide corridors for the movement of wildlife, and contribute significantly to the aesthetics of the area.

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TABLE 2.2. Natural communities documented on FLMR. Nomenclature follows Laver et al. (1999). Patterns are: LP = large patch (on subdominant landform features, large but interrupted cover, 8–400 ha), M = matrix (on dominant landform features, large and often uninterrupted, >400 ha), and SP = small patch (on specialized landforms or microhabitats, <1–8 ha). Global codes are from the KSNHI database. See http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm for state-rank definitions.

State Vegetation Classification Global Name Kansas Common Name Pattern Global Code Rank Forest Quercus alba-Carya ovata/Ostrya virginiana White oak-Shagbark Hickory LP CEGL002011 S2 Forest Forest Acer saccharum-Tilia americana-Quercus Maple-Basswood Forest SP CEGL002061 S1S2 rubra/Ostrya virginiana Forest Populus deltoides-Platanus occidentalis Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain LP CEGL002095 S2 Floodplain Forest Forest Carya illinoinensis-Celtis occidentalis Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest SP CEGL002087 S1 Floodplain Forest Herbaceous Andropogon gerardii-Sorghastrum nutans- (Sporobolus heterolepis)-Liatris spp.-Ratibida Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie M CEGL002203 S2 pinnata Herbaceous Vegetation Sparse Vegetation Limestone-Dolostone Midwest Moist Cliff Limestone-Dolostone Midwest N/A CEGL002292 SU Sparse Vegetation Moist Cliff Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation Riverine Sand Flats N/A CEGL002049 SU

FLMR supports high-quality remnants of four types of forests (Figure 2.2). Two occur on the river floodplain: Pecan-Hackberry (Carya illinoinensis-Celtis occidentalis) Floodplain Forest and Cottonwood-Sycamore (Populus deltoids-Platanus occidentalis) Floodplain Forest. High-quality upland forests are mostly of the White oak-Shagbark hickory (Quercus alba-Carya ovata) Forest type, but a small, narrow stand of Maple-Basswood (Acer saccharum-Tilia americana) Forest occurs on the bluffs northwest of Sherman Army Airfield.

Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest. A high-quality Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest occurs in the floodplain east of Sherman Army Airfield. Freeman et al. (1997) described this as Pecan-Sugarberry (Carya illinoinensis-Celtis laevigata) Floodplain Forest. However, plot data reveal that common hackberry, and not sugarberry (Celtis laevigata Willd.), is a co-dominant species. Sugarberry is present but rare. It did not occur in any of the 2003 vegetation plots. Lauver et al. (1999) changed the name based on data presented by Freeman et al. (1997). Mature to old-growth pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) and common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) are dominant trees (Table 2.4). Co-dominants are, in descending order of basal area, common sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), boxelder (Acer negundo L.), and green ash ( pennsylvanica Marshall) (Table 2.4). Forest quality ranges from A–C. No other high- quality remnants of Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest have been documented in Kansas.

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TABLE 2.3. Locations of vegetation plots and community types in which they occur.

Plot # Latitude Longitude Community Type A1 39.38280 N 94.89471 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest A2 39.38299 N 94.89440 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest A3 39.38282 N 94.89417 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest A4 39.38253 N 94.89447 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest B1 39.38557 N 94.89910 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest B2 39.38566 N 94.89813 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest B3 39.38547 N 94.89888 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest B4 39.38538 N 94.89883 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest C 39.36872 N 94.88852 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest D 39.37718 N 94.88948 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest E 39.38174 N 94.88783 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest F 39.38651 N 94.89428 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest G 39.37805 N 94.88773 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest H 39.37750 N 94.88320 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest I 39.37945 N 94.88964 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest J 39.36643 N 94.89248 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest K 39.38820 N 94.88701 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest L1 39.39095 N 94.89393 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest L2 39.39114 N 94.89355 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest L3 39.39095 N 94.89331 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest L4 39.39079 N 94.89365 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest M 39.38952 N 94.89716 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest N 39.38926 N 94.89079 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest O 39.37255 N 94.90057 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest P 39.37241 N 94.89834 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest Q 39.37522 N 94.89781 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest R 39.37468 N 94.90266 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest S 39.37490 N 94.90154 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest T 39.37296 N 94.89406 W Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest U 39.37860 N 94.90697 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest V 39.38023 N 94.90688 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest W 39.37969 N 94.91080 W Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest AA 39.35463 N 94.93615 W White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest BB 39.36961 N 94.93415 W White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest CC 39.35297 N 94.93610 W White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest DD 39.36179 N 94.93494 W White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest EE 39.36742 N 94.93317 W White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest FF 39.38149 N 94.93571 W Maple-Basswood Forest

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Although the age and detailed management history of this floodplain forest has not been determined, it seems likely that the shape and location of the river meander in which it is located have changed even in recent history. However, the journals of Lewis and Clark noted the presence of a woodland and an abundance of pecan trees in the area of present-day Leavenworth (Pavri et al. 2003), suggesting that Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest has been a part of the mosaic of floodplain communities in the vicinity of FLMR for at least 200 years.

TABLE 2.4. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

1995-‘96 2003 1995-‘96 2003 Basal Basal Species Common Name Saplings Saplings Area Area (n = 24) (n = 12) (n = 24) (n = 12) Acer negundo boxelder 62.5 1184.2 253.7 1608.6 Ampelopsis cordata heart-leaf raccoon-grape 0.4 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 32.4 5.5 22.7 Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory 17.1 Carya illinoinensis pecan 3811.8 5702.8 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry <0.1 1552.2 7.6 1797.9 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood 0.3 2.2 4.9 12.7 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash <0.1 719.5 51.2 1339.7 Gleditsia triacanthos common honey-locust 615.9 3.1 23.0 Gymnocladus dioicus coffeetree <0.1 209.8 Juglans nigra black walnut 48.1 Morus alba white mulberry 96.9 Morus rubra red mulberry 542.6 680.7 Parthenocissus quinquefolia creeper 4.5 11.4 2.7 Platanus occidentalis common sycamore 2528.5 1724.7 Populus deltoides plains cottonwood 93.3 Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 244.2 292.0 tamnoides bristly greenbrier 5.9 Tilia americana American basswood 134.0 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 0.4 2.4 Ulmus americana American elm 2.0 1956.2 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 3.4 136.6 Vinca minor common periwinkle <0.1 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.6 1.8 13.6 Standing dead 0.2 523.5 Total 70.3 13637.8 351.5 13032.3

The herbaceous layer (Table 2.5) currently is dominated by Canadian wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd.), Gray’s sedge (Carex grayi Carey), and Virginia wild-rye (Elymus virginicus L.). Canadian wood-nettle was a minor component of the community in 1995–1996 field seasons but now forms almost pure stands throughout much of the floodplain. In the 1995– 1996 field season the herbaceous layer was dominated by boxelder seedlings, three sedge species,

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green ash seedlings, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seedlings. Tree seedlings have since grown into thickets of young saplings, which in many instances shade out most herbaceous cover. While no pecan saplings were recorded in plots either during the 1995–1996 or 2003 field seasons, younger pecan trees do occur in areas southwest of the older forest. Thus, it appears some recruitment of this co-dominant may be occurring. It is not clear if the dramatic increase in the amount of bare ground in 2003 as compared to the 1995–1996 field seasons was the result of phenological differences, recent drought conditions that affected the survival of understory species, or some other factor. It was observed in all forest types.

TABLE 2.5. Average cover (%) of understory species in the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Total average covers are approximate due to rounding.

1995-‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 24) (n = 12) Acalypha virginica Virginia copperleaf 0.2 Acer negundo boxelder 14.6 Acer saccharinum silver maple 4.2 Agastache nepetoides catnip giant-hyssop 0.3 Ageratina altissima tall snakeroot <0.1 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 0.3 Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed <0.1 5.0 Ampelopsis cordata heart-leaf raccoon-grape <0.1 Amphicarpaea bracteata American hog-peanut <0.1 Anemone canadensis Canadian anemone 0.2 Aplectrum hyemale puttyroot <0.1 <0.1 Apocynum cannabinum hemp dogbane <0.1 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit <0.1 Asarum canadense Canadian wild-ginger <0.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw <0.1 Aster praealtus willow-leaf aster <0.1 <0.1 Bidens comosus leafy-bract beggar-ticks <0.1 Bidens frondosus devil’s beggar-ticks 0.2 Boehmeria cylindrica small-spike false-nettle 0.3 0.8 Campsis radicans trumpet creeper 0.4 Carex blanda woodland sedge 3.2 0.2 Carex conjuncta soft sedge 2.8 Carex davisii Davis’ sedge 0.8 Carex frankii Frank’s sedge 8.3 Carex grisea narrow-leaf sedge 3.3 2.5 Carex gravida heavy sedge 8.5 Carex grayi Gray’s sedge 11.9 13.4 Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge 2.9 0.9 Carex sp. sedge 3.0 Carex jamesii James’ sedge 2.3 Carex laeviconica smooth-cone sedge <0.1 Carex sparganioides bur-reed sedge <0.1 Carex tribuloides festival sedge 0.6 Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge 2.2

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 19

1995-‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 24) (n = 12) Carya illinoinensis pecan <0.1 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 0.4 Chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil 0.3 Chenopodium berlandieri pit-seed goosefoot 0.1 0.3 Chenopodium simplex maple-leaf goosefoot 0.3 Cinna arundinacea eastern wood-reed 1.3 Cirsium altissimum tall thistle <0.2 Conyza canadensis tall horseweed <0.1 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood <0.1 <0.1 Corydalis flavula pale fumewort 0.3 0.5 Cynanchum laeve smooth swallow-wort <0.1 Cyperus squarrosus awned flat-sedge 1.7 Ellisia nyctelea water-pod 0.2 <0.1 Elymus virginicus Virginia wild-rye 1.3 13.4 Erechtites hieracifolia American burnweed <0.1 Equisetum hyemale common scouring-rush 1.2 Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue <0.1 0.6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 4.2 Galium aparine catch-weed bedstraw 0.9 4.3 Geum canadense white avens <0.1 0.2 Gleditsia triacanthos common honey-locust <0.1 Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee-tree <0.1 Hackelia virginiana Virginia bracted-stickseed <0.1 Impatiens capensis spotted touch-me-not 0.7 <0.1 Ipomoea lacunosa white morning-glory <0.1 <0.1 Juglans nigra black walnut <0.1 Laportea canadensis Canadian wood-nettle 0.5 25.1 Lolium pratensis meadow rye grass 2.1 <0.1 Lycopus americanus American bugleweed <0.1 Melilotus albus white sweet-clover <0.1 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed <0.1 <0.1 Morus alba white mulberry <0.1 Morus rubra red mulberry <0.1 Osmorhiza longistylis long-style sweet-cicely <0.1 0.2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 0.4 1.3 Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass <0.1 <0.1 Phytolacca americana American pokeweed 0.2 0.2 Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 0.5 Platanus occidentalis common sycamore 0.2 Poa sylvestris woodland blue grass 0.2 0.7 amphibium swamp smartweed <0.1 Polygonum cespitosum Asian smartweed <0.1 Polygonum convolvulus dull-seed cornbind <0.1 Polygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvania smartweed <0.1 Polygonum scandens hedge cornbind <0.1 Polygonum virginianum jumpseed <0.1 Populus deltoides plains cottonwood 1.21 Potentilla norvegica Norwegian cinquefoil <0.1 Quercus macrocarpa bur oak <0.1 Ranunculus abortivus littleleaf buttercup <0.1

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 20

1995-‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 24) (n = 12) Rosa multiflora multiflora rose <0.1 0.2 Rubus sp. blackberry <0.1 Rumex altissimus pale dock <0.1 Rumex sp. dock <0.1 Scrophularia marilandica Maryland figwort <0.1 <0.1 Sicyos angulatus wall bur-cucumber <0.1 Silphium perfoliatum cup plant <0.1 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.3 0.7 Solanum ptycanthum black nightshade 0.2 <0.1 Solidago gigantea late goldenrod 0.3 0.5 sp. goldenrod 0.2 Sphenopholis intermedia slender wedge grass <0.1 Stachys tenuifolia slender-leaf marsh-nettle <0.1 Stellaria media common chickweed 0.2 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry <0.1 1.0 Taraxacum officinale common dandelion <0.1 <0.1 Teuchrium canadense American germander 0.2 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 0.4 1.0 Ulmus americana American elm 0.3 Urtica dioica American stinging nettle <0.1 1.0 Verbena urticifolia nettle-leaf vervain <0.1 <0.1 Vinca minor common periwinkle <0.1 Viola sororia downy blue violet <0.1 0.3 Viola pubescens downy yellow violet <0.1 Vitis cinerea gray-bark grape <0.1 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.3 0.4 Bare ground 25.7 Total average cover 83.3 108.2

Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest. The Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest comprises two successional stands. A mature to old-growth stand occurs at the east end of the floodplain, while an early to mid-successional stand occupies the west and northwest end of the floodplain. Plot data from these stands are consistent with the findings of Bragg and Tatschl (1977) and confirm that plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw.) is dominant, having the greatest average basal area (Table 2.6, 2.7). Other common trees are common sycamore, boxelder, red mulberry (Morus rubra L.), and green ash. Recruitment of cottonwoods was low in the early to mid-successional stand, and no cottonwood saplings were observed in the mature to old-growth stand. The understories of both successional stands of the Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forests are dominated by common scouring-rush (Equisetum hyemale L.), Canadian wood-nettle, and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) (Table 2.8, Table 2.9). A number of species occur in both successional stands. Some, including catch-weed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) and the non-native garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande), are indicative of disturbance caused by periodic floods that inundate sites with standing water for extended periods. Collectively, the Cottonwood-Sycamore and Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forests represent what is believed to be the largest, old growth floodplain forest along the lower Missouri River.

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 21

A visual analysis of the floodplain forests seemed to indicate significant changes, possibly resulting from the 1993 flood. However, plot data analyzed by analysis of variance did not reveal statistically significant differences between cover data gathered in 1995–1996 and 2003. We believe this is due to the inherent stability of dominant trees in mature forest communities and unavoidable methodological inconsistencies, which made comparisons of the two data sets difficult. A floodplain forest tolerates and thrives under a regime of occasional flooding, siltation, and erosion. In terms of basal area, it appears that a natural variability in tree size and number of trees from plot to plot affected the statistical analysis. The presence or absence of a single massive tree within randomly located plots can dramatically affect measurements in a 20 x 20 m plot. Differences in species cover and composition might be tracked more easily with a larger number of samples obtained from permanent plots.

Grades assigned to this forest type on FLMR range from A-C. Eleven high-quality occurrences of Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest have been documented in Kansas by KSNHI, most along the Republican River in the north-central part of the state. The occurrence on FLMR is the only one documented along the Missouri River in Kansas.

TABLE 2.6. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the mature to old-growth Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995– 1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 1995–‘96 2003 2003 Genus Species Common Name Saplings Basal Area Saplings Basal Area (n = 16) (n = 16) (n = 4) (n = 4) Acer negundo boxelder 0.3 2622.3 10.2 2014.3 Acer saccharinum silver maple 70.1 172.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 0.4 32.2 1.1 17.9 Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory 4.5 Carya illinoinensis pecan 1.8 <0.1 60.0 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 0.3 215.5 <0.1 154.5 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood 0.3 2.7 0.5 13.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 170.1 10.4 705.6 Juglans nigra black walnut 20.4 Morus alba white mulberry 22.3 Morus rubra red mulberry 985.1 0.3 1364.0 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 5.3 Platanus occidentalis common sycamore 691.5 1662.2 Populus deltoides plains cottonwood 11200.8 16335.8 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 1.4 Ulmus americana American elm <0.1 1260.9 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 822.3 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 1.6 0.2 49.3 Standing dead 527.8 Total 9.6 17300.2 22.7 23898.8 TABLE 2.7. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the early to mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 22

rounding.

1995–‘96 1995–‘96 2003 2003 Genus Species Common Name Saplings Basal Area Saplings Basal Area (n = 12) (n = 12) (n = 16) (n = 16) Acer negundo boxelder 0.2 1989.7 159.3 1457.5 Acer saccharinum silver maple 0.7 70.0 0.3 Ampelopsis cordata raccoon grape 0.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 0.2 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 10.2 21.4 387.2 Cephalanthus occidentalis common buttonbush <0.1 <0.1 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 0.2 1381.5 57.4 30.5 Gleditsia triacanthos common honey-locust 0.2 10.9 Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffeetree 32.3 Humulus japonicus Japanese hop 0.3 Juglans nigra black walnut <0.1 23.3 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed 0.1 Morus rubra red mulberry 1713.0 1.4 282.1 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 1.6 1.7 Platanus occidentalis common sycamore 840.9 <0.1 601.5 Populus deltoides plains cottonwood <0.1 5566.4 <0.1 3,454.6 Salix amygdaloides peach-leaf willow 1491.4 0.2 65.0 Salix exigua sandbar willow <0.1 11.0 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.9 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 0.3 1.8 3.1 Ulmus americana American elm 0.2 981.3 122.1 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 31.4 243.8 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.8 1.8 80.6 Standing dead 0.3 619.0 Total 4.0 14067.7 278.8 7401.2

TABLE 2.8. Average cover (%) of understory species in the old-growth Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Total average covers are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 16) (n = 4) Acalypha virginica Virginia copperleaf 0.13 Acer negundo boxelder 2.2 0.25 Acer saccharinum silver maple 0.2 0.13 Agastache nepetoides catnip giant-hyssop 0.2 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 0.6 0.25 Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed 0.4 Anemone canadensis Canadian anemone <0.1 Apocynum cannabinum hemp dogbane <0.1 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit 0.1 Asarum canadense Canadian wild-ginger <0.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 0.7 Aster praealtus willow-leaf aster 0.7 Bidens comosus leafy- beggar-ticks <0.1 Boehmeria cylindrica small-spike false-nettle 2.5

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 23

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 16) (n = 4) Carex frankii Frank’s sedge 0.13 Carex grisea narrow-leaf sedge <0.1 Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge 0.3 0.13 Carex oligocarpa straight- sedge 3.0 0.25 Carex sp. sedge 0.2 Carex sparganioides bur-reed sedge <0.1 Carex vulpinoidea fox-sedge <0.1 Carya illinoinensis pecan <0.1 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry <0.1 Chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil 0.4 Chenopodium berlandieri pit-seed goosefoot 18.3 Cinna arundinacea eastern wood-reed <0.1 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood <0.1 Corydalis flavula yellow fumewort 0.1 squarrosus awned flat-sedge 0.2 Elymus virginicus Virginia wild-rye <0.1 Equisetum hyemale common scouring-rush 40.3 68.5 Erigeron annuus annual fleabane 0.2 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 0.2 Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue 2.0 0.3 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 0.7 0.3 Galium aparine catch-weed bedstraw 39.5 2.4 Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee-tree <0.1 Humulus japonicus Japanese hop 0.3 0.5 Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf 0.2 Impatiens capensis spotted touch-me-not 8.5 Ipomoea lacunosa white morning-glory 11.6 Lactuca floridana lettuce <0.1 Laportea canadensis Canadian wood-nettle 4.0 9.8 Lindernia dubia yellow false-pimpernel <0.1 Lolium pratensis meadow rye grass <0.1 Phyla lanceolata northern fogfruit <0.1 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed <0.1 Morus rubra red mulberry 0.3 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 1.2 1.0 Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass 0.2 7.5 Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 0.1 Platanus occidentalis common sycamore <0.1 Poa sylvestris woodland blue grass 0.5 0.1 Polygonum convolvulus dull-seed cornbind <0.1 Polygonum scandens hedge cornbind <0.1 0.1 Polygonum sp. smartweed <0.1 Potentilla norvegica Norwegian cinquefoil <0.1 Rosa multiflora multiflora rose <0.1 Rumex altissimus pale dock <0.1 Rumex sp. dock <0.1 Salix amygdaloides peach-leaf willow <0.1 Sambucus canadensis American elderberry <0.1 Sicyos angulatus wall bur-cucumber 0.1 0.3 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.2 0.3

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 24

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 16) (n = 4) Solanum ptycanthum black nightshade <0.1 0.1 Solidago gigantea late goldenrod <0.1 Solidago sp. goldenrod <0.1 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry <0.1 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 1.0 0.13 Ulmus americana American elm 0.3 0.13 Urtica dioica American stinging nettle 5.5 Verbena urticifolia nettle-leaf vervain 0.6 Viola pratincola meadow violet <0.1 Viola pubescens downy yellow violet <0.1 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.5 2.8 Bare ground 22.5 Total average cover 117.9 116.9

TABLE 2.9. Average cover (%) of understory species in the early to mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Total average covers are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 12) (n = 16) Acalypha virginica Virginia copperleaf <0.1 Acer negundo boxelder 84.7 0.6 Acer saccharinum silver maple 2.5 Ageratina altissima tall snakeroot <0.1 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 10.3 2.5 Ambrosia trifida giant ragweed 0.2 11.2 Ampelopsis cordata heart-leaf raccoon-grape <0.1 Anemone canadensis Canadian anemone <0.1 Apocynum cannabinum hemp dogbane <0.1 Asarum canadense Canadian wild-ginger <0.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw <0.1 Aster ontarionis Ontario aster <0.1 Aster praealtus willow-leaf aster <0.1 Aster lanceolata lance-leaf aster <0.1 Bidens frondosus devil’s beggar-ticks <0.1 Boehmeria cylindrica small-spike false-nettle 0.2 2.5 Carex blanda woodland sedge 0.3 Carex conjuncta soft sedge 0.4 Carex grayi Gray’s sedge 1.0 Carex grisea narrow-leaf sedge 0.2 1.7 Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge 3.8 0.5 Carex jamesii James’ sedge <0.1 Carex sp. sedge <0.1 Carex sparganioides bur-reed sedge 0.2 Carex tribuloides festival sedge 1.6 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry <0.1 Chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil <0.1 Chamaecrista fasciculata showy partridgepea <0.1

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 25

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 12) (n = 16) Chenopodium berlandieri pit-seed goosefoot <0.1 1.0 Chenopodium simplex maple-leaf goosefoot <0.1 Cinna arundinacea eastern wood-reed 1.7 Cirsium altissimum tall thistle <0.1 Conyza canadensis Canadian horseweed <0.1 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood <0.1 Corydalis flavula yellow fumewort 2.3 0.3 Cynanchum laeve smooth swallow-wort <0.1 Dipsacus laciniatus cut-leaf teasel <0.1 Duchesnea indica Indian mock-strawberry <0.1 Ellisia nyctelea water-pod <0.1 Elymus virginicus Virginia wild-rye 0.4 1.0 Equisetum hyemale common scouring-rush 16.5 Erechtites hieracifolia American burnweed <0.1 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane <0.1 Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue <0.1 0.1 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 0.3 <0.1 Galium aparine catch-weed bedstraw <0.1 2.9 Geum canadense white avens 0.2 Gleditsia triacanthos common honey-locust 3.8 Hackelia virginiana Virginia bracted-stickseed <0.1 Helianthus annuus common sunflower <0.1 Humulus japonicus Japanese hop 0.5 Impatiens capensis spotted touch-me-not 15.5 0.5 Lactuca floridana Florida lettuce <0.1 <0.1 Lamium amplexicaule hen-bit dead-nettle 1.3 Laportea canadensis Canadian wood-nettle 12.7 Lindernia dubia yellow false-pimpernel <0.1 Lycopus americanus American bugleweed 0.5 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed <0.1 Morus rubra red mulberry 0.2 Muhlenbergia bushii Bush’s muhly <0.1 Oenothera biennis common evening-primrose <0.1 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 0.3 1.2 Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass 0.2 11.5 Phyla lanceolata northern fogfruit <0.1 Phytolacca americana American pokeweed 0.2 Poa sylvestris woodland blue grass 0.2 0.2 Polygonum amphibium swamp smartweed 0.6 Polygonum convolvulus dull-seed cornbind 0.8 Polygonum scandens hedge cornbind <0.1 Polygonum virginianum jumpseed <0.1 Populus deltoides plains cottonwood <0.1 <0.1 Potentilla norvegica Norwegian cinquefoil 0.1 Rosa multiflora multiflora rose <0.1 Rumex altissimus pale dock <0.1 <0.1 Rumex sp. dock <0.1 Sambucus canadensis American elderberry <0.1 <0.1 Sicyos angulatus wall bur-cucumber <0.1 <0.1 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.2

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 26

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 12) (n = 16) Solanum carolinense Carolina horse nettle <0.1 Solanum pytcanthum black nightshade <0.1 Solidago gigantea late goldenrod <0.1 <0.1 Stachys tenuifolia slender-leaf marsh-nettle <0.1 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry 1.3 <0.1 Taraxacum officinale common dandelion <0.1 Teuchrium canadense American germander 0.2 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 1.1 0.6 Ulmus americana American elm 0.3 Urtica dioica American stinging nettle 6.5 3.2 Viola sororia downy blue violet 0.2 Vitis cinerea gray-bark grape <0.1 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.3 0.3 Bare ground 37.2 Total average cover 149.2 113.6

White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest. White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest is well represented on FLMR; however, many areas visited in 2003 were moderately to severely disturbed, did not meet minimum size requirements for inclusion in the KSNHI database, or both. The stand recognized by Freeman et al. (1997) was determined to be of sufficient size and condition to be maintained as an occurrence. This approximately 202 ha (500 ac) tract, situated on the Oread Escarpment, occupies an area roughly bounded by a line extending from the northwest corner of the installation, south to Government Hill, northeast to Quarry Creek, and northwest along a line that parallels the top of the bluffs along the Missouri River. Aber et al. (2002) described the upland forest of FLMR as mature vegetation that has existed for 150–200 years. Mature oak- hickory forests typically contain a large number of mixed hardwood species. Plot data indicate this stand has high tree species richness, including American basswood (Tilia americana L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), chinquapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.), black oak (Q. velutina Lam.), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.), shag-bark hickory (Carya ovata (Mill) K. Koch), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), bitter-nut hickory (C. cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), green ash, northern red oak (Q. rubra L.), and common hackberry (Table 2.10). Recruitment in the upland forests seems healthy and constant. Numerous oak, hickory, and other sapling species were observed in plots. As would be expected, the understory, with 129 species (Table 2.11), has greater species richness than does the floodplain forests. Dominant understory species include Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.), large- tick-clover (Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.W. Wood), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze), and nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev). KSNHI has recorded 14 occurrences of White oak- Shagbark hickory Forest in eastern Kansas. TABLE 2.10. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 27

1995–’96 1995–’96 2003 2003 Genus Species Common Name Saplings Saplings Saplings Saplings (n = 20) (n = 20) (n = 5) (n = 5) Acer saccharum sugar maple 24.3 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 10.4 30.7 35.8 Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory 2.5 430.2 13.0 183.3 Carya laciniosa king-nut hickory <0.1 41.5 Carya ovata shag-bark hickory 0.1 527.9 1.6 307.0 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 1.8 424.4 4.0 291.5 Cercis canadensis eastern redbud 1.1 157.6 1.8 30.5 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood 4.0 5.7 7.6 Corylus americana American hazelnut 1.1 15.5 26.0 Euonymus atropurpurea eastern wahoo 0.6 Fraxinus americana white ash 0.4 27.6 2.0 596.9 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 1.3 461.2 1.2 264.1 Juglans nigra black walnut 195.9 Juniperus virginiana eastern red-cedar 0.1 0.8 Morus rubra red mulberry 1.1 601.8 0.4 51.7 Ostrya virginiana American hop-hornbeam 1.3 60.3 9.2 52.7 serotina black cherry <0.1 66.7 90.5 Prunus virginiana choke cherry 0.2 Quercus alba white oak 0.2 1143.3 2857.3 Quercus borealis northern red oak 0.5 1294.7 0.6 150.0 Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 0.1 817.5 0.2 732.0 Quercus muehlenbergii chinquapin oak 0.2 21.6 2.8 893.2 black oak 5.6 829.2 trifoliata American bladdernut 3.2 1.2 Tilia americana American basswood 0.4 1306.3 0.6 2634.4 Ulmus americana American elm 6.0 632.3 6.0 238.7 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 0.4 166.6 59.0 769.3 Vitis riparia riverbank grape 0.6 30.3 Standing dead 5.4 848.5 Total 36.2 8453.6 186.2 11851.1

TABLE 2.11. Average cover (%) of understory species in the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 20) (n = 5) Adiantum pedatum northern maiden-hair 0.2 0.1 Ageratina altissima tall snakeroot 1.0 Agrimonia parviflora small-flower agrimony 0.1 Agrimonia pubescens downy agrimony 0.2 0.1 Agrostis perennans autumn bent grass 0.2 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 0.1 0.3 Amphicarpaea bracteata American hog-peanut 1.5 0.2 Anemone canadensis Canadian anemone <0.1 Anemone virginiana tall anemone 0.1

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 28

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 20) (n = 5) Aplectrum hyemale puttyroot 0.1 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit <0.1 Arnoglossum atriplicifolium pale Indian-plantain <0.1 Asarum canadense Canadian wild-ginger 1.1 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 3.5 0.2 Aster drummondii Drummond’s aster 0.5 Aster ontarionis Ontario aster <0.1 Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry 0.1 0.2 Botrychium dissectum dissected grape fern 0.1 Botrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern <0.1 Brachyelytrum erectum upright shorthusk 0.4 Bromus pubescens Canadian brome 0.2 0.3 Campanula americana American bellflower <0.1 Cardamine concatenata cutleaf toothwort <0.1 Carex grisea narrow-leaf sedge 0.4 Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge 0.1 Carex oligocarpa sedge <0.1 0.2 Carex sp. sedge 3.4 0.1 Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory 2.9 0.8 Carya ovata shag-bark hickory <0.1 Celastrus scandens American bittersweet <0.1 0.1 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 0.3 2.6 Cercis canadensis eastern redbud 0.4 1.4 Chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil <0.1 Cinna arundinacea eastern wood-reed 1.3 0.1 Circaea lutetiana northern enchanter’s-nightshade 0.5 Cornus drummondii rough-leaf dogwood 1.4 0.4 Corylus americana American hazelnut 4.7 Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort <0.1 Cystopteris protrusa southern bladder fern 0.3 0.2 Desmodium glutinosum large-flower tick-clover 11.5 7.6 Desmodium paniculatum panicled tick-clover <0.1 Diarrhena obovata American beakgrain 4.6 0.2 Dichanthelium latifolium broad-leaf dichanthelium 0.2 Duchesnea indica Indian mock-strawberry 0.1 Elymus villosus hairy wild-rye 1.1 0.3 Erythronium albidum white fawn-lily <0.0 Euonymus atropurpureus eastern wahoo 0.1 Euonymus fortunei Chinese spindle-tree <0.1 0.2 Eupatorium purpureum Holzinger’s joe-pye-weed <0.1 0.2 Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue 5.0 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 0.1 Fraxinus americana white ash 0.1 1.6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 0.4 Galearis spectabilis showy orchis <0.1 Galium aparine catch-weed bedstraw 0.7 Galium circaezans forest bedstraw 0.3 0.3 Galium concinnum shinning bedstraw 1.0 1.4 Geum canadense white avens 1.0 1.5 Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee-tree 0.3

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1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 20) (n = 5) Hackelia virginiana Virginia bracted-stickseed <0.1 0.1 Helianthus hirsutus hairy sunflower 0.1 0.4 Humulus japonicus Japanese hop 0.2 Impatiens pallida pale touch-me-not 0.7 Juniperus virginiana eastern red-cedar <0.1 Lactuca floridana Florida lettuce 0.2 Laportea canadensis Canadian wood-nettle 11.1 0.2 Leersia virginica white grass 0.1 Lespedeza violacea prairie bush-clover 0.1 Ligustrum vulgare common privet 0.1 Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle <0.1 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed 0.7 0.5 Monotropa uniflora one-flower Indian-pipe <0.1 Morus rubra red mulberry 0.1 Muehlenbergia mexicana Mexican wire-stem muhly 2.7 0.2 Muehlenbergia sobolifera rock muhly 2.0 Muehlenbergia sylvatica forest muhly <0.1 Osmorhiza longistylis long-style sweet-cicely 0.5 Ostrya virginiana American hop-hornbeam <0.1 Oxalis dillenii gray-green wood-sorrel <0.1 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 2.4 10.0 Perilla frutescens common perilla 0.1 Phlox divaricata sweet-Wiliam phlox 0.8 0.3 Phryma leptostachya American lopseed 0.3 0.1 Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 4.7 Poa sylvestris woodland blue grass 0.8 Podophyllum peltatum May-apple <0.1 Polygonatum biflorum small Solomon’s-seal <0.1 0.1 Polygonum scandens hedge cornbind <0.1 0.1 Polygonum virginianum jumpseed <0.1 0.5 Prunus serotina black cherry <0.1 Prunus virginiana choke cherry <0.1 Quercus alba white oak 2.6 0.5 Quercus borealis northern red oak 0.3 0.1 Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 0.2 Quercus muehlenbergii chinquapin oak 0.1 Quercus velutina black oak 0.1 Ranunculus abortivus early wood buttercup <0.1 Ribes missouriense Missouri gooseberry <0.1 0.3 Rosa multiflora multiflora rose 0.1 0.1 Rosa setigera prairie rose 0.1 0.2 Rubus occidentalis black raspberry 0.1 Rubus sp. blackberry 0.3 0.1 Ruellia strepens limestone ruellia 0.2 Sambucus canadensis American elderberry 0.2 Sanicula odorata fragrant sanicle 33.8 1.1 Smilax lasioneura Blue Ridge greenbrier 0.4 0.2 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.7 0.5 Solidago gigantea late goldenrod 0.1 Solidago ulmifolia elm-leaf goldenrod 0.9 0.2

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1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 20) (n = 5) Staphylea trifolia American bladdernut 3.6 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry 1.6 2.9 Thalictrum dasycarpum purple meadow-rue 0.1 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 1.5 6.5 Tridens flavus purpletop 0.1 Triosteum perfoliatum clasping horse-gentian 0.6 Ulmus americana American elm 2.3 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 0.2 1.8 Urtica dioica American stinging nettle 0.1 Uvularia grandiflora large-flower bellwort 0.2 0.1 Verbesina alternifolia wing-stem crownbeard <0.1 0.1 Viburnum prunifolium black-haw viburnum <0.1 Viola pubescens downy yellow violet <0.1 Viola sororia downy blue violet <0.1 Vitis cinerea gray-bark grape 0.3 0.3 Zanthoxylum americanum common prickly-ash <0.1 0.6 Zizia aurea common golden-alexanders <0.1 Bare ground 55.4 Total 120.7 113.5

Maple-Basswood Forest. A small but high-quality stand of Maple-Basswood Forest occurs on the bluffs northwest of Sherman Army Airfield. It was recognized in Freeman et al. (1997). Dominant overstory trees in this 19-ha (46-ac) tract are sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), American basswood, and northern red oak (Table 2.12). Common pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) is a major sapling component. No maple seedlings were recorded in plots, but many young trees were observed in the vicinity. Common understory species are Canadian wood-nettle and American bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia L.) (Table 2.13). This tract extends discontinuously along the steepest slopes of the Missouri River bluffs from the northwest corner to the southeast corner of the installation. Another small stand of Maple-Basswood Forest is on a steep slope north of the Fort de Cavagnial site. The smaller remnants have been moderately to severely degraded either by fragmentation or invasion by exotic plants, especially Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.) and garlic mustard. They were excluded from the occurrence boundaries because of their lower quality. The FLMR Maple-Basswood Forest remains the lone occurrence in the KSNHI database, but other unsurveyed remnants occur along the Missouri River bluffs from Kansas City north to the border.

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TABLE 2.12. Average basal area (cm2 /400 m2) and sapling count (number/400 m2) of overstory trees and vines in the Maple-Basswood Forest in 1995–1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 1995–‘96 2003 2003 Genus Species Common Name Saplings Basal Area Saplings Basal Area (n = 4) (n = 4) (n = 1) (n = 1) Acer saccharum sugar maple 6.3 3624.1 3319.9 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 14.8 13.0 350.0 44.7 Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory 0.3 156.8 2287.1 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 0.5 456.2 5.0 Cercis canadensis eastern redbud 5.1 Juglans nigra black walnut 1066.5 Morus rubra red mulberry 0.8 319.4 Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 1385.4 Quercus muehlenbergii chinquapin oak 5182.6 Quercus rubra northern red oak 4500.9 7598.1 Tilia americana American basswood 4446.5 274.2 Ulmus americana American elm 0.3 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 20.0 Standing dead 61.9 Total 23.0 15973.9 375.0 18768.5

TABLE 2.13. Average cover (%) of understory species in the Maple-Basswood Forest in 1995– 1996 and 2003. Empty cell indicates species not recorded. Totals are approximate due to rounding.

1995–‘96 2003 Genus Species Common Name Cover (%) Cover (%) (n = 4) (n = 1) Acalypha rhomboidea rhombic copperleaf 0.1 Acer saccharum sugar maple 6.5 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard 0.3 Asarum canadense Canadian wild-ginger 1.1 0.5 Asimina triloba common pawpaw 17.5 Asplenium rhizophyllum walking fern 0.1 Boehmeria cylindrica small-spike false-nettle 0.5 Carex sp. sedge 0.1 Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory 1.4 Celtis occidentalis common hackberry 0.3 Cystopteris fragilis fragile fern 3.8 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 0.1 Galium circaezans forest bedstraw 0.1 Hackelia virginiana Virginia bracted-stickseed <0.1 Impatiens pallida pale touch-me-not 2.3 0.5 Laportea canadensis Canadian wood-nettle 4.3 25.0 Menispermum canadense Canadian moonseed 0.3 Osmorhiza longistylis long-style sweet-cicely 0.3 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 0.4 0.5 Phlox divaricata sweet-Wiliam phlox 0.1

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 32

Phryma leptostachya American lopseed 0.3 Pilea pumila dwarf clearweed 1.4 Poa sylvestris woodland blue grass 0.8 Podophyllum peltatum May-apple 0.1 Quercus borealis northern red oak 0.4 Sambucus canadensis American elderberry 0.9 Sanicula odorata fragrant sanicle 0.3 Smilax lasioneura Blue Ridge greenbrier 0.1 Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier 0.4 Solidago ulmifolia elm-leaf goldenrod 0.3 Staphylea trifolia American bladdernut 6.4 5.0 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry 0.5 Toxicodendron radicans poison-ivy 0.4 Ulmus americana American elm 0.3 Ulmus rubra slippery elm 0.1 Uvularia grandiflora large-flower bellwort 0.1 Viola pratincola meadow violet 0.4 Vitis cinerea gray-bark grape 0.3 Bare ground 70.0 Total 52.1 102.5

Herbaceous Communities

Herbaceous communities are dominated by graminoids and forbs (broadleaf, non-woody plants), which generally form at least 25% of the cover. Trees, shrubs, and dwarf shrubs constitute less that 25% of the cover (Lauver et al. 1999). Freeman et al. (1997) reported a Bulrush-Cattail Marsh of approximately 6 ha (15 ac) between the Missouri Pacific Railroad right of way and Chief Joseph Loop Road, extending from near the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop Road and Warehouse Road north to where Chief Joseph Loop road turns southeast onto the floodplain. Recent construction along the railroad has altered that area and has destroyed this already degraded community. It is likely that Bulrush-Catttail Marshes were fairly common along the Missouri River floodplain prior to construction of levees.

Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie. One herbaceous natural community type, Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie, was confirmed. In Kansas, this community occurs on level to steep slopes on uplands in the Glaciated Region, essentially that area north of the Kansas River and east of the Little Blue River. Soils generally are deep, somewhat poorly drained to well drained, and silty to loamy, having formed from loess, glacial till, or colluvium (Lauver 1989). Prairie was the dominant vegetation type in northeast Kansas when Public Land Surveys were conducted in the mid-1850s. However, there is no evidence that prairies ever were abundant on FLMR. Brumwell (1951) reported that prairie surrounded Merritt and Smith Lakes in 1939 and 1940, but most of this area now is developed as part of the golf course. The few tracts of remaining prairie are less than 0.2 ha (0.5 acre) in size, isolated within the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest, and moderately to severely degraded due to woody plant encroachment resulting from fire suppression. They may indicate that some upland areas once supported woodlands or savannas—natural communities in which there were large, open-grown trees with crowns not usually touching and understory vegetation dominated by prairie plants(Lauver et al. 1999).

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Vegetation plot data were not gathered from this herbaceous natural community because the existing five remnants (Figure 2.3) are too small. A species list was compiled for each remnant (Table 2.14), which collectively contain 129 species of vascular plants. Dominant plants are big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), yellow Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash), and little bluestem ( (Michx.) Nash). Common shrubs are inland ceanothus (Ceanothus herbaceus Raf.), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra L.), and prairie willow (Salix humilis Marshall).

The best remnants of Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie are in the southwest part of FLMR along the horse trail that extends from Sheridan Drive east and northeast along the north edge of the National Cemetery. Two small areas are situated on the north side of the trail roughly 100 m (330 ft) east of Sheridan Drive and extend discontinuously for 50–75 m (160–250 ft). Additional areas parallel the extreme south end of Sheridan Drive. Surveys of the forest immediately surrounding these prairies reveal that many prairie plants persist in the understory, suggesting that the remnants once were larger but have been reduced due to encroachment by woody vegetation. Presumably, these prairies could be recovered with proper management. No rare species were documented in this natural community. Despite their size, the prairie remnants of FLMR contribute significantly to the plant species richness on the installation.

Along the northeast edge of Government Hill, prairie remnants with a slightly different species composition occur on the steep slopes. Plants of interest at this location include leadplant (Amorpha canescens Pursh), plaintain-leaf pussy’s-toes (Antennaria parlinii Fernald), and blue wild-indigo (Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br.). The three woodland sedges there; white-tinge sedge (Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng.), oval-leaf sedge (Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd.), and Muhlenberg’s sedge (Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd.), suggest that this area once was a savanna or woodland. Post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.) and sandstone outcrops on these bluffs also suggest that a savanna once may have covered this hill instead of the White oak- Shagbark hickory Forest that now dominates.

TABLE 2.14. Vascular plant species observed on prairie remnants on FLMR. Numbers correspond to sites shown in Figure 2.3. Dots (●) indicate known occurrences.

1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Common name ● ● ● ● ● Cypressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana eastern red-cedar ● ● ● ● Acanthaceae Ruellia humilis Nutt. fringe-leaf ruellia ● ● ● ● Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. negundo ● ● ● ● Anacardiaceae poison-ivy (Greene) Gillis ● ● ● ● Daucus carota L. subsp. carota wild carrot ● Apiaceae Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe fragrant sanicle ● ● ● Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum L. hemp dogbane ● Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata L. whorled milkweed ● ● ● Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. common ragweed Antennaria parlinii Fernald subsp. fallax (Greene) R.J. ● Asteraceae plantain-leaf pussy’s-toes Bayer & Stebbins ● ● ● Asteraceae Aster drummondii Lindl. subsp. drummondii Drummond's aster

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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Common name ● ● ● Asteraceae Aster ericoides L. subsp. ericoides var. ericoides heath aster ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Aster laevis L. var. laevis smooth blue aster ● ● ● Asteraceae Aster oblongifolius Nutt. aromatic aster ● Asteraceae Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var. oolentangiensis azure aster ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus hairy aster ● ● Asteraceae Aster praealtus Poir. var. praealtus willow-leaf aster ● Asteraceae Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill tall thistle ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. pale purple coneflower ● ● ● Asteraceae Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. annual fleabane ● Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane ● Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. daisy fleabane ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Eupatorium altissimum L. tall joe-pye-weed ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Helianthus hirsutus Raf. hairy sunflower ● ● Asteraceae Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. var. pauciflorus stiff sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) ● Asteraceae sunflower heliopsis Fernald ● Asteraceae Lactuca canadensis L. Canadian lettuce ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Liatris aspera Michx. button gayfeather ● ● ● Asteraceae Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser plains gayfeather ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart gray-head prairie-coneflower ● Asteraceae Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba brown-eyed-Susan ● ● ● Asteraceae Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. integrifolium whole-leaf rosinweed ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Silphium laciniatum L. compassplant Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. ● ● Asteraceae Canadian goldenrod & A. Gray ● ● Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Ait. late goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Ait. subsp. decemflora (DC.) ● Asteraceae oldfield goldenrod Brammall ● ● ● ● Asteraceae Solidago rigida L. subsp. rigida stiff goldenrod ● ● Asteraceae Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. ulmifolia elm-leaf goldenrod Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) W.Z. ● ● ● ● ● Asteraceae inland ironweed Faust ● ● Betulaceae Corylus americana Walter American hazelnut ● ● ● ● Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch American hop-hornbeam ● ● ● Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. hoary gromwell Onosmodium bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) ● Boraginaceae western marbleseed B.L. Turner ● ● Campanulaceae Lobelia spicata Lam. pale-spike lobelia ● ● ● ● Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench coral-berry ● ● Caprifoliaceae Triosteum perfoliatum L. clasping horse-gentian ● Caprifoliaceae Viburnum prunifolium L. black-haw viburnum ● Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet ● ● ● ● ● Cornaceae Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. rough-leaf dogwood ● Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans white-tinge sedge ● Cyperaceae Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. oval-leaf sedge ● Cyperaceae Carex frankii Kunth Frank's sedge ● ● ● ● ● Cyperaceae Carex meadii Dewey Mead's sedge ● ● ● Cyperaceae Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright pest sedge ● Cyperaceae Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. inermis Boott Muhlenberg’s sedge ● ● Cyperaceae Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. woolly sedge ● Cyperaceae Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. low sedge Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. acutisquamata (Buckley) ● Cyperaceae flat-stem spike-rush S.G. Sm.

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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Common name ● Cyperaceae Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush ● ● Cyperaceae Scirpus pendulus Muhl. drooping bulrush ● Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea villosa L. Atlantic yam ● ● ● Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. common persimmon ● Acalypha virginica L. Virginia copperleaf ● ● Euphorbiaceae Croton monanthogynus Michx. one-seed croton ● ● ● ● ● Euphorbiaceae corollata L. flowering spurge ● ● ● ● ● Amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant ● Fabaceae Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely white wild-indigo ● ● ● ● ● Fabaceae Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis eastern redbud ● Fabaceae Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata showy partridgepea ● ● ● ● Fabaceae Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea purple prairie-clover Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex Rob. & ● ● ● ● ● Fabaceae bundle-flower Fernald ● ● Fabaceae Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.W. Wood large-flower tick-clover ● ● ● Fabaceae Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. panicled tick-clover ● Fabaceae Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray sessile-leaf tick-cover ● Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos L. common honey-locust ● ● Fabaceae Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino Korean low bush-clover ● Fabaceae Lespedeza capitata Michx. round-head bush-cover ● ● Fabaceae Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. violet bush-clover ● Fabaceae Medicago lupulina L. black medick ● ● ● ● Fabaceae Melilotus albus Medik. white sweet-clover ● Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust ● Fabaceae Trifolium pratense L. red clover ● Fagaceae Quercus alba L. white oak ● ● ● ● ● Fagaceae Quercus prinoides Willd. dwarf chinquapin oak ● ● Fagaceae Quercus rubra L. northern red oak ● Fagaceae Quercus stellata Wangenh. post oak ● Fagaceae Quercus velutina Lam. black oak ● Iridaceae Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell prairie blue-eyed-grass ● ● ● Juglandaceae Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shag-bark hickory ● ● Juglandaceae Juglans nigra L. black walnut ● tenuis Willd. path rush ● ● Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis L. field mint ● Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa wild bergamot ● ● Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. missouriensis (Torr.) ● Lamiaceae Leonard's small skullcap Goodman & C.A. Lawson ● Lamiaceae Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense American germander ● Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl white four-o'clock ● ● ● ● Oleaceae Fraxinus americana L. white ash ● Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. var. americana American pokeweed ● ● lanceolata L. English plantain ● ● ● Plantaginaceae Plantago rugelii Decne. Rugel's plantain ● Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping bent grass ● ● ● ● ● Poaceae Andropogon gerardii Vitman big bluestem ● ● ● Poaceae Aristida oligantha Michx. old-field threeawn ● ● Poaceae Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. curtipendula side-oats grama ● ● Poaceae Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese brome ● Poaceae Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Canadian brome

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1 2 3 4 5 Family Scientific name Common name Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark ● Poaceae pointed dichanthelium var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & C.A. Clark Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schultes) Gould var. ● ● ● Poaceae Scribner's dichanthelium scribnerianum (Nash) Gould ● ● Poaceae Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian wild-rye ● ● Poaceae Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus hairy wild-rye ● ● Poaceae Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia wild-rye ● ● Poaceae Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. rice cut grass ● Poaceae Leersia virginica Willd. white grass ● ● ● ● Poaceae Lolium pratense Huds. meadow rye grass ● Poaceae frondosa (Poir.) Fernald wire-stem muhly ● ● ● ● Poaceae Panicum virgatum L. var. virgatum switchgrass ● ● Poaceae Poa compressa L. Canadian blue grass ● ● Poaceae Poa pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass ● ● ● Poaceae Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash little bluestem ● Poaceae Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. Chinese bristle grass ● ● ● ● Poaceae Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash yellow Indian grass ● Poaceae Spartina pectinata Link prairie cordgrass ● ● ● ● Poaceae Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. compositus rough dropseed ● ● Poaceae Sporobolus neglectus Nash puff-sheath dropseed ● ● ● Poaceae Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. var. flavus purpletop ● L. curly dock ● ● Ranunculaceae Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana tall anemone Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. virescens (Nutt.) ● Ranunculaceae plains larkspur R.E. Brooks ● ● ● Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus L. American ceanothus ● ● ● Rhamnaceae Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. inland ceanothus ● ● Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. downy agrimony ● Rosaceae Prunus mexicana S. Watson big-tree plum ● Rosaceae Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina black cherry ● ● ● ● Rosaceae Rosa arkansana Porter ex Porter & J.M. Coult. rose ● Rosaceae Rubus enslenii Tratt. small dewberry ● ● ● ● Rubiaceae Galium circaezans Michx. forest bedstraw ● Rubiaceae Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw ● ● ● ● ● Rutaceae Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. common prickly-ash ● Salicaceae Salix humilis Marshall var. humilis prairie willow ● ● ● ● Santalaceae Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. umbellata umbellate bastard-toadflax ● Scrophulariaceae Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. big-leaf mullein-foxglove ● Scrophulariaceae arvensis L. corn speedwell ● Smilax tamnoides L. bristly greenbrier ● Tiliaceae Tilia americana L. var. americana American basswood ● Ulmaceae Celtis occidentalis L. common hackberry ● ● ● Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. American elm ● Ulmaceae Ulmus pumila L. Siberian elm ● Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. quinquefolia Virginia creeper ● ● ● Vitaceae Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Engelm. ex Millardet gray-bark grape

Sparse Vegetation Communities

Sparse Vegetation communities are areas where vegetation is scattered or nearly absent; total

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 37

vegetation cover is less than 25% and generally 1 to 10% (Lauver et al. 1999). These early successional communities are characterized by parent material that is at or near the surface, with soil thin or absent (Nelson 1985). Examples include cliffs, talus slopes, gravel washes, and sand bars.

Limestone-Dolostone Midwest Moist Cliff Sparse Vegetation. Areas of the Limestone- Dolostone Midwest Moist Cliff Sparse Vegetation extend discontinuously along the steep bluffs of the Missouri River in the north part of FLMR. All are contained almost entirely within the Maple-Basswood Forest. In some areas, 5–10 m of limestone are exposed on the lower parts of the slope, and scattered limestone boulders have broken free and rolled down slope.

Sugar maple and American bladdernut are characteristic woody species in this community. Characteristic herbaceous plants are walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum L.), northern maiden- hair fern (Adiantum pedatum L.), and American columbine (Aquilegia canadensis L.). Short’s rockcress (Arabis shortii (Fernald) Gleason), southern bladder fern (Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell), and dwarf clearweed (Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray) are other typical vascular plants. Mosses, liverworts, and lichens also are common. Little is known about this natural community in Kansas, and element occurrence criteria for it have not been established. Consequently, occurrence records were not processed for these small areas.

Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation. Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation occurs on shifting sand and mud flats along the Missouri River. The hydrologic regime of the Missouri River has changed drastically since Euro-American settlement. Historically, the river was one of the most turbid large streams in North America and was characterized by a wide, braided channel, rapid current, heavy bedload of fine sediments, and wide fluctuation in flow volume (Pflieger 1989). The construction of dikes and revetments, and river dredging has confined flow to a single, relatively narrow (300 m wide) channel and eliminated many backwater habitats (Funk and Robinson 1974, Pflieger 1989, Water Science and Technology Board 2002). Natural stream flow also has been modified due to construction of six large reservoirs on the mainstem upstream from Kansas. These changes have greatly affected the biota of the river, especially fishes and terrestrial animals that rely on riparian habitats (Funk and Robinson 1974, Pflieger 1989). As with many other Sparse Vegetation communities in Kansas, systematic surveys for this community type have not been carried out, evaluation criteria have not been established, and occurrence records were not processed. Casual observations indicate that on FLMR representative species are annual flat-sedges (Cyperus spp.), beggar-ticks (Bidens spp.), yellow false-pimpernel (Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell), small-flower dwarf-bulrush (Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker), and teal love grass (Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton et al.). This community was not reported in Freeman et al. (1997).

Successional Areas

Successional areas include roadsides, ditches, forest clearings, and open sites dominated by forbs and non-native, cool-season grasses (i.e., brome, fescue, or bluegrass). They have been altered by major ecosystem disturbances, but if allowed to undergo succession, they pass through a predictable series of vegetative stages. Disturbed areas are dominated by weedy, herbaceous

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annuals initially. Eventually, herbaceous biennial and perennial plants replace these. Ultimately, in the absence of further human perturbation, woody species may come to dominate.

Common species in recently disturbed sites on FLMR include common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), giant ragweed (A. trifida L.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Japanese brome (B. japonicus Thunb.), Canadian horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist), stink grass (Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch.), Carolina love grass (E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees), white sweet-clover (Melilotus albus Medik.), yellow sweet-clover (M. officinalis (L.) Lam.), Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis L.), Chinese bristle grass (Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm.), yellow bristle grass (S. pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.), and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.).

Much of FLMR is vegetated by introduced grasses and forbs, but some areas contain remnant or colonizing prairie species. Common non-native species include smooth brome, meadow rye grass (Lolium pratensis Huds.), Kentucky blue grass, low hop clover (Trifolium campestre Schreb.), red clover (T. pratense L.), and white clover (T. repens L.). Common remnant or colonizing prairie species are big bluestem, showy partridgepea (Chamecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene), Illinois bundle-flower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex Rob. & Fernald), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), black-eyed-Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), fringe-leaf ruellia (Ruellia humilis Nutt.), and yellow Indian grass.

2.4. SUMMARY

Field studies in 2003 confirmed seven kinds of terrestrial natural communities on FLMR: four forest types (Maple-Basswood Forest, White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest, Cottonwood- Sycamore Floodplain Forest, and Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest), one herbaceous type (Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie), and two sparse vegetation types (Midwest Moist Limestone- Dolostone Cliff and Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation). Riverine communities were not examined or evaluated in this study. One occurrence each of the four forest types was of sufficient size and quality to be added to KSNHI’s database of outstanding natural community occurrences in Kansas. Detailed information for other natural community occurrences was not gathered because these communities are too small, too degraded, or too poorly known in the state to permit satisfactory evaluation. The name of the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as the Pecan-Sugarberry Floodplain Forest, was changed to reflect the co-dominance of common hackberry, not sugarberry, in that community. A small, degraded remnant of Bulrush-Catttail Marsh reported in Freeman et al. (1997) was found to have been destroyed due to construction along the railroad on FLMR.

Natural community surveys confirm that FLMR supports several large and globally significant forest remnants. The floodplain forest is believed to be the largest old-growth stand remaining in the lower Missouri River valley. Upland forests and smaller, associated natural communities are regionally important. Collectively, these natural communities provide habitat for globally rare or state-rare species, and they support a rich biota representative of the forest-grassland ecotone of central North America.

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Visual analysis of the floodplain forests suggested significant changes since the 1995–1996 field seasons, probably the ongoing results of the 1993 flood. However, analysis of plot data from 1995–1996 and 2003 did not reveal statistically significant differences, perhaps due to the inherent stability of dominant trees in the community and methodological differences that affected the two data sets.

While FLMR supports a diverse flora and fauna, the long-term maintenance of many of its ecosystems depends on a host of factors and influences outside the control of the resource managers at FLMR. The native species that inhabit FLMR year-round or seasonally face growing threats from degradation, fragmentation, isolation, and destruction of natural areas both on-site and off-site. Many species depend on air, land, and water corridors to rest, feed, and reproduce, and as avenues for their movement. Human activities have disrupted and altered many of these terrestrial and aquatic corridors, jeopardizing the survival of some species. Riparian forests on FLMR are especially significant in this regard, providing routes for the movement of wildlife, helping to maintain water quality, and contributing to the aesthetics of FLMR. Efforts to maintain the ecological health of FLMR must begin by recognizing the importance of natural habitats on FLMR and the role they play in the local and regional movement of animals and plants.

While the emphasis of this study was placed on the identification of outstanding terrestrial natural areas supporting protected and rare species, other natural areas are vital to native plants and animals. Degraded prairies, forests, and wetlands can serve as buffer areas and connectors for high-quality sites, and many areas have restoration potential. Aquatic habitats were not studied in detail, but they are extremely important. Clearly, humans have affected rivers and streams on and near FLMR, but detailed baseline studies are needed to determine the extent of these changes.

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NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 41

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 42

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 43

CHAPTER 3. ANIMALS

William H. Busby Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 [email protected]

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Zoological studies on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons consisted of five objectives: 1) compile a list of protected and rare species of animals, 2) plan and conduct surveys for these species, 3) document all findings of all endangered, threatened, and special status species, 4) compile a report detailing all occurrences of these species and describing exceptional biological natural areas on the installation, and 5) assist in the formulation of management ideas based on the survey results. In addition, baseline data about mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians were collected ancillary to targeted surveys for protected species.

Federally and state-listed species were documented by Freeman et al. (1997). One federal threatened species, the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)), was a regular winter resident. Four species of federally protected birds were determined possibly to migrate through the area, but nesting or foraging habitat is limited or absent on FLMR. They are the Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis (Forster)), least tern (Sterna antillarum (Lesson)), piping plover (Charadrius melodus Ord), and whooping crane (Grus americana (Linnaeus)). The white-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi (Vieillot)) and peregrine falcon (Falco pereginus Tunstall), both state-listed birds, occasionally may appear during migration. Three Kansas Species in Need of Conservation (SINC) infrequently might use habitat on FLMR: black tern (Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus)), blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus (LeSueur)), and red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus Gmelin). One SINC , the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus (Linnaeus)), was a resident on FLMR, and three SINC migratory birds bred on FLMR: cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea (Wilson)), yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus)), and whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson). Several state-listed species that were not found during the 1995–1996 field seasons were thought possibly to occur on FLMR because suitable habitat was available: eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius (Raf.)), redbelly snake (Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer)), and smooth earth snake (Virginia valeriae (Baird & Girard)).

In this follow-up study, all federally and state-listed animal species identified in Freeman et al. (1997) excluding fishes were re-surveyed. The Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis Miller & G.M. Allen), was added to our survey list. Bat surveys were conducted by Dr. Lynn Robbins and students, Southwestern Missouri State University. Surveys for the American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus Olivier) and a survey of snakes were conducted by Hank Guarisco, Lawrence, KS. Information about floodplain forest bird communities was gathered in the major forest tracts differing in successional stage on FLMR.

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TABLE 3.1. Animal species protected by federal and/or state laws with historical or extant occurrences in Leavenworth County, Kansas. Surveys were conducted in 2002–2003 for species followed by an asterisk.

Common Name Scientific Name Survey Period Status1

Mammals eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius interrupta (Raf.) T eastern chipmunk* Tamias striatus (Linnaeus) All year S Franklin’s ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii (Sabine) S southern flying squirrel* Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus) All year S

Birds bald eagle* Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus) Dec-Mar LT, E black tern Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus) S cerulean warbler* Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) May-Jul S Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis (Forster) LE, E least tern Sterna antillarum (Lesson) LE, E peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall E piping plover Charadrius melodus Ord LT, T red-shouldered hawk* Buteo lineatus Gmelin Apr-Aug S whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus (Wilson) S white-faced ibis Plegadis chihi (Vieillot) T yellow-throated warbler* Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus) May-Jul S

Reptiles redbelly snake* Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer) Apr-Jun; Sep-Oct T smooth earth snake* Virginia valeriae (Baird & Girard) Apr-Jun; Sep-Oct T timber rattlesnake* Crotalus horridus Linnaeus Apr-Oct S

Amphibians spring peeper* Pseudacris crucifer (Wied) Mar-Apr T

Fishes blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus (LeSeur) S brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs S chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus (Girard) T flathead chub Platygobio gracilis (Richardson) T pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & LE, E & Richardson) river shiner Notropis blennius (Girard) S sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard) T sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann) E silverband shiner Notropis shumardi (Girard) T tadpole madtom Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) S western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis (Girard) T

Invertebrates American burying beetle* Nicrophorus americanus Olivier May-Sep LE, E

1 Status abbreviations, arranged by regulatory agency and threat level, are as follows: LE = listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. LT = listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. E = listed as endangered by the Kansas Dept. of Wildlife and Parks. T = listed as threatened by the Kansas Dept. of Wildlife and Parks. S = Species in Need of Conservation, listed by the Kansas Dept. of Wildlife and Parks.

3.2. METHODS

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Field surveys for animals were initiated on 12 March 2002 and completed 11 November 2003. Techniques followed those described by Freeman et al. (1997) and consisted of taxon-specific methods for certain species listed in Table 3.1 and general surveys for amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds (Appendix B). Methods differing from those presented in Freeman et al. (1997) are provided below.

Southern flying squirrel

Surveys for southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus)) were conducted by placing artificial nest boxes on trees in oak-hickory forest and in floodplain forest as described in Freeman et al. (1997). A total of 12 boxes was placed on trees at three sites (Figure 3.1), four boxes per site, on 5 December 2002. Boxes were checked on 14 April 2002 and 10 November 2003 for squirrels and spoor.

American burying beetle

Site Selection. Guidelines for selection of survey sites were based upon experience over the past several years in Kansas, combined with information obtained from studies done in other parts of the range of the American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus Olivier). Primary selection criteria were as follows:

1. Relatively remote, undisturbed areas were chosen. Agricultural land and areas with bright lights were avoided. 2. Seven of eight traplines were located on upland sites to ensure adequate dispersal of the bait’s odor plume because many molecules generated by the decaying process are heavier than air and may travel downhill when there is no appreciable wind. Upland sites also contain more areas of loess and loamy soil, which is associated with populations of the species in southeast Kansas (Guarisco 1997). One trapline was placed on the side of the levee near the air field mainly for comparison. 3. Prairie remnants, fields, and mixed woodlands were surveyed since the species has been found in these habitat types.

Survey Sites. On 2 September, four traplines were placed at locations 1-4 (Figure 3.2): Location 1: Boy Scout Camp. A trapline was placed in an open area in mixed woodland at this site because of the exceptional soil (friable, loamy loess). Location 2: Detention Barracks (DB) Farm area. A trapline was placed on a hill with open fields and forest just west of the DB Farm. Location 3: Dump Area. A trapline was placed along a low ridge at the top of a disturbed field covered with rank vegetation. This is an elevated site with a view of the railroad tracks and floodplain. Location 4: DB Road. A trapline was placed on both sides of the road leading to the DB. It is surrounded by undisturbed forest with original understory vegetation. On the immediate west side of the road is a large loess hill. These traplines were checked early each morning on 3–6 September and removed on 6

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September.

On 8 September, four traplines were placed at locations 5–8 (Figure 3.2): Location 5: Corner Area. A trapline was placed along the east edge of the road northeast of Wagner Point. It is an upland, open area with nearby forest. Location 6: Hancock Hill. A trapline was placed along the east edge of the road in a prairie remnant. Location 7: Sherman Army Airfield Area. A trapline was placed along the slope of the levee just northwest of the air field. Location 8: McClellan Avenue Area. A trapline was placed along an old field at the north end of McClellan Avenue and near the top of a hill. These traplines were checked each morning from 9–12 September and removed 12 September.

Sampling Protocol. The American burying beetle is most active in Nebraska from June– August; however, one individual was discovered as late as 29 October (Ratcliffe 1996). Most beetles found in Kansas were encountered from late August to early September, and very little activity in any member of the genus was evident during mid-summer drought conditions (Guarisco 1997, 1998). Therefore, trapping at FLMR was begun after the 37.8˚C (100˚F) temperatures and drought conditions ended in early September. Nighttime low temperatures during the first trip (2–6 September) were around 14˚C (57˚F) except for the night of 4 September when temperatures were ca 11˚C (52˚F). Temperatures during the second trip were higher, with low temperatures ranging from 14–22˚C (52–72˚F) during the nights preceding the four consecutive survey days (9–12 September).

The standard survey protocol outlined in the American burying beetle recovery plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991) was used with a slight modification recommended by B. Ratcliffe, the authority on this species in Nebraska. Sampling was conducted by under authority of permit #TEO43393-0 issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and as a subpermittee of the state of Kansas scientific collecting and salvage wildlife permit.

Traplines consisted of a series of containers (32-oz plastic cups and/or a 2.1-gallon plastic bucket) placed ca 27 m (30 yd) apart. Rotten chicken and road-killed squirrels were used as bait. Each container was placed in the ground so that its rim was flush with the soil surface. Aged bait was placed in an empty film canister and hung inside the containers. The carcass of a fresh, road-killed squirrel or a carcass that had been collected earlier, frozen, thawed, and allowed to rot was placed in the bottom of each container. A 30.5-cm (12-in) square piece of chicken wire (mesh openings ca 2.5 cm diameter) was placed over the trap and anchored at the corners with rocks. A plywood sun/rain shelter 30.5-cm (12-in) square was placed on top of the rocks and staked into the ground with two spikes driven through holes in the plywood. A 5-cm (2-in) layer of soil was placed in the bottom of the trap to help prevent desiccation. Traplines were checked on the four consecutive mornings following their installation. Captured carrion beetles were identified using Ratcliffe (1996) and released 0.4–0.8 km (0.25–0.5 mi) away from the trapline. Traplines at locations 1, 3, and 7 each consisted only of cups; traplines at the remaining locations each consisted of five cups and a bucket. Floodplain Bird Communities

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 47

The old-growth floodplain forest was censused during spring and early summer of 2002 and 2003 for canopy warblers, including two listed in Kansas as SINCs: cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) and yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus)). A strip-census method (Emlen 1984) was used following a route discussed in Schukman (1996). The walking route was covered from approximately 0700–1100h on days without rain or strong winds. The route followed a circuit beginning at the south end of the River Trail, proceeding north on this trail to a point approximately due east of the great blue heron rookery, then following trails southwest into the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, eventually returning to the River Trail at the South Weston MAPS station. Locations of all canopy warblers that were detected were recorded on maps of the route. Surveys were conducted on 5 and 26 May 2002 and on 24 April, 25 May, and 13 June 2003.

In addition, point count surveys of birds in three floodplain forest types were conducted from 5– 14 June 2003. All species detected by sight or vocalization 1) within a 50-m (164-ft) fixed- radius distance and 2) at unlimited distance were recorded for a period of 10 minutes (Ralph et al. 1993). In each forest type (Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, and early-successional and mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest) 13 point-counts were conducted at 250 m (820 ft) or greater intervals along randomly placed transects (Figure 3.3). Censuses were conducted between 0600–1000h on days with light wind and no rain. All counts were made by W. H. Busby.

Bat Surveys

A survey of the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis Miller & G.M. Allen) was conducted in 2002 and 2003 by L. Robbins (Appendix D). This study yielded information about six species of summer- resident bats on FLMR.

Herpetological Surveys

A survey of snakes was conducted in 2003 by H. Guarisco (Appendix E). Surveys for northern spring peeper and other anurans were not conducted because drought conditions failed to fill temporary breeding pools with water. Other herpetological records were obtained during general field surveys by W. H. Busby, a Kansas Herpetological Society field trip to FLMR on 11 October 2002 (Collins 2003), and examination of specimens in the FLMR Entomology Office (Pest Control) (Appendix E).

3.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During this study, sites throughout the undeveloped portions of FLMR were surveyed for rare animals, involving an estimated 434-person-hours of field work (Table 3.2). Following on-site assessments of potential habitat for the species listed in Table 3.1, field surveys were conducted for the following species: Indiana bat, southern flying squirrel, eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus (Linnaeus), great egret (Ardea alba (Linnaeus)), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus Gmelin), broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus (Vieillot)), cerulean warbler, yellow-throated

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 48

warbler, ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus (Linneaus), redbelly snake (Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer), smooth earth snake (Virginia valeriae (Baird & Girard)), timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus Linnaeus), and American burying beetle. Element occurrences for nine species were documented (Table 3.3). Species accounts are presented below for animals listed in Table 3.1, except for fishes. Accounts are grouped by protection status and organized alphabetically by common name within each group.

TABLE 3.2. Summary of areas surveyed for plants and animals in 2002 and 2003 on FLMR. Time is survey duration in person-hours.

Date Location Time Notes 2002-03-12 Bottomland Forest 8 W. H. Busby & S. Roth: visit Great Blue Heron rookery and count nests Bundel Road area 4 W. H. Busby & S. Roth: visit proposed road corridor along Missouri River with J. Wimberg 2002-05-02 Bottomland Forest 4 W. H. Busby: census birds along River Trail with J. Schukman & D. Kilby Boy Scout area 1 W. H. Busby: census birds with J. Schukman 2002-05-26 Bottomland Forest 4 W. H. Busby: census birds along River Trail with J. Schukman & D. Williams 2002-07-08 Bottomland Forest 28 L. Robbins & field crew: initiate bat survey 2002-07-09 various 28 L. Robbins & field crew: bat surveys 2002-07-10 various 28 L. Robbins & field crew: bat surveys 2002-07-11 various 28 L. Robbins & field crew: bat surveys 2002-12-05 Pecan forest, McPherson Ave 10 W. H. Busby, W. D. Kettle, and S. Roth: install flying squirrel boxes at three sites forest, Maple-Basswood Forest 2003-04-03 various 21 W. H. Busby, S. Roth & G. Pisani: check flying squirrel boxes. Evaluate potential habitat for redbelly snake and earth snake at various sites. 2003-04-24 Bottomland Forest 5 W. H. Busby: bird censuses along River Trail with J. Schukman Bundel Road area 2 W. H. Busby: visit old landfill site with M. Nowak, M. Sorenson, J. Harrington & C. Davis to evaluate habitat value 2003-05-02 Bluff Forest 4 W. H. Busby & H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-05-02 Pecan Forest 4 W. H. Busby & H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-05-03 various 8 W. H. Busby: lead Kansas Ornithological Society field trip group with D. Williams; most of time spent in old-growth bottomland forest 2003-05-22 Pecan Forest 6 W. H. Busby: bird censuses in old-growth bottomland forest 2003-05-25 Bottomland Forest 5 W. H. Busby: bird censuses with J. Schukman along River Trail 2003-05-27 various 6 W. H. Busby, C. C. Freeman & H. Loring: photos of natural communities 2003-06-05 Bottomland Forest 5 W. H. Busby: point counts for birds 2003-06-05 Ft. Cavagnial Picnic area 1 W. H. Busby: survey for ovenbird below picnic area 2003-06-06 Bottomland Forest 6 W. H. Busby: point counts for birds 2003-06-09 Bottomland Forest 6 W. H. Busby: point counts for birds 2003-06-12 DB farm road 8 H. Guarisco: install herp shelters; herp surveys 2003-06-13 Bottomland Forest 6 W. H. Busby: bird censuses in pecan forest with J. Schukman 2003-06-13 DB farm 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-06-14 Bottomland Forest 6 W. H. Busby: point counts for birds 2003-06-18 DB farm 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-06-23 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-06-24 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-07-01 DB farm 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-07-02 Hancock Hill 8 W. H. Busby: survey upland forest birds 2003-07-11 DB farm 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-08-06 Government Hill, Wagner Point 6 W. H. Busby: survey upland forest birds 2003-09-02 uplands 8 H. Guarisco: install herp trap arrays 2003-09-02/06 various 31 H. Guarisco: burying beetle and herp surveys 2003-09-08/12 various 31 H. Guarisco: burying beetle and herp surveys 2003-09-21 Government Hill 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-09-22 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-09-29 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-10-08 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-10-09 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-10-10 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys 2003-10-11 upland sites 8 H. Guarisco: herp surveys

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Date Location Time Notes 2003-11-03 Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain 10 W. H. Busby, S. Roth & C. Davis: check flying squirrel boxes Forest, McPherson Ave Maple- Basswood Forest

TABLE 3.3. Element occurrence records for state-rare animals on FLMR. For definitions of state-ranks see NatureServe website (http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm). Latitude-longitude data are provided for an observation centroid (see maps for each species for more complete distribution information). Format is degrees, minutes, seconds (DDMMSS).

Element State Latitude & Common Name Scientific Name Notes on Status Occurrence Code Rank Longitude southern flying Glaucomys volans AMAFB09010.017 S3 392150 N Widespread, low-density squirrel 945601 W population; confirmed in 2003 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus AMAFB02230.002 S2 392059 N Widespread in wooded areas; 945615 W multiple sites in 2003 great egret Ardea alba ABNGA04040.008 S2B, 392243 N 2–10 nesting pairs in great blue S3N 945313 W heron colony in 1995–‘96 not observed in 2002–‘03 Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperi ABNKC12040.026 S3B, 392308 N One breeding pair in 1994; SZN 945334 W present in 2003; species no longer tracked broad-winged Buteo platypterus ABNKC19050.004 S1B, 392150 N Probable nester; breeding not hawk SZN 945601 W confirmed; observed in 2003 red-shouldered Buteo lineatus ABNKC19030.019 S2S3 392308 N Probable nester; breeding not hawk 945334 W confirmed; observed in 2003 ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus ABPBX10010.005 S1B 392117 N 1–2 breeding pair in 1995–‘96; 945617 W not observed in 2003 cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea ABPBX03240.002 S1B 392217 N 1–4 breeding pairs; observed in 945334 W 2003 yellow-throated Dendroica dominica ABPBX03130.004 S1B 392254 N Estimate 30+ breeding pairs; warbler 945302 W observed in 2003

Species Accounts–Federal-listed Species

American burying beetle: Nicrophorus americanus Olivier

Past Records. The American burying beetle historically occurred throughout much of the eastern U.S. including the Kansas counties of Doniphan, Douglas, Pottawatomie, and Shawnee (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991). Currently, it is known from six states: on Block Island off the coast of Rhode Island, southern South Dakota, central Nebraska, eastern , western Arkansas (Ratcliffe 1996), and southeastern Kansas (Guarisco 1997, Miller and McDonald 1997). In the past several years, this species has been found at eight sites in Wilson, Elk, Montgomery, and Chautauqua counties in the Chautauqua Hills physiographic province in southeast Kansas (Guarisco 1998, 1999). No American burying beetles were found on FLMR by Freeman et al. (1997).

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TABLE 3.4. Carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected on FLMR 3–6 September 2003. See text for descriptions of locations.

No. Collected Species Location Sum Total 3rd–4th–5th–6th Nicrophorus marginatus 2 0–0–1–0 1 3 0–0–0–2 2 3 Nicrophorus orbicollis 1 1–1–0–0 2 2 4–6–5–1 16 3 1–0–0–0 1 4 0–6–4–3 13 32 Nicrophorus tomentosus 1 0–2–0–1 3 2 0–36–12–14 62 3 0–0–0–1 1 4 0–5–1–6 12 78 Necrophila americana 2 0–0–0–1 1 4 0–1–0–0 1 2

TABLE 3.5. Carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected at FLMR on 9–12 September 2003. See text for description of locations.

No. Collected Species Location Sum Total 9th–10th–11th–12th Nicrophorus marginatus 6 0–0–1–0 1 7 0–0–0–2 2 3 Nicrophorus orbicollis 5 0–0–4–3 7 6 1–2–2–4 9 7 0–1–0–0 1 8 1–0–0–1 2 19 Nicrophorus tomentosus 5 0–0–20–24 44 6 0–21–20–9 50 7 0–23–21–0 44 8 1–6–1–0 8 146 Necrophila americana 5 0–1–0–0 1 6 0–0–1–0 1 7 0–1–0–0 1 3

Available Habitat and Surveys. Surveys for carrion beetles were conducted 2–6 and 8–12 September 2003. Following a technique modified from Kozol (1990), a series of pitfall traps baited with carrion were placed at eight sites (Figure 3.2). Traps were checked each morning for adult beetles. A total of 311 specimens representing four species of carrion beetles was collected (Table 3.4, Table 3.5), but no American burying beetles were found.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The recent decline and apparent extirpation of the American burying beetle over most of its former range may be due to multiple ecological factors and life

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history attributes of this species. It is the largest member of the genus Nicrophorus in North America and requires larger carrion (80–300 gm; 3–11 oz) for best reproductive success (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991). This species is associated with specific soil types (Lomolino et al. 1995) and habitats with abundant small birds and mammals (Holloway and Schnell 1997). Only limited areas on the uplands of FLMR currently support habitat potentially suitable for American burying beetle populations. Extensive human activity, particularly agricultural development, in the historic past throughout the Glaciated Region of Kansas and Missouri has greatly reduced the amount of suitable habitat for this species. It is unlikely to occur on FLMR.

Recommendations. If populations of the American burying beetle are discovered close to FLMR, additional surveys should be conducted on the post.

Bald eagle: Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)

Past Records. The bald eagle is a large raptor that is a regular winter visitor and local breeder in Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989, Collins et al. 1995). It bred historically along major rivers in Kansas, but breeding populations were extirpated shortly after Euro-America settlement (Levenson and Bee 1980). The first confirmed nesting in more than a century occurred in Kansas in 1989, and the breeding population continues to expand (Watkins et al. 1994). Winter populations also have been expanding for several decades and current winter populations sometimes exceed 600 birds. During aerial surveys of eagles in the winters of 1991–1993, the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks documented that, at times, the Missouri River hosts large numbers of bald eagles.

Available Habitat and Surveys. The preferred habitat of the bald eagle includes areas of open water and along large rivers. In Kansas, the greatest numbers in winter occur at large reservoirs and along the major rivers. Breeding pairs currently are found at large reservoirs in eastern Kansas and in riparian areas in western Kansas (Watkins et al. 1994, 1996). No winter surveys were conducted due to the abundance of existing information (Table 3.6). No bald eagles were seen on FLMR during breeding season surveys, and there is no evidence that eagles nest on the post. Because of regular winter use by bald eagles, all lands and waters in a corridor along the main stem of the Missouri River from the Nebraska state line downstream to Wyandotte County, Kansas, are designated as critical habitat by KDWP.

TABLE 3.6. Aerial surveys for bald eagles conducted by KDWP from 1991–1993. FLMR = Ft. Leavenworth; LC = Leavenworth County; and MR = Missouri River (in Kansas).

Number of bald eagles Date FLMR LC MR 1991-02-13 0 1 12 1992-02-10 3 6 42 1992-12-16 3 4 23 1993-01-14 9 35 80 1993-02-22 4 6 55

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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Bald eagles are frequent winter visitors along the Missouri River on FLMR. This bird currently does not breed on the installation, but apparently suitable breeding habitat exists there. As the breeding population expands, nest sites along the Missouri River on or near FLMR could be established. The known breeding site nearest to FLMR is at Perry Lake in Jefferson County, Kansas.

Recommendations. Forested riparian habitat along the Missouri River should be monitored for breeding bald eagles.

Eskimo curlew: Numenius borealis (Forster)

Past Records. This shorebird was an abundant migrant in eastern Kansas in the 1800s, but by the early 1900s it was nearly extinct due to hunting pressure (Thompson and Ely 1989). A historical record for the Eskimo curlew exists from Douglas County, Kansas, and there is an unconfirmed 1995 report from Anderson County.

Available Habitat and Surveys. The Eskimo curlew reportedly frequented wet meadows and open grassland in the , especially recently burned prairie. FLMR does not contain suitable habitat, and no surveys were conducted during this study.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Many biologists believe this species is extinct. If extant, exceedingly low population numbers and the absence of suitable habitat on FLMR make the probability of visits by this species remote.

Recommendations. None.

Indiana bat: Myotis sodalis Miller & G.M. Allen

Past Records. The Indiana bat inhabits forested areas of the eastern U.S. westward to Missouri. This species has not been documented in Kansas (3D/Environmental Services 1993), but reproductively active individuals have been observed approximately 160 km (100 mi) east and northeast of FLMR in Caldwell and Nodaway counties, Missouri (Appendix D).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Suitable habitat consists of forest and forest edge where dead or dying trees with defoliated bark are present. Surveys were conducted in July 2002 and June-July 2003 (Appendix D). No Indiana bats were detected during this study.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Surveys efforts probably were sufficient to detect Indiana bats if they were present. However, it is possible that the species occurs irregularly on FLMR.

Recommendations. Mature upland and lowland forests should be managed without removing dead trees or snags to maintain habitat potentially suitable for this species.

Least tern: Sterna antillarum (Lesson)

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Past Records. Least terns nest in riparian and wetland areas with large patches of bare soil or sparse vegetation. Nesting colonies are found along the Kansas River in northeastern Kansas (Busby et al. 1997) and along the Platte River in Nebraska (Sidle and Harrison 1990). Least terns nested historically on sandbars along the Missouri River, but most of this habitat has been compromised due to alteration of the river’s hydrology. The species was observed on FLMR in the late 1980s when low water in the Missouri River exposed many sandbars (J. Schukman personal comm.), but there are no known nesting records.

Available Habitat and Surveys. The Missouri River provided ideal nesting habitat prior to hydrological modifications. Construction of large reservoirs upstream and channelization of most of the river reduced breeding habitat for least tern. Among the changes was a reduction in the extent of sandbars and open, sparsely vegetated sites frequented by this and other species for nesting (Haig et al. 1988). Good nesting sites currently do not exist on FLMR, and no breeding colonies are present on or near the installation. No systematic surveys were conducted during this study, and no least terns were seen during other field work on FLMR.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Least terns wander widely during the spring and late summer, and probably migrate along the river near FLMR. Nesting along the Missouri River on or near FLMR is unlikely given current river management.

Recommendations. The absence of suitable habitat is due largely to hydrological changes in the Missouri River. Restoration of habitat will require modifications in the way the river is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. If future management changes result in the production of large sandbars in the river, these should be monitored during June and July for least terns.

Piping plover: Charadrius melodus Ord

Past Records. This small shorebird breeds in the central and northern Great Plains; it is a rare spring and fall migrant in Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989). Piping plovers routinely nest along the Platte River and upper Missouri River (Haig et al. 1994). Small numbers of individuals also nest along the upper Kansas River (Busby et al. 1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Similar to the least tern, piping plovers breed on sparsely vegetated sandbars along rivers, along sandy shores of marshes and lakes, and on open flats (Collins et al. 1995). Formerly, the Missouri River provided suitable nesting habitat. However, channelization and reservoir construction has altered the river’s hydrology, resulting in fewer sandbars and open, sparsely vegetated sites that might be used by nesting individuals (Haig et al. 1988). No nesting habitat currently exists on FLMR, and no breeding colonies are present on or near FLMR. Systematic surveys were not conducted during this study, and no piping plovers were seen during other field work on the installation.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Migrating birds may over the area and occasionally may stop to forage along the Missouri River.

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Recommendations. The lack of suitable habitat on FLMR is due largely to hydrological changes in the Missouri River. Restoration of habitat will require modifications in the way the river is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Future surveys should be conducted if changes in river management result in the creation of suitable nesting habitat.

Whooping crane: Grus americana (Linnaeus)

Past Records. Whooping cranes migrate through Kansas during spring and fall on their way between wintering grounds on the coast and breeding grounds in Canada. Most cranes migrate through central Kansas, but individuals occasionally are reported farther east in the state (Thompson and Ely 1989). Recent records exist for Jefferson and Douglas counties.

Available Habitat and Surveys. This large bird feeds mostly in wetlands, such as exist along the central Platte River in Nebraska and at Cheyenne Bottoms in Kansas. During migration; however, small groups of birds or single individuals may stop to roost overnight at farm ponds and other aquatic sites that are not used for foraging. Whooping cranes generally pass quickly through Kansas.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Individuals occasionally may migrate through extreme eastern Kansas, as happened at Clinton Lake Wildlife Area in November 1996. However, habitat at FLMR is marginal, and the probability of visits by whooping cranes is remote.

Recommendations. None.

Species Accounts–State-listed Species

Eastern spotted skunk: Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque)

Past Records. The eastern spotted skunk historically was common throughout Kansas and Missouri. Brumwell (1951) wrote in his annotated list of mammals of Ft. Leavenworth, “The spotted skunk is a common inhabitant of woodland and broken terrain about ledges, and railroad ballast. Evidence of this skunk was found in every association except prairie. From the number of dens found occupied there could not be more than one Spilogale for every twenty or thirty acres.” The species has declined markedly during the past three decades (Collins et al. 1995), and there are no recent records from northeast Kansas.

Available Habitat and Surveys. This species inhabits a wide range of habitats. It frequented forest margin and upland prairie environments in eastern Kansas, especially where rock outcrops, abandoned buildings, and other cover existed (Bee et al. 1981). Suitable habitat exists on FLMR, but no trapping was conducted because of its rarity in eastern Kansas. Davis (2003) found no evidence of spotted skunk during his work at FLMR.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The potential for eastern spotted skunks to occur on FLMR is considered to be low.

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Recommendations. None.

Peregrine falcon: Falco peregrinus Tunstall

Past Records. This raptor is a rare to uncommon migrant in Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989). In the last few years, peregrine falcons have been seen on FLMR (J. Schukman personal comm.) and elsewhere in northeast Kansas along the Missouri River. Peregrine falcon populations, decimated by the effects of DDT contamination in the 1950–‘70s, have begun to recover. This species recently was delisted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Nesting has occurred recently on tall buildings in Kansas City, Missouri, and in Topeka, Kansas.

Available Habitat and Surveys. This bird visits a variety of habitats during migration. Favored sites are wetlands, lakes, and large rivers where there are concentrations of prey birds. The Missouri River valley provides good foraging habitat, but cliffs and tall buildings that might attract breeding falcons are limited. No surveys were conducted for the peregrine falcon, and no observations were made during other field work.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Migrating and wandering individuals occasionally pass through the area. However, sufficiently tall structures to attract breeding birds to FLMR are not present.

Recommendations. None.

Redbelly snake: Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer)

Past Records. This snake is at the western edge of its range in eastern Kansas. Records in northeast Kansas come from Atchison, Jefferson, and Douglas counties (Collins 1993). No redbelly snakes were observed on FLMR by Freeman et al. (1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. The redbelly snake inhabits woodlands and forests, most often those dominated by oaks and hickories, and with a dense layer of leaf litter. Sites with extensive rock in the substrate are preferred. Forested uplands on FLMR were surveyed from April– October 2003 (Table 3.2, Appendix E). Surveys involved searching in leaf litter and under logs and rocks.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. This secretive species is difficult to find using any survey technique because it occupies subterranean habitats. Individuals are most likely to be found above ground in the spring and fall. Even though individuals were not found during this survey, it is possible that the species inhabits large tracts of high-quality White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest and Maple-Basswood Forest on FLMR, especially around rock outcrops on slopes in the north part of the installation.

Recommendations. Existing stands of upland forest should be maintained. Not enough is known about the habitat requirements of this snake to permit specific management recommendations to be made. However, the fact that the redbelly snake generally is found in high-quality forests

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suggests that practices that degrade this natural community, such as livestock grazing, extensive logging, and fragmentation due to development would be detrimental if the species occurs on the site.

Smooth earth snake: Virginia valeriae (Baird & Girard)

Past Records. This small, secretive snake is at the western edge of its range in northeast Kansas. There are documented occurrences from Leavenworth and all surrounding Kansas counties (Collins 1993). No smooth earth snakes were observed on FLMR by Freeman et al. (1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Similar to the redbelly snake, the smooth earth snake lives in forests and woodlands where it typically occupies rocky slopes and forest margins. Surveys in the forested uplands on FLMR were conducted from April–October 2003 (Table 3.2, Appendix E). Leaf litter and potential shelter sites (rocks and logs) were searched during periods of mild weather. No smooth earth snakes were found during this study.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Habitat for the smooth earth snake is limited and fragmented at FLMR. Nonetheless, this snake may occur in rocky woodlands. George Pisani (University of Kansas), who has conducted research on the species in the eastern U.S. and who visited FLMR as part of this study, believes the rocky bluffs in the Maple-Basswood Forest provide the best potential habitat for the snake (personal comm.).

Recommendations. Stands of upland forest and woodland with rocky substrates should be maintained. Because this species generally is found in high-quality forests, practices that degrade or fragment forest habitat are likely to be detrimental to smooth earth snake populations if the exist on FLMR.

Spring peeper: Pseudacris crucifer (Wied)

Past Records. Collins (1993) states that Ft. Leavenworth is the type locality for this frog, but Rundquist (1977) suggests the type collection comes from another location. Other than the type collection, there are no other reports of the species from Leavenworth County. Recent surveys on FLMR yielded no populations of spring peepers (Simon 1988, Simon and Dorlac 1990). The populations nearest to FLMR are in Miami County, Kansas (Collins 1993).

Available Habitat and Surveys. The spring peeper inhabits woodlands and generally is found near ponds and marshes that lack fish (Collins 1993). Limited suitable habitat is present on FLMR. It was surveyed in 2003, but no chorusing frogs were heard. However, conditions during the spring were unusually dry, and few temporary wetlands held water. In general, breeding activity by all anurans was reduced or absent on FLMR in 2003.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. It is unlikely that this frog exists in Leavenworth County due to the fact that it is outside the known species range.

Recommendations. None.

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White-faced ibis: Plegadis chihi (Vieillot)

Past Records. This large waterbird has been recorded at scattered sites throughout Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989). It breeds at Cheyenne Bottoms and Quivira National Wildlife Refuge in central Kansas. Individuals recently summered at the Benedictine Bottoms along the Missouri River in Atchison County (Busby and Zimmerman 2001), and birds have been seen in May flying over FLMR (J. Schukman personal comm.).

Available Habitat and Surveys. The white-faced ibis normally inhabits open wetlands where it probes for food with its long bill. Cat-tail stands provide nesting sites. Little permanent, suitable habitat for this species occurs on FLMR, and no surveys were conducted.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. As with other migratory birds, this species occasionally may pass over the area. This is one of many wetland bird species that might breed at FLMR if bottomland wetlands were restored.

Recommendations. Restoration of marsh habitat in the floodplain of the Missouri River might attract this and other wetland birds to the area.

Species Accounts–Kansas Species in Need of Conservation (SINC)

Black tern: Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus)

Past Records. This small tern is a regular migrant through Kansas, and there are numerous records from northeast Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989). With few exceptions, this species breeds north of Kansas. Unconfirmed sightings of black terns have been made at FLMR during migration (J. Schukman personal comm.).

Available Habitat and Surveys. This prairie species and can be found during migration far from large lakes and wetlands. It often feeds on flying insects over ponds and streams (Thompson and Ely 1989). No surveys were conducted, and no incidental sightings of this species were made.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The black tern probably passes over FLMR occasionally during migration.

Recommendations. None.

Cerulean warbler: Dendroica cerulea (Wilson)

Past Records. The cerulean warbler is a rare migrant and local breeder in eastern Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1992) where it is at the extreme western edge of its breeding range. The species is a summer resident and probable breeder at FLMR in mature Pecan-Hackberry and Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forests, where is occurs in low densities, often in association with two other canopy warblers, the northern parula and yellow-throated warbler (Schukman

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1996, Freeman et al. 1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Breeding habitat in eastern Kansas consists of bottomland hardwood forest in areas with large trees and a broken canopy (Hands et al. 1989, Hamel 2000). J. Schukman and W. Busby conducted surveys in 2002 and 2003 using a strip-plot method (Emlen 1984) as implemented by Schukman (1996). Only one cerulean warbler was detected during the surveys (Table 3.7). During other 2003 visits to this same old-growth forest, cerulean warblers were encountered (3 May and 25 May-1 singing male; 9 June-2 singing males). Breeding season distribution of this species on FLMR is shown in Figure 3.4.

TABLE 3.7. Results of strip-plot surveys for canopy-dwelling warblers in old-growth forest at FLMR in 2002–2003. Routes are described in Schukman (1996).

yellow-throated Date American redstart northern parula cerulean warbler Route warbler 2002-05-02 44 10 5 0 standard 2002-05-26 38 5 6 0 standard 2003-04-24 1 12 9 0 standard 2003-05-25 38 6 10 1 standard 2003-06-13 Not counted 3 19 0 northern

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. This presence of this species on FLMR was confirmed. However, its numbers are low and it may not be present every year. This is the only known, regular breeding site for this bird in northeast Kansas (KSNHI unpublished data).

Recommendations. Maintenance of the large tracts of mature bottomland forest is essential. Cerulean warblers are sensitive to forest fragmentation. Extensive logging or disturbance of the mature bottomland forest probably would eliminate populations from FLMR.

Eastern chipmunk: Tamias striatus (Linnaeus)

Past Records. The eastern chipmunk ranges across much of the eastern U.S., west to extreme eastern Kansas. This species is known in Kansas counties along the Missouri River, including Leavenworth (Bee et al. 1981). Brumwell (1951) observed a single animal in oak-hickory forest in the vicinity of the Sherman Army Airfield. Chipmunks were reported at seven upland sites by Freeman et al. (1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. The eastern chipmunk inhabits deciduous forest and forest edge habitat where fallen logs, rock ledges, rock outcrops, and other structures offers protected sites for burrows. The White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on FLMR is well suited to this species. Chipmunks were observed at a number of sites during this study (Figure 3.5). Most observations were from upland forest, although chipmunks occur in floodplain forests.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The large number of sightings in recent years contrasts to

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the single record reported by Brumwell (1951). This suggests that eastern chipmunk populations may have expanded greatly on FLMR during the past 50 years.

Recommendations. Existing stands of oak-hickory forest on FLMR should be maintained. This species is fairly tolerant of forest fragmentation and may utilize habitat in disturbed woodlands.

Franklin’s ground squirrel: Spermophilus franklinii (Sabine)

Past Records. Franklin’s ground squirrel is known historically from scattered sites in more than a dozen counties in the eastern half of Kansas, including Leavenworth (Bee et al. 1981). Brumwell (1951) reported a colony of a dozen or fewer individuals on the bank of the Missouri River opposite Grant Hill. This squirrel has experienced widespread declines in the southern part of its range, including Kansas and Missouri (Pergrams and Nyberg 2003). No recent records are known from FLMR or from northeastern Kansas.

Available Habitat and Surveys. This mammal typically occupies prairie-forest ecotones, building burrows in dense grass, weedy fields, wasteland, and shrubby forest edges (Bee et al. 1981, Schwartz and Schwartz 1981). Surveys were not conducted for this species, and no individuals were observed during this study. Davis (2003) was unable to find any Franklin’s ground squirrels in his study at FLMR.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. With the loss of most grassland vegetation on FLMR, suitable habitat virtually has been eliminated. It is probable that Franklin’s ground squirrel has been extirpated on the installation.

Recommendations. If nearby populations are discovered, additional surveys for this species should be conducted on FLMR.

Red-shouldered hawk: Buteo lineatus Gmelin

Past Records. This hawk is a local, uncommon, summer resident and transient in the eastern quarter of Kansas. Records exist for Leavenworth and most surrounding counties (Thompson and Ely 1989). However, most of these individuals probably are transients. Few summer records exist for northeast Kansas (Busby and Zimmerman 2001, KSNHI unpublished data). Brumwell (1951) reported a nesting pair in a cottonwood tree near the upper reaches of Corral Creek on FLMR. Red-shouldered hawks were not observed by Freeman et al. (1997), but they were recorded at MAPS banding stations in the mid-1990s, including one bird at the Weston Bend North site on 24 June 1995 and 15 June 1996, and at the Weston Bend South site on 11 June 1996 (Institute for Bird Populations unpublished data).

Available Habitat and Surveys. This hawk favors wooded floodplains and wetlands, and FLMR appears to offer excellent habitat. One bird was detected in the mature floodplain forest near the great blue heron colony on 9 June 2003 (Figure 3.6). Observations of red-shouldered hawks during the breeding season suggest a breeding pair occurs on or near FLMR.

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Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Red-shouldered hawks were confirmed on FLMR. It is unclear if the birds breeds on the installation or are transients. Suitable habitat is present, and surveys should continue to determine if this species breeds in the area.

Recommendations. Floodplain forests on FLMR should be maintained. Floodplain pools and wetlands provide important foraging habitat for this species, and accordingly, these features should be maintained and restored.

Southern flying squirrel: Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus)

Past Records. The southern flying squirrel is widespread in the eastern U.S., reaching the western limit its range in eastern Kansas. About a dozen occurrences are known in Kansas, most of which are in the two easternmost tiers of counties (KSNHI unpublished data), including Leavenworth (Bee et al. 1981). Brumwell (1951) reported a squirrel killed by workmen while felling a tree on FLMR. Five specimens labeled “West bank Missouri River, Ft. Leavenworth” with collection dates of 1 January-14 March 1955 are deposited in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.

Available Habitat and Surveys. This small, nocturnal squirrel inhabits deciduous and mixed forests, particularly beech-maple, oak-hickory, and poplar. Mature, closed-canopy forests near water are preferred. Squirrels readily use nest boxes and abandoned bird and squirrel nests. Nest boxes were used to survey for the species in floodplain and upland forests on FLMR. Three series of nest boxes (four boxes per site) were installed on 5 December 2002 and checked in April and November 2003 (Figure 3.1). No flying squirrels were found using nest boxes. Davis (2003) trapped unsuccessfully for this species on the installation. However, one southern flying squirrel was captured while netting bats near the Boy Scout Camp on 2 June 2003 (C. Davis personal comm.). Sightings in 2003 include one animal on 3 May on the River Trail by S. Seltman (personal comm.) and reports by bow hunters in the cottonwood forest north of the airfield (C. Davis personal comm.).

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Flying squirrels were found during this study, with one confirmed record in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest and several observations in the floodplain forests. Limited records indicate that the southern flying squirrel is an uncommon resident in larger forest tracts on the installation.

Recommendations. Mature forest stands on the installation should be maintained. Additional surveys should be carried out if more detailed information about this species’ distribution and abundance is needed.

Timber rattlesnake: Crotalus horridus Linneaus

Past Records. The timber rattlesnake, the largest venomous snake in Kansas, is restricted in Kansas to counties in the eastern quarter. Specimens have been collected in Leavenworth and all surrounding Kansas counties (Collins 1993). Brumwell (1951) reported the species from Corral Creek, Government Hill, and other locations on FLMR. The Pest Control office has one timber

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rattlesnake specimen collected near the Missouri River along Sherman Avenue between Meade and Reynolds Avenues (date unknown). Simon and Dorlac (1990) listed the species as occurring on the installation. This rattlesnake was not observed by Freeman et al. (1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Timber rattlesnakes typically occur in open woodlands with rock outcrops. Suitable habitat is found in upland forest and woodlands at FLMR, but suitable rock substrates are limited. Searches were conducted for timber rattlesnakes on forested uplands, especially where rock outcrops were present (Appendix E). No animals were found on FLMR by KBS personnel, but a large road-killed male was collected 16 September 2003 on US 73 at the west entrance to the post. Another road-killed specimen was observed in June 2003 on KS 92 near Sunset Memorial Gardens which is 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of FLMR.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Records indicate that the timber rattlesnake is present in low densities. Habitat fragmentation and human activity probably preclude healthy timber rattlesnake populations. This snake grows slowly, has a low reproductive rate, and suffers from human persecution. It tends to disappear as development pressure increases.

Recommendations. Stands of White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on FLMR should be maintained. Habitat fragmentation should be avoided if timber rattlesnake populations are to be maintained. This species is sensitive to human disturbance.

Whip-poor-will: Caprimulgus vociferus (Wilson)

Past Records. The whip-poor-will is a locally common transient and summer resident in eastern Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1989). Brumwell (1951) reported it was common on the installation during the summer. Freeman et al. (1997) observed the species in upland forests on the installation.

Available Habitat and Surveys. Whip-poor-wills are ground-nesting birds of upland forests and woodlands. Suitable habitat is present on wooded slopes on FLMR. This species was observed in May 2002 along Sheridan Drive. Systematic surveys for this species were not conducted.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Suitable habitat exists, and the species was confirmed on FLMR during this study. Whip-poor-wills appear to be common breeders on upland slopes in the larger tracts of forest.

Recommendations. Stands of White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest should be maintained. This species is vulnerable to high levels of predation along forest edges and in proximity to human development because of its ground-nesting habit. Activities promoting forest fragmentation should be avoided.

Yellow-throated warbler: Dendroica dominica (Linneaus)

Past Records. The yellow-throated warbler is a rare migrant and local breeder in eastern Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1992), where it is at the extreme northwest edge of its breeding range.

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FLMR is the only site in northeast Kansas where the warbler occurs regularly as a summer resident (KSNHI unpublished data). A population exists in the old-growth bottomland forest on FLMR (Schukman and Mouras 1992, Schukman 1996, Freeman et al. 1997).

Available Habitat and Surveys. Breeding habitat in eastern Kansas consists of mature riparian forest containing large sycamore trees. Strip-plot surveys conducted in 2002 and 2003 yielded a number of records (Table 3.7). Territorial males also were observed in May 2003 adjacent to the Maple-Basswood Forest and in June 2003 in mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest north of Rialto Trail (tail dike trail). This latter tract of forest contains few large sycamores, and numbers of yellow-throated warblers there appear to be low. The area of FLMR occupied by the yellow-throated warbler is shown in Figure 3.4.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The yellow-throated warbler was confirmed as a summer resident on FLMR. The species is widespread in bottomland forest on the installation, especially where large sycamores are present. The largest population is in old-growth forest east of the Sherman Army Airfield. Smaller populations on the river floodplain are found north of the airfield adjacent to Maple-Basswood Forest and in the mid-successional Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest.

Recommendations. Mature bottomland forest on the Missouri River floodplain should be maintained, especially those that support large sycamore trees.

Species Accounts–Former Federal Candidate Species

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service eliminated its lists of Category 2 and Category 3 species in 1996. Discussed below are some former Category 2 species that originally were to be included in this study. Because they no longer have special federal or state status, targeted surveys for these species were not conducted.

Clanton's cave amphipod: Stygobromus clantoni (Creaser)

Past Records. Clanton's cave amphipod is a subterranean crustacean known from 10–20 sites in east-central Kansas and west-central Missouri. The population closest to FLMR is in a spring in Franklin County, Kansas (Busby and Danoff-Burg 1992).

Available Habitat and Surveys. This species is found in underground waters in the Flint Hills and Osage Cuestas physiographic provinces in areas with limestone and shale substrates. Survey methods consist of visually searching cave streams and by placing baited traps into open wells.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. Leavenworth County is approximately 48 km (30 mi) north of the known range of Clanton's cave amphipod. The installation appears to lack suitable habitat for this species, but the habitat requirements of Clanton’s cave amphipod are poorly known.

Recommendations. None.

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Loggerhead shrike: Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus

Past Records. This small, predatory bird is an uncommon migrant and summer resident in eastern Kansas (Thompson and Ely 1992). There are numerous records for Leavenworth County and other sites northeastern Kansas. Loggerheads shrikes were observed on FLMR in the 1990s (J. Schukman personal comm., Freeman et al. 1997), the latter reporting them at three locations in the Missouri River floodplain.

Available Habitat and Surveys. Shrikes prefer grasslands and other open habitats with scattered trees and large shrubs that are used for foraging perches and nesting sites (Thompson and Ely 1992). Short grass and herbaceous cover is preferred over tall, dense vegetation. Shrike habitat is limited on FLMR. Sites where shrikes were observed in 1995–1996 were revisited in this study, but none was found. Other observers have not seen loggerhead shrike in the past few years on FLMR (J. Schukman personal comm.).

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. The absence of recent shrike sightings may be due to regional population declines unrelated to conditions on the post. Alternatively, recent changes in land management at Sherman Army Airfield may have reduced habitat suitability for this species by converting mowed grassland and cropland to taller vegetation that is not suitable for shrikes.

Recommendations. Shrike habitat could be improved by creating more short vegetation by mowing fields near the airfield. However, the advantages of this need to be weighed against the preferences of many other wildlife species for tall vegetation.

Regal fritillary butterfly: Speyeria idalia (Drury)

Past Records. This large, colorful butterfly is found in eastern Kansas and western Missouri (Ely et al. 1986). Specimens are known from Leavenworth County.

Available Habitat and Surveys. The regal fritillary is found in prairies, where the larvae feed on violets. It can persist on small prairie remnants and is a good disperser. Very little suitable habitat exists on FLMR, and no surveys were conducted.

Potential for Occurrence on FLMR. It is unlikely that this butterfly reproduces on the installation because of the extremely limited amount of suitable habitat. Dispersing individuals occasionally may find their way onto the installation.

Recommendations. If existing prairie remnants are managed and expanded, it is possible that sufficient habitat on FLMR could be restored to support populations of this butterfly.

Species Accounts–Other Rare Species

Three state-rare species tracked by KSNHI, but which lack protection under federal or state endangered species laws, were documented during this study or in the previous Kansas Biological Survey study (Freeman et al. 1997).

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A Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus (Vieillot), was seen in 1995 in the oak-hickory forest in the vicinity of the National Cemetery (Freeman et al. 1997). This species was observed in 2002–2003 in the same general vicinity (Figure 3.6). Nesting has not been confirmed but it is likely that a pair is nesting somewhere between the National Cemetery and Hancock Hill.

The great egret, Ardea alba (Linnaeus), has nested at FLMR from about 1992 to at least 1996 in the large colony of great blue herons in the mature floodplain forest (Figure 3.6). However, none was observed in this study. This is a conspicuous bird, so it probably was not present these two years, a fact perhaps related to drought conditions that may have reduced foraging habitat.

Ovenbirds, Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) were recorded at two sites in upland forest in 1995– 1996 (Figure 3.6). This large, ground-nesting warbler occurs most often in large tracts of dry, upland woods with abundant leaf litter. Ovenbirds were not observed in 2002–2003.

Faunistic Surveys

Herpetological Survey. A report on a survey of snakes on FLMR is presented in Appendix E. In addition to that survey, other records were gathered of reptiles and amphibians encountered while conducting targeted surveys for protected species. Reptile and amphibian site locations are summarized in Figure 3.7. Most records are described in Appendix E.

Floodplain Point Counts for Birds. Results of fixed-radius and unlimited-distance point counts for birds in three forest types (Figure 3.3) along a successional gradient are summarized in Table 3.8. Species richness was highest in the old-growth forest (43 species, unlimited distance; 36 species, fixed-radius), lowest in the mid-successional forest (36 species, unlimited distance; 29 species, fixed-radius), and intermediate in the early successional forest. Species composition exhibited high overlap among forest types, but each forest type had some unique species or at least some species whose relative abundance varied markedly with forest type. Species recorded only in old-growth forest included the red-shouldered hawk, yellow-throated warbler, and parula warbler. Species more abundant in this forest type included the pileated woodpecker, Acadian flycatcher, Carolina wren, and wood thrush. As expected, most of these birds prefer mature, closed-canopy forest. Species unique to early successional forest were open country or edge- dwelling birds such as the northern bobwhite, eastern kingbird, eastern bluebird, brown thrasher, yellow warbler, and orchard oriole. As expected from its intermediate successional condition, the mid-successional forest had no species unique to it, and the relative abundance of most species was intermediate between the other two forest types. The only species that was markedly more common in mid-successional forest was warbling vireo, a species that prefers large cottonwoods.

All three floodplain forest types support a relatively high diversity and density of breeding birds and contribute substantially to the native, avifaunal diversity of FLMR. However, it should be pointed out that the conservation status of different bird species does vary (Partners in Flight 2003). Higher priority species in Bird Conservation Region 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) that are found in the FLMR floodplain forest include, from higher to lower scores, cerulean warbler, red-headed woodpecker, wood thrush, prothonotary warbler, Acadian flycatcher, orchard oriole,

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and brown thrasher. The habitat preferences of these species as a whole represent a broad habitat spectrum from savanna/ to closed canopy forest, but the majority prefers mature forest, a fact that highlights the importance of protecting old-growth forest at FLMR.

TABLE 3.8. Results of point counts for birds conducted in June 2003 in three floodplain forest types on FLMR. Data are mean number of individuals detected during 10-minute counts (n = 13 counts per forest type). Data exclude birds flying above the canopy during the counts. Scientific names are given in Appendix B.

Mid- Early- Mid- Early - Species Old-growth Old-growth Successional Successional Successional Successional Unlimited distance Fixed distance (50 m radius) mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. great blue heron 0.462 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 red-shouldered hawk 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 turkey vulture 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.000 ring-necked pheasant 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.000 wild turkey 0.231 0.000 0.077 0.154 0.000 0.077 northern bobwhite 0.000 0.000 0.385 0.000 0.000 0.000 mourning dove 0.385 0.769 0.385 0.077 0.000 0.000 yellow-billed cuckoo 0.538 0.769 0.538 0.000 0.308 0.308 red-headed woodpecker 0.538 0.385 0.231 0.077 0.000 0.154 red-bellied woodpecker 1.385 1.615 0.769 0.385 0.231 0.000 downy woodpecker 0.538 0.538 0.692 0.077 0.385 0.308 hairy woodpecker 0.154 0.385 0.077 0.154 0.000 0.077 northern flicker 0.154 0.462 0.462 0.000 0.077 0.154 pileated woodpecker 0.462 0.154 0.000 0.154 0.077 0.000 eastern wood-pewee 1.000 0.538 0.462 0.231 0.000 0.308 Acadian flycatcher 0.615 0.385 0.000 0.231 0.231 0.000 great crested flycatcher 1.385 0.462 0.385 0.769 0.308 0.385 eastern kingbird 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.154 yellow-throated vireo 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 warbling vireo 0.308 1.308 2.154 0.000 0.538 1.154 red-eyed vireo 1.077 1.231 0.615 0.615 0.538 0.154 blue jay 0.769 0.462 0.615 0.231 0.000 0.385 American crow 0.000 0.385 0.769 0.000 0.000 0.000 black-capped chickadee 0.769 0.462 0.462 0.615 0.231 0.308 tufted titmouse 0.615 0.231 0.308 0.231 0.231 0.231 white-breasted nuthatch 0.846 0.769 0.000 0.308 0.462 0.000 Carolina wren 0.462 0.538 0.077 0.154 0.231 0.000 house wren 1.538 1.385 1.615 0.846 0.923 0.923 blue-gray gnatcatcher 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 eastern bluebird 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.154 wood thrush 1.615 0.615 0.077 0.385 0.154 0.000 American robin 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.077

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Mid- Early- Mid- Early - Species Old-growth Old-growth Successional Successional Successional Successional Unlimited distance Fixed distance (50 m radius) mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. mean indiv. gray catbird 1.923 0.615 0.769 1.231 0.308 0.615 brown thrasher 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.077 northern parula 0.923 0.000 0.000 0.385 0.000 0.000 yellow-throated warbler 0.923 0.000 0.000 0.385 0.000 0.000 American redstart 2.308 1.846 1.615 1.462 1.077 0.846 prothonotary warbler 0.077 0.231 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.000 common yellowthroat 0.000 0.615 1.769 0.000 0.308 1.231 yellow-breasted chat 0.000 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.000 scarlet tanager 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.000 eastern towhee 0.077 0.385 0.538 0.077 0.154 0.154 lark sparrow 0.000 0.000 0.154 0.000 0.000 0.000 northern cardinal 1.077 1.615 1.385 0.615 0.846 0.538 rose-breasted grosbeak 2.846 2.077 0.846 1.154 1.231 0.385 indigo bunting 0.231 1.154 2.000 0.154 0.385 1.385 red-winged blackbird 0.000 0.154 0.615 0.000 0.000 0.154 eastern meadowlark 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 common grackle 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.077 0.000 brown-headed cowbird 0.308 0.308 1.154 0.077 0.077 0.462 orchard oriole 0.000 0.000 0.692 0.000 0.000 0.462 Baltimore oriole 0.308 0.923 1.077 0.231 0.615 0.692 American goldfinch 0.000 0.000 0.615 0.000 0.000 0.308 Species Count 43 36 42 36 29 33

Vertebrate Species Overview. A list of vertebrates for FLMR is presented in Appendix B, and numbers of species in each taxonomic class are summarized in Table 3.9. Of 428 vertebrate species considered potentially to occur on FLMR, 323 (75%) have been confirmed, and 292 (68%) have been confirmed since 1995. The high proportion of recently documented species is a consequence of this and other studies conducted in recent years at FLMR (see citations in Appendix B). Greater attention has been devoted to birds and mammals. Consequently, the proportion of recently confirmed species in these two groups (80% and 77%, respectively) is higher than that of other classes. The low proportion of recently confirmed fishes (30%) is attributable in part to the limited attention given to this class of organisms on the installation.

3.4. SUMMARY

Surveys for rare and protected animals at FLMR during 2002 and 2003 revealed few changes from the findings reported by Freeman et al. (1997) As reported in that study, one federally protected species, the bald eagle, is a regular migrant and winter resident on FLMR. Four species of federally protected birds may migrate through the area, but nesting and/or foraging habitat for these species is limited or absent. They include the Eskimo curlew, least tern, piping plover, and whooping crane. Due to the recent delisting of the peregrine falcon, there is one less federally

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TABLE 3.9. Number of vertebrate species known to occur or potentially occurring on FLMR based on data in Appendix B. Recently confirmed = species reported since 1995; Total confirmed = includes records prior to 1995; and All categories = includes species of possible, probable, and confirmed occurrence on FLMR.

Class Recently confirmed Total confirmed All categories Mammals 40 44 52 Birds 205 218 258 Reptiles 20 30 39 Amphibians 7 11 12 Fishes 20 20 67 Total 292 323 428

protected bird species on FLMR than was reported in Freeman et al. (1997). The federally endangered pallid sturgeon, was documented in the Missouri Kansas River at FLMR in 2003. Two other federally endangered species, Indiana bat and American burying beetle, were not found during this study.

No state-listed threatened and endangered species were documented during this study. The white-faced ibis, a state-threatened bird, may make infrequent, brief stops at FLMR during migration. Five Kansas SINCs were documented in 2003. Two SINC mammals, eastern chipmunk and southern flying squirrel, are resident on FLMR. Three SINC neotropical migrant birds breed on the installation: cerulean warbler, yellow-throated warbler, and whip-poor-will. A fourth SINC bird, the red-shouldered hawk, probably breeds on or near FLMR. One additional Kansas SINC bird, the black tern, infrequently may use habitat on the installation.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not designated any habitat on FLMR as critical for any of the species it is charged with protecting. However, the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks has designated the mainstem of the Missouri River as critical habitat for the bald eagle and seven fish species: chestnut lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus (Girard); pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson); flathead chub, Platygobio gracilis (Richardson); sicklefin chub, Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann); sturgeon chub, Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard); silverband shiner, Notropis shumardi (Girard); and western silvery minnow, Hybognathus argyritis (Girard).

Several state-threatened and state-endangered species not found during this study still may occur on FLMR because there is suitable habitat, including eastern spotted skunk, redbelly snake, and smooth earth snake. All suitable woodland habitats in Leavenworth County are designated as critical habitat for the redbelly snake and the smooth earth snake.

Four state-rare animals with no protective status that were documented on FLMR during this study. They were the broad-winged hawk, Cooper’s hawk, great egret, and ovenbird.

Of 428 species of vertebrates considered potentially to occur on the installation, 292 species

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(68%) have been confirmed since 1995. Birds and mammals are among the vertebrates best documented. Reptiles and amphibians are less well known, and fishes are the least studied vertebrate group.

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CHAPTER 4. PLANTS

Caleb A. Morse R. L. McGregor Herbarium Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research Center 2045 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3729 [email protected]

4.1. INTRODUCTION

Botanical studies on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons consisted of five primary objectives: 1) compile a list of protected and rare species of plants, 2) plan and conduct surveys for those species, 3) document all findings of threatened and endangered species, 4) compile a comprehensive report detailing all occurrences of protected and rare species and describing exceptional biological natural areas on the installation, and 5) assist in the formulation of management recommendations based on survey results. In addition, surveys were carried out in order to gather baseline data about vascular plants and bryophytes on the installation.

No federal-listed vascular plant species were discovered on the installation during the 1995–1996 field seasons. However, at least one population of each of 11 state-rare vascular plants was documented. These were Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton var. lateriflorus (Asteraceae; white woodland aster), Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (Lamiaceae; hairy wood-mint), Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae; upright shorthusk), Bromus nottowayanus Fernald (Poaceae; Nottoway brome), Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. (Hydrophyllaceae; notchbract waterleaf), Lithospermum latifolium Michx. (Boraginaceae; American gromwell), Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke (Apiaceae; hairy sweet-cicely), Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae; floodplain ragwort, reported as Senecio glabellus Poir.), Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. recurvatus (Ranunculaceae; eastern hooked buttercup, reported as Ranunculus recurvatus), Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. arenicola (Britton) G.A. Mulligan & D.B. Munro (Lamiaceae; marsh hedge-nettle, reported as Stachys palustris L. subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling.), and Uvularia grandiflora Sm. (Liliaceae; large-flower bellwort). Floristic work on FLMR surveys confirmed 99 families (88% of the total number known from Leavenworth County), 313 genera (77%), 532 species (68%), and 535 taxa (67%) of vascular plants and 17 families, 31 genera, and 42 species of bryophytes. Seven species of vascular plants and one species of bryophyte were documented in Kansas for the first time. Preliminary evaluation was made for several species of exotic vascular plants documented on FLMR, with an assessment of the potential threats posed by each species to natural communities on the installation.

During the 1995–1996 field seasons, emphasis was placed on identification of outstanding terrestrial natural areas supporting protected and rare species. In contrast, during the 2003 field season, fieldwork was directed towards refining knowledge of the vascular plant flora of FLMR, and documenting the persistence and extent of populations of the state-rare vascular plant species

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previously reported from the installation. In addition, suitable habitat was resurveyed for three federal-listed vascular plant species and 24 state-rare vascular plant species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997) but undocumented on the installation during the 1995–1996 field seasons.

4.2. METHODS

Plant surveys were carried out during the 2003 field season on FLMR between 6 May and 11 November. Techniques follow those described by Freeman et al. (1997). These comprised efforts to refine and elaborate on the vascular flora presented by those authors as Appendices A and B, resurvey for three federal-listed vascular plant species, document the persistence and extent of populations of 11 state-rare vascular plant species previously reported from FLMR, and survey for the presence of 24 state-rare vascular plant species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997) but undocumented on the installation.

4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plant surveys of more than 17 sites were performed by C. C. Freeman and C. A. Morse on 16 days, for a total of 120 person hours (Table 4.1). Many more sites were checked briefly on foot (survey time < 30 minutes) but are not reported here. Emphasis was placed on documenting taxa for the installation that were excluded from the floristic list produced by Freeman et al. (1997), resurveying for three federally protected plant species identified as potentially occurring by Freeman et al. (1997), and documenting the distribution and extent of populations of 11 state-rare vascular species identified as occurring on the installation during the 1995–1996 field seasons. Plant surveys were carried out in a diversity of sites in an effort to expand the floristic list of the installation. In all, 267 specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes were collected. Data for the vascular flora of Leavenworth County were acquired using the R. L. McGregor Collection Management Information System and these, along with data from FLMR, were reanalyzed for comparison with results presented by Freeman et al. (1997).

TABLE 4.1. Summary of dates, areas surveyed for vascular plant species, effort, and results during the 2003 field season on FLMR. Survey duration (time) is in person-hours for work performed by C. C. Freeman and C. A. Morse only; work performed by H. Loring is recorded elsewhere in this report.

Date Location Time Notes 2003-05-06 39.3715°N, 94.9319°W; ENE of Hancock Hill 2 C. C. Freeman: survey White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on hills at Fort de Cavagnial Picnic Area and bluffs above Missouri River and disturbed areas along roads and trails; document populations of Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus. Collections 19748–19753. 39.3611°N, 94.9302°W; around Girl Scout 1 C. C. Freeman: survey White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest and Camp Conestoga disturbed areas. Collections 19754–19756. 2003-05-13 39.3656°N, 94.9364°W; near water reservoir, 3 C. A. Morse, C. C. Freeman & W. D. Kettle: survey disturbed White ca 0.5 mi NE Bell Point and ca 0.25 mi oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on moderate, NE-facing slopes; Hancock Hill document populations of Carex hitchcockiana, Carex rosea, and Uvularia grandiflora. Collections 9367–9379. 39.3733°– 39.3786°N, 94.9061°W; N side of 3 C.A. Morse, C. C. Freeman & W. D. Kettle: survey Cottonwood- Sherman Army Airfield, just S of Weston Sycamore Floodplain Forest along the Missouri River. Collections Bend of Missouri River 9380–9389.

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Date Location Time Notes 39.3611°N, 94.9278°W; bluffs W of N end of 6 C. A. Morse, C. C. Freeman & W. D. Kettle: survey Maple- Sherman Army Airfield and ca 0.75 mi NE of Basswood Forest on steep, NE-facing bluffs above Missouri River Hancock Hill and floodplain forest at base of bluffs; document populations of Carex hitchcockiana, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Packera glabella, and Rubus alumnus. Collections 9390–9402. 2003-06-04 39.3720°N, 94.8952°W and points to ca 1 NE 6 C. A. Morse: survey Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest; document on peninsula; N side of Sherman Army populations of Carex crus-corvi, Carex radiata, and Carex Airfield, just S of Weston Bend of Missouri tribuloides var. sangamonensis. Collections 9445–9664. River 39.3611°N, 94.9278°W; bluffs W of N end of 2 C. A. Morse: survey Maple-Basswood forest on steep, NE-facing Sherman Army Airfield and ca 0.75 mi NE of bluffs above Missouri River and floodplain forest at base of bluffs; Hancock Hill document populations of Carex hitchcockiana, Carex normalis, Carex rosea, and Osmorhiza claytonii. Collections 9465–9472. 2003-06-11 39.3657°–39.3676°N, 94.9349°– 94.9297°W; 7 C. A. Morse: survey mesic White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on area to N of water reservoir, E of Hancock Hill NE-facing slopes and floodplain forest along tributary to Quarry Creek; document populations of Brachyelytrum erectum, Bromus nottawayanus, Carex hirtifolia, Carex hitchcockiana, Carex rosea, and Osmorhiza claytonii. Collections 9478–9511. 39.3718°N, 94.9320°W; Fort de Cavagnial 1 C. A. Morse: survey weedy edge of White oak-Shagbark hickory Picnic Area Forest and mowed parkland. Collections 9512–9520. 2003-06-23 39.3711°N, 94.9337°W; area E of Hancock 4 C. A. Morse: survey mesic White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on Hill and S of Fort de Cavagnial Picnic Area SE-facing slope along tributary to Quarry Creek. Collections 9684– 9689. 39.3590°N, 94.9424°W; area near Hunt Lodge 1 C. A. Morse: survey weedy seep and dry creek at base of wooded slope. Collection 9690. 39.3497°–39.3504°N, 94.9332°–94.9373°W; 2 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest area to N and W of National Cemetery on SE-facing slope; document populations of Osmorhiza claytonii and Rubus alumnus. Collections 9691–9797. 2003-06-27 39.3720°–39.3905°N, 94.8952°– 94.8891°W; 7 C. A. Morse: survey Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest and weedy N side of Sherman Army Airfield, just S of openings; document populations of Carex tribuloides var. Weston Bend of Missouri River sangamonensis and Stachys pilosa var. arenicola. Collections 9708– 9727. 2003-07-02 39.3526°–39.3545°N, 94.9391°–94.9304°W; 8 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest area to E of Wagner Point and NW of National on steep slopes above tributary to Quarry Creek and floodplain forest Cemetery along creek; document populations of Carex hirtifolia, Carex radiata, and Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus. Collections 9728–9748. 2003-07-18 39.3541°–39.3649°N, 94.9112°–94.8940°W; 3 C. A. Morse: survey muddy bank of river, weedy levy, disturbed E side of Sherman Army Airfield, just S of floodplain forest between levee and river, and Eleocharis marsh Weston Bend of Missouri River along levee. Collections 9750–9758. 39.3627°–39.3620°N, 94.9328°–94.9371°W; 4 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest ravine 0.25 mi E of Bell Point, between on moderate E-facing slope with deep, steep sided draws along reservoir to N and radio tower to S tributary to Quarry Creek; document populations of Brachyelytrum erectum. Collections 9759–9762. 2003-07-24 39.3507°–39.3533°N, 94.9362°–94.9352°W; 5 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest area to N and W of National Cemetery and small tallgrass prairie remnant openings on SE-facing slope. Collections 9764–9766. 39.3774°–39.3804°N, 94.9294°–94.9305°W; 3 C. A. Morse: survey Maple-Basswood forest on steep, NE-facing bluffs W of N end of Sherman Army Airfield bluffs above Missouri River and floodplain forest at base of bluffs and ca 0.75 mi NE of Hancock Hill and on E- and W side of Union Pacific RR tracks; document populations of Carex crus-corvi, Carex hirtifolia, and Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis. Collections 9767–9771. 2003-08-05 39.3707°–39.3710°N, 94.9217°–94.9240°W; 2 C. A. Morse: survey mowed area surrounding cemetery and Military Prison Cemetery and environs to N, disturbed Maple-Basswood forest on steep, primarily N-facing ca 0.5 mi E Fort de Cavagnial Picnic Area slopes; document population of Carex hitchcockiana. Collections 9774–9777. 39.3461°–39.3512°N, 94.9424°–94.9414°W; 5 C. A. Morse: survey openings in forest along top of ridge, lightly Government Hill and area 0.25 mi S Wagner wooded oak savanna and Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie remnants. Point Collections 9778–9782. 2003-08-08 39.3585°–39.3618°N, 94.9076°–94.9033°W 1 C. A. Morse: survey weedy levee and two-track along Missouri and 39.3686°N, 94.9013°W; E side of River; document population of Stachys pilosa var. arenicola. Sherman Army Airfield, just S of Weston Collections 9783–9786. Bend of Missouri River 39.3774°N, 94.9063°W; N side of Sherman 1 C. A. Morse: survey edge of Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Army Airfield, just S of Weston Bend of Forest along Missouri River; document populations of Carex crus- Missouri River corvi and Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis. Collection 9787.

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Date Location Time Notes 39.3657°–39.3667°N, 94.9349°–94.9279°W; 6 C. A. Morse: survey mesic White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on area to E of water reservoir , E of Hancock NE-facing slope and floodplain forest along tributary to Quarry Hill Creek; document populations of Bromus nottawayanus, Carex hirtifolia, Carex normalis, and Carex rosea. Collections 9788–9792. 2003-09-18 39.3660°–39.3775°N, 94.8942°–94.8827°W; 4 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain E side of Sherman Army Airfield, just S of Forest along river. Collections 9793–9805. Weston Bend of Missouri River 39.3778°N, 94.9278°W; bluffs W of N end of 4 C. A. Morse: survey Maple-Basswood Forest on steep NE- and W- Sherman Army Airfield and ca 0.75 mi NE of facing bluffs above Missouri River, and marshy floodplain forest at Hancock Hill base of bluffs. Collections 9806–9813. 2003-09-30 39.3799°–39.3911°N, 94.9003°–94.9030°W; 5 C. A. Morse: survey Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest with N side of Sherman Army Airfield, just S of herbaceous understory and mud flat along Missouri River; document Weston Bend of Missouri River populations of Carex crus-corvi, Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis, Hypericum pyramidatum, and Lipocarpha micrantha. Collections 9814–9839. 2003-10-31 39.3526°–39.3545°N, 94.9391°–94.9304°W; 4 C. A. Morse: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest area to E of Wagner Point and NW of National on steep slopes above tributary to Quarry Creek and floodplain forest Cemetery along creek; document population of Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus. Collections 9873–9886. 39.3652°–39.3676°N, 94.9303°–94.9263°W; 2 C. A. Morse: survey mesic, White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on area to E of water reservoir and E of Hancock NE-facing slope and Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest along Hill tributary to Quarry Creek; document populations of Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus, Bromus nottawayanus, and Carex hirtifolia. Collections 9887–9889. 39.3628°N, 94.9297°W; landfill dump to SE 1 C. A. Morse: survey weedy reclaimed landfill on E side of two-track. of Scout Camp Miles Collection 9890. 39.3778°N, 94.9278°W; bluffs W of N end of 2 C. A. Morse: survey Maple-Basswood Forest on steep NE- and W- Sherman Army Airfield and ca 0.75 mi NE of facing bluffs above Missouri River, and marshy floodplain forest at Hancock Hill base of bluffs; document population of Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus. Collections 9891–9892. 2003-11-10 39.3679°–39.3748°N, 94.9331°–94.9279°W; 4 C. A. Morse & H. Loring: survey Maple-Basswood Forest and White bluffs W of N end of Sherman Army Airfield oak-Shagbark hickory Forest transition on steep NE-facing bluffs and ca 0.75 mi NE of Hancock Hill above Missouri River, and marshy floodplain forest at base of bluffs on E- and W side of Union Pacific RR tracks to edge of river; document populations of Carex crus-corvi, Carex hitchcockiana, Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis, and Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Collections 9893–9898. 39.3717°–39.3744°N, 94.9313°–94.9306°W; 2 C. A. Morse & H. Loring: survey disturbed White oak-Shagbark area to N and E of Fort de Cavagnial Picnic hickory Forest and transition to Maple-Basswood forest on moderate, Area NE-facing slopes above Missouri River floodplain; document population of Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus. Collections 9900– 9903. 39.3471°–39.3512°N, 94.9439°–94.9414°W; 1 C. A. Morse & H. Loring: survey openings in White oak-Shagbark Government Hill and area 0.25 mi S of hickory Forest along top of ridge, lightly wooded oak savanna and Wagner Point tallgrass prairie remnants. Collections 9904–9908. 2003-11-20 39.3507°N, 94.9362°W; area to N and W of 1 C. A. Morse, H. Loring, & V. B. Salisbury: survey disturbed National Cemetery Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie remnants on moderate S-facing slope. Collection 9909. 39.3471°–39.3512°N, 94.9439°–94.9414°W; 1 C. A. Morse, H. Loring & V. B. Salisbury: survey openings in White Government Hill and area 0.25 mi S of oak-Shagbark hickory Forest along top of ridge, lightly wooded oak Wagner Point savanna and tallgrass prairie remnants. No collections. 39.3776°–39.3780°N, 94.8904°–94.8807°W; 6 C. A. Morse, H. Loring & V. B. Salisbury: survey Pecan-Hackberry N side of Sherman Army Airfield, just S of and Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forests on gently rolling Weston Bend of Missouri River topography and muddy bar along river; document population of Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, and Lipocarpha micrantha. Collections 9910-9913.

Floristic Surveys

Analysis of data provided by the R.L. McGregor Collection Management Information System showed that fieldwork carried out by staff and students affiliated with the R. L. McGregor Herbarium between 1998 and 2003 has yielded 14 genera, 53 species, and 58 taxa of vascular

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plants (including all infraspecific taxa) previously undocumented in Leavenworth County. Survey work during the 2003 field season yielded specimens representing 4 families, 12 genera, 51 species, and 54 taxa previously undocumented on FLMR. A revised list of the vascular flora of the county and the installation is presented as Appendix C. A total of 113 families, 421 genera, 832 species, and 853 taxa are reported from Leavenworth County. Of this number, 103 families (91% of the total flora of the county), 325 genera (77%), 585 species (70%), and 591 taxa (69%) have been documented on FLMR.

The 10 families reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as comprising the most taxa are retained after the 2003 field season, although several families have changed rank (Table 4.2). Poaceae, reported here as comprising the largest number of taxa, was reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as second to Asteraceae; Rosaceae, reported here as comprising the seventh largest number of taxa, is reported here as fifth, followed by (sixth) and Lamiaceae (seventh). These ten families cumulatively account for 475 (57%) of the taxa known in the county and 335 (57%) of the taxa known on FLMR.

TABLE 4.2. Number of taxa and cumulative percentage of the 10 most species-rich vascular plant families known from Leavenworth County and FLMR. Cumulative % = cumulative percent of taxa relative to totals reported for county (853) and FLMR (591).

Family Leavenworth Co Cumulative % FLMR Cumulative % Poaceae 111 13 76 13 Asteraceae 111 26 73 25 Cyperaceae 64 34 50 34 Fabaceae 45 39 30 39 Rosaceae 30 42 27 43 Brassicaceae 30 46 21 47 Lamiaceae 26 49 21 50 Polygonaceae 22 51 13 53 Apiaceae 18 54 12 55 Scrophulariaceae 18 57 12 57

Provenance. Based on the provenance data presented in Appendix C, floristic work since 1997 has resulted in little change in the percentage of native/non-native taxa documented for Leavenworth County and FLMR (Freeman et al. 1997) (Table 4.3). The percentage of native taxa reported here for the installation has remained stable, despite the increase in number of documented taxa. Populations of exotic species cited by Freeman et al. (1997) as having become established on the installation have also either remained stable, or apparently increased in abundance. Several species, including Berberis thunbergii DC. (Berberidaceae; Japanese barberry), Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (Elaeagnaceae; autumn-olive), and Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. (Oleaceae; border privet, previously reported as Ligustrum vulgare),

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cited as adventive in Freeman et al. (1997), were frequently observed in 2003 and now are considered well established on FLMR. Fieldwork carried out by staff affiliated with the R. L. McGregor Herbarium from 1998–2003 has demonstrated each of these species to be more common than previously thought in eastern Kansas. Some exotic species, such as Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Brassicaceae; common garlic-mustard), Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (Caprifoliaceae; Amur honeysuckle), and Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae; multiflora rose) were reported as infrequent in appropriate habitats by Freeman et al. (1997), but are reported here as common. Two exotic pest species, Phalaris arundinacea L. (Poaceae; reed canary grass) and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Poaceae; Johnson grass), were reported as common in appropriate habitats by Freeman et al. (1997), but were observed during the 2003 field season to be locally dominant in open areas in the floodplain and reported here as abundant.

Fieldwork in 2003 documented several exotic species that were either overlooked during the 1995–1996 field seasons and are reported here as additions to the flora of FLMR, or are reported from Kansas for the first time here. Among the exotics known from Kansas, but previously unknown from FLMR, are the ornamentals Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae; purple loosestrife) and Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae; Japanese honeysuckle). Native to Europe, purple loosestrife is an ecologically important wetland weed in the northeast U.S. It has been documented from 10 scattered wetlands in the eastern half of Kansas. Observations during 2003 confirmed individuals of this species growing along the Missouri River. Native to eastern Asia, Japanese honeysuckle is an ecologically and economically important weed of forests throughout the southeastern United States. Observations in 2003 confirmed several sizeable populations of this species in openings in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on FLMR.

Exotic taxa documented in Kansas in 2003 for the first time are Cyperus fuscus L. (Cyperaceae; brown flat-sedge), Euonymus alatus (Celastraceae; winged burningbush), and Rhodotypos scandens (Rosaceae; jetbead). Native to Eurasia, brown flat-sedge is an annual graminoid previously known in the Great Plains from specimens taken in Missouri, Nebraska and South Dakota (Tucker et al. 2002). Two subpopulations of this species were discovered on drying mud flats along the Missouri River. It is unlikely that this species will become a pest in Kansas. Native to eastern Asia, winged burningbush frequently is planted as an ornamental shrub throughout the eastern United States. It has been reported as naturalized elsewhere in the eastern U.S. (Rhoads and Block 2000), but specimens have not previously been taken from wild plants in Kansas. Several specimens were taken during the 2003 field season from plants scattered throughout the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on FLMR. It is unlikely that this species will become a pest in Kansas, but, along with other naturalized exotic shrubs, winged burningbush may contribute locally to the decline of native plants in eastern Kansas forest communities. Native to Japan, jetbead has been planted widely and is reported as an occasional escape in the northeastern United States (Rhoads and Block 2000). Two small populations, each of fewer than 10 plants, were observed in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest along horse trails. These appear to represent the first documented occurrence of this species in the Great Plains. This species has not proved itself to be a pest where it has become established elsewhere in the U.S., and it is unlikely it will become a pest in Kansas.

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TABLE 4.3. Number and cumulative percentage of introduced and native taxa in Leavenworth County and on FLMR. Cumulative % = cumulative percent of taxa relative to totals reported for county (853) and FLMR (591).

Provenance Leavenworth Co. Cumulative % FLMR Cumulative % Native 679 80 457 77 Introduced, naturalized 154 98 122 98 Introduced, adventive 20 100 12 100

Longevity. Longevity data for vascular plants documented for Leavenworth County and FLMR and presented in Appendix C reveal little change from the results published by Freeman et al. (1997) (Table 4.4). The majority of the vascular plants remain perennial herbaceous (52% of all taxa), with annual (25%), perennial woody (17%), and other groups comprising the remainder.

TABLE 4.4. Number and cumulative percentage of annual, biennial, and perennial taxa in Leavenworth County and on FLMR. Cumulative % = cumulative percent of taxa relative to totals reported for county (853 taxa) and FLMR (591).

Cumulative Cumulative Longevity Leavenworth Co FLMR % % Perennial herbaceous 473 55 307 52 Annual 218 81 150 77 Perennial woody 115 94 98 94 Biennial 23 97 17 97 Annual or biennial 9 98 8 98 Biennial or perennial herbaceous 8 99 7 99 Annual, biennial, or perennial 4 >99 2 >99 herbaceous Annual or perennial herbaceous 3 100 2 100

Habitat. Habitat data for vascular plants documented for Leavenworth County and FLMR and presented in Appendix C reveal minor changes from the results published by Freeman et al. (1997) (Table 4.5). As reported previously, a large proportion of the taxa regularly occupy upland forest and disturbed habitats. Smaller percentages of taxa occupy floodplain forest, prairie, and wetland habitats, and a very small percentage of taxa documented on FLMR occupy aquatic habitats. Changes in the rank of taxa found in floodplain forest and prairie habitats (these occupy ranks 3 and 4 here, but were reported by Freeman et al. (1997) ranked 4 and 3, respectively) may be attributed to the relatively greater percent effort expended in 2003 surveying floodplain habitats than prairies. Habitat data were not summarized for Leavenworth County by Freeman et al. (1997), but are also summarized here in Table 4.5. It may be noted that the percentage of taxa reported from forest habitats is considerably smaller for Leavenworth County than it is for FLMR, while the percentage of taxa reported from prairie habitats is greater. These results may be explained by the general inaccessibility of forested sites in the county other than

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those on FLMR, resulting in relatively less survey effort, and the paucity of prairies on FLMR.

TABLE 4.5. Number of instances and cumulative percentage in which taxa were reported from different habitat types in Leavenworth County and on FLMR. % = percent of taxa relative to totals reported for county (853) and FLMR (591). Total number of instances in which all habitat types were reported were 1,305 for Leavenworth County and 942 for FLMR.

General habitat Leavenworth Co % FLMR % Forest, upland 338 40 270 46 Disturbed sites 353 41 250 42 Forest, floodplain 168 20 153 26 Prairie 275 32 140 24 Wetlands 156 18 124 21 Rivers and ponds (aquatic) 15 2 5 1

Abundance. Abundance data for vascular plants documented for FLMR were not summarized by Freeman et al. (1997) but are presented here in Table 4.6 without comparison. Data presented in Appendix C reveal that the majority (55%) of taxa documented on FLMR is only infrequently encountered in appropriate habitats, 32% of taxa are reported as common on the installation, 12% are reported as rare, and only 1% are reported as dominant.

TABLE 4.6. Number of instances and cumulative percentage in which taxa were reported from different habitat types in Leavenworth County and on FLMR. Cumulative % = cumulative percent of taxa relative to totals reported for county (853) and FLMR (591).

Abundance FLMR Cumulative % Infrequent 328 55 Common 184 87 Rare 70 99 Dominant 9 100

Bryophytes. Few collections of bryophytes were prepared during the 2003 field season. The documented bryophyte flora for FLMR has changed very little from the information presented by Freeman et al. (1997), and detailed data on the bryoflora of the installation is still largely lacking. However, voucher specimens were obtained in 2003 for several bryophtye taxa and deposited in KANU, and the flora may be updated with the following records: Riccia frostii Aust. (Hepaticae: Ricciaceae; vouchers: Morse 9837, Morse et al. 9913), Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C. Muell. (Musci: Entodontaceae; voucher: Morse et al. 9384), and Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T. Kop. (Musci: Mniaceae; vouchers: Morse et al. 9378, Morse et al. 9382). In addition, one taxon representing a family previously undocumented on FLMR was discovered. Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. (Musci: Polytrichaceae; voucher: Morse 9511) was confirmed to be locally abundant in shaded ravines in upland oak-hickory forest, on soils of sandstone and

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limestone derivation. After the 2003 field season, a total of 18 families, 32 genera, 43 species of bryophytes are reported from FLMR.

Federal-listed Species

Several hours were spent in 2003 surveying potential habitat for the three federally protected species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997). No evidence was found that any of these species occur on the installation. Given the paucity of suitable prairie habitat for Asclepias meadii Torr. ex A. Gray (Asclepiadaceae; Mead's milkweed) and Platanthera praeclara Shev. & M. Bowles (Orchidaceae; western prairie fringed orchid), it is unlikely that either species occurs on FLMR. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex Eaton (Fabaceae; running buffalo clover) has not been observed in Kansas since 1885 (Brooks and Freeman 1989) and it remains highly unlikely that this species will be discovered on FLMR.

State-rare Species

At least one occurrence of each of 11 state-rare vascular plant taxa was documented on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons and reported by Freeman et al. (1997). During the 2003 field season, nine of these taxa were confirmed as persisting on the installation. In addition, three state-rare taxa reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as occurring on FLMR but not included among the state-rare species discussed by those authors were confirmed as persisting on the installation, and seven state-rare taxa were documented as occurring there for the first time. Of the seven state-rare taxa discovered on FLMR in 2003, six are reported here for the first time for Leavenworth County. Altogether, 13 of these state-rare species occur in upland forest habitats, two occur both in upland and floodplain forest habitats, three occur in floodplain forest habitat, one occurs in open floodplain habitats, and one occurs in wetland habitats along the Missouri River. Species accounts for each of these 21 taxa are presented below, arranged in alphabetical order. Element occurrence records for all taxa, including element occurrence code, state rank, locations of populations and subpopulations for taxa observed in 2003, and date of last observation for each taxon are summarized in Table 4.7.

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton var. lateriflorus (Asteraceae; white woodland aster) was first discovered in Kansas on FLMR during plant surveys in the 1995–1996 field seasons by J. Elliott and C. C. Freeman and reported as new to the state by Freeman et al. (1998). Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that white woodland aster comprises at least three sizeable subpopulations in mesic ravines in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 2) and Maple-Basswood Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 3) (Figure 4.1), where it is often found with a similar, more common congener, Aster ontarionis. To date, this herbaceous perennial is known in Kansas only from populations on FLMR.

A small population of the perennial herb Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (Lamiaceae; hairy wood-mint) was discovered at the edge of a trail in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest west of the National Cemetery during the 1995–1996 field seasons. This species has been collected on four separate occasions in three counties in northeastern Kansas. Only one other collection, made in 1992, is recent enough to be considered to represent an extant population. Efforts to

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relocate the population on FLMR in 2003 were unsuccessful. However, given the longevity of individuals of this species, additional surveys may reveal that plants persist on the installation.

Two small subgroups of the perennial grass Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae; upright shorthusk) were discovered in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest in the north- central part of FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that upright shorthusk is locally common on north-facing slopes and in mesic ravines in both high-quality (Table 4.7, occurrence 1) and somewhat more disturbed (Table 4.7, occurrence 2) White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on the installation (Figure 4.2). This species is known in Kansas from nine historic and recent collections made in three counties in the northeast part of the state. Of these, eight collections in two counties were made subsequent to 1990, and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Bromus nottowayanus Fernald (Poaceae; Nottoway brome), a perennial grass, was first discovered in Kansas on FLMR during plant surveys in the 1995–1996 field seasons by J. Elliott and C. C. Freeman and reported as new to the state by Freeman et al. (1998). To date, Nottoway brome is known in Kansas from a single large population on FLMR in mesic White oak- Shagbark hickory Forest northeast of Camp Miles (Figure 4.3). Observations in 2003 confirmed that this population comprises thousands of individuals.

Carex crus-corvi Shuttlew. ex Kunth (Cyperaceae; raven-foot sedge), a perennial graminoid, is common to locally abundant along edges of and in openings in Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest on FLMR (Figure 4.4), where it may become co-dominant with Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis. This species is known in Kansas from 26 recent and historic collections from 11 counties in the eastern part of the state. Of these, five collections in five counties were made after 1975, and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant. This is the first record of the occurrence of raven-foot sedge in Leavenworth County.

Several subpopulations of Carex hirtifolia Mack. (Cyperaceae; hairy-leaf sedge), a perennial graminoid, were discovered in 2003 in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrences 1–3) and Maple-Basswood (Table 4.7, occurrence 3) forests (Figure 4.5). Occurrences 1, 2, and 4 cited in Table 4.7 were very small, comprising 1–5 individuals only. However, occurrence 3 is large, comprising many hundreds of individuals. All subpopulations occupied slightly disturbed sites, in mesic microsites on east-facing slopes along deer or horse trails (Table 4.7, occurrences 1, 3 [in part], and 4) or in wet-mesic microsites on bars along creeks (Table 4.7, occurrences 2 and 3 [in part]). This is the first record of the occurrence of hairy-leaf sedge in Leavenworth County and only the second record of its occurrence in Kansas. Prior to its discovery on FLMR, this species was known in Kansas from a single locality in Wyandotte County.

Large populations of Carex hitchcockiana Dewey (Cyperaceae; Hitchcock's sedge), a perennial graminoid, were discovered in 2003 in high-quality White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 2), and disturbed (Table 4.7, occurrence 3) and high-quality (Table 4.7, occurrence 4) Maple-Basswood forests (Figure 4.6). Hitchcock’s sedge is observed most frequently on FLMR in mesic ravines and on north- and east-facing slopes and less frequently on

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rock outcrops; it is often found with similar and more common congeners Carex grisea and Carex oligocarpa. This species is known in Kansas from five recent and historic collections in three counties. Of these, at least one population has been documented in each county subsequent to 1986, and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant. Prior to its discovery on FLMR, the species had not been documented in Leavenworth County since 1964.

Two small subpopulations of Carex normalis Mack. (Cyperaceae; large straw sedge), a perennial graminoid, were discovered in 2003, one along a deer trial in high-quality White oak- Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 1) and the other on an east-facing slope in Maple-Basswood Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 2). Neither population comprised more than five individuals, but additional surveys likely would reveal that this frequently overlooked species is scattered throughout the upland forests on FLMR (Figure 4.7). This species is known in Kansas from seven recent and historic collections in four counties in the eastern part of the state. All but one of these collections were made subsequent to 1985, and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant. This is the first documented occurrence of large straw sedge in Leavenworth County.

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small (Cyperaceae; radiate sedge) was first collected on FLMR by C. C. Freeman during the 1989 field season. This species was not included among the state-rare species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997), but subsequent research has shown radiate sedge to be rare in Kansas. On FLMR, this perennial graminoid is occasional in Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 1) and in mesic ravines and along creek beds in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 2; Figure 4.8), where it is often found with similar congeners Carex rosea and Carex sparganioides. This species is known in Kansas from 35 recent and historic collections made in 10 counties in the easternmost part of the state. Of these, 22 collections in nine counties were made subsequent to 1973 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. (Cyperaceae; rosy sedge) was first collected on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons. This species was not included among the state-rare species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997), but subsequent research has shown rosy sedge to be rare in Kansas. On FLMR, this perennial graminoid is occasional in mesic ravines and on north-facing slopes in White oak-Shagbark hickory (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 2) and Maple-Basswood (Table 4.7, occurrence 3) Forests (Figure 4.6), where it is often found with similar congeners Carex radiata and Carex sparganioides. This species is known in Kansas from 26 recent and historic collections made in eight counties in the easternmost part of the state. Of these, eight collections in six counties were made subsequent to 1986 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. sangamonensis Clokey (Cyperaceae; festival sedge) is common to abundant in Cottonwood-Sycamore and Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forests on FLMR (Figure 4.9), where it is often co-dominant with Carex crus-corvi and Carex grayi in seasonally wet depressions. This species is known in Kansas from eight recent and historic collections four counties in the eastern part of the state. Of these, three collections in two counties were made subsequent to 1990 and the populations they represent are considered likely

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to be extant. This is the first record of the occurrence of Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis in Leavenworth County and the first time the taxon has been documented in the northeastern part of the state.

A large population of Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. (Hydrophyllaceae; notchbract waterleaf) was reported by Freeman et al. (1997) from Maple-Basswood forest at the base of the steep bluff that parallels the Missouri River floodplain in the north-central part of FLMR, and the species was reported to be scattered to locally common in floodplain forests along the Missouri River. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that this species is common in wet- mesic sites in Maple-Basswood Forest on the installation (Table 4.7, occurrence 1; Figure 4.10), where it is often found with its more common congener, Hydrophyllum virginianum. A smaller population was observed in high-quality Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 2). This species is known in Kansas from 21 recent and historic collections made in six counties in the northeastern part of the state. Of these, 11 collections in five counties were made subsequent to 1975 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

A single individual of Hypericum ascyron L. (Clusiaceae; giant St. John’s-wort) was discovered late in the 2003 field season near the edge of the Missouri River in disturbed Cottonwood- Sycamore Floodplain Forest (Figure 4.11). Subsequent attempts to locate additional individuals of this species in similar habitat proved unsuccessful and the size and quality of this population is unknown. Prior to its discovery on FLMR, this species was known in Kansas only from a single historical collection made in 1947 in Doniphan County.

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker (Cyperaceae; small-flower dwarf-bulrush) was first collected on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons. This species was not included among the state-rare species discussed by Freeman et al. (1997), but subsequent research has shown small-flower dwarf-bulrush to be rare in Kansas. On FLMR, this annual graminoid is locally abundant with other members of the sedge family in the Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation community along the Missouri River (Figure 4.12). This species is known from 12 recent and historic collections from nine counties throughout the eastern half of the state. Of these, seven collections in five counties were made subsequent to 1979 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Two small subpopulations comprising widely scattered individuals of the perennial herb Lithospermum latifolium Michx. (Boraginaceae; American gromwell) were discovered in mesic draws in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest during the 1995–1996 field seasons. In Kansas, this species is known from eight recent and historic reports or collections from 5 counties in northeastern part of the state. Of these, three collections in three counties were made subsequent to 1979 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant. Efforts to relocate the population on FLMR during the 2003 field season were unsuccessful. However, given the longevity of individuals of this species, additional surveys may reveal that plants have persisted on the installation.

Populations of Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke (Apiaceae; hairy sweet-cicely) were reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as occurring throughout most of the White oak-Shagbark

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hickory Forest on FLMR. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that hairy sweet- cicely is scattered throughout both White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 2) and Maple-Basswood Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 3) on the installation (Figure 4.6), where it is often found with its more common congener, Osmorhiza longistylis. This species is known in Kansas from eight recent and historic collections made in six counties in the northeastern part of the state. Of these, five collections in four counties were made subsequent to 1974 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

A large population of thousands of individuals of Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae; floodplain ragwort) was reported by Freeman et al. (1997; as Senecio glabellus Poir.) in open, wet-mesic to aquatic habitat in the floodplain of the Missouri River, especially in the depression between the railroad right-of-way and bluffs in the northwest part of FLMR. Populations of this annual herb may undergo dramatic fluctuation in size from year to year. However, observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that this population of floodplain ragwort is stable, slightly larger than it was in 1995–1996 (Figure 4.13). This species is known in Kansas from 17 recent and historic collections made in nine counties in the eastern part of the state. Of these, nine collections in six counties were made subsequent to 1975 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

A small population of Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. recurvatus (Ranunculaceae; eastern hooked buttercup) was reported by Freeman et al. (1997; as Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.) from a deep ravine in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest west-northwest of the National Cemetery. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that eastern hooked buttercup comprises at least several small subpopulations in mesic ravines (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 3) and along vehicle trails (Table 4.7, occurrence 2) in White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest and on lower slopes in Maple-Basswood Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 4; Figure 4.14). This species is known in Kansas from seven recent and historic collections made in three counties in the eastern part of the state. Of these, four collections in two counties were made subsequent to 1987 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Two small subpopulations of Rubus alumnus L.H. Bailey (Rosaceae; nursling highbush blackberry), a thicket-forming shrub, were discovered during the 2003 field season, one along a power line clearing (Table 4.7, occurrence 1) and the other along an old two-track on an east- facing slope in Maple-Basswood Forest (Table 4.7, occurrence 2). It is likely that additional surveys would reveal that this frequently overlooked species is scattered in openings throughout the upland forests on FLMR (Figure 4.15). This species is known in Kansas from 17 historic and recent collections made in 12 counties in the eastern half of the state. This is the first documented occurrence of nursling highbush blackberry in Leavenworth County.

Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. arenicola (Britton) G.A. Mulligan & D.B. Munro (Lamiaceae; marsh hedge-nettle) was reported by Freeman et al. (1997; as Stachys palustris L. subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling) as occurring in scattered locations on the Missouri River floodplain. This rhizomatous, perennial herb grows in open, mesic to wet-mesic or marshy habitats or at the edge of floodplain forests or willow thickets. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that marsh hedge-nettle is locally common in disturbed sites in the floodplain, along vehicle trails,

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and on the levy (Figure 4.16), where it often occurs with Teucrium canadense, another, superficially similar, member of the mint family. This species is known in Kansas from 10 recent and historic collections made in four counties in the northeastern part of the state. Of these, five collections in three counties were made subsequent to 1980 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

Populations of Uvularia grandiflora Sm. (Liliaceae; large-flower bellwort) were reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as occurring throughout most of the White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest on FLMR. Observations during the 2003 field season confirmed that this species is abundant throughout both White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest (Table 4.7, occurrences 1 and 2) and Maple- Basswood forests on the installation (occurrence not mapped; Figure 4.6). This species is known in Kansas from 22 recent and historic collections made in six counties in the northeastern part of the state. Of these, five collections in three counties were made subsequent to 1976 and the populations they represent are considered likely to be extant.

TABLE 4.7. Summary of element occurrence records for 21 state-rare vascular plant species on FLMR. Nomenclature for scientific names and common names follows Freeman (2003). Synonyms (SYN) are provided in brackets for names of taxa reported from the FLMR in Freeman et al. (1997) when they differ from those accepted here. Element occurrence codes are unique, 15 character alphanumeric codes applied to each state-rare species by KSNHI. State ranks are applied by examination of the number of extant populations for the state: S1 = 1–5 populations known in the state; S2 = 6–20 populations known in the state. Latitude-longitude data are provided for populations and subpopulations for all taxa observed during the 2003 field season. Each point recorded represents an observation. However, when populations appeared to be essentially continuous between two points, the occurrence is provided as a range.

Occurrence(s) Scientific Common Element State Last Family Documented in Name Name Occurrence Code Rank Observation 2003 Aster lateriflorus Asteraceae white PDASTE8226*001* S1 [1] 39.3510°– 2003-11-10 (L.) Britton var. woodland 39.3567°N, lateriflorus aster 94.9386°– 94.9301°W [2] 39.3669°N, 94.9282°W [3] 39.3761°N, 94.9295°W Blephilia hirsuta Lamiaceae hairy wood- PDLAM06020*002* S1 not observed in 2003 1995-06-28 (Pursh) Benth. mint Brachyelytrum Poaceae upright PMPOA12010*002* S1 [1] 39.3621°N, 2003-07-18 erectum shorthusk 94.9349°W (Schreb.) P. [2] near 39.3682°N, Beauv. 94.9324°W Bromus Poaceae Nottoway PMPOA150Z0*001* S1 [1] 39.3674°– 2003-10-31 nottowayanus brome 39.3676°N, Fernald 94.9310°– 94.9263°W

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Occurrence(s) Scientific Common Element State Last Family Documented in Name Name Occurrence Code Rank Observation 2003 Carex crus-corvi Cyperaceae raven-foot PMCYP033B0*015* S2 [1] near 39.3789°N, 2003-11-10 Shuttlew. ex sedge 94.8901°W Kunth [2] 39.3774°– 39.3816°N, 94.9063°– 94.9010°W [3] 39.3840°– 39.3798°N, 94.9364°– 94.9294°W Carex hirtifolia Cyperaceae hairy-leaf PMCYP03610*003* S1 [1] 39.3545°N, 2003-10-31 Mack. sedge 94.9304°W [2] 39.3551°N, 94.9344°W [3] 39.3676° 39.3674°N, 94.9297°– 94.9280°W [4] 39.3774°N, 94.9295°W Carex Cyperaceae Hitchcock's PMCYP03630*004* S1 [1] 39.3633°N, 2003-08-05 hitchcockiana sedge 94.9327°W Dewey [2] 39.3656°– 39.3676°N, 94.9364°– 94.9297°W [3] 39.3708°N, 94.9225°W [4] 39.3819°– 39.3774°N, 94.9361°– 94.9294°W Carex normalis Cyperaceae large straw PMCYP039C0*001* S1 [1] 39.3668°N, 2003-08-08 Mack. sedge 94.9285°W [2] 39.37738°N, 94.92936°W Carex radiata Cyperaceae radiate sedge PMCYP03BB0*008* S2 [1] near 39.3771°N, 2003-06-04 (Wahlenb.) Small 94.8898°W [2] near 39.3539°N, 94.9362°W Carex rosea Cyperaceae rosy sedge PMCYP03BM0*007* S2 [1] 39.3545°N, 2003-06-11 Schkuhr ex 94.9348°W Willd. [2] 39.3656°– 39.3656°N, 94.9364°– 94.9364°W [3] 39.3779°N, 94.9295°W Carex tribuloides Cyperaceae festival sedge PMCYP03DW1*003* S1 [1] 39.3774°– 2003-11-10 Wahlenb. var. 39.3775°N, sangamonensis 94.8964°– Clokey 94.8829°W [2] 39.3774°– 39.3816°N, 94.9063°– 94.9010°W [3] 39.3778°N, 94.92838°W [4] 39.3841°– 39.3792°N, 94.9364°– 94.9276°W

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Occurrence(s) Scientific Common Element State Last Family Documented in Name Name Occurrence Code Rank Observation 2003 Hydrophyllum Hydrophyllaceae notchbract PDHYD08010*006* S2 [1] 39.3815°– 2003-11-20 appendiculatum waterleaf 39.3784°N, Michx. 94.9356°– 94.9279°W [2] 39.3852°– 39.3861°N, 94.8968°– 94.8958°W Hypericum Clusiaceae giant St. PDCLU031E0*002* S1 [1] 39.3909°N, 2003-09-30 ascyron L. John’s-wort 94.9029°W Lipocarpha Cyperaceae small-flower PMCYP0H040*002* S2 [1] near 39.3637°N, 2003-11-20 micrantha (Vahl) dwarf-bulrush 94.8986°W G.C. Tucker (1997 coll) [2] 39.3780°N, 94.8807°W [3] 39.3911°N, 94.9030°W Lithospermum Boraginaceae American PDBOR0L080*008* S2 not observed in 2003 1996-07 31 latifolium Michx. gromwell Osmorhiza Apiaceae hairy sweet- PDAPI1K040*008* S1 [1] near 39.3526°N, 2003-06-23 claytonii cicely 94.9352°W (Michx.) C.B. [2] near 39.3680°N, Clarke 94.9316°W [3] 39.3774°N, 94.9294°W Packera glabella Asteraceae floodplain PDAST8H1G0*001* S2 [1] near 39.3807°– 2003-07-24 (Poir.) C. Jeffrey ragwort 39.3775°N, [SYN = Senecio 94.9320°– glabellus Poir.] 94.9276°W Ranunculus Ranunculaceae eastern PDRAN0L2A0*003* S1 [1] 39.3545°N, 2003-07-02 recurvatus Poir. hooked 94.9348°W var. recurvatus buttercup [2] 39.3620°N, 94.9371°W [3] near 39.3709°N, 94.9351°W [4] near 39.3773°N, 94.9278°W Rubus alumnus Rosaceae nursling PDROS1K0D0*001* S2 [1] near 39.3506°N, 2003-06-23 L.H. Bailey highbush 94.9346°W blackberry [2] near 39.3759°N, 94.9265°W Stachys pilosa Lamiaceae marsh hedge- PDLAM1X0R0*005* S2 [1] 39.3585°N, 2003-08-08 Nutt. var. nettle 94.9076°W arenicola [2] 39.3739°– (Britton) G.A. 39.3731°N, Mulligan & D.B. 94.9047°– Munro 94.8964°W [SYN = Stachys palustris L. subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling] Uvularia Liliaceae large-flower PMLIL24020*001* S2 [1] 39.3526°N, 2003-07-02 grandiflora Sm. bellwort 94.9391°W [2] 39.3656°N, 94.9364°W

4.4. SUMMARY

In surveys of more than 17 sites on FLMR during the 2003 field season, 267 specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes were collected. Among these were voucher specimens

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representing 5 families, 13 genera, 52 species, and 55 taxa of vascular plants and bryophytes previously undocumented on FLMR, making a total of 103 families, 325 genera, 585 species, and 591 taxa of vascular plants and 18 families, 32 genera, 43 species of bryophytes confirmed on FLMR. Overall, the provenance for, longevity of, and habitat regularly occupied by taxa reported from FLMR have changed little between the 1995–1996 and 2003 field seasons. However, the frequency of certain exotic taxa on the installation indicates that several species, including Berberis thunbergii, Elaeagnus umbellata, and Ligustrum obtusifolium, cited by Freeman et al. (1997) as adventive, are better considered naturalized in the area. Moreover, some exotic taxa, such as Alliaria petiolata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lonicera maackii, and Rosa multiflora, previously reported as rare, are now common, while others, such as Phalaris arundinacea and Sorghum halepense, previously reported as common, are now abundant in certain habitats on FLMR. Three exotic taxa, Cyperus fuscus, Euonymus alatus, and Rhodotypos scandens, were documented for the first time in Kansas during the 2003 field season. It is unlikely that any one of these species will exhibit a significant, negative ecological impact on natural communities in the state.

No populations of the federal-listed species Asclepias meadii, Platanthera praeclara, or Trifolium stoloniferum were observed during the 2003 field season. However, nine of 11 state- rare vascular plant taxa documented on FLMR during the 1995–1996 field seasons and reported by Freeman et al. (1997) were confirmed as persisting on the installation. These were Aster lateriflorus, Brachyelytrum erectum, Bromus nottowayanus, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Osmorhiza claytonii, Packera glabella, Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus, Stachys pilosa var. arenicola, and Uvularia grandiflora. Populations of Blephilia hirsuta and Lithospermum latifolium were not relocated during the 2003 field season, but these may persist on FLMR. In addition, Carex radiata, Carex rosea, and Lipocarpha micrantha, three state-rare taxa reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as occurring on FLMR but not included among the state-rare species discussed by those authors were confirmed as persisting on the installation and seven state-rare taxa were documented as occurring there for the first time. These were Carex crus-corvi, Carex hirtifolia, Carex hitchcockiana, Carex normalis, Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis, Hypericum ascyron, and Rubus alumnus.

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CHAPTER 5. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

W. Dean Kettle, William H. Busby, and Vaughn B. Salisbury Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Preservation of native biological diversity is mandated for Army installations and must be undertaken in ways consistent with military mission. The purpose of this study was to identify high-quality natural areas on FLMR and to identify management recommendations, educational opportunities, and scientific activities that would, if implemented, promote the preservation and enhancement of native biodiversity at the site. These recommendations also are intended to provide the public, FLMR personnel, and others with opportunity for greater understanding and appreciation of the natural environment of the site. Management recommendations in this report are based on this and previous studies, and on discussions with knowledgeable individuals.

A number of globally and regionally significant native species and communities are found at FLMR (see relevant sections of this report); yet the majority of these elements are not afforded protection at the site. A further concern is that there is not a comprehensive plan that identifies conservation issues and management recommendations for these elements. However, the lack of such a plan is understandable given the previous paucity of information on the native environment at FLMR and the lack of resources to develop such a plan. This report, with the identification of location and character of native biological diversity at FLMR and with identification of issues relevant to their management, provides a fundamental building block from which to develop a comprehensive plan.

5.2. LANDSCAPE ISSUES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE FT. LEAVENWORTH MILITARY RESERVATION

Effective management and preservation of natural resources at FLMR requires a landscape context, whereby decisions are made in consideration of the regional context of the site (e.g., not treating FLMR as an isolated area independent of the larger landscape). Wiens et al. (2002) have identified three challenges to sound land-use management in general, and these may be appropriately applied to FLMR. First, lands can be managed as isolated units only as regards to ownership, administration, or politics, but not in regards to ecology. Second, land management is often carried out over a limited range of spatial and temporal scales, yet natural systems are not nearly so restricted; sound land management requires an ecological perspective cognizant of the broad range of scales. Lastly, resource management issues require the integration of ecology

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with other considerations, including economics, land ownership, politics, and sociology. Freeman et al. (1997) suggested use of a landscape approach to conservation planning at FLMR, proposing that this method permits broader understanding of environmental, biological, and cultural factors influencing multiple sites in the region. They suggest that this approach has the advantage of identifying regional conservation issues and priorities, and developing conservation strategies that could benefit multiple sites.

The landscape area considered here lies within the Glaciated Region of northeast Kansas. FLMR is one of four large sites along the extreme eastern edge of this area (Freeman et al. 1997). The other sites, all of which encompass floodplain and bluff habitats along the Missouri River from the Nebraska border to Kansas City, are White Cloud Bluff Forest (Doniphan County), Mosquito Bluff Forest (Doniphan County), and Wyandotte County Park Site (Wyandotte County).

Historically, the Missouri River Valley was a dynamic natural system exhibiting a range of conditions. As described by Freeman et al. (1997), “…The river was characterized by a wide, braided channel, rapid current, high turbidity, and wide seasonal fluctuation in flow volume. Flooding and channel changes were frequent, creating numerous sandbars and islands and rearranging the natural communities of the floodplain. A mixture of marshes, low prairies, forests, oxbow lakes, and other natural features in the floodplain were shaped by the forces of the river, and their boundaries and successional stages constantly were shifting. Other sources of natural disturbance were fire and grazing, both of which maintained upland tallgrass prairie on the bluffs and likely affected floodplain vegetation as well.”

Euro-American settlement and activity within the Missouri River Valley have disrupted natural disturbance regimes in this landscape and fragmented and destroyed most natural communities Freeman et al. (1997) explain that “natural hydrology of the Missouri River has been altered greatly through the construction of large reservoirs and levees, which channelized the river and controlled much of the seasonal flooding. Because of this, most native bottomland vegetation long ago was converted to cropland. Similarly, most upland natural communities were altered by humans during the past 150 years. These changes have fragmented many of the terrestrial communities once used by wildlife. However, stream valleys and other areas exhibiting moderate to high relief still support corridors essential to many species. Riparian forests are especially significant. In addition to providing routes for the movement of wildlife, they help maintain water quality and contribute to the aesthetics of FLMR by providing structural diversity to the landscape.”

FLMR is an important contributor to regional biodiversity because it supports significant remnants of several kinds of forests. This is in stark contrast to most areas of the Missouri River valley where native communities have been greatly altered. The remnant communities at FLMR remain largely because they were not suitable for other uses during the development of the military facilities and activities. These native communities at FLMR are vulnerable to destruction from a variety of direct, disruptive activities (e.g., construction and agriculture). However, native communities also are vulnerable to degradation from a number of “indirect” forces. Freeman et al. (1997) commented on the vulnerability of natural communities at FLMR by stating that “Habitat degradation is a more insidious consequence of human alteration of the

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landscape. Small, fragmented, and isolated natural community remnants are more susceptible to anthropogenic influences because of a host of size-dependent factors. Natural processes that historically influenced the larger landscape areas of which these remnants originally were a part are more easily disrupted (e.g., fire on prairies no longer sweep over large areas). A small natural area also has a greater ratio of edge to area as compared to a large natural area. Often, these edges abut disturbed land from which exotic species can invade and out-compete native species. Edges also are favored by predators (e.g., cats, raccoons, skunks) and parasites (e.g., cowbirds) of nesting songbirds and other small vertebrates.”

5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of this and previous studies of the biota and natural environment of FLMR, the following recommendations are offered to help maintain and enhance the biodiversity of the installation (some of these recommendations are updates of those proposed in Freeman et al. 1997). Recommendations fall into one of three general categories: land management, education/promotion, and future studies. Recommendations for land management are based on the best professional judgment of the scientific staff preparing this report and range from recommendations for immediate action to steps that can be implemented in the future. We strongly recommend efforts to enhance recreational and educational opportunities on FLMR by improving the public’s knowledge, understanding, and appreciation for the natural environment at the site. Lastly, there are gaps in our knowledge of the natural environment at FLMR, and we have identified several activities that, if completed, would provide information valuable to natural resource management, including public education and recreational opportunities.

Our knowledge of the biota of FLMR is far from complete. Several data gaps were identified during the course of this study. The following recommendations are intended to allow some of these information gaps to be filled, thereby yielding a more complete picture of the ecosystems and species on FLMR and assisting us in our efforts to inform better the public and installation personnel about the significance of these natural resources.

Recommendation 1. A comprehensive conservation and resource management plan should be developed for FLMR. It should identify the priorities and principal stake-holders for the maintenance and use of biodiversity on FLMR, evaluate all existing management practices, and identify new initiatives targeted to preservation and enhancement of natural resources.

An essential aspect of this plan should be a comprehensive review of existing land management policies and practices on the installation. The plan should examine all major management issues that affect native and naturalized species and natural communities, including silvicultural practices, burning, road construction, infrastructure development, and pesticide use, mowing, recreational use (e.g., hiking, horse riding, hunting, bird watching, and mushroom hunting), and agricultural practices. FLMR is updating an Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan for the site (estimated completion in 2004) and that document should address these issues.

Recommendation 2. The timber harvest policy on FLMR should be formalized in light of

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existing natural areas information. Because of the ecological importance of the old-growth forest on FLMR, a no-harvest policy should be established for the highest quality areas of upland and floodplain forest.

Old-growth forest remnants on the uplands and bottomlands on FLMR are exceptional in part because timber harvesting has been limited. This policy has helped maintain occurrences of plants, animals, and natural communities on FLMR that are declining elsewhere. Clearly, the long-term viability of many of these species depends on maintaining high-quality forest remnants on FLMR. For these reasons, a no-harvest policy in core forest areas should be adopted. Core area boundaries for upland and bottomland forests were presented Freeman et al. (1997). Currently there is a salvage only policy in place at FLMR that is used for timber resources in heavily disturbed or modified areas.

Recommendation 3. Areas outside the levee on the Missouri River floodplain should be managed in such a way as to emulate historical disturbance regimes and the full array of natural communities once represented in the floodplain.

Perhaps the biggest threats to floodplain natural communities along the Missouri River are hydrologic changes and continued clearing of the forest remnants. It is unrealistic to expect in the foreseeable future that the seasonality, intensity, and duration of flow in the Missouri River will be modified to approximate conditions that existed before dams and levees were built. Nevertheless, some management practices can be implemented to manage better these floodplain forests and to increase overall biological diversity in and along the river. This includes managing areas for a variety of successional stages of herbaceous and woody plant communities. Currently there is a program underway to notch wing-dikes along the Missouri River to provide greater diversity of aquatic and wetland habitats for certain species.

Recommendation 4. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers should be encouraged to regulate the flow of the Missouri River in such a way as to maximize benefits to native animals, plants, and natural communities on FLMR.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Natural Resources staff of Ft. Leavenworth function largely independently, but we encourage the two organizations to cooperate and coordinate in efforts to manage the Missouri River for the benefit of the region’s biodiversity. Interactions could be facilitated by holding annual meetings to discuss respective management goals and strategies and by exploring resource management opportunities that could be mutually beneficial.

Management of the Missouri River is key to protection of a number of threatened and endangered species. The majority of federal-listed species in this region depend on aquatic or terrestrial habitats in or immediately along the river, including the pallid sturgeon, least tern, piping plover, and bald eagle. As mentioned in Recommendation 3, there is currently a program underway to notch wing-dikes along the Missouri River to provide greater diversity of habitat for certain species.

Recommendation 5. Areas on the Missouri River floodplain, formerly in agricultural row

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crop farming, should be maintained/restored as open, native, herbaceous vegetation.

Efforts have been made to establish plantings of eastern gamma grass (Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.) in some formerly row-cropped areas within the floodplain levee. They now are maintained with an open aspect. One presumed advantage of this change in land use was to reduce parasitism by Brown-headed cowbirds on songbird nests (cowbirds forage in cropland and proximity of such areas is related to cowbird parasitism rates in forest birds).

It should be noted that much of the Missouri River floodplain on FLMR probably is federal jurisdictional wetland as defined in the Clean Water Act. Depending on their nature, some land- use changes associated with restoration work in the floodplain might require consultation with and approval from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. However, these actions generally are viewed favorably by the agency during the review process.

Recommendation 6. Tallgrass prairie remnants on the uplands of FLMR should be actively managed to preserve native biodiversity. If no management is implemented, woody vegetation will continue to encroach and eventually will eliminate the native herbaceous species.

Five small (<0.2 ha, 0.5 ac) prairie remnants have been identified in the south part of the installation on shallow-soil ridges (Figure 2.3). These have survived because they have not been plowed, treated with herbicide, destructively grazed, or otherwise directly manipulated. However, suppression of fire and the absence of periodic cutting or mowing have allowed woody species to invade former prairie areas (Figure 5.1). Based on plant species composition (Table 2.14), soils, topography, and earlier reports (Brumwell 1951), prairie habitat historically was more extensive on FLMR.

These prairies represent an important part of the FLMR natural heritage. The prairie biome once covered an expanse of the Great Plains but is now greatly diminished. Under aboriginal conditions, terrestrial habitats in northeast Kansas supported a mosaic of tallgrass prairie and oak-hickory forest. This mosaic was maintained by the interaction of fire, native grazers, moisture, and a host of other landscape factors. Each community type prevailed where conditions were the most favorable. With settlement by Euro-Americans, forests were logged and often grazed by livestock. Prairie was altered directly by cultivation or indirectly through the suppression of fire, which allowed woody species to invade (Kettle et al. 2000). Along with these major effects, the landscape was impacted in many ways (e.g., introduction of exotic plant species and pasturing of domesticated livestock). Historic effects of past land use can persist for many years in remnant prairie patches and oak-hickory stands in northeast Kansas (Kettle et al. 2000).

If managed properly, these prairies could become important educational resources and help preserve an important part of post’s native biodiversity. Woody vegetation within the prairie areas should be cut and removed, and the prairies should be burned periodically to promote the spread of prairie species. Concurrently, woody vegetation should be removed from surrounding areas for several meters and the areas burned as well. Surveys of the now-wooded areas adjacent to these prairies reveal a number of prairie plants persisting (Freeman et al. 1997). Opening of

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these areas would enhance the prairie habitat. The entire “prairie corridor” along the horse trail north of the National Cemetery could be expanded gradually by removing trees and shrubs and allowing recovery of prairie vegetation that exists in the understory at the edge of the forest.

Recommendation 7. Buffer areas should be established where possible to insulate high- quality natural areas from future anthropogenic disturbances. Such areas also may be restored to support natural communities and species that historically were more widespread but which have been eliminated due to human activities.

All areas and activities at FLMR are potentially important in preserving native biodiversity. For example, even degraded natural areas can be extremely important in conserving local biodiversity by serving as buffer areas and connectors for high-quality sites. Lower quality sites also may have restoration potential. Thus, even though most degraded prairies, forests, and wetlands are not discussed herein, they are vital components of the biodiversity of FLMR, and integral elements of plans to preserve and enhance the natural environment. There are several concerns that might be addressed using buffer areas (e.g., slowing invasion by exotic plants and reduction of songbird nest predators and parasites).

Recommendation 8. Fragmentation of native habitats on FLMR must be minimized. Activities such as road construction, development of utility corridors, and other land use changes that divide native habitats into smaller pieces, would degrade native biodiversity at FLMR.

Habitat fragmentation occurs when landscapes and habitats are broken into smaller pieces. The fragmentation and isolation of natural habitats are hallmark effects of expanding human- dominated landscapes. Examples of common activities causing habitat fragmentation, and loss of native biodiversity, include road construction, utility corridors, and land use changes (e.g., logging, cultivation, and grazing). Patterns of human-induced fragmentation are strongly influenced by culture, economics, politics, social conventions, and aesthetic preferences (Nassauer 1995). In the resulting patchwork, natural areas often are surrounded by human- influenced environments that may harbor invasive species, generalist predators, and ecological processes that can degrade natural areas. Other effects of habitat fragmentation that have been well documented include increased edge effects, disrupted species dispersal, reduced biodiversity, and changes in natural disturbance regimes.

Major efforts should be made at FLMR to limit further fragmentation of contiguous blocks of native habitat, mainly the upland and bottomland forests. The unique nature of the floodplain forest on a regional scale makes management to prevent fragmentation a priority. Road construction, timber harvest, and other activities that create artificial disturbance corridors into natural areas should be eliminated. These corridors can act as pathways for biological invasion by unwanted species. At the same time efforts to limit edge effects and buffer these areas with low intensity land uses should be encouraged.

Recommendation 9. Monitor and control exotic plants that pose a threat to native biodiversity at FLMR.

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Biological communities at FLMR represent a rich reservoir of native biodiversity, and there are plans to enhance and preserve this biodiversity through strategic management initiatives. Invasive (exotic) plants pose a threat to the native biodiversity at FLMR and may interfere with future restoration efforts. Exotic species are those that do not naturally occur within an area. Although many exotic species have minimal impact on native communities, some that colonize an area can become so abundant that they out-compete native plants and disrupt native habitats. For these reasons, sound management requires monitoring the status of potentially aggressive exotic species and, in some cases, active treatment to reduce their abundance. We have identified 27 species of exotic plants that are of concern at FLMR (Appendix F).

Monitoring the distribution and abundance of these species is a critical step in protecting biodiversity at FLMR. For some species, an active program of control is recommended (see species-specific summaries in Appendix F). Control programs must be implemented carefully to minimize the impact on non-target species; a poorly implemented program can be extremely harmful to native biodiversity. Workshops on invasive species and educational materials (pamphlets and handouts) could help inform resource managers and the public about the threats posed by exotic species.

Recommendation 10. The old-growth floodplain forest on FLMR should be designated formally as an outstanding natural area.

The old-growth floodplain forest on FLMR is believed to be the largest example of this natural community type remaining in the lower Missouri River basin. It supports a variety of state-rare species (Chapters 3 and 4 in this report) and contains the state champion pecan tree. This tract of floodplain forest should be nominated for recognition by appropriate state and/or federal agencies that operate natural areas programs, such as the National Park Service’s National Natural Landmark Program. Other types of recognition also may be appropriate. Before specific areas are nominated for recognition, a list of activities planned in the forest should be made, including military training and recreational uses (hunting, horse riding, mushroom hunting, hiking, and bird watching). Some activities may have to be restricted in the floodplain forest depending on the type of recognition sought. We believe formal recognition would increase awareness of the importance of this area and instill pride among the base staff and in the community as a whole.

Recommendation 11. A trail plan should be developed for the installation that will promote greater public understanding and appreciation for the natural environments of FLMR and minimize damage to fragile ecosystems.

The trail system that exists currently on FLMR should be modified in light of the results of this study. Specifically, we suggest that one primary interpretive trail be established in the upland forest and one in the floodplain forest. Development and maintenance of these trails might involve civic organizations from FLMR or the city of Leavenworth. Interpretive trails should be built on existing trails and designed to provide reliable access, minimize off-trail damage, and stabilize or repair damage that has resulted from earlier trail use. A well-marked trail head at which hikers can pick up trail guides and other interpretive information is strongly suggested.

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Other trails and paths on the installation, especially those in high-quality natural communities, near populations of rare species, or through sites that are fragile (such as on steep slopes along the bluffs in the north part of the installation) should be closed to reduce further environmental damage caused by hikers, horse riders, hunters, or other recreational users. Use of trails by people in motorized vehicles (e.g., trucks, ATVs, or motorcycles) is particularly damaging to certain sensitive areas.

Recommendation 12. More interpretive information about the natural history of FLMR should be made available to the public and installation personnel.

The abundant information about the flora, fauna, and ecology of FLMR and the landscape area in which it is located should be used to produce brochures, pamphlets, and booklets about these subjects. Easy-to-understand, readily available information is an essential element to improve the public’s understanding of natural history. Examples of such publications are available at Ft. Riley Military Reservation and at many of the public lands managed by state and federal agencies across Kansas. Various professional societies and others likely would be willing to help with these projects (e.g., Kansas Ornithological Society, Kansas Herpetological Society, and Kansas Wildflower Society).

Recommendation 13. A comprehensive publication dealing with natural resources at FLMR, including historical perspectives, should be produced.

This type of publication would be invaluable in describing the current and historic status of natural resources at FLMR, and could serve as a fundamental building block in raising awareness of the character and nature of the natural environment. A key person in producing this document would be the FLMR Forester, Matt Nowak, who’s tenure at FLMR exceeds 25 years. An issue in planning this project will be balancing technical information with ease of reading by a broad audience.

Recommendation 14. Baseline studies of aquatic environments on FLMR should be conducted.

Aquatic habitats are an integral part of the natural environment of FLMR but have received only limited attention. Urbanization, industrial development, and agricultural activity in the watersheds on and near the installation clearly have affected streams and rivers. Unfortunately, few studies have examined the extent to which these streams and their biota have changed. Baseline studies of all aquatic environments on FLMR should be conducted and should include invertebrates as well as vertebrates. Once these studies have been completed, periodic monitoring of aquatic species and their habitats should be implemented.

Recommendation 15. FLMR should continue to support the MAPS initiative.

Long-term data on breeding birds resulting from the MAPS project by the Institute for Bird Populations (2003) were compiled through 2001; however, that research was discontinued at FLMR in 2002. These are extremely valuable data and the staff of FLMR is encouraged to

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support this research program in the future given the opportunity.

Recommendation 16. Periodic surveys should be conducted on FLMR to update existing information about rare plants and animals and outstanding natural areas.

Occurrence records maintained by the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory should be updated periodically to determine the status of rare and declining species and natural communities and to assess the results of changes in the management of the natural areas of the installation.

Recommendation 17. Habitat maps should be produced to facilitate natural resources management planning for FLMR.

Maps of vegetation and habitat are fundamental components of natural resource planning and should be produced for FLMR. High-quality natural areas have been identified in the present report; however, a complete habitat map that also includes other features (e.g., degraded native communities, small high-quality natural areas, disturbed areas, and cultural vegetation types) is needed to plan for preservation and enhancement of the natural environment. Baseline vegetation data could be collected in conjunction with mapping that could serve as baseline to monitor changes in conditions. All such information should be mapped in GIS format and data layers should be updated as required.

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FIGURE 5.1. One of the small remnant prairies at FLMR. Woody vegetation within and surrounding the site should be removed and a prescribed burning plan implemented to preserve biodiversity .

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CHAPTER 6. SUMMARY

A two-year field study was initiated in 2002 on the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation as a follow-up to research conducted there by the Kansas Biological Survey in 1995 and 1996 (Freeman et al. 1997). The project had four primary objectives. First, new surveys were conducted to update information about biotic assemblages, outstanding natural areas, and protected species. Natural communities identified during the first survey were re-evaluated to document any significant changes in extent, structure, or species composition. Systematic surveys were conducted for protected species known to occur on the installation and several other species that potentially might use habitat there. Second, because some rare species and natural communities are vulnerable to the spread of exotic species, threats from exotic plants were identified. Third, locations of rare species, problematic exotic species, and outstanding natural community occurrences were mapped in GIS for use by members of the natural resources staff at FLMR. Fourth, based on the cumulative findings, management recommendations were developed to assist resource managers with maintenance of the installation’s biodiversity assets.

Seven kinds of terrestrial natural communities were confirmed: four forest types (Maple- Basswood Forest, White oak-Shagbark hickory Forest, Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest, and Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest), one herbaceous type (Glaciated Tallgrass Prairie), and two sparse vegetation types (Midwest Moist Limestone-Dolostone Cliff and Riverine Sand Flats- Bars Sparse Vegetation). Riverine communities were not examined or evaluated in this study. One occurrence each of the four forest types, first identified by Freeman et al. (1997), was updated in KSNHI’s database of outstanding natural community occurrences. Detailed information for other natural community occurrences was not gathered because these communities are too small, too degraded, or too poorly known in the state to permit satisfactory evaluation. The name of the Pecan-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as the Pecan-Sugarberry Floodplain Forest, was changed to reflect the co-dominance of common hackberry, not sugarberry, in that community. A small, degraded remnant of Bulrush- Catttail Marsh reported in Freeman et al. (1997) was found to have been destroyed due to construction along the railroad on FLMR.

As reported earlier (Freeman et al. 1997), natural communities on FLMR are regionally or globally significant. The floodplain forest is believed to be the largest old-growth stand remaining in the lower Missouri River valley. Upland forests and smaller, associated natural communities are regionally important. Collectively, these natural communities provide habitat for globally-rare or state-rare species, and they support a rich biota representative of the forest- grassland ecotone of central North America.

Visual analysis of the floodplain forests suggest significant changes have occurred since the 1995–1996 field seasons, probably the ongoing results of the 1993 flood. Analysis of plot data from 1995–1996 and 2003 did not reveal statistically significant differences, perhaps due to the inherent stability of dominant trees in the community and methodological differences that affected the two data sets.

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While FLMR supports a diverse flora and fauna, the long-term maintenance of many of its ecosystems depends on a host of factors and influences outside the control of the resource managers at FLMR. Native species that inhabit FLMR year-round or seasonally face growing threats from degradation, fragmentation, isolation, and destruction of natural areas both on site and off-site. Many species depend on air, land, and water corridors to rest, feed, and breed, and as avenues for their movement. Human activities have disrupted and altered many of these corridors, jeopardizing the survival of some species. Riparian forests on FLMR are especially significant in this regard, providing routes for the movement of wildlife, helping to maintain water quality, and contributing to the aesthetics of FLMR. Efforts to maintain the ecological health of FLMR must begin by recognizing the importance of natural habitats on FLMR and the role they play in the local and regional movement of species. Degraded prairies, forests, and wetlands can serve as buffer areas and connectors between high-quality sites, and many areas have restoration potential.

Animal surveys revealed few changes from the findings reported by Freeman et al. (1997). As before, one federally protected species, the bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus), is a regular migrant and winter resident on FLMR. Four species of federally protected birds may migrate through the area, but nesting and/or foraging habitat for these species is limited or absent. They include the Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (Forster); least tern, Sterna antillarum (Lesson); piping plover, Charadrius melodus Ord; and whooping crane, Grus americana (Linnaeus). Due to the recent delisting of the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Tunstall, there is one less federally protected bird species on FLMR than was reported earlier. The federally endangered pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson), was documented in the Missouri River at FLMR in 2003. Surveys for two other federally endangered species, Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis Miller and G.M. Allen, and American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, were conducted but neither species was found.

No state-listed threatened and endangered species were documented. The white-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (Vieillot), a state-threatened bird, may make infrequent, brief stops at FLMR during migration. Five Kansas SINCs were documented in 2003. Two SINC mammals, eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus (Linnaeus) and southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus), are resident on FLMR. Three SINC neotropical migrant birds breed on the installation: cerulean warbler, Dendroica cerulea (Wilson); yellow-throated warbler, Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus); and whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson. A fourth SINC bird, the red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus Gmelin, probably breeds on or near FLMR. One additional Kansas SINC bird, the black tern Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus), infrequently may use habitat on the installation.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not designated any habitat on FLMR as critical for any protected species. However, the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks has designated the mainstem of the Missouri River as critical habitat for the bald eagle and seven fish species: chestnut lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus (Girard); pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson); flathead chub, Platygobio gracilis (Richardson); sicklefin chub, Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann); sturgeon chub, Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard);

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silverband shiner, Notropis shumardi (Girard); and western silvery minnow, Hybognathus argyritis (Girard).

Several state threatened and endangered species not found during this study still may occur on FLMR because there is suitable habitat. They include: eastern spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius (Raf.); redbelly snake, Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer); and smooth earth snake, Virginia valeriae (Baird & Girard). All suitable woodland habitats in Leavenworth County are designated as critical habitat for the redbelly snake and the smooth earth snake.

State-rare animals with no protection status documented on FLMR were the broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus (Vieillot), Cooper’s hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte), great egret, Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus), and ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus).

Of 428 species of vertebrates considered potentially to occur on the installation, 292 species (68%) have been confirmed since 1995. The bird and mammal faunas of FLMR are the best documented. The level of understanding of the reptile and amphibian fauna on the installation is intermediate, with fishes being the most poorly studied vertebrate group.

No populations of the federal-listed plant species Asclepias meadii, Platanthera praeclara, or Trifolium stoloniferum were observed. However, nine of 11 state-rare vascular plant taxa documented by Freeman et al. (1997) were confirmed as persisting. These were Aster lateriflorus, Brachyelytrum erectum, Bromus nottowayanus, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Osmorhiza claytonii, Packera glabella, Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus, Stachys pilosa var. arenicola, and Uvularia grandiflora. Populations of Blephilia hirsuta and Lithospermum latifolium were not relocated during the 2003 field season, but these may persist. In addition, Carex radiata, Carex rosea, and Lipocarpha micrantha, three state-rare taxa reported by Freeman et al. (1997) as occurring on FLMR but not included among the state-rare species discussed by those authors were confirmed as persisting on the installation, and seven state-rare taxa were documented as occurring there for the first time. These were Carex crus-corvi, Carex hirtifolia, Carex hitchcockiana, Carex normalis, Carex tribuloides var. sangamonensis, Hypericum ascyron, and Rubus alumnus.

Plant surveys of more than 17 sites yielded 267 specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes. Among these were voucher specimens representing 5 families, 13 genera, 52 species, and 55 taxa of vascular plants and bryophytes previously undocumented on FLMR, making a total of 103 families, 325 genera, 585 species, and 591 taxa of vascular plants and 18 families, 32 genera, 43 species of bryophytes confirmed on FLMR. Overall, the provenance for, longevity of, and habitat regularly occupied by taxa reported from FLMR have changed little between 1995–1996 and 2003.

The frequency of certain exotic taxa on the installation indicates that several species, including Berberis thunbergii, Elaeagnus umbellata, and Ligustrum obtusifolium, cited by Freeman et al. (1997) as adventive, are better considered naturalized in the area. Moreover, some exotic taxa, such as Alliaria petiolata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lonicera maackii, and Rosa multiflora, previously reported as rare, are now common, while others, such as Phalaris arundinacea and

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Sorghum halepense, previously reported as common, are now abundant in certain habitats on FLMR. Three exotic taxa, Cyperus fuscus, Euonymus alatus, and Rhodotypos scandens, were documented for the first time in Kansas. It is unlikely that any one of these species will exhibit a significant, negative ecological impact on natural communities in the state.

Based on the findings of this and previous studies, 17 recommendations are made to help maintain and enhance the biodiversity of the installation. Some of these are updates of those proposed by Freeman et al. (1997). The recommendations fall into one of three general categories: land management, education/promotion, and future studies. Land management recommendations include those that could be implemented quickly and relatively inexpensively to those that will require considerable allocation of resources and extensive coordination. Efforts to enhance recreational and educational opportunities on FLMR can take several forms. Improving the public’s knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the natural environment at the site is strongly encouraged. Several recommendations will help fill gaps in our knowledge of the natural environment at FLMR and would provide information valuable to natural resource managers.

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APPENDIX A. Directions to vegetation plots.

Lowland Forest Plots

Plots A1-4 From the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and Pecan Alley, go SE on Pecan Alley to a large pecan tree broken off at head height on the N side of the trail. The center post is located 45 m due E of the broken pecan tree. 20 m from the center post in each of the cardinal directions a 30-cm long piece of rebar, sunk level with the ground, marks the corner of each plot. The plots radiate in a clockwise direction from those corners.

Plots B1-4 From the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and Pecan Alley, go 100 m due W to a center post at the base of a large cottonwood tree. 20 m from the center post in each of the cardinal directions a 30-cm long piece of rebar, sunk level with the ground, marks the corner of each plot. The plots radiate in a counter clockwise direction from those corners.

Plot C From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and River Trail, go NE along River Trail for approximately 1500 paces (1 km). A large, dead tree lies parallel to the trail on the NW side. A major trail crosses the trail 15 m SW of the dead tree. From the root base of the dead tree go 100 m SE to the corner of the plot. The plot has one large cottonwood, a variety of mixed hardwoods, and an herbaceous understory of horsetails.

Plot D From the intersection of Sawmill Trail and the S end of Pecan Alley go NE along Sawmill Trail 26 m to a large, double-trunk pecan. From the tree go 99 m N to a mulberry tree with a circumference of 89 cm, which marks the corner of the plot.

Plot E From the intersection of Sawmill Trail and the S end of Pecan Alley go NE along the old Sawmill Trail. The trail deteriorates. Follow the broad drainage to the vicinity of the heron rookery. In the drainage due N of the heron rookery a large double-trunk pecan is in the corner of the plot.

Plot F From the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and Pecan Alley, continue NE on Rialto Trail for approximately 200 m to birding flags on the right side of the trail. Go due E 250 m to a pecan-hackberry site.

Plot G From the intersection of Sawmill Trail and Pecan Alley go N on Pecan Alley for approximately 240 m. Then go due E for 235 m to large sycamores.

Plot H From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and River Trail go NE on River Trail. Approximately 2.4 km from the intersection. Go due E for 65 m to the corner of the plot.

Plot I From the intersection of Sawmill Trail and Pecan Alley, go 340 m N along Pecan

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Alley to a trail to the NE. Follow the trail approximately 140 m to a large double- trunk pecan, which is in the SW corner of the plot.

Plot J From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and River Trail, go NE on River Trail approximately 750 m. Enter the woods at 125˚ for 40 m. A large cottonwood is in the NW corner of the plot.

Plot K From the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and River Trail go SE on River Trail. Approximately 300 m past the river overlook, an area of large cottonwood trees and dense horsetail will in on the W side of the trail. The plot is located just off of the trail. A large cottonwood tree is in the NW corner.

Plots L1-4 From the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and Weston Bend Trail go WNW 114 m along Weston Bend Trail. Go 18 m N of the trail to the largest cottonwood tree in the area (circumference 338 cm). The N side of that cottonwood marks the SE corner of Plot L4. 40 m N of that tree is the center post of the 4 plots. 20 m in each of the cardinal directions, a 30-cm long piece of rebar, sunk level with the ground, marks the corner of each plot. The plots radiate in a clockwise direction from those corners.

Plot M The center point is a large dead cottonwood tree (325 cm circumference) with a large burl approximately 7.6 m above ground level. A huge grape vine drapes the bole. It stands in an area with little to no understory and a sparse herbaceous layer. It is located approximately 650 m from the intersection of Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) and Pecan Alley and approximately 265 m from the nearest point on Rialto Trail. The plot is located 20 m N of that tree.

Plot N From the corner post of plot K go NW for approximately 350 m past a terrace of sycamores to a narrow pecan-dominated terrace.

Plot O From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and Cottonwood Trail go NE along Cottonwood Trail for 200 m. Turn to the NW at 315˚ for 140 m. The plot corner is at the edge of a thin stand of young cottonwoods. The GPS reading is for the SE corner of the plot.

Plot P From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and Cottonwood Trail go NE along Cottonwood Trail for 400 m. Turn SE and enter the woods at 120˚ for 100 m. The GPS reading is for the SE corner of the plot.

Plot Q From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and Cottonwood Trail go NE along Cottonwood Trail for 735 m. Go due W for 20 m to the SE corner of the plot.

Plot R From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and Rialto Trail (Tail Dike Trail) go NE along trail until it is interrupted at the scour hole. Go to the right around the scour hole to a stand of young, even-aged pecans on the SE side of the scour hole.

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The GPS reading is the SE corner of the plot.

Plot S From Plot R continue around the scour hole to the E side of the hole, across a ravine, and up onto a small terrace. The plot is located in a thin stand of young cottonwood trees and reed canary grass. The GPS reading is for the SE corner of the plot.

Plot T From the intersection of Chief Joseph Loop and Sawmill Trail go NE along Sawmill Trail for approximately 0.8 km. The plot is approximately 200 m past the intersection with the Canary Cutoff. The large slough is on the SE side of the trail. The GPS reading is for the SE corner of the plot.

Plot U From Chief Joseph Loop go N on Marsh Trail to the end of that trail. Go 160 m at 350˚ to a stand of very large cottonwood trees.

Plot V From Plot U go due N for 115 m to a mixed stand of cottonwood, hackberry, and boxelder trees with an herbaceous layer of almost pure horsetails.

Plot W From Plot V go 345 m at 260˚ to a stand of even-aged, mature boxelders in a sea of horsetails.

Upland Forest Plots

Plot AA Enter the woods from the trailhead S of the shooting range on Sheridan Drive. Walk 475 paces to the ENE. Three large bur oak trees loom to the S of the trail. The N-most of those trees is the NW corner of the plot. A recent fall of a large branch from one of the oaks is in the center of the plot.

Plot BB From the picnic area parking lot (Fort de Cavagnial) on Sheridan Drive, walk S on old road/trail into the woods. Go 300 paces to the trail intersection marked with flagging. Go W 400 paces. While ascending the hill (bearing NE), leave the trail going 40 paces to the W to the plot.

Plot CC Enter the woods from trailhead on Sheridan Drive, S of the shooting range. Walk 300 paces ENE. Just after descending the hill, turn SE onto a smaller trail. This trail intersects with a larger horse-riding trail in approximately 100 paces. Follow the horse trail to the SW for 250 paces, where a smaller trail diverges to the SE across creek. Go 300 paces on the smaller trail, through the creek, and up the other side to a T-intersection with another small trail. A green metal fencepost is at that intersection on a N-facing slope. Go 20 m N to the corner of the plot.

Plot DD From intersection of Sheridan Drive and McPherson Drive go E on McPherson Drive. Halfway down the hill, a trail leads NW. Go 500 paces NW on that trail. Turn W off of trail for approximately 40 m to the corner of the plot, which sits on

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a terrace E of a small ravine. A large chinquapin oak is in the NE corner of the plot.

Plot EE From the picnic area parking lot on Sheridan Drive, enter the woods E of the parking lot. Go S on the trail until reaching the creek at the base of hill. Walk along the creek to the NW until the creek begins a second loop toward the N. Climb steep ridge to the S. Plot is near top of ridge.

Plot FF Park near the NE corner of Chief Joseph Loop and the railroad tracks. Cross the tracks and follow the base of the cliff to the NW for approximately 1.2 km. Ascend the ridge. The plot is near the ridge top to the SE of a ravine. A large northern red oak is in the NW corner of the plot.

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APPENDIX B. Checklist of vertebrates known to occur or possibly occurring on the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation.

Presence codes are: C = confirmed on FLMR during this study or previous studies (* = confirmed breeding); Pr = probably occurs on FLMR; Po = possibly occurs on FLMR. Sources of data are: 1 = surveys conducted specifically for this study (1997 and 2003); 2 = Brumwell (1951); 3 = unpublished data from the MAPS project, data from the Kansas Breeding Bird Atlas Project (Kansas Biological Survey et al. 1992), or Checklist of Birds, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; 4 = Davis (2003, unpublished data). Status codes are: R = year-round resident; B = summer resident and presumed breeder; M = migrant or winter resident, X = presumed extirpated.

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species MAMMALS Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum C 2,4 R Blarina brevicada northern short-tailed shrew C 2,4 R Cryptotis parva least shrew C 2,4 R Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole C 2,4 R Myotis lucifugus little brown myotis C 1,2 B Myotis septentrionalis northern myotis C 1 B Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle C 1 B Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat C 1,2,4 R Lasiurus borealis red bat C 1,2,4 B Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat C 1,2 B Nycticeius humeralis evening bat C 1,2,4 B Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat Po - M Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo Po - ? Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail C 1,2,4 R Lepus californicus black-tailed jackrabbit C 2 X Tamius striatus eastern chipmunk C 1,2,4 R Marmota monax woodchuck C 2,4 R Spermophilus tridecemlineatus thirteen-lined ground squirrel C 2,4 R Spermophilus franklinii Franklin's ground squirrel C 2 X Sciurus carolinensis gray squirrel C 1,2,4 R Sciurus niger fox squirrel C 1,2,4 R Glaucomys volans southern flying squirrel C 1,2,4 R Geomys bursarius plains pocket C 2,4 R Castor canadensis beaver C 1,2,4 R Reithrodontomys montanus plains harvest mouse Po - ? Reithrodontomys megalotis western harvest mouse C 2,4 R Peromyscus maniculatus deer mouse C 2,4 R Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouse C 1,2,4 R Sigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat C 4 R Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat C 1,2,4 R

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ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Microtus ochrogaster prairie vole C 1,2,4 R Microtus pinetorum woodland vole C 2,4 R Ondatra zibethicus muskrat C 2 ? Synaptomys cooperi southern bog lemming C 4 R Rattus norvegicus Norway rat C 2 R Mus musculus house mouse C 2,4 R Zapus hudsonius meadow jumping mouse C 1,4 R Canis latrans coyote C 2,4 R Vulpes vulpes red fox C 2,4 R Urocyno cinereoargenteus gray fox C 4 R Ursus americanus black bear - - X Procyon lotor raccoon C 1,2,4 R Lutra canadensis river otter Pr - ? Mustela nivalis least weasel Po - ? Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel C 2 ? Mustela vison mink C 2,4 R Taxidea taxus badger Po - ? Spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunk C 2 X Mephitis mephitis striped skunk C 2,4 R Cervus elaphus elk - 2 X Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer C 1,4 R Homo sapiens man C 1,2 R BIRDS Anser albifrons greater white-fronted goose C 3 M Chen caerulescens snow goose C 2,3 M Chen rossii Ross' goose Pr - M Branta canadensis Canada goose C* 1,2,3 M/R Aix sponsa wood duck C* 1,2,3 B Anas crecca green-winged teal C 1,2,3 M Anas rubripes American black duck Po - M Anas platyrhynchos mallard C 1,2,3 M Anas acuta northern pintail C 2,3 M Anas discors blue-winged teal C* 1,2,3 M Anas clypeata northern shoveler C 2,3 M Anas strepera gadwall C 2,3 M Anas americana American wigeon Pr - M Aythya valisineria canvasback C 2 M Aythya americana redhead C 3 M Aythya collaris ring-necked duck Pr - M Aythya marila greater scaup Po - M Aythya affinis lesser scaup C 2,3 M Bucephala clangula common goldeneye C 2,3 M Bucephala albeola bufflehead Pr - M Lophodytes cucullatus hooded merganser C 3 M

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ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Mergus merganser common merganser C 3 M Oxyura jamaicensis ruddy duck Pr - M Phasianus colchicus ring-necked pheasant C 1,3 R Bonasa umbellus ruffed grouse Po - R Meleagris gallopavo wild turkey C* 1,3 R Colinus virginianus northern bobwhite C 1,2,3 R Gavia immer common loon Po - M Podilymbus podiceps pied-billed grebe C 1,2,3 M Podiceps auritus horned grebe Po - M Podiceps nigricollis eared grebe Po - M Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American white pelican C 1,2,3 M Phalacrocorax auritus double-crested cormorant C 1,2,3 M Botaurus lentiginosus American bittern C 2,3 M Ixobrychus exilis least bittern C 1,3 M Ardea herodias great blue heron C* 1,2,3 B Casmerodius albus great egret C* 1,2,3 M Egretta thula snowy egret C 1 M Egretta caerulea little blue heron C 1,2,3 M Bubulcus ibis cattle egret C 1,3 M Butorides striatus green heron C 1,2,3 B Nycticorax nycticorax black-crowned night-heron C 2 M Nyctanassa violacea yellow-crowned night-heron Po - M Plegadis chihi white-faced ibis Po - M Cathartes aura turkey vulture C 1,2,3 M/B Pandion haliaetus osprey C 2 M Haliaeetus leucocephalus bald eagle C 3 M Circus cyaneus northern harrier C 1,3 M/B Accipiter striatus sharp-shinned hawk C 2,3 M Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk C* 1,2,3 M/B Buteo lineatus red-shouldered hawk C 1,2,3 M/B Buteo platypterus broad-winged hawk C 1,2,3 M/B Buteo swainsoni Swainson's hawk C 3 M Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk C* 1,3 R Buteo lagopus rough-legged hawk C 2,3 M Falco sparverius American kestrel C* 1,2,3 M/B Falco columbarius merlin C 2 M Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon C 3 M Rallus elegans King rail Po - M Rallus limicola Virginia rail C 3 M Porzana carolina sora C 3 M Porphyrula martinica common moorhen Po - M Fulica americana American coot C 1,2,3 M Pluvialis squatarola black-bellied plover Po - M Pluvialis doninica American golden-plover Po - M

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ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Charadrius alexandrinus snowy plover Po - M Charadrius semipalmatus semipalmated plover C 2 M Charadrius vociferus killdeer C* 1,2,3 B Recurvirostra americana American avocet Po - M Tringa melanoleuca greater yellowlegs C 2,3 M Tringa flavipes lesser yellowlegs C 2,3 M Tringa solitaria solitary sandpiper C 2,3 M Catoptrophorus semipalmatus willet Po - M Actitis macularia spotted sandpiper C 2,3 M/B Bartramia longicauda upland sandpiper Po - M Limosa haemastica Hudsonian godwit Po - M Limosa fedoa marbled godwit Po - M Calidris alba sanderling Po - M Calidris pusilla semipalmated sandpiper C 2 M Calidris mauri western sandpiper C 3 M Calidris minutilla least sandpiper C 2,3 M Calidris fuscicollis white-rumped sandpiper C 3 M Calidris baridii Baird's sandpiper C 2,3 M Calidris melanotos pectoral sandpiper C 2,3 M Limnodromus scolopus long-billed dowitcher C 3 M Calidris himantopus stilt sandpiper Po - M Tryngites subruficollis buff-breasted sandpiper Po - M Gallinago gallinago common snipe C 3 M Scolopax minor American woodcock C 1,2,3 B Phalaropus tricolor Wilson's phalarope Po - M Larus pipixcan Franklin's gull C 2,3 M Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's gull C 2 M Larus delawarensis ring-billed gull C 2,3 M Larus argentatus herring gull C 2 M Sterna caspia Caspian tern Po - M Sterna forsteri Forster's tern C 2 M Sterna antillarum least tern C 2 M Chlidonias niger black tern C 2,3 M Columba livia rock dove C 1,3 R Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian collared-dove Pr - R Zenaida macroura mourning dove C 1,2,3 M Coccyzus erythroptalmus black-billed cuckoo C 3 B Coccyzus americanus yellow-billed cuckoo C* 1,2,3 B Tyto alba common barn-owl C 2 R Otus asio eastern screech-owl C 1,2,3 R Athene cuncularia burrowing owl C 3 M Bubo virginianus C* 1,2,3 R Strix varia barred owl C 1,2,3 R Asio otus long-eared owl C 2 M

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ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Asio flammeus short-eared owl C 2,3 M Cordeiles minor common nighthawk C 1,2,3 B Caprimulgus carolinensis chuck-will's-widow C 3 B Caprimulgus vociferus whip-poor-will C 1,2,3 B Chaetura pelagica chimney swift C* 1,2,3 B Archilochus colubris ruby-throated hummingbird C* 1,2,3 B Ceryle alcyon belted kingfisher C* 1,2,3 M/B Melanerpes erythrocephalus red-headed woodpecker C* 1,2,3 R Melanerpes carolinus red-bellied woodpecker C* 1,2,3 R Sphyrapicus varius yellow-bellied sapsucker C* 1,2,3 M Picoides pubescens downy woodpecker C* 1,2,3 R Picoides villosus hairy woodpecker C* 1,3 R Colaptes auratus northern flicker C* 1,2,3 R Dryocopus pileatus pileated woodpecker C* 1,2,3 R Contopus borealis olive-sided flycatcher C 2,3 M Contopus virens eastern wood-pewee C* 1,2,3 B Empidonax alnorum alder flycatcher C 3 M Empidonax traillii willow flycatcher C 1,2,3 B/M Empidonax virescens Acadian flycatcher C 1,3 B Empidonax minimus least flycatcher C 1,2,3 M Sayornis phoebe eastern phoebe C* 1,2,3 B Myiarchus crinitus great crested flycatcher C* 1,2,3 B Tyrannus verticalis western kingbird C 2,3 B Tyrannus tyrannus eastern kingbird C* 1,2,3 B Tyrannus forficatus scissor-tailed flycatcher Pr - B Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike C 1,2,3 B/M Vireo griseus white-eyed vireo C* 3 M Vireo bellii Bell's vireo C 1,2,3 B Vireo solitarius solitary vireo C 3 M Vireo flavifrons yellow-throated vireo C* 1,3 B Vireo gilvus warbling vireo C* 1,2,3 B Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia vireo Po - M Vireo olivaceus red-eyed vireo C* 1,2,3 B Cyanocitta cristata blue jay C* 1,2,3 B Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow C 1,2,3 R Eremophila alpestris horned lark C 2,3 R Progne subis purple martin C* 1,2,3 B Tachycineta bicolor tree swallow C 1,2,3 B Stelgidopteryx serripennis northern rough-winged swallow C* 1,2,3 B Hirundo pyrrhonoto cliff swallow C 2,3 B Hirundo rustica barn swallow C* 1,2,3 B Riparia riparia bank swallow C 2,3 B/M Parus atricapillus black-capped chickadee C* 1,2,3 R Parus bicolor tufted titmouse C* 1,2,3 R

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 139

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Sitta canadensis red-breasted nuthatch C 3 M Sitta carolinensis white-breasted nuthatch C 1,2,3 R Certhia americana brown creeper C 1,2,3 M Thryomanes ludovicianus Carolina wren C* 1,2,3 R Troglodytes aedon house wren C* 1,2,3 B Thyomanes bewickii Bewick’s wren C 3 B Troglodytes troglodytes winter wren Po - M Cistothorus platensis sedge wren C 1,3 B Cistothrus palustris marsh wren C 3 M Regulus satrapa golden-crowned kinglet C 2,3 M Regulus calendula ruby-crowned kinglet C 2,3 M Polioptila caerulea blue-gray gnatcatcher C* 1,2,3 B Sialia sialis eastern bluebird C* 1,2,3 R Catharus fuscescens veery C 3 M Catharus guttatus hermit thrush C 3 M Catharus ustulatus Swainson's thrush C 2,3 M Catharus minimus gray-checked thrush C 3 M Hylocichla mustelina wood thrush C* 1,2,3 B Turdus migratorius American robin C* 1,2,3 R Dumetella carolinensis gray catbird C* 1,2,3 B Mimus polyglottus mockingbird C 1,2,3 R Toxostoma rufum brown thrasher C 1,2,3 B Sturnus vulgaris European starling C* 1,2,3 R Bombycilla cedorum cedar waxwing C 1,3 B/M Vermivora pinus blue-winged warbler Pr - M Vermivora chrysoptera golden-winged warbler C 3 M Vermivora peregrina warbler C 1,2,3 M Vermivora celata orange-crowned warbler C 1,3 M Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville warbler C 1,3 M Parula americana northern parula C 1,3 B Dendroica petechia yellow warbler C 1,2,3 B Dendroica pensylvania chestnut-sided warbler C 3 M Dendroica magnolia magnolia warbler C 3 M Dendroica tigrina Cape May warbler C 3 M Dendroica coronata yellow-rumped warbler C 1,2,3 M Dendroica virens black-throated green warbler C 3 M Dendroica fusca Blackburnian warbler C 3 M Dendroica dominica yellow-throated warbler C* 1,3 B Dendroica palmarum palm warbler Pr - M Dendroica pinus warbler C 3 M Dendroica castanea bay-breasted warbler C 3 M Dendroica striata blackpoll warbler C 1,3 M Dendroica cerulea cerulean warbler C 1,3 B Mniotilta varia black-and-white warbler C 1,2,3 B

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 140

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Setophaga ruticilla American redstart C* 1,2,3 B Protonotaria citrea prothonotary warbler C* 1,2,3 B Helmitheros vermivora worm-eating warbler C 3 M Seiurus aurocapillus ovenbird C* 1,2,3 B Seiurus noveboracensis northern waterthrush C 1,3 M Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush C* 1,3 B Oporornis formosus C* 1,2,3 B Oporornis agilus Connecticut warbler C 3 M Oporornis philadelphia mourning warbler C 1,3 M Geothlypis trichas common yellowthroat C* 1,2,3 B Wilsonia citrina C 3 M Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's warbler C 3 M Wilsonia canadensis Canada warbler C 3 M Icteria virens yellow-breasted chat C* 1,2,3 B Piranga rubra summer tanager C 1,2,3 B Piranga olivacea scarlet tanager C* 1,2,3 B Pipilo erythrophthalmus eastern towhee C* 1,2,3 B Pipila maculates spotted towhee C 1 M Spizella arborea American tree sparrow C 1,2,3 M Spizella passerina chipping sparrow C 1,2,3 B Spizella pallida clay-colored sparrow C 3 M Spizella pusilla field sparrow C 1,2,3 B Pooecetes gramineus vesper sparrow C 2,3 M Chondestes grammacus lark sparrow C* 1,2,3 B Passerculus sandwichensis savannah sparrow C 1,2,3 M Ammodramus savannarum grasshopper sparrow C 1,2,3 B Ammodramus henslowii Henslow's sparrow Po - B/M Ammodramus leconteii Le Conte's sparrow C 2 M Ammodramus nelsoni Nelson’s sparrow Po - M Passerella iliaca fox sparrow C 2,3 M Melospiza melodia song sparrow C 1,2,3 B/M Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's sparrow C 2,3 M Melospiza georgiana swamp sparrow C 2,3 M Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow C 1,2,3 M Zonotrichia leucophrys white-crowned sparrow C 1,2,3 M Zonotrichia querula Harris' sparrow C 1,2,3 M Junco hyemalis dark-eyed junco C 1,2,3 M Calcarius lapponicus Lapland longspur C 3 M Cardinalis cardinalis northern cardinal C* 1,2,3 R Pheucticus ludovicianus rose-breasted grosbeak C* 1,2,3 B Guiraca caerulea blue grosbeak C 1,3 B Passerina cyanea indigo bunting C* 1,2,3 B Passerina ciris painted bunting C 3 M Spiza americana dickcissel C* 1,2,3 B

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 141

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Dolichonyx oryzivorus bobolink C 3 M Agelaius phoeniceus red-winged blackbird C* 1,2,3 R Sturnella magna eastern meadowlark C 1,2,3 R Sturnella neglecta western meadowlark C 2,3 M Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus yellow-headed blackbird C 2,3 M Euphagus carolinus rusty blackbird C 2,3 M Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's blackbird Po - M Quiscalus mexicanus great-tailed grackle Pr - M Quiscalus quiscala common grackle C* 1,3 B Molothrus ater brown-headed cowbird C 1,2,3 B Icterus spurius orchard oriole C* 1,2,3 B Icterus galbula Baltimore oriole C* 1,2,3 B Carpodacus purpureus purple finch C 3 M Carpodacus mexicanus house finch C 1,2,3 R Loxia curvirostra red crossbill Po - M Carduelis flammea common redpoll Pr - M Carduelis pinus pine siskin C 3 M Carduelis tristis American goldfinch C* 1,2,3 R Passer domesticus house sparrow C* 1,2,3 R REPTILES Chelydra serpentina common snapping turtle C 1,2 R Chrysemys picta painted turtle C 1,2 R Graptemys geographica common map turtle Po - R Graptemys pseudogeographica Ouachita map turtle C 2 R Terrapene carolina eastern box turtle Po - R Terrapene ornata ornate box turtle C 1,2 R Trachemys scripta slider C 2 R Apalone mutica smooth softshell C 2 R Apalone spinifera spiny softshell C 2 R Ophisaurus attenuatus slender glass lizard C 2 R Eumeces fasciatus five-lined skink C 1,2 R Eumeces obsoletus Great Plains skink C 2 R Scincella lateralis ground skink Po - R Cnemidophorus sexlineatus six-lined racerunner C 2 R Carphophis amoenus western worm snake C 1,2 R Coluber constrictor racer C 1,2 R Diadophis punctatus ringneck snake C 1,2 R Elaphe emoryi Great Plains rat snake C 1,2 R Elaphe obsoleta eastern rat snake C 1,2 R Heterodon platirhinos eastern hognose snake Po - R Heterodon nasicus western hognose snake C 1 R Lampropeltis calligaster prairie kingsnake C 1,2 R Lampropeltis getula common kingsnake C - R Lampropeltis triangulum milk snake C 1,2 R

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ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Opheodrys aestivus rough green snake C 1 R Pituophis melanoleucus gopher snake Pr - R Nerodia erythrogaster plainbelly water snake C 2 R Nerodia rhombifer diamondback water snake Po - R Nerodia sipedon northern water snake C 1,2 R Storeria dekayi brown snake C 1,2 R Regina grahami Graham's crayfish snake Po - R Storeria occipitomaculata redbelly snake Po - R Tantilla gracilis flathead snake C 2 R Thamnophis proximus western ribbon snake C 1,2 R Thamnophis sirtalis red-sided garter snake C 1,2 R Tropidoclonion lineatum lined snake C 2 R Virginia valeriae smooth earth snake Po - R Agkistrodon controtrix copperhead C 1,2 R Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake C 1,2 R AMPHIBIANS Ambystoma texanum smallmouth salamander C 2 R Ambystoma tigrinum eastern tiger salamander C 2 R Necturus maculosus mudpuppy C 2 R Spea bombifrons plains spadefoot Pr - R Bufo americanus American toad C 1,2 R Bufo woodhousei Woodhouse's toad C 1,2 R Acris crepitans Blanchard's cricket frog C 1,2 R Hyla versicolor gray treefrog C 1,2 R Pseudacris triseriata western chrous frog C 1,2 R Rana blairi plains leopard frog C 1,2 R Rana catesbeiana bullfrog C 1,2 R Gastrophryne olivacea Great Plains narrowmouth toad C 2 R FISHES Ichthyomyzon castaneus chestnut lamprey Pr - M Scaphirhynchus albus pallid sturgeon C 1 R Scaphirhynchus platorynchus shovelnose sturgeon C 1 R Polyodon spathula paddlefish Pr - R Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar Pr - R Lepisosteus platostomus shortnose gar C 1 R Hiodon alosoides goldeneye C 1 R Alosa chrysochloris skipjack herring Pr - M Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad Pr - R Campostoma anomalus central stoneroller Po - R Carassius auratus goldfish Po - R Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp Po - R Cyprinus carpio common carp C 1 R Hybognathus argyritis western silvery minnow Po - R Hybognathus hankinsoni brassy minnow C 1 R

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 143

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Hybognathus placitus plains minnow Po - R Hypophthalmichthys nobilis bighead carp C 1 R Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner C 1 M Notropis stramineus sand shiner C 1 R Notropis shumardi silverband shiner Po - R Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow Pr - R Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow Pr - R Pimephales promelas fathead minnow Pr - R Macrhybopsis gracilis flathead chub Pr - R Macrhybopsis gelida sturgeon chub Po - R Macrhybopsis meeki sicklefin chub Po - R Macrhybopsis storeriana silver chub C 1 R Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub Pr - R Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner C 1 R Luxilus cornutus common shiner Pr - R Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner Pr - R Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker C 1 R Carpoides cyprinus quillback Pr - R Carpoides velifer highfin carpsucker Pr - R Catostomus commersoni white sucker Pr - R Cycleptus elongatus blue sucker Pr - R Ictiobus bubalus smallmouth buffalo C 1 R Ictiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo Po - M Ictiobus niger black buffalo Po - M Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse Po - R Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish Pr - R Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish C 1 R Noturus flavus stonecat Pr - R Noturus exilis slender madtom Pr - R Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish C 1 R Ameiurus melas black bullhead Pr - R Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead Pr - R Osmerus mordax rainbow smelt C 1 R Lota lota burbot Pr - R Fundulus zebrinus plains killifish Pr - R Gambusia affinis western mosquitofish Pr - R Morone chrysops white bass C 1 R Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish C 1 R Lepomis gulosus warmouth Pr - R Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish Pr - R Lepomis macrochirus bluegill C 1 R Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish Pr - R Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass Pr - R Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass Pr - R

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 144

ORDER Common Name Presence Source Status Species Pomoxis annularis white crappie Pr - R Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie Po - R Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter Pr - R Perca flavescens yellow perch Pr - R Percina caprodes logperch Pr - R Stizostedion canadense sauger C 1 R Stizostedion vitreum walleye Pr - R Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum C 1 R

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 145

APPENDIX C. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Leavenworth County and the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR).

Species collected on FLMR are in bold face, accompanied by voucher information. Numbers following family names are the total number of genera, species, and infraspecific taxa in each family in the county [C] and on Ft. Leavenworth [F], respectively. Nomenclature for scientific names and common names follows Freeman 2003. Synonyms are provided in brackets for names of taxa reported from the FLMR in Freeman et al. (1997) when they differ substantially from those accepted here. The following codes denote the provenance (N = native; I = introduced, naturalized; A = introduced, adventive), longevity (Pw = perennial, woody; Ph = perennial, herbaceous; B = biennial; A = annual), general habitat (P = prairie; Ff = forest, floodplain; Fu = forest, upland; W = wetlands; A = rivers and ponds [aquatic]; D = disturbed sites), and abundance on FLMR of each species (4 = dominant in appropriate habitat; 3 = common in appropriate habitat; 2 = infrequent in appropriate habitat; 1 = rare in appropriate habitat; 0 = not known to occur on FLMR). The last names of infrequent collectors have been spelled out in full. All vouchers cited below are deposited in the R. L. McGregor Herbarium (KANU) at the University of Kansas. Collectors whose activities account for the majority of vouchers at KANU are abbreviated by the first letter of the collector(s) last name (E = J. Elliott; F = C. C. Freeman; M = C. A. Morse; W = B. L. Wagenknecht; thus EF = J. Elliott & C. C. Freeman; EM = J. Elliott & C. A. Morse; FE = C. C. Freeman & J. Elliott).

PTERIDOPHYTES, the and fern allies

1. Aspleniaceae, the spleenwort family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton et al. ebony spleenwort N/Ph/Fu/0 Asplenium rhizophyllum L. walking fern N/Ph/Fu/2; Brooks 14154, Brooks & Harris 15155, F 2860, FE 6981, Keith & Wagenknecht 2348, Morse & Loring 9893

2. Dryopteridaceae, the wood fern family [C=5/6/6, F=2/2/2]

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell southern bladder fern N/Ph/Fu/3; Brooks 14150, E 477, EM 641, M 9499, Morse & Loring 9895, W 2349 Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver Tennessee bladder fern N/Ph/Fu/0 Diplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) M. Broun narrow-leaf glade fern N/Ph/Fu/0 Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray marginal wood fern N/Ph/Fu/0 Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitive fern N/Ph/FuW/2; EM 644, F 7129 Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torr. subsp. obtusa blunt-lobe cliff fern N/Ph/Fu/0

3. Equisetaceae, the horsetail family [C=1/4/4, F=1/2/2]

Equisetum arvense L. field horsetail N/Ph/DPW/2; FE 6962 Equisetum hyemale L. subsp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor common scouring- rush N/Ph/DFfW/4; F 7146, M 9721, Morse & Loring 9897 Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun smooth scouring-rush N/Ph/DPW/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 146

Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute (Equisetum hyemale × Equisetum laevigata) intermediate scouring- rush N/Ph/DPW/0

4. Ophioglossaceae, the adder’s-tongue family [C=2/3/3, F=2/3/3]

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. dissected grape fern N/Ph/Fu/2; FE 6990, M 9873 Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern N/Ph/Fu/2; E 478, EM 652, F 7101, M 9688 Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl limestone adder's-tongue N/Ph/D/1; McGregor 886

5. Osmundaceae, the royal fern family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray royal fern N/Ph/Fu/0

6. , the maiden-hair fern family [C=3/4/4, F=2/2/2]

Adiantum pedatum L. northern maiden-hair fern N/Ph/Fu/2; E 482, F 7090, M 9492 dealbata (Pursh) Windham false cloak fern N/Ph/Fu/0 atropurpurea (L.) Link purple cliff-brake N/Ph/Fu/1; Morse & Loring 9894, Wagenknecht et al. 2350 Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn subsp. glabella smooth cliff-brake N/Ph/Fu/0

7. Selaginellaceae, the spike-moss family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring rock spike-moss N/Ph/Fu/0

GYMNOSPERMS, the conifers

8. Cupressaceae, the cypress family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana eastern red-cedar N/Pw/FuP/3; E 483

ANGIOSPERMS, the flowering plants

9. Acanthaceae, the acanthus family [C=2/3/3, F=1/2/2]

Justicia americana (L.) Vahl American water-willow N/Ph/W/0 Ruellia humilis Nutt. fringe-leaf ruellia N/Ph/P/1; E 1114 Ruellia strepens L. limestone ruellia N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 640, M 9506

10. Aceraceae, the maple family [C=1/4/5, F=1/3/4]

Acer negundo L. var. negundo boxelder N/Pw/Ff/0 Acer negundo L. var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger boxelder N/Pw/FfFuW/3; FE 6977 Acer negundo L. var. texanum Pax boxelder N/Pw/FfFuW/3; M 9724

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 147

[Acer nigrum Michx. f. = A. saccharum] Acer saccharinum L. silver maple N/Pw/Ff/3; F 7103 Acer saccharum Marshall sugar maple N/Pw/Fu/3; E 1126, FE 6852, Morse et al. 9393, W 3409

11. , the water-plantain family [C=3/4/4; F=3/3/3]

Alisma triviale Pursh northern water-plantain N/Ph/FuW/3; F 7461 Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett upright burhead N/A/W/3; F 7460 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. broad-leaf arrowhead N/Ph/W/0 Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. subsp. calycina (Engelm.) Bogin giant arrowhead N/Ph/W/2; F 7462

12. , the pigweed family [C=1/6/6, F=1/3/3]

Amaranthus albus L. tumbleweed pigweed I/A/D/2; F 7880 L. slender pigweed N/A/D/0 Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson Palmer's pigweed I/A/D/1; F 8299 Amaranthus retroflexus L. rough pigweed N/A/D/0 [Amaranthus rudis J. D. Sauer = A. tuberculatus] Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny pigweed I/A/D/0 Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer tall water-hemp N/A/DW/3; Brooks & Harris 15147, E 1101, F 7774, F 8290, F 8301, M 9828

13. Anacardiaceae, the cashew family [C=2/4/4, F=2/2/2]

Rhus aromatica Aiton var. serotina (Greene) Rehder fragrant sumac N/Pw/P/0 Rhus copallina L. dwarf sumac N/Pw/P/0 Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac N/Pw/P/3; EF 798 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis poison-ivy N/Pw/FfFu/3; EM 650

14. Annonaceae, the custard-apple family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal common pawpaw N/Pw/FuFf/3; F 19753, FE 6969, M 9460, W 2402, W 3411

15. Apiaceae, the parsley family [C=14/18/18, F=10/12/12]

Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil N/A/Ff/3; FE 6979, W 2400 Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. var. tainturieri southern chervil N/A/Fu/3; E 430, F 7143 Cicuta maculata L. var. maculata spotted water-hemlock N/BPh/W/3; F 7858 Conium maculatum L. poison-hemlock I/B/DFf/3; EF 812, M 9717 Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. honewort N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 648 Daucus carota L. subsp. carota wild carrot I/B/D/2; EF 671

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 148

Daucus pusillus Michx. southwestern wild carrot N/A/P/0 Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. var. yuccifolium button snake-root eryngo N/Ph/P/0 Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) J. M. Coult. & Rose var. daucifolium (Torr. & Gray) Cronquist fennel-leaf desert-parsley N/Ph/Ff/0 Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke hairy sweet-cicely N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7141, M 9467, M 9491, M 9699 Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. long-style sweet-cicley N/Ph/Fu/3; E 486, F 7099, Hulbert 3372, M 9490 Pastinaca sativa L. garden parsnip I/B/D/3; EM 672 DC. Nuttall’s prairie-parsley N/Ph/P/0 Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian sanicle N/B/Fu/0 Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe fragrant sanicle N/Ph/Fu/3; E 431, EF 775, EM 643 Spermolepis inermis (Nutt. ex DC.) Mathias & Constance spreading scaleseed N/A/P/0 Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link field hedge-parsley I/A/D/3; EF 772 Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch common golden-alexanders N/Ph/Fu/2; E 484, EM 653, F 7130, M 9494

16. Apocynaceae, the dogbane family [C=2/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Apocynum cannabinum L. hemp dogbane N/Ph/DFuP/3; Brooks 14423; EM 619, F 7459 Vinca minor L. common periwinkle A/Ph/Fu/0

17. Araceae, the arum family [C=1/2/2, F=1/2/2]

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott dragonroot Jack-in-the-pulpit N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7144, M 9697 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott subsp. triphyllum Indian Jack-in-the-pulpit N/Ph/Fu/3; E 489, FE 6978, W 2364

18. Aristolochiaceae, the Dutchman’s-pipe family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Asarum canadense L. Canadian wild-ginger N/Ph/Fu/3; F 2854, FE 6966, Hulbert 3371, Morse et al. 9374, W 2389

19. Asclepiadaceae, the milkweed family [C=2/13/13, F=2/6/6]

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. blunt-leaf milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson prairie milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata swamp milkweed N/Ph/W/2 ; F 7436 Asclepias meadii Torr. ex A. Gray Mead's milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Asclepias purpurascens L. purple milkweed N/Ph/FuP/2 ; EM 627; Busby s.n. (22 Jun 1995) Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray narrow-leaf milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex A. Gray smooth milkweed N/Ph/P/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 149

Asclepias syriaca L. common milkweed N/Ph/DP/3; EF 784 Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. interior Woodson butterfly milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Asclepias verticillata L. whorled milkweed N/Ph/DP/2; F 8126 Asclepias viridiflora Raf. green milkweed N/Ph/P/2; EF 795 Asclepias viridis Walter spider milkweed N/Ph/P/0 Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. smooth swallow-wort N/Ph/DFu/2; F 7464

20. Asteraceae, the sunflower family [C=47/102/111, F=35/71/73]

[Achillea millefolium L. subsp. occidentalis (DC.) Hyl = Achillea millefolium subsp. lanulosa] Achillea millefolium subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper western yarrow N/Ph/DP/1; E 450 Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. tall snakeroot N/Ph/Fu/3; F 7793, W 3381 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. common ragweed N/A/DFfP/3; E 1089, F 7776, W 3397 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. western ragweed N/Ph/P/0 Ambrosia trifida L. giant ragweed N/A/DFf/2; E 1092, W 3387 Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. prairie broomweed N/A/P/0 Antennaria neglecta Greene field pussy’s-toes N/Ph/P/0 Antennaria parlinii Fernald subsp. fallax (Greene) R.J. Bayer & Stebbins plantain-leaf pussy’s-toes N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7092 Anthemis cotula L.(DC.) may-weed chamomile A/A/D/0 Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. common burdock I/B/DP/0 Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob. pale Indian-plantain N/Ph/Fu/1; E 1091 Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. tuberous Indian-plantain N/Ph/P/2; EF 793 Artemisia annua L. sweet wormwood I/A/DFfW/1; F 7869, F 8279, M 9832 Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. ludoviciana Louisiana sagewort N/Ph/P/0 Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Fernald Louisiana sagewort N/Ph/DP/0 Aster cordifolius L. var. sagittifolius (Wedem. ex Willd.) A.G. Jones heart-leaf aster N/Ph/Fu/0 Aster drummondii Lindl. subsp. drummondii Drummond's aster N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7803, M 9878, W 3397 Aster drummondii Lindley in Hook. subsp. texanus (Burgess) A.G. Jones Drummond's aster N/Ph/Fu/0 Aster ericoides L. subsp. ericoides var. ericoides heath aster N/Ph/P/2; F 7815 Aster laevis L. var. laevis smooth blue aster N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7814, Morse & Loring 9904 Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. lanceolatus var. lanceolatus lance-leaf aster N/Ph/FfFuW/2; F 8276, W 3384 Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. lanceolatus var. interior (Wiegand) Semple & Chmiel. lance-leaf aster N/Ph/FfFu/2; F 7862 [Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones = Aster lanceolatus subsp. lanceolatus var. interior] Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton var. lateriflorus white woodland aster N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7808, M 9874, M 9887, M 9891, Morse & Loring 9902 Aster novae-angliae L. New England aster N/Ph/FuW/2; F 7832 Aster ontarionis Wiegand Ontario aster N/Ph/FfFu/2; F 7788, F 7871, M 9888, W 3397

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 150

Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var. oolentangiensis azure aster N/Ph/P/2; Morse et al. 9909 Aster pilosus Willd. var. demotus S.F. Blake hairy aster N/Ph/DFfFuP/0 Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus hairy aster N/Ph/DFfFuP/2; F 7781 Aster praealtus Poir. var. praealtus willow-leaf aster N/Ph/DFfFu/3; F 7848 Bidens aristosus (Michx.) Britton var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wunderlin coreopsis beggar-ticks N/AB/W/0 Bidens bipinnatus L. Spanish needles N/A/D/1; F 8302 Bidens cernuus L. nodding beggar-ticks N/A/DW/2; F 7784, F 8285, M 9829 Bidens comosus (A. Gray) Wiegand leafy-bract beggar-ticks N/A/DFfW/2; F 7798, M 9830 Bidens connatus Muhl. ex Willd. purple-stem beggar-ticks N/A/FfW/0 Bidens frondosus L. devil's beggar-ticks N/A/DFf/2; F 7851, M 9809 Bidens vulgatus Greene tall beggar-ticks N/A/DFf/2; F 7785, F 7794 Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinn. var. corymbulosa (Torr. & Gray) Shinners corymbulose false-boneset N/Ph/P/0 [Cacalia atriplicifolia L. = Arnoglossum atriplicifolium] [Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners = Arnoglossum plantagineum] Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stefani musk plumeless-thistle I/B/DP/3; EM 618 [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. = Leucanthemum vulgare] Cichorium intybus L. common chicory I/Ph/D/2; F 7455 Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill tall thistle N/B/DFfFu/2; F 8293 Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. wavy-leaf thistle N/Ph/DP/0 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. bull thistle I/B/D/1; F 8292 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist var. canadensis Canadian horseweed N/A/D/2; E 1088, W 3360 Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet big-flower coreopsis N/Ph/DP/0 Coreopsis palmata Nutt. finger coreopsis N/Ph/DP/0 Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. bur-weed marshelder N/A/DW/0 Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. prairie foetid-marigold N/A/D/0 Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. pale purple coneflower N/Ph/P/2; EM 636 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. yerba de tajo N/A/W/2; F 7498 Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. American burnweed N/A/FfW/2; F 7790 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. annual fleabane N/A/D/2; E 508, M 9737 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane N/BPh/D/2; F 7115 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. daisy fleabane N/BPh/DP/2; EM 624 Eupatorium altissimum L. tall joe-pye-weed N/Ph/DP/2; F 7830, W 3390 Eupatorium purpureum L. var. holzingeri (Rydb.) E. Lamont Holzinger's joe-pye-weed N/Ph/Fu/3; F 7437, M 9777 [Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. = Ageratina altissima] Eupatorium serotinum Michx. fall joe-pye-weed N/Ph/FfW/3; F 7783, M 9831 Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene sticky euthamia N/Ph/D/0 Helianthus annuus L. common sunflower N/A/DP/3; F 7490 Helianthus grosseserratus Martens saw-tooth sunflower N/Ph/P/1; F 8329, W 3385 Helianthus hirsutus Raf. hairy sunflower N/Ph/DFu/3; F 7451

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 151

Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. Maximilian's sunflower N/Ph/P/0 Helianthus mollis Lam. ashy sunflower N/Ph/P/0 Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. var. pauciflorus stiff sunflower N/Ph/P/2; F 7831, F 8123 Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem-artichoke sunflower N/Ph/FfFu/3; F 7856 Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald sunflower heliopsis N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7446 Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby subsp. latifolia (Buckley) Semple broad-leaf golden-aster N/A/DP/0 Hieracium longipilum Torr. ex Hook. long-beard hawkweed N/Ph/FuP/0 Iva annua L. annual sumpweed N/A/DW/0 Lactuca canadensis L. Canadian lettuce N/B/DFu/0 Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida lettuce N/B/Fu/2; F 7802, F 7861, W 3370 Lactuca saligna L. willow-leaf lettuce I/A/D/3; F 7488, W 3386 Lactuca serriola L. prickly lettuce I/A/D/3; F 7489 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. common ox-eye daisy I/Ph/DP/2; E 468 Liatris aspera Michx. button gayfeather N/Ph/P/2; E 1117, F 7816 Liatris pycnostachya Michx. thick-spike gayfeather N/Ph/P/0 Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser plains gayfeather N/Ph/P/2; E 1109, F 7817 Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter pineapple-weed I/A/D/3; E 503, F 7134 Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey floodplain ragwort N/A/FfFuW/2; F 7147 Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve round-leaf ragwort N/Ph/Fu/0 Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve prairie ragwort N/Ph/P/0 Packera pseudaurea (Rydb.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve var. semicordata (Mack. & Bush) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve false golden ragwort N/Ph/P/0 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt fragrant false-cudweed N/A/DP/0 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Carolina false dandelion N/AB/D/1; F 8273 Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. upright prairie-coneflower N/Ph/P/0 Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart Gray-head prairie-coneflower N/Ph/P/2; EF 832 Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. black-eyed-Susan N/BPh/DP/3; EF 821 Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata cut-leaf coneflower N/Ph/FfFu/2; E 1075, W 3365 Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba brown-eyed-Susan N/Ph/FfFu/3; F 7453, W 3393 [Senecio glabellus Poir. = Packera glabella] Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. deamii L.M. Perry Deam’s rosinweed N/Ph/P/0 Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. integrifolium whole-leaf rosinweed N/Ph/P/2; F 7439 Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. laeve Torr. & A. Gray showy rosinweed N/Ph/P/0 Silphium laciniatum L. compassplant N/Ph/P/2; E 474 Silphium perfoliatum L. var. perfoliatum cup rosinweed N/Ph/DFfFuW/2; F 7512 Solidago canadensis L. var. hargeri Fernald Canada goldenrod N/Ph/FuP/3; F 7846 Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray Canadian goldenrod N/Ph/DFuP/2; F 7827 Solidago gigantea Ait. late goldenrod N/Ph/FfFuP/3; E 1107, F 7820, W 3383 Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri goldenrod N/Ph/P/0 Solidago nemoralis Ait. subsp. decemflora (DC.) Brammall oldfield goldenrod N/Ph/P/2; F 7822

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 152

[Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm. = Solidago nemoralis subsp. decemflora] Solidago petiolaris Ait. var. petiolaris downy goldenrod N/Ph/Fu/0 Solidago rigida L. subsp. rigida stiff goldenrod N/Ph/P/2; F 7821 Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & A. Gray showy-wand goldenrod N/Ph/P/0 Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. ulmifolia elm-leaf goldenrod N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7805, M 9807, W 3407 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill prickly sow-thistle I/A/D/3; E 504 Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. red-seed dandelion I/Ph/D/0 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. common dandelion I/Ph/D/2; F 7854, W 2395 Tragopogon dubius Scop. western salsify I/BPh/D/2; E 442 Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney wing-stem crownbeard N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7837, W 3413 Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. baldwinii inland ironweed N/Ph/DP/0 Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) W.Z. Faust inland ironweed N/Ph/DP/2; E 1069 Vernonia fasciculata Michx. subsp. fasciculata prairie ironweed N/Ph/W/1; F 8129 Xanthium strumarium L. common cocklebur N/A/D/3; F 7770

21. Balsaminaceae, the touch-me-not family [C=1/2/2, F=1/2/2]

Impatiens capensis Meerb. spotted touch-me-not N/A/FuW/3; EF 780 Impatiens pallida Nutt. pale touch-me-not N/A/FuW/3; E 1076, F 7458, W 3371

22. Berberidaceae, the barberry family [C=2/2/2, F=2/2/2]

Berberis thunbergii DC. Japanese barberry I/Pw/Fu/2; F 7132, F 7867, M 9501, M 9700 Podophyllum peltatum L. common May-apple N/Ph/Fu/3; E 427

23. Betulaceae, the birch family [C=2/2/2, F=2/2/2]

Corylus americana Walter American hazelnut N/Pw/Fu/3; EF 805, F 8307, M 9509 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch American hop-hornbeam N/Pw/Fu/3; EM 632, FE 6848, M 9698

24. Bignoniaceae, the bignonia family [C=2/2/2, F=2/2/2]

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. common trumpet-creeper N/Pw/Ff/2; F 7470 Catalpa speciosa Warder northern catalpa I/Pw/Ff/2; EF 816

25. Boraginaceae, the borage family [C=7/10/10, F=4/6/6]

Cynoglossum officinale L. common hound’s-tongue I/BPh/D/1; F 7855 Echium vulgare L. blueweed I/B/P/0 Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. Virginia bracted-stickseed N/B/DFfFu/2; F 7450

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 153

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort blue stickseed I/A/DFu/0 Lithospermum arvense L. corn gromwell I/A/D/3; FE 6853, W 2354 Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. hoary gromwell N/Ph/FuP/2; EM 649, F 7095 Lithospermum incisum Lehm. plains gromwell N/Ph/P/0 Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American gromwell N/Ph/Fu/1; E 507, F 8113 Myosotis verna Nutt. spring forget-me-not N/A/DP/0 Onosmodium bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) B.L. Turner western marbleseed N/Ph/P/1; M 9739

26. Brassicaceae, the mustard family [C=19/30/30, F=15/21/21]

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande common garlic-mustard I/B/DFfFu/3; FE 6960, M 9461 Arabis canadensis L. Canadian rockcress N/B/Fu/2; EF 776, F 8119, M 9479 Arabis shortii (Fernald) Gleason Short's rockcress N/B/Fu/2; Brooks 14151, F 2859, FE 6974, W 2396 Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton bitter wintercress I/B/D/2; FE 6987 Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa field mustard A/A/D/2; E 422 Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. little-pod false-flax I/A/D/1; F 7142 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. common shepherd's-purse I/A/D/3; FE 6844 bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muh.) Britton et al. spring bittercress N/Ph/W/0 Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz cut-leaf toothwort N/Ph/Fu/3; FE 6975 Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. heart-pod hoarycress I/Ph/D/0 Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton subsp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling tansy mustard N/A/D/3; F 7102, FE 7000 Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray short-pod draba N/A/DP/0 Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray wedge-leaf draba N/A/D/2; FE 6995 Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald white whitlow-wort N/A/D/0 repandum L. bushy wallflower I/A/DP/3; E 437, FE 6986 Hesperis matronalis L. dame's rocket I/BPh/D/0 Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. field pepper-grass I/AB/D/2; F 7094 Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. densiflorum prairie pepper-grass N/AB/D/3; F 7113 Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum Virginia pepper-grass N/AB/D/3; F 7838, Morse et al. 9388 Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. perfoliate-pennycress I/A/D/3; FE 6846 Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton watercress I/Ph/W/0 palustris (L.) Besser subsp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell var. fernaldiana bog yellowcress N/ABPh/W/2; Brooks & Harris 15143, M 9827 Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. stalkless yellowcress N/AB/W/2; F 7468, F 8286 Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. spreading yellowcress N/Ph/W/2; E 439, F 7486 Sibara virginica (L.) Rollins Virginia rockcress I/A/D/0 Sinapis arvensis L. charlock I/A/D/0 altissimum L. tumble-mustard I/A/D/0 Sisymbrium loeselii L. tall hedge-mustard I/A/D/3; E 423, F 7109, M 9715 Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. common hedge-mustard I/A/D/2; Morse et al. 9396

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 154

Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress I/A/D/3; FE 6993, W 2362, W 2403 [Thlaspi perfoliatum L. = Microthlaspi perfoliatum]

27. Campanulaceae, the bellflower family [C=3/5/5, F=3/4/4]

Campanula americana L. American bellflower N/A/FfFuW/3; F 7431 Lobelia siphilitica L. great lobelia N/Ph/FfFuW/3; Brooks & Harris 15151, F 7857, W 3399 Lobelia spicata Lam. pale-spike lobelia N/Ph/P/2; E 1116, EF 796, Freeman 8122 Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. slender-fruit Venus’-looking-glass N/A/DP/0 Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. clasping-leaf Venus’-looking-glass N/A/DP/2; E 455

28. Cannabaceae, the hemp family [C=2/3/3, F=2/2/2]

Cannabis sativa L. hemp I/A/D/3; Busby s.n. (22 Jun 1995), F 7769, W 3388 Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. Japanese hop I/Ph/DFf/3; Brooks & Harris 15152, F 7501, M 9793 Humulus lupulus L. var. pubescens E. Small common hop I/Ph/Fu/0

29. Caprifoliaceae, the honeysuckle family [C=5/8/8, F=5/8/8]

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle I/Pw/FfFu/2; M 9889 Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. Amur honeysuckle I/Pw/FuP/3; E 433, F 7865, F 7866, M 9517 [Lonicera tatarica L., reports of this species in Freeman et al. 1997 were based on misidentified specimens of Lonicera ×bella and Lonicera maackii] Lonicera ×bella Zabel (Lonicera morrowii × Lonicera tatarica) Bell’s honeysuckle I/Pw/FuP/2; F 7087 Sambucus canadensis L. American elder N/Pw/FfFu/3; EM 662, W 3396 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench coral-berry N/Pw/FuP/2; F 8325 Triosteum perfoliatum L. clasping horse-gentian N/Ph/FuP/2; F 7850, M 9765 Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Aiton northern arrow-wood A/Pw/Fu/1; F 8328 Viburnum prunifolium L. black-haw viburnum N/Pw/Fu/3; F 7089, FE 6994, M 9687, M 9780

30. , the pink family [C=11/17/17, F=7/9/9]

Agrostemma githago L. common corncockle A/A/D/0 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. subsp. serpyllifolia thyme-leaf sandwort I/A/D/2; FE 6985 Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet common mouse’s- ear-chickweed N/Ph/DP/0 Cerastium nutans Raf. nodding mouse’s-ear-chickweed N/A/DFu/2; E 454, F 7114 Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink I/A/D/0 Dianthus barbatus L. subsp. barbatus sweet-William I/A/D/0 Holosteum umbellatum L. subsp. umbellatum jagged-chickweed I/A/D/3; FE 6856

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 155

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench water chickweed I/Ph/Ff/1; M 9718 Paronychia canadensis (L.) A.W. Wood Canadian nailwort N/A/FuP/2; EF 788, M 9465 apetala Ard. hairy-leaf pearlwort A/A/D/0 Sagina decumbens (Elliott) Torr. & A. Gray subsp. decumbens trailing pearlwort N/A/DFu/0 Saponaria officinalis L. common soapwort I/Ph/D/0 Silene antirrhina L. sleepy catchfly N/A/D/3; E 461, F 7153 Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet white catchfly A/Ph/D/0 Silene stellata (L.) W.T. Aiton starry catchfly N/Ph/D/2; F 7433 Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép. pale chickweed I/A/D/3; FE 6958, M 9480 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed I/A/D/3; F 19756,

31. Celastraceae, the stafftree family [C=2/4/4, F=2/4/4]

Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet N/Pw/Fu/2; F 8127 Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. eastern wahoo N/Pw/Fu/3; Brooks & Harris 15153, EM 660, F 7457, W 3410 Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. Chinese spindle-tree I/Pw/FfFu/2; F 7868, F8327, M 9496 Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. winged burning bush I/Pw/Fu/3; M 9497, M 9695, M 9761, M 9877

32. Ceratophyllaceae, the hornwort family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Ceratophyllum demersum L. common hornwort N/Ph/A/0

33. Chenopodiaceae, the goosefoot family [C=4/8/8, F=2/5/5]

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides worm-seed goosefoot I/ABPh/D/0 Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (Murray) Murray ex Aschs. pit-seed goosefoot N/A/D/2; E 1094, F 8289 Chenopodium missouriense Aellen Missouri goosefoot N/A/D/2; F 8333 Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. maple-leaf goosefoot N/A/DFf/2; F 7773, F 8330, M 9836 Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen Standley's goosefoot N/A/DFuFf/2; F 8121, M9835, W 3372, W 3363 Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M. Coult. tumble ringwing N/A/D/0 Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. broom kochia I/A/D/0 Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Nuttall's poverty-weed N/A/D/1; FE 6963

34. Clusiaceae, the St. John’s-wort family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Hypericum ascyron L. giant St. John’s-wort N/Ph/Ff/1; M 9833 Hypericum perforatum L. common St. John's-wort I/Ph/P/0

35. Commelinaceae, the spiderwort family [C=2/4/4, F=2/3/3]

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 156

Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayflower I/A/DFu/3; EF 778, EM 639, F 7836 Commelina erecta L. var. erecta erect dayflower I/A/DFu/2; E 1086, W 3379 Tradescantia bracteata Small bracted spiderwort N/A/P/0 Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. spiderwort N/Ph/FuP/2; E 505, F 8323

36. , the morning-glory family [C=3/6/6, F=3/4/4]

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. angulata Brummitt common hedge-bindweed N/Ph/D/2; F 7440 silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. subsp. fraterniflora (Mack. & Bush) Brummitt woodland hedge-bindweed N/Ph/D/0 Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed I/Ph/D/3; E 448 Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. ivy-leaf morning-glory N/A/D/1; F 8294 Ipomoea lacunosa L. white morning-glory N/A/DFf/2; F 7780 Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. big-root morning-glory N/Ph/DP/0

37. Cornaceae, the dogwood family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Cornus amomum Mill. subsp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. Wilson pale dogwood N/Pw/FuP/0 Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. rough-leaf dogwood N/Pw/FuP/2; E 1079, EM 617, M 9512

38. Cucurbitaceae, the cucumber family [C=2/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray wild mock-cucumber N/A/Fu/0 Sicyos angulatus L. wall bur-cucumber N/A/Ff/2; F 7768, M 9802, W 3380

39. Cuscutaceae, the dodder family [C=1/4/4, F=1/3/3]

Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. cusp dodder N/A/FuP/1; Brooks & Harris 15145 Cuscuta megalocarpa Rydb. big-fruit dodder N/A/FuP/1; W 3361 Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. pentagona field dodder N/A/DW/1; M 9754 Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. smartweed dodder N/A/FfW/0

40. Cyperaceae, the sedge family [C=7/62/64, F=5/49/50]

Carex aggregata Mack. cluster sedge N/Ph/FfW/2; Morse et al. 9398 Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans white-tinge sedge N/Ph/Fu/2; FE 6984, W 2360 [Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. = Carex grisea Wahlenb.] Carex austrina Mack. southern sedge N/Ph/DW/3; F 19752 Carex bicknellii Britton Bicknell’s sedge N/Ph/P/0 Carex blanda Dewey woodland sedge N/Ph/FfFu/2; EM 645, M 9453, Morse et al. 9371, W 2399

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 157

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell short-beak sedge N/Ph/DFuW/2; F 7139 Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. oval-leaf sedge N/Ph/Fu/3; M 9470, M 9487, Morse et al. 9401 Carex conjuncta Boott soft sedge N/Ph/FfW/3; M 9446, Morse et al. 9399 Carex cristatella Britton crested sedge N/Ph/W/2; EF 837 Carex crus-corvi Shuttlew. ex Kunth raven-foot sedge N/Ph/FfW/2; M 9448, M 9768, M 9787 Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. Davis' sedge N/Ph/FfFu/1; EM 621, M 9451 Carex emoryiDewey Emory’s sedge N/Ph/W/1; F 7961 Carex frankii Kunth Frank's sedge N/Ph/FuPW/2; EF 797, M 9484 Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. granularis meadow sedge N/Ph/DFuW/2; M 9690 Carex gravida L.H. Bailey heavy sedge N/Ph/PW/2; EM 625 Carex grayi Carey Gray's sedge N/Ph/Fu/1; Hulbert 3370, M 9445 Carex grisea Wahlenb. narrow-leaf sedge N/Ph/FuP/2; F 2855, F 7155, M 9450, M 9723 Carex hirtifolia Mack. hairy-leaf sedge N/Ph/Fu/2; M 9481, M 9732, M 9767 Carex hitchcockiana Dewey Hitchcock's sedge N/Ph/Fu/3; M 9472, M 9482, Morse et al. 9369, Morse et al. 9391 Carex hyalinolepis Steud. shoreline sedge N/Ph/FfFuW/3; E 466, F 2863, F 7145, M 9454 Carex inops L.H. Bailey subsp. heliophila (Mack.) Crins sun sedge N/Ph/P/0 Carex jamesii Schwein. James' sedge N/Ph/FfFu/2; EM 642, Freeman & Brooks 2909, M 9452, Morse et al. 9400 Carex laeviconica Dewey smooth-cone sedge N/Ph/Ff/3; M 9455 Carex leavenworthii Dewey Leavenworth’s sedge N/Ph/FuP/3; F 19750 Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. hop sedge N/Ph/FfFuW/1; F 2856, M 9731 Carex meadii Dewey Mead's sedge N/Ph/P/0 Carex mesochorea Mack. savannah sedge N/Ph/P/0 Carex missouriensis P.E. Rothr. & Reznicek Missouri sedge N/Ph/W/0 Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright pest sedge N/Ph/FuW/3; M 9485 Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. inermis Boott Muhlenberg’s sedge N/Ph/Fu/1; M 9486, M 9778 Carex normalis Mack. large straw sedge N/Ph/Fu/1; M 9469, M 9788 Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. straight-fruit sedge N/Ph/Fu/2; Morse et al. 9370 Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. woolly sedge N/Ph/PW/0 Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small radiate sedge N/Ph/FfFu/3; F 2862, Freeman & Brooks 2908, M 9449, M 9733 Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge N/Ph/Fu/3; EM 646, F 7136, M 9471, M 9488, Morse et al. 9373 Carex shortiana Dewey Short's sedge N/Ph/FuW/2; EM 666, M 9483 Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. bur-reed sedge N/Ph/Fu/3; EF 783, F 7138, Morse et al. 9372, Morse et al. 9390 Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. stalk-grain sedge N/Ph/FuW/0 Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. sangamonensis Clokey festival sedge N/Ph/FfFuW/4; M 9447, M 9713, M 9769 Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides festival sedge N/Ph/W/0 Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. low sedge N/Ph/Fu/2; FE 6842

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 158

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge N/Ph/FfFuW/2; E 515, M 9714 Carex ×subimpressa Clokey (Carex hyalinolepis ×Carex pellita) impressed sedge N/Ph/FuW/2; EM 620 Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. tape-leaf flat-sedge N/A/W/2; E 1113, F 7484, F7819 Cyperus bipartitus Torr. brook flat-sedge N/A/W/0 Cyperus echinatus (L.) A.W. Wood globe flat-sedge N/Ph/DW/1; F 8303 Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. red-root flat-sedge N/A/FfW/2; Brooks & Harris 15144, F 7791, M 9814 Cyperus esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeck. yellow nut-sedge N/Ph/DW/1; E 1100 Cyperus fuscus L. brown flat-sedge I/A/W/2; M 9815, Morse et al. 9911 Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks subsp. lupulinus slender-stem flat-sedge N/Ph/DP/1; F 8295 Cyperus odoratus L. slender flat-sedge N/A/W/2; M 9817 Cyperus squarrosus L. awned flat-sedge N/A/FfW/3; F 7473, M 9816 Cyperus strigosus L. false nut-sedge N/Ph/W/0 Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. acutisquamata (Buckley) S.G. Sm. flat-stem spike-rush N/Ph/PW/1; M 9734 Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. compressa flat-stem spike-rush N/Ph/PW/2; F 7093 Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes blunt spike-rush N/A/W/2; F 7485 Eleocharis macrostachya Britton large-spike spike-rush N/Ph/FfFuW/3; F 7093, F 8130 [Eleocharis xyridiformis Fern. & Brackett = Eleocharis macrostachya] Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker small-flower dwarf-bulrush N/A/W/2; F 7476, F 7495, M 9818, Morse et al. 9912 Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á. Löve & D. Löve var. acutus hard-stem twine- bulrush N/Ph/AW/0 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla soft-stem twine-bulrush N/Ph/AW/0 Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush N/Ph/W/2; F 7452, M 9735 Scirpus georgianus R.M. Harper Georgia bulrush N/Ph/AW/0 Scirpus pendulus Muhl. drooping bulrush N/Ph/AW/2; Elliott 493 Scleria triglomerata Michx. whip nut-rush N/Ph/P/0

41. Dioscoreaceae, the yam family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

[Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel. = Dioscorea villosa] Dioscorea villosa L. Atlantic yam N/Ph/FuFf/2; EF 799, F 7445, M 9696

42. Dipsacaceae, the teasel family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's teasel I/B/D/0 Dipsacus laciniatus L. cut-leaf teasel I/B/D/2; F 7506, M 9775

43. Ebenaceae, the ebony family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Diospyros virginiana L. common persimmon N/Pw/Fu/2; EF 792

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 159

44. Elaeagnaceae, the oleaster family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian-olive I/Pw/D/0 Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. autumn-olive I/Pw/Fu/2; F 7441; M 9516

45. Elatinaceae, the waterwort family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Bergia texana (Hook.) Seub. ex Walp. Texas bergia N/A/W/2; F 7496

46. Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family [C=4/14/14, F=4/9/9]

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. rhombic copperleaf N/A/DFfP/2; F 7502, F7797, M 9801, W s.n. (23 Sep 1956), W 3367 Acalypha virginica L. Virginia copperleaf N/A/DFf/2; E 1080 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small spotted mat-spurge N/A/DP/2; E 1096, F 7481, W 3403 Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small eyebane N/A/D/3; E 1099, F 7499, W 3400 Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small prostrate mat-spurge I/A/DP/3; F 7879 Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small round-leaf mat-spurge N/A/D/3; F 7480 Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus woolly croton N/A/DP/0 Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. tropic croton N/A/D/0 Croton monanthogynus Michx. one-seed croton N/A/DP/2; F 7444 Euphorbia corollata L. flowering spurge N/Ph/P/2; F 8124 Euphorbia cyathophora Murray painted spurge N/A/DFu/0 Euphorbia davidii Subils western toothed spurge N/A/D/3; EF 813 Euphorbia dentata Michx. eastern toothed spurge N/A/D/0 Euphorbia marginata Pursh snow-on-the-mountain N/A/DP/0

47. Fabaceae, the bean family [C=26/45/45, F=20/30/30]

Amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant N/Pw/FuP/2; EF 803 Amorpha fruticosa L. bush wild-indigo N/Pw/FuPW/0 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald American hog-peanut N/A/FuP/3; F 7812, W 3369 Apios americana Medik. American potato-bean N/Ph/FfP/2; F 7786 Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. var. crassicarpus ground-plum milk-vetch N/Ph/P/0 Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely white wild-indigo N/Ph/FuP/1; F 7845 Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. var. minor (Lehm.) Fern. blue wild-indigo N/Ph/P/0 Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott var. leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi plains wild- indigo N/Ph/P/0 Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis eastern redbud N/Pw/Fu/3; E 1110, FE 6992, W 2351 Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata showy partridgepea N/A/P/2; F 7504, W 3391 [Coronilla varia L. = Securigera varia] Crotalaria sagittalis L. arrow rattlebox N/A/FuP/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 160

Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. candida white prairie-clover N/Ph/FuP/0 Dalea leporina (Ait.) Bullock hare-foot prairie-clover N/Ph/DW/2; Freeman 8275 Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea purple prairie-clover N/Ph/P/1; Elliott 1112 Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex Rob. & Fernald Illinois bundle-flower N/Ph/P/2; Freeman 7443 Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud. long-leaf tick-clover N/Ph/Fu/1; F 8306 Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.W. Wood large-flower tick-clover N/Ph/Fu/3; E 1064, EF 810, M 9738, W 3394 Desmodium illinoense A. Gray Illinois tick-clover N/Ph/P/0 Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. panicled tick-clover N/Ph/FuP/2; E 1068, F 8278, W 3389 Desmodium perplexum B.G. Schub. Dillen’s tick-clover N/Ph/FuP/0 Gleditsia triacanthos L. common honey-locust N/Pw/Fu/2; E 480 Glycine max (L.) Merr. A/A/D/2; EF 840 Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree N/Pw/FfFu/3; F 8315 Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino Korean low bush-clover I/A/D/2; F 8334 Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. Japanese low bush-clover I/A/FuP/2; F 7824 Lespedeza capitata Michx. round-head bush-cover N/Ph/D/0 Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don sericea lespedeza I/Ph/D/2; F 7859 Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. violet bush-clover N/Ph/DFuP/2; F 7809, F 8316 Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton slender bush-clover N/Ph/P/0 Lespedeza ×manniana Mack. [Lespedeza capitata × Lespedeza virginica] Mann’s bush-cover N/Ph/P/0 Medicago lupulina L. black medick I/APh/DP/3; Elliott 443 Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa alfalfa A/Ph/D/2; M 9784 Melilotus albus Medik. white sweet-clover I/AB/D/3; EM 626 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweet-clover I/AB/D/2; E 440 quadrivalvis L. var. nuttallii (DC.) L.S. Beard ex Barneby cat-claw mimosa N/Ph/P/0 Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. bread-root scurf-pea N/Ph/P/0 Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. narrow-leaf scurf-pea N/Ph/P/0 Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust I/Pw/Fu/2; E 435 Securigera varia (L.) Lassen common crown-vetch I/Ph/D/3; EM 659 Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott trailing wildbean N/A/DFf/2; F 7472 Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Virginia hoarypea N/Ph/P/0 Trifolium campestre Schreb. low hop clover I/A/D/2; E 469 Trifolium hybridum alsike clover I/Ph/DW/3; M 9757 Trifolium pratense L. red clover I/Ph/D/3; E 441 Trifolium repens L. white clover I/Ph/D/3; E 426

48. Fagaceae, the oak family [C=1/9/9, F=1/7/7]

Quercus alba L. white oak N/Pw/Fu/3; F 7442, M 9478 [Quercus borealis Michx. f. var. maxima (Marshall) Ashe = Quercus rubra] Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak N/Pw/Fu/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 161

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak N/Pw/FfFu/3; F 8308 Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinquapin oak N/Pw/Fu/2; E 1070 Quercus prinoides Willd. dwarf chinquapin oak N/Pw/Fu/2; F 7086, M 9694 Quercus rubra L. northern red oak N/Pw/Fu/4; F8318 Quercus stellata Wangenh. post oak N/Pw/Fu/2; EF 787, F 7454, F 8319 Quercus velutina Lam. black oak N/Pw/Fu/2; E 1072, F 7515, F 7801 Quercus x faxonii Trel. Faxon’s oak N/Pw/Fu/0

49. Fumariaceae, the fumitory family [C=2/3/3, F=2/3/3]

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. pale fumewort N/A/Ff/3; F 2853, FE 6980, M 9457, W 2359, W 2401 Corydalis micrantha (Engelm. ex A. Gray) A. Gray subsp. micrantha slender fumewort N/A/DFu/3; FE 6982 Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's-breeches N/Ph/Fu/3; FE 6855, W 2356, Wagenknecht et al. 2355

50. Gentianaceae, the gentian family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Gentiana flavida A. Gray white prairie gentian N/Ph/FuPW/0

51. Geraniaceae, the geranium family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina crane’s-bill N/A/D/3; E 458, F 7150 Geranium maculatum L. spotted crane’s-bill N/Ph/Fu/0

52. Grossulariaceae, the currant family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Ribes missouriense Nutt. Missouri gooseberry N/Pw/DFuP/3; FE 6970, W 2368

53. Hippocastanaceae, the buckeye family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Aesculus glabra Willd. var. arguta (Buckl.) B.L. Rob. western Ohio buckeye N/Pw/FuFf/2; FE 6959

54. Hydrangeaceae, the hydrangea family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Philadelphus inodorus L. scentless mock-orange A/Pw/DFfFu/1; EF 834, M 9759 (determination tentative)

55. Hydrocharitaceae, the frog’s-bit family [C=2/2/2, F=0/0/0]

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John Nuttall’s waterweed N/Ph/A/0 Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus subsp. guadalupensis common naiad N/A/A/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 162

56. Hydrophyllaceae, the waterleaf family [C=2/3/3, F=2/3/3]

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. water-pod N/A/DFfFu/3; F 7105 Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. notchbract waterleaf N/Ph/FfFu/3; F 2858, F 7149, Freeman & Brooks 2906, Hulbert 3373 Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Virginia waterleaf N/Ph/FfFu/3; E 506, F 7148

57. Iridaceae, the Iris family [C=3/4/4, F=2/3/3]

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Chinese blackberry-lily I/Ph/D/0 Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) E.S. Anderson southern iris N/Ph/FuW/1; M 9791 Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. narrow-leaf blue-eyed-grass N/Ph/FuP/2; E 447, Morse et al. 9395 Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell prairie blue-eyed-grass N/Ph/P/2; E 487

58. Juglandaceae, the walnut family [C=2/4/4, F=2/4/4]

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory N/Pw/Fu/3; EF 806 Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch pecan N/Pw/Ff/2; Brooks & Harris 15154, M 9786 Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shag-bark hickory N/Pw/Fu/4; F 8317 Juglans nigra L. black walnut N/Pw/FfFu/3; EF 807, M 9776

59. Juncaceae, the rush family [C=1/6/6, F=1/4/4]

Juncus anthelatus (Wiegand) R.E. Brooks forgotten rush N/PH/PW/3; EM 630 Juncus dudleyi Wiegand Dudley's rush N/Ph/PW/0 Juncus interior Wiegand inland rush N/Ph/FfPW/2; M 9709 Juncus marginatus Rostk. grass-leaf rush N/Ph/FuPW/0 Juncus tenuis Willd. path rush N/Ph/FfFuPW/2; M 9685, M 9710, M 9744 Juncus torreyi Coville Torrey’s rush N/Ph/PW/2; F 8134

60. Lamiaceae, the mint family [C=19/26/26, F=16/21/21]

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze catnip giant-hyssop N/Ph/FfFu/2; F 7775, W 3402 Ajuga reptans L. carpet bugleweed I/Ph/D/2; F 19754 Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. hairy wood-mint N/Ph/Fu/1; EF 773 Glechoma hederacea L. gill-over-the-ground I/Ph/DFf/2; Freeman 7106 Hedeoma hispida Pursh rough false-penny-royal N/A/DP/0 Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American false-penny-royal N/A/DFU/0 Lamium amplexicaule L. var. amplexicaule hen-bit dead-nettle I/A/D/3; FE 6841 Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum purple dead-nettle I/A/D/2; FE 6983 Leonurus cardiaca L. common motherwort I/Ph/DFf/2; EF 814, M 9716 Leonurus marrubiastrum L. horehound motherwort I/B/DFf/3; F 7465, M 9753, M 9770 Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton American water-horehound N/Ph/W/2; E

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 163

1121, F 7491 Lycopus virginicus L. Virginia water-horehound N/Ph/FfW/1; F 8287, Morse & Loring 9898 Mentha arvensis L. field mint N/Ph/W/2; F 8280 Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa wild bergamot N/Ph/DP/2; Elliott 1067 Nepeta cataria L. common catnip I/Ph/D/0 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton common perilla I/A/DFfFuW/2; F 7777, M 9797, W 3374 Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. subsp. virginiana Virginia lion’s-heart N/Ph/FfW/1; E 1087; F 8272 Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal I/Ph/DFfW/2; E 1111, F 7432 [Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. = Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. pilosum] Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. narrow-leaf mountain-mint N/Ph/PFu/0 Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperr. hairy mountain- mint N/Ph/P/2; E 1108 Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. blue sage N/Ph/P/0 Scutellaria lateriflora L. var. lateriflora side-flower skullcap N/Ph/FfW/2; F 7507 [Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. leonardii (Epling) Fernald = Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis] Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & C.A. Lawson Leonard's small skullcap N/Ph/P/2; EM 657 [Stachys palustris L. subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling = Stachys pilosa var. arenicola] Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. arenicola (Britton) G.A. Mulligan & D.B. Munro marsh hedge- nettle N/Ph/W/2; F 7494, F 8128, M 9708, M 9783 Stachys tenuifolia Willd. slender-leaf marsh-nettle N/Ph/DFfW/2; F 7771, M 9771 Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense American germander N/Ph/DPW/2; EF 827

61. Lemnaceae, the duckweed family [C=2/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Lemna minor L. lesser duckweed N/Ph/A/3; M 9755 Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. greater duckmeat N/Ph/A/0

62. Liliaceae, the lily family [C=13/14/15, F=7/7/7]

Allium canadense L. var. canadense Canadian wild onion N/Ph/FuP/3; E 490, EF 785 Allium canadense L. var. lavandulare (Bates) Ownbey & Aase Canadian wild onion N/Ph/Fu/0 Allium vineale L. field garlic I/Ph/D/0 Asparagus officinalis L. garden asparagus I/Ph/D/2; F 7097 Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Atlantic camas N/Ph/PFu/0 Erythronium albidum Nutt. white fawn-lily N/Ph/Fu/3; FE 6965, W 2353 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. orange day-lily I/Ph/DFu/2; EF 831, M 9689 Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville hairy yellow star-grass N/Ph/P/0 Lilium michiganense Farw. Michigan lily N/Ph/FuP/0 Melanthium virginicum L. Virginia bunchflower N/Ph/FuP/0 Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. common grape-hyacinth I/Ph/D/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 164

Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton yellow false-garlic N/Ph/FuP/0 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. common star-of-Bethlehem N/Ph/DFu/2; Morse et al. 9376 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. small Solomon's-seal N/Ph/Fu/2; E 488, M 9498 Uvularia grandiflora Sm. large-flower bellwort N/Ph/Fu/3; Brooks 14155, EM 665, F 2861, FE 6964, FE 6989, Morse et al. 9375, W 2361

63. Linaceae, the flax family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Linum sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum grooved flax N/A/P/0

64. Lythraceae, the loosestrife family [C=3/5/5, F=2/4/4]

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. purple toothcup N/A/W/3; F 7497 Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel stout toothcup N/A/W/2; F 7463, F 8283, M 9823 Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. blue waxweed N/A/W/0 Lythrum alatum Pursh winged loosestrife N/Ph/W/2; EF 782 Lythrum salicaria L. purple loosestife N/Ph/DW/3; M 9719, M 9758

65. Malvaceae, the mallow family [C=3/3/3, F=2/2/2]

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. common velvetleaf I/A/D/2; F 7875 Hibiscus trionum L. flower-of-an-hour I/A/D/0 Sida spinosa L. prickly sida I/A/D/2; F 7479, W 3357

66. Menispermaceae, the moonseed family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Menispermum canadense L. Canadian moonseed N/Pw/FfFu/2; M 9743, M 9806

67. Molluginaceae, the carpetweed family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Mollugo verticillata L. green carpetweed I/A/D/1; F 8332

68. Monotropaceae, the Indian-pipe family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Monotropa uniflora L. one-flower Indian-pipe N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7804

69. Moraceae, the mulberry family [C=2/3/3, F=1/2/2]

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage-orange I/Pw/DFuP/0 Morus alba L. white mulberry I/Pw/FfFu/2; F 7474, M 9712 Morus rubra L. red mulberry N/Pw/FfFu/2; EM 668, F 7456, M 9462

70. Nyctaginaceae, the four-o’clock family [C=1/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl white four-o'clock N/Ph/P/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 165

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. wild four-o'clock N/Ph/DP/2; EF 825, W 3364

71. Oleaceae, the olive family [C=3/5/5, F=3/5/5]

Fraxinus americana L. white ash N/Pw/Fu/2; F 8331 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall green ash N/Pw/FfP/2; F 8336, M 9711 Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. border privet I/Pw/Fu/3; EM 634, F 7133, F 7863, F 19863, M 9519, M 9792 [Ligustrum sinense Lour., reports of this species in Freeman et al. 1997 were based on misidentified specimens of Ligustrum obtusifolium] Ligustrum vulgare L. common privet A/Pw/Fu/1; M 9515, Morse & Loring 9901 (reports of this species in Freeman et al. 1997 were based on misidentified specimens of Ligustrum obtusifolium) Syringa ×persica L. Persian lilac A/Pw/Fu/1; M 9514

72. Onagraceae, the evening-primrose family [C=4/10/10, F=4/7/7]

Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus northern enchanter's- nightshade N/Ph/Fu/2; EF 774, M 9686 Gaura longiflora Spach large-flower butterfly-weed N/A/DP/2; E 1084, F 7810 Gaura mollis E. James velvet butterfly-weed N/A/DP/1; F 8274 [Gaura parviflora Dougl. ex Lehm. = Gaura mollis] Ludwigia alternifolia L. bushy seedbox N/Ph/AW/1; F 8297 Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven subsp. glabrescens (Kuntze) P.H. Raven floating seedbox N/Ph/W/1; E 1123 Oenothera biennis L. common evening-primrose N/B/DFf/2; E 1102, F 7493, F7792 Oenothera laciniata Hill cut-leaf evening-primrose N/A/DP/2; E 452 Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. subsp. macrocarpa Missouri evening-primrose N/Ph/P/0 Oenothera speciosa Nutt. showy white evening-primrose N/Ph/P/0 Oenothera villosa Thunb. subsp. villosa hairy evening-primrose N/B/DP/0

73. Orchidaceae, the orchid family [C=6/10/10, F=4/4/4]

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. puttyroot N/Ph/FfFu/3; Freeman & Brooks 2907, FE 6854, Kramer s.n. (20 May 1956), M 9834, M 9879, Morse et al. 9368, Morse et al. 9910 Corallorrhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. fall coralroot N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7842 Corallorrhiza wisteriana Conrad Wister’s coralroot N/Ph/Fu/0 [Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll = Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum] Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. parviflorum yellow lady's-slipper N/Ph/Fu/1; F 7127, M 9760 Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. showy orchis N/Ph/Fu/1; EF 808 Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & M.L. Bowles western prairie fringed orchid N/Ph/P/0 Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. nodding ladies'-tresses N/Ph/FuP/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 166

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. slender ladies'-tresses N/Ph/FuP/0 Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. little ladies'-tresses N/Ph/Fu/0 Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray upland ladies'-tresses N/Ph/P/0

74. Orobanchaceae, the broomrape family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Orobanche uniflora L. one-flower broomrape N/Ph/Fu/1; F 7135, F 19748

75. Oxalidaceae, the wood- family [C=1/3/3, F=1/3/3]

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. gray-green wood-sorrel N/Ph/DFuP/3; E 449 Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood-sorrel N/Ph/DFuP/3; EF 777, W 3366 Oxalis violacea L. violet wood-sorrel N/Ph/FuP/2; E 471

76. Papaveraceae, the poppy family [C=2/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Papaver dubium L. long-pod poppy A/A/D/0 canadensis L. bloodroot N/Ph/DFu/3; FE 6967, Morse et al. 9394, W 2366

77. Pedaliaceae, the unicorn-plant family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Proboscidea louianica (Mill.) Thell. common devil’s-claw N/A/D/0

78. Penthoraceae, the ditch-stonecrop family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Penthorum sedoides L. Virginia penthorum N/Ph/FfW/2; F 7796

79. Phytolaccaceae, the pokeweed family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Phytolacca americana L. var. americana American pokeweed N/Ph/DFfFu/2; EF 819, W 3378

80. Plantaginaceae, the plantain family [C=1/6/6, F=1/3/3]

Plantago aristata Michx. bottle-brush plantain N/A/FuP/0 Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain I/ABPh/D/3; E 444 Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. patagonica woolly plantain N/ABPh/DP/0 Plantago pusilla Nutt. tiny plantain N/A/Fu/0 Plantago rugelii Decne. Rugel's plantain N/Ph/DFuP/2; F 7849 Plantago virginica L. pale-seed plantain N/A/DP/2; E 451, F 7152

81. Platanaceae, the planetree family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Platanus occidentalis L. common sycamore N/Pw/FfFu/2; EF 786, W 3358

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 167

82. Poaceae, the grass family [C=51/106/111, F=40/74/76]

Aegilops cylindrica Host jointed goat grass I/A/D/3; E 470, F 7126 Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. autumn bent grass N/Ph/FfFu/0 carolinianus Walter Carolina foxtail N/A/DFfW/3; F 2852 Andropogon gerardii Vitman big bluestem N/Ph/P/4; E 1073 Andropogon virginicus L. broom-sedge bluestem N/Ph/DP/0 Aristida oligantha Michx. old-field threeawn N/A/DP/2; F 7825, F 8326 gigantea (Walter) Muhl. giant cane N/Ph/FfW/0 Avena fatua L. wild oat A/A/D/0 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Celarier & J.R. Harlan Turkestan bluestem I/Ph/P/0 Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter subsp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould silver bluestem N/Ph/P/0 Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. curtipendula side-oats grama N/Ph/P/2; E 1118, M 9764 Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) P. Beauv. upright shorthusk N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7447, F 7843, F 8114, M 9493, M 9762 Bromus inermis Leyss. smooth brome I/Ph/DP/3; EF 790 Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese brome I/A/D/3; E 512 Bromus nottowayanus Fernald Nottoway brome N/Ph/Ff/1; F 8118, M 9500, M 9789 Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Canadian brome N/Ph/Fu/2; E 511, F 7448, F 8115, M 9468 Bromus secalinus L. rye brome I/A/D/1; F 7960 Bromus tectorum L. downy brome I/A/D/3; E 424 Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald field sandbur N/A/D/1; F 8291 Chloris verticillata Nutt. whorled windmill grass N/Ph/D/2; F 7852 Cinna arundinacea L. eastern wood-reed N/Ph/FfFu/2; F 7806 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. common bermuda grass I/Ph/D/2; E 1082 Dactylis glomerata L. common orchard grass I/Ph/D/2; E 472 Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg American beakgrain N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7434, F 8117, W 3369 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & C.A. Clark pointed dichanthelium N/Ph/Fu/2; EF 791 Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould deer-tongue dichanthelium N/Ph/Fu/2; F 8296, Morse & Loring 9905 Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark broad-leaf dichanthelium N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 631, M 9498 Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schultes) Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould Scribner's dichanthelium N/Ph/DP/2; EM 623 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler southern crab grass I/A/D/0 Digitaria cognata (Schult.) Pilg. subsp. cognata fall witch grass N/Ph/PD/0 Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. smooth crab grass I/A/D/2; F 7835 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. hairy crab grass I/A/D/2; E 1081 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. common barnyard grass I/A/DW/2; E 1097, M 9821

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 168

Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand rough barnyard grass N/A/D/2; W 3359 Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. muricata rough barnyard grass N/A/D/0 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Indian goose grass I/A/D/3; F 7503 Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian wild-rye N/Ph/D/0 Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & C.R. Ball southeastern wild-rye N/Ph/D/0 Elymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Bowden bottle-brush wild-rye N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7435 Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix bottle-brush wild-rye N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 628, M 9684 Elymus macgregorii R.E. Brooks & J.J.N. Campbell early wild-rye N/Ph/FfFu/3; M 9458, M 9502 Elymus repens (L.) Gould quack grass I/Ph/D/1; F 8133 Elymus submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth short-awn wildrye N/Ph/DFu/0 Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus hairy wild-rye N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 655, EF 655 Elymus virginicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush Virginia wild-rye N/Ph/DFfP/0 Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia wild-rye N/Ph/DFfP/3; EF 820 [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski = Elymus repens] Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. stink grass I/A/D/3; F 7482 Eragrostis frankii C.A. Mey. ex Steud. sandbar love grass N/A/DFf/0 Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton et al. teal love grass N/A/FfW/2; F 8281, M 9819 Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees var. pectinacea Carolina love grass N/A/D/3; F 7466, M 9822 Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. purple love grass N/Ph/DP/0 Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) A.W. Wood var. trichodes sand love grass N/Ph/P/0 contracta A.S. Hitchc. prairie cup grass N/A/DP/0 [Festuca pratensis (Huds.) Darbysh. = Lolium pratense] Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev nodding fescue N/Ph/FfFu/3; E 446, M 9459 Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. fowl manna grass N/Ph/FfW/2; M 9742 Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth porcupine grass N/Ph/P/0 Hordeum jubatum L. fox-tail barley N/Ph/DW/2; E 510 Hordeum pusillum Nutt. little barley N/A/D/3; E 479, F 7140 Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. prairie June grass N/Ph/P/0 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. rice cut grass N/Ph/FfW/3; F 7860 Leersia virginica Willd. white grass N/Ph/FfW/2; F 7787, W 3373 [Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray = Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis] Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) N. Snow bearded sprangletop N/A/DW/2; F 7467 Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi subsp. mucronata (Michx.) R. Nowak red sprangletop N/A/D/0 Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. tall rye grass I/Ph/DP/0 Lolium perenne L. var. aristatum Willd. perennial rye grass A/Ph/D/2; Elliott 501 Lolium perenne L. var. perenne perennial rye grass A/Ph/D/2; EM 664 Lolium pratensis Huds. meadow rye grass I/Ph/D/2; E 492; F 8335 Muhlenbergia bushii R.W. Pohl Bush's muhly N/Ph/DFu/0 Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. hair-awn muhly N/Ph/FuP/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 169

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald wire-stem muhly N/Ph/DFf/2; F 8284 Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican wire-stem muhly N/Ph/DFuP/2; F 7782, F 7807 Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. nimblewill N/Ph/DFfFu/3; Freeman 7839, F 7872 Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. rock muhly N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7811, M 9808 Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. forest muhly N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7829, F 8120 Panicum capillare L. var. capillare common witch grass N/A/D/2; F 7833 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. fall panicum N/A/D/3; Brooks & Harris 15149; F 7800, M 925 Panicum virgatum L. var. virgatum switchgrass N/Ph/P/3; F 7847 Paspalum laeve Michx. var. laeve field paspalum N/Ph/D/2; F 8320 Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn. var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn. hairy-seed paspalum N/Ph/D/3; F 7516, F 7795, F 8304 Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. muehlenbergii (Nash) D.J. Banks thin paspalum N/Ph/P/0 Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canary grass N/Ph/DW/4; EF 826 Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense common timothy I/Ph/DFuP/2; EF 801 Poa annua L. annual blue grass I/A/D/3; FE 6843 Poa compressa L. Canadian blue grass I/Ph/DFu/2; M 9693 Poa pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass I/Ph/DFfFuP/3; E 425 Poa sylvestris A. Gray woodland blue grass N/Ph/FfFu/3; Brooks 14152, E 491, F 7112, Hulbert 3374, Morse et al. 9376 Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. tumble grass N/Ph/DP/0 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash little bluestem N/Ph/P/2; F 7818 Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. hard grass I/A/D/2; FE 6998 Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. Chinese bristle grass I/A/D/3; E 1083, F 7510 Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen knot-root bristle grass N/Ph/P/0 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. yellow bristle grass I/A/D/3; F 7513 Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. green bristle grass I/A/D/3; F 7876 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash yellow Indian grass N/Ph/P/4; F 7823 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor grain sorghum I/A/D/2; F 7874 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass I/Ph/D/4; EF 828 Spartina pectinata Link prairie cordgrass N/Ph/PW/0 Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. slender wedge grass N/APh/FfFu/2; EF 809 [Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. major (Torr.) Erdman = Sphenopholis intermedia] Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. prairie wedge grass N/APh/FfW/0 [Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth var. asper (Michx.) Kunth = Sporobolus compositus var. compositus] Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. eastern dropseed N/Ph/DFuP/0 Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. compositus rough dropseed N/Ph/P/2; F 7826 Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz & Gandhi Drummond's dropseed N/Ph/DP/0 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray sand dropseed N/Ph/DP/0 Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray prairie dropseed N/Ph/P/0 Sporobolus neglectus Nash puff-sheath dropseed N/A/D/2; F 7844 [Sporobolus ozarkanus Fernald, reports of this species in Freeman et al. 1997 were based on a

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 170

misidentified specimen of Sporobolus neglectus] Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. whorled dropseed N/Ph/DP/0 Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) A.W. Wood poverty dropseed N/A/D/0 Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. var. flavus purpletop N/Ph/DP/3; F 7828, W 3406 Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides eastern gamma grass N/Ph/P/1; F 8125 Triticum aestivum L. bread wheat A/A/D/2; F 7156, Morse et al. 9397 Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. six-weeks annual-fescue N/A/DP/0

83. Polemoniaceae, the polemonium family [C=1/3/3, F=1/1/1]

Phlox divaricata L. subsp. laphamii (A.W. Wood) Wherry sweet-William phlox N/Ph/DFu/2; FE 6971, W 2358, W 2392 Phlox paniculata L. summer phlox N/Ph/Fu/0 Phlox pilosa L. subsp. fulgida (Wherry) Wherry prairie phlox N/Ph/P/0

84. Polygalaceae, the milkwort family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Polygala incarnata L. slender milkwort N/A/P/0

85. Polygonaceae, the buckwheat family [C=2/22/22, F=2/13/13]

Polygonum achoreum S.F. Blake leathery knotweed N/A/D/0 Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. swamp smartweed N/Ph/AW/3; EF 822, F 7487 Polygonum arenastrum Boreau sand knotweed I/A/D/2; F 7840 Polygonum bicorne Raf. pink smartweed N/Ph/D/0 Polygonum cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) Steward Asian smartweed I/A/DFfFuW/2; F 7779, F 7864, M 9722, M 9736, M 9875 Polygonum convolvulus L. dull-seed cornbind I/A/D/0 Polygonum erectum L. erect knotweed N/A/D/0 Polygonum hydropiper L. water-pepper smartweed N/A/DW/0 Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. mild water-pepper smartweed N/Ph/AW/0 Polygonum lapathifolium L. pale smartweed N/A/W/2; F 7799 Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Pennsylvania smartweed N/A/W/2; E 1093, F 7778, M 9826, W 3362 Polygonum persicaria L. lady's-thumb smartweed I/A/DW/2; F 7870 Polygonum punctatum Ell. dotted smartweed N/Ph/FfW/2; F 7789, M 9795 Polygonum scandens L. hedge cornbind N/Ph/DFf/2; F 7834, M 9796, W 3382 Polygonum virginianum L. jumpseed N/Ph/FfFu/2; F 7813, W 3398 Rumex acetosella L. sheep sorrel I/Ph/D/0 Rumex altissimus A.W. Wood pale dock N/Ph/DW/0 Rumex crispus L. curly dock I/Ph/D/3; E 514 Rumex cristatus DC. crested dock A/Ph/D/0 Rumex obtusifolius L. bitter dock I/Ph/DW/2; EF 781 Rumex patientia L. patience dock I/Ph/DW/2/ E 513

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 171

Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. narrow-leaf dock I/Ph/DW/2; EF 839, M 9824

86. Pontederiaceae, the pickerel-weed family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Heteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb. round-leaf mud-plantain N/Ph/DW/2; F 7500

87. Portulacaceae, the purslane family [C=2/2/2, F=1/1/1]

Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty N/Ph/Fu/2; FE 6851 Portulaca oleracea L. common purslane N/A/D/0

88. Potamogetonaceae, the pondweed family [C=1/2/2, F=0/0/0]

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. subsp. foliosus leafy pondweed N/Ph/A/0 Potamogeton nodosus Poir. long-leaf pondweed N/Ph/A/0

89. Primulaceae, the primrose family [C=3/3/3, F=1/1/1]

Anagallis arvensis L. scarlet pimpernel I/A/DP/0 Androsace occidentalis Pursh western rock-jasmine N/A/P/0 Lysimachia ciliata L. fringed loosestrife N/Ph/PW/2; EF 804

90. Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family [C=8/14/14, F=6/11/11]

Anemone canadensis L. Canadian anemone N/Ph/FfP/3; E 438, Hulbert 3369, M 9456 Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana tall anemone N/Ph/FfFu/2; EF 802, EM 637, M 9740 Aquilegia canadensis L. American columbine N/Ph/Fu/2; Brooks 14148, E 481, F 7128 Clematis pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray var. pitcheri Pitcher's clematis N/Ph/FfFu/0 Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks plains larkspur N/Ph/P/0 Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur N/Ph/Fu/0 Enemion biternatum Raf. false rue-anemone N/Ph/FfFu/3; FE 6973, W 2404 [Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray = Enemion biternatum] Myosurus minimus L. tiny mousetail N/A/D/1; F 7104 Ranunculus abortivus L. early wood buttercup N/BPh/FfFu/2; Brooks 14153, FE 6847, W 2369, W 2394 Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Elliott) T. Duncan bristly buttercup N/Ph/AW/2; W 2393 Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. small-flower buttercup N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7088 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. recurvatus eastern hooked buttercup N/Ph/FuW/2; F 7137, F 19749, M 9730 Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus cursed crowfoot N/A/DW/2; F 7107 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall. purple meadow-rue N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 635

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 172

91. Rhamnaceae, the buckthorn family [C=2/3/3, F=2/3/3]

Ceanothus americanus L. American ceanothus N/Pw/FuP/1; M 9779 Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. inland ceanothus N/Pw/P/2; E 475 Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh var. glabrata Gleason lance-leaf buckthorn N/Pw/FuP/2; F 7091, M 9518

92. Rosaceae, the rose family [C=12/30/30, F=11/27/27]

Agrimonia parviflora Aiton small-flower agrimony N/Ph/Fu/1; F 8324 Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. downy agrimony N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7438, M 9766 Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald downy service-berry N/Pw/Fu/0 Crataegus crus-galli cock-spur hawthorn N/Pw/DFuP/1; M 9741 Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele downy hawthorn N/Pw/DFuP/2; FE 6988 Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Indian mock-strawberry N/Ph/DFf/2; M 9720 Fragaria virginiana Mill. wild strawberry N/Ph/FuP/2; FE 6997 Geum canadense Jacq. white avens N/Ph/Fu/2; EF 811 Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray heart-leaf avens N/Ph/Fu/2; F 7096 Malus ioensis (A.W. Wood) L.H. Bailey var. ioensis crab apple N/Pw/Fu/0 Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehd. var. zumi (Matsumura) Asmai Toringo crab apple I/Pw/Fu/1; M 9876 Potentilla arguta Pursh var. arguta tall cinquefoil N/Ph/D/0 Potentilla norvegica L. Norwegian cinquefoil N/AB/W/2; E 436, EM 663, F 7154, M 9466 Potentilla recta L. sulphur cinquefoil I/Ph/D/2; EM 661 Potentilla simplex Michx. old-field cinquefoil N/Ph/DFuP/2; E 473 Prunus hortulana L.H. Bailey Hortulan plum N/Pw/DFf/2; M 9785 Prunus mexicana S. Watson big-tree plum N/Pw/FuP/2; FE 6991, M 9781, W 2370 Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina black cherry N/Pw/Fu/2; F 8300 Prunus virginiana L. var. virginiana choke cherry N/Pw/FuP/3; F 7098 Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino jetbead I/Pw/FuD/1; M 9507, Morse & Loring 9896 Rosa arkansana Porter ex Porter & J.M. Coult. Arkansas rose N/Pw/FuP/2; EM 651 Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose I/Pw/DFfFuP/3; E 432 Rosa setigera Michx. prairie rose N/Pw/FuP/3; EF 800 Rubus aborginum Rydb. one-flower dewberry N/Pw/FuP/2; M 9691, M 9728 [Rubus allegheniensis Porter, reports of this species in Freeman et al. 1997 were based on a misidentified specimen referable to Rubus rosa] Rubus alumnus L.H. Bailey nursling highbush blackberry N/Pw/DFu/2; M 9701, Morse et al. 9377, Morse et al. 9392 Rubus enslenii Tratt. small dewberry N/Pw/Fu/2; F 7116, F 19751, M 9503 Rubus flagellaris Willd. American dewberry N/Pw/DFuFf/1; F 19864, M 9692, M 9729 (determination for specimens collected by Morse are tentative; plants are referable to Rubus meracus L.H. Bailey) Rubus laudatus A. Berger praiseworthy blackberry N/Pw/Fu/2; M 9505 Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry N/Pw/DFu/3; E 502, M 9504

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 173

Rubus rosa L.H. Bailey rose blackberry A/Pw/Ff/3; Elliott 429

93. Rubiaceae, the madder family [C=3/8/8, F=2/5/5]

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. common buttonbush N/Pw/FfW/2; F 7475 Galium aparine L. catch-weed bedstraw N/A/DFfFuP/3; E 428 Galium circaezans Michx. forest bedstraw N/Ph/Fu/2; EM 658 Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw N/Ph/FuP/3; EF 789, M 9508 Galium obtusum Bigelow subsp. obtusum bluntleaf bedstraw N/Ph/FfW/0 Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. foothill bedstraw I/A/D/2; E 500, Morse et al. 9389 Galium triflorum Michx. sweet-scent bedstraw N/Ph/DFuP/0 Houstonia pusilla Schöpf small bluet N/A/DFuP/0

94. Rutaceae, the citrus family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. common prickly-ash N/Pw/FuP/2; EM 654, M 9513

95. Salicaceae, the willow family [C=2/6/8, F=2/5/5]

Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw. plains cottonwood N/Pw/DFf/4; F 7477, W 3412 Salix amygdaloides Andersson peach-leaf willow N/Pw/FfW/4; EF 835, F 7469 Salix eriocephala Michx. subsp. eriocephala var. eriocephala diamond willow N/Pw/Ff/2; F 7111, W 2391 Salix eriocephala Michx. subsp. eriocephala var. famelica (C.R. Ball) Dorn plains willow N/Pw/Ff/0 Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. interior (Rowlee) Cronquist sandbar willow N/Pw/FfW/4; EM 669, EM 670, F 7151, F 7478 Salix humilis Marshall var. humilis prairie willow N/Pw/P/2; EF 794 Salix humilis Marshall var. microphylla (Andersson) Fernald dwarf upland willow N/Pw/P/0 Salix nigra Marshall black willow N/Pw/Ff/0

96. Santalaceae, the sandlewood family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. umbellata umbellate bastard-toadflax N/Ph/P/2; E 485

97. Sapindaceae, the soapberry family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. golden rain-tree A/Pw/Fu/1; F 8314

98. Saxifragaceae, the saxifrage family [C=1/1/1, F=0/0/0]

Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. Richardson’s alumroot N/Ph/FuP/0

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF FT. LEAVENWORTH II 174

99. Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family [C=12/17/18, F=8/12/12]

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. narrow-leaf agalinis N/A/FuP/0 Buchnera americana L. American bluehearts N/Ph/P/0 Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. big-leaf mullein-foxglove N/A/FfFuP/1; E 1115 Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. paleseed N/A/FfW/1; F 8282 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell yellow false-pimpernel N/A/FfW/3; F 7483, M 9820 Mimulus alatus Aiton sharp-wing monkey-flower N/Ph/FfW/1; F 8131, M 9752 Mimulus ringens L. Alleghany monkey-flower N/Ph/W/2; Brooks & Harris 15150, F 7873, M 9751 Pedicularis canadensis L. subsp. canadensis Canadian lousewort N/Ph/FuP/2; F 7131 Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims smooth beardtongue N/Ph/FuP/0 Penstemon pallidus Small pale beardtongue N/Ph/P/0 Scrophularia marilandica L. Maryland figwort N/Ph/DFu/3; F 7511 Verbascum blattaria L. moth mullein I/B/D/2; EF 817 Verbascum thapsus L. flannel mullein I/B/D/3; EF 823 Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell I/A/D/2; FE 6999 Veronica peregrina L. subsp. peregrina purslane speedwell N/A/D/2; F 7108, FE 6996 Veronica peregrina L. subsp. xalapensis (Kunth) H. St. John & F.A. Warren purslane speedwell N/A/D/0 Veronica polita Fries wayside speedwell I/A/D/3; FE 6845 Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's-root N/Ph/FuP/0

100. Simaroubaceae, the quassia family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle tree-of-heaven I/Pw/D/2; F 7449, F 8298

101. Smilacaceae, the catbrier family [C=1/3/3, F=1/3/3]

Smilax ecirrata (Engelm.) S. Watson upright greenbrier N/Ph/Fu/2; M 9780 [Smilax herbacea L. var. lasioneura (Hook.) A. DC. = Smilax lasioneura Hook.] Smilax lasioneura Hook. Blue Ridge greenbrier N/Ph/FfFu/2; EF 833 [Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. = Smilax tamnoides] Smilax tamnoides L. bristly greenbrier N/Pw/FfFu/2; F 8322

102. Solanaceae, the nightshade family [C=2/6/6, F=2/5/5]

Physalis heterophylla Nees clammy ground-cherry N/Ph/DFuP/2; E 1105, EF 841, F 7430, F 7853, W 3404 Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. longifolia common ground-cherry N/Ph/DFfFuP/3; E 1077, F 7877, M 9756 Physalis pubescens L. var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterf. downy ground-cherry N/A/D/1; F 7878 Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horse-nettle N/Ph/D/2; EF 771 Solanum ptycanthum Dunal black nightshade N/A/DFf/2; F 8288, M 9794

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Solanum rostratum Dunal buffalo-bur nightshade N/A/D/0

103. , the bladdernut family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut N/Pw/Fu/3; E 476, FE 6972, W 3408

104. Tamaricaceae, the tamarix family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. tamarisk I/Pw/D/1; M 9890

105. Tiliaceae, the linden family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Tilia americana L. var. americana American basswood N/Pw/FfFu/3; E 1106, EF 770, F 7085, M 9520

106. Typhaceae, the cat-tail family [C=1/3/3, F=1/3/3]

Typha angustifolia L. narrow-leaf cat-tail N/Ph/W/3; EF 838 Typha domingensis Pers. southern cat-tail N/Ph/W/3; F 8277 Typha latifolia L. broad-leaf cat-tail N/Ph/W/3; EF 815

107. Ulmaceae, the elm family [C=2/5/5, F=2/4/4]

Celtis laevigata Willd. sugarberry, sugar hackberry N/Pw/FfFu/0 Celtis occidentalis L. common hackberry N/Pw/FfFu/3; F 7100 Ulmus americana L. American elm N/Pw/FfFu/3; FE 6850 Ulmus pumila L. Siberian elm I/Pw/D/3; EF 818 Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm N/Pw/Fu/2; FE 6849, W 2367

108. Urticaceae, the nettle family [C=5/5/5, F=5/5/5]

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small-spike false-nettle N/Ph/FfW/2; F 7772, W 3375 Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Canadian wood-nettle N/Ph/FfFu/3; F 7508, M 9798, W 3376 Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania pellitory N/A/FfFu/3; EM 656, F 7110 Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray dwarf clearweed N/A/FfFu/2; F 7509, M 9800 Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander American stinging nettle N/Ph/FfFu/2; EF 824, M 9799, W 3377

109. Valerianaceae, the valerian family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. limestone cornsalad N/A/DFuP/2; E 460

110. Verbenaceae, the verain family [C=3/9/9, F=3/7/7]

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Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed N/Ph/Fu/3; EF 779 Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene northern fogfruit N/Ph/FfW/2; E 1124, EF 836 Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. prostrate verbena N/Ph/DP/3; EM 673 Verbena hastata L. blue vervain N/Ph/PW/2; F 7514 Verbena simplex Lehm. narrow-leaf vervain N/Ph/DP/3; M 9495 Verbena stricta Vent. hoary vervain N/Ph/DP/2; F 7505 Verbena urticifolia L. nettle-leaf vervain N/Ph/DFf/2; F 7471 Verbena ×moechina Moldenke (Verbena simplex × Verbena stricta) pasture vervain N/Ph/DP/0 Verbena ×rydbergii Moldenke (Verbena hastata × Verbena stricta) Rydberg's vervain N/Ph/DP/0

111. Violaceae, the violet family [C=1/5/5, F=1/3/3]

Viola bicolor Pursh Johnny-jump-up N/A/DFuP/3; FE 6857 Viola pedatifida G. Don bird-foot violet N/Ph/FuP/0 [Viola pratincola Greene = Viola sororia var. sororia] Viola pubescens Aiton var. pubescens downy yellow violet N/Ph/FfFu/3; Brooks 15277, Brooks 15277-5, FE 6968, W 2357, W 2390 [Viola rafinesquii Greene = Viola bicolor] Viola sororia Willd. downy blue violet N/Ph/DFuP/2; FE 6961, FE 6976, W 2352, W 2363, W 2397 Viola ×bernardii Greene Bernard's violet N/Ph/FuP/0

112. Vitaceae, the grape family [C=3/7/7, F=3/5/5]

Ampelopsis cordata Michx. heart-leaf raccoon-grape N/Pw/FfFu/3; EF 842, F 7492, M 9725 Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. quinquefolia Virginia creeper N/Pw/FuFf/3; F 8321, M 9510 Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. thicket creeper N/Pw/Fu/0 Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalis pigeon grape N/Pw/Ff/2; M 9727 Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Engelm. ex Millardet gray-bark grape N/Pw/FfFu/2; F 8305 Vitis riparia Michx. riverbank grape N/Pw/FfFu/3; F 8132, M 9726, M 9750 Vitis vulpina L. winter grape N/Pw/Fu/0

113. Zygophyllaceae, the caltrop family [C=1/1/1, F=1/1/1]

Tribulus terrestris L. puncturevine I/A/D/1; E 1078

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APPENDIX D. A report on a field survey of summer bats on FLMR.

Bat Survey of Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Kansas, with Emphasis on Rare and Endangered Species

Dr. Lynn W. Robbins Department of Biology Southwest Missouri State University Springfield, MO 65804 (417) 836-5366 fax: (417) 836-4204 [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

An intensive study was conducted at Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR), Kansas to determine the presence of all bat species on the base, but special emphasis was placed on the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. This species has not been documented in Kansas (3D/Environmental Services 1993), but reproductively active individuals have been observed approximately 160 km (100 mi) east and northeast of FLMR in Caldwell and Nodaway counties, Missouri. Because habitat similarities do exist, it is reasonable to expect that Indiana bats may occur in suitable habitat near the Missouri River.

METHODS

Survey methods were based on the recommended mist netting protocol provided by the Indiana Bat Recovery Team (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999) in conjunction with Anabat II bat detectors and a species identification program using a call library that includes species known to be in eastern Kansas or adjacent Missouri (Britzke et al. 2002, Murray et al. 1999, 2001).

Methods used consisted of a number of mist net sets (two nets not closer than 60 m from each other) in appropriate areas in the floodplain and upland forests. One bat detector, recording call sequences to a laptop computer, was set up at each net set and left to record throughout the night, weather permitting. The protocol recommends that the nets be set for two nights in the same location. Data presented here are from 8–13 July 2002 and represent the first night of the survey for each net set, and from May 31 through June 4, and July 17 and 18, 2003 that represent the second night of the survey for localities 1-10, and two nights at locality 11. Data from each net (A, B) at a site were pooled for each year, then combined for the final results.

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Net sets 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11 are located in the lowland floodplain of the Missouri River, and sets 5, 6, 7, and 8 are in the upland deciduous forest (Figure D.1). Net set 9 consisted of only one net set adjacent to a large pond in the lowlands. Net set 8 was along a perennial stream, Quarry Creek, and both nets were set across the stream. All other nets were set across roads or openings in the forest. UTM coordinates were recorded for all collecting locations. Nets and bat detectors also were set up at Weston Bend State Park during both summers. This park is located across the Missouri River in Missouri and consists of upland deciduous forest and riparian corridors.

RESULTS

Species numbers (Table D.1) and numbers of individuals (Table D.2) are summarized for 48 net nights over two summers. Net locations are presented in Table D.3.

TABLE D.1. Species of bats captured at FLMR in 2002 and 2003. Species with asterisks were recorded with bat detectors but not captured in nets.

Scientific Name Common Name 2002 2003 Total Lasiurus borealis (LABO) red bat 14 8 22 Lasiurus cinereus (LACI) hoary bat 1 - 1 Eptesicus fuscus (EPFU) big brown bat 73 76 149 Nycticeius humeralis (NYHU) evening bat 8 3 11 Myotis septentrionalis (MYSE) northern bat 1 - 1 Myotis lucifugus (MYLU)* little brown bat 0 0 0 Pipistrellus subflavus (PISU)** eastern pipistrelle 0 0 0 *Little brown bats were recorded at two locations in 2003. **Eastern pipistrelles were recorded at eight locations in 2002 and 2003.

TABLE D.2. Numbers of each bat species collected at each net site. A = Adult, J = Juvenile, P = pregnant, L = lactating, M = Male, F = Female, U = Undetermined, and asterisk (*) indicates presence documented with detector. Data for 2002 and 2003 are combined.

Set LABO LACI EPFU NYHU MYSE MYLU PISU 1 2,A,F,P* U,?* 7,M,F,A,J* 1,J,M* - -* 2 2,A,J,F,P* -* 40,A,J,M,F,P* 4,A,J,F,P* 1,A,F,L* -* 3 -* - 2,A,J,F* -* - - 4 7,J,M,F* - 12,A,J,M,F* 4,J*,M,F - -* - 5 -* - 3,A,J,M,F* -* - -* 6 -* -* 1,J,F* 1 - -* 7 2,J,M,F* - 5,A,J,M,F* - - -* 8 7,A,J,M,F,P* - 48,A,J,M,F,P,L* 1,M,A - -* 9 1,J,F* -* 1,A* 1,A,F* - -* -* 10 -* - 1,A* - - -* 11 1,A,F - 29,A,J,M,F - - - -

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TABLE D.3. UTM coordinates for net locations. Locations are the same for 2002 and 2003, with the exception of 11, which was monitored only in 2003.

Location Easting Northing NT 1A 0336680 4359854 NT 1B 0336773 4359784 NT 2A 0336997 4359993 NT 2B 0337128 4360148 NT 3A 0336486 4361118 NT 3B 0336404 4360859 NT 4A 0336608 4361403 NT 4B 0336643 4361446 NT 5A 0333709 4359046 NT 5B 0333683 4359128 NT 6A 0333387 4358952 NT 6B 0333348 4358925 NT 7A 0334523 4358911 NT 7B 0334542 4358895 NT 8A 0334261 4358689 NT 8B 0334200 4358631 NT 9 0336052 4360750 NT10A 0333888 4360750 NT10B 0333858 4360758 NT11A,B 0335165 4356302

CONCLUSIONS

No Indiana bats were captured or recorded at FLMR or at Weston Bend State Park, but both sites support habitat potentially capable of sustaining reproducing populations of three (red, big brown, and evening) of the five bat species that we captured. A fourth species, Myotis septentrionalis, the northern bat, was represented by a single individual, but this was a lactating female, indicating there is habitat available for reproductive success. Two species, the eastern pipistrelle and the little brown bat were represented only by echolocation recordings but probably represent reproductively active populations. These two species are known to forage over open water, which was not sampled using our protocol. The seventh species, the hoary bat, probably is an uncommon resident based on our recordings, but the one captured individual escaped before age or reproductive data could be collected. Big brown bats were the most common species recorded and are most likely forming maternity colonies in both natural tree cavities and in man- made structures. Adult males, females, and juveniles were common. Red bats roost in canopy foliage and were captured in lowland and upland habitats. Only adult females and juveniles were captured. Evening bats were more common in lowland habitats, and adults of both sexes and juveniles were captured. The one adult male was the first to be recorded from the state of Kansas.

Limited netting (two nights) at Weston Bend State Park yielded only one capture—a red bat.

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However, Anabat recordings indicated the presence of all other species documented at FLMR except the two species of Myotis (Table D.2).

The only habitat management recommendations offered at this time are to maintain mature upland and lowland forests without removing dead trees or snags. Evening bats, big brown bats, and northern bats prefer these habitats. If Indiana bats are present in adjacent areas, this area could serve as a refuge for them if their present habitat should be disturbed or eliminated.

LITERATURE CITED

Britzke, E. R., K. L. Murray, J. E. Heywood, and L.W. Robbins. 2002. Acoustic identification. In The Indiana Bat: Biology and Management of an Endangered Species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.) Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.

Murray, K. L., E. R. Britzke, B. M. Hadley, and L.W. Robbins. 1999. Surveying bat communities: a comparison between mist nets and the Anabat II detector system. Acta Chiropterologica 1: 105–112.

Murray, K. L., E. R. Britzke, and L. W. Robbins. 2001. Variation in search-phase calls of bats. J. Mammalogy 82: 728–737.

3D/Environmental Services. 1993. A summer survey for federally endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in eastern Kansas. Report submitted to Western Resources, Topeka, KS.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Agency draft Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) revised recovery plan. Fort Snelling, MN. 53 pp.

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APPENDIX E. Report on a 2003 field survey of snakes on FLMR.

A Survey of the Snakes of Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Leavenworth County, Kansas, in 2003

Hank Guarisco Research Associate Denver Museum of Nature & Science P.O. Box 3171, Lawrence, KS 66046

INTRODUCTION

A survey of the snakes of Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation (FLMR), Leavenworth County, Kansas, was conducted from May–October 2003. This work was part of a larger investigation intended to identify the presence of notable species of plants, animals, and natural communities on FLMR. Of particular interest were three snake species that potentially may occur on FLMR: northern redbelly snake (Storeria occipitomaculata), smooth earth snake (Virginia valeriae), and timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). The first two species are state threatened in Kansas, while the timber rattlesnake is a Kansas Species In Need of Conservation (SINC).

METHODS

Both systematic and opportunistic surveys were conducted in 2003. For the former, 31 pieces of corrugated metal, which served as shelters, were placed in upland areas on FLMR, mostly along roads and trails, and at the edges of forests and old fields. Shelters were installed on 11 June and checked periodically until 11 July, when an extended period of hot, dry weather commenced. This hot spell lasted though August, precluding any field work. The weather improved in early September, at which time six drift fence arrays were installed in the extreme southeastern part of FLMR in an attempt to detect the presence of the western hognose snake, which was collected in this area in October 1999. These methods were described and evaluated by Fitch (1987) and Parmelee and Fitch (1995). Each array consisted of a drift fence of galvanized roll metal 36–41 cm (14-16 in) wide and 3–6 m (10–20 ft) long. The ends usually were located in a sheltered spot, such as a group of trees. A wire funnel trap with a large-mouth mason jar was placed at each end. The base of the fence was buried in the soil ca 5 cm (2 in) and the fence fastened with lag bolts to 3 or 4, 5 x 5 cm pine braces. The braces were angled away from the drift fence and staked into the ground with #20 nails. Coordinates of shelters and traps were determined using a Magellan GPS 310 unit. Reptiles that were not recognized immediately were identified using Collins (1993) and released as soon as possible thereafter. Drift fences and traps were removed on 12 October.

Opportunistic surveys consisted of frequently checking a junk pile containing scattered metal tins

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and old appliances, and exploring rock ledges and other natural materials, such as logs, which might shelter snakes. A few records were obtained when snakes were encountered by accident.

RESULTS AND DISUCSSION

The survey yielded 63 records of 12 species of reptiles (10 snakes, 1 lizard, and 1 turtle). Dates and locations are presented in Table E.1. The ringneck snake was encountered most frequently— 22 times The next in order of abundance was the common garter snake (16 records), followed by the five-lined skink (7 records), black rat snake (5 records), racer (4 records), milksnake (2 records), brown snake (2 records), prairie kingsnake (1 record), western worm snake (1 record), northern water snake (1 record), western ribbon snake (1 record), and the ornate box turtle (1 record).

Although no timber rattlesnakes were captured during the survey, a road-killed timber rattlesnake was collected near the back entrance on Santa Fe Trail Road and deposited in the Entomology Office Collection (Pest Control) of FLMR on 16 September 2003. It was a large male, approximately 122 cm (48 in) in length. The collection also includes a small timber rattlesnake taken near the park above the river along the bluffs. Specimens of two other species not captured during this study are contained in the collection: two juvenile copperheads taken on sticky traps near the museum close to the river bluffs, and a western hognose snake taken October 1999 in the parking lot at the extreme southeastern corner of FLMR in an area of loess. A juvenile snake initially identified as a fox snake later was confirmed to be a young black rat snake.

It appears that the timber rattlesnakes occasionally occur along the bluffs above the river and in the vicinity of Government Hill. The two state-threatened species, redbelly snake and smooth earth snake, were not encountered in this study. The record of the western hognose is significant and may indicate a small population of this species in loess areas of FLMR. This species occurs across the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri where the rough, rolling loess hills meet the river floodplain (Johnson 1987).

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TABLE E.1. Reptiles and amphibians observed on FLMR between May and October 2003. Latitude and longitude data are in degrees-decimal minutes (DDMM.MM).

Species Date N Latitude W Longitude Individuals ringneck snake 2003-09-05 392243 945615 1 2003-09-06 392243 945615 1 2003-09-22 392195 945605 3 (juveniles) 2003-09-22 392160 945657 1 2003-09-29 392192 945624 1 2003-09-29 392195 945605 4 2003-10-02 391996 945500 3 2003-10-04 391996 945500 1 2003-10-08 392195 945605 3 2003-10-09 392195 945605 3 2003-10-11 392236 945622 1 Total = 22 black rat snake 2003-05-02 392256 945576 1 (adult) 2003-06-23 392230 945641 1 (adult) 2003-07-11 392243 945615 1 (juvenile) 2003-10-08 392194 945616 1 (adult) 2003-10-09 392194 945616 1 (adult) Total = 5 racer 2003-10-07 391996 945500 1 (juvenile) 2003-10-08 392230 945641 1 (juvenile) 2003-10-09 391996 945500 1 (juvenile) 2003-10-11 392217 945634 1 (juvenile) Total = 4 milk snake 2003-10-08 392236 945603 1 2003-10-11 392236 945603 1 Total = 2 prairie kingsnake 2003-09-29 391991 945501 1 Total = 1 western worm snake 2003-07-01 On wooded hill by DB Road 1 1 Total = 1 northern water snake 2003-07-11 By pond DB Farm 1 (juvenile) Total = 1 common garter snake 2003-06-12 392230 945641 1 2003-06-23 392230 945641 1 2003-06-24 392230 945641 2 2003-09-09 392192 945624 1 2003-09-22 392192 945624 1 2003-09-22 392172 945592 1 (juvenile) 2003-09-29 392259 945567 4 (adults) 2003-09-29 391996 945500 3 2003-10-08 391996 945500 2 2003-10-11 391997 945503 1 Total = 17 western ribbon snake 2003-05-02 392256 945574 1

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Species Date N Latitude W Longitude Individuals Total = 1 brown snake 2003-06-12 392232 945637 1 2003-06-18 392232 945637 1 Total = 2 ornate box turtle 2003-09-21 On wooded path on Government Hill 1 Total = 1 five-lined skink 2003-06-12 392230 945641 1 2003-06-23 392158 945648 1 2003-06-23 392238 945618 1 2003-07-01 392232 945637 1 2003-07-11 By pond at DB Farm 1 2003-09-04 392258 945561 1 Total = 6 northern cricket frog 2003-06-23 392234 945631 1 Total = 1

LITERATURE CITED

Collins, J. T. 1993. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. 3rd ed. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 397 pp.

Fitch, H. S. 1987. Collecting and life-history techniques. Pp. 143–164 In: R. A. Seigel, J. T. Collins, and S. S. Novak (eds.). Snakes; ecology and evolutionary biology. Macmillan. New York, NY.

Johnson, T. R. 1987. The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. 368 pp.

Parmelee, J.R. and H. S. Fitch. 1995. An experiment with artificial shelters for snakes: effects of material, age, and surface preparation. Herpetological Natural History 3: 187–191.

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APPENDIX F. Exotic and Invasive Plant Species of Concern.

Invasive (exotic) plants are species that prosper and spread without human assistance after being moved from their native habitat to a new location. They are becoming one of the greatest threats to natural ecosystems worldwide. Problems associated with invasive plants have increased dramatically with expanding human population, world travel, and international trade. Exotic plants are of particular concern since many natural controls formally regulating their populations are absent in the new non-native environment. They are often able to out-compete native vegetation resulting in reduced biodiversity, habitat modification, and impacts on many ecological processes.

The existence and distribution of exotic species of concern on FLMR have been established by several studies (Freeman et al.1997, this report). The decision to pursue active control of a given species will depend upon the degree to which native species are displaced and vegetation management decisions may need to be made on a species-specific basis. The impact any exotic species has on the natural system must be weighed against the impacts of controlling it. The effects of any type of control on non-target plants and animals must be considered. Resource restrictions will likely limit complete eradication of aggressive species and minimizing the impact of exotics on native populations may be a more realistic goal in some situations. Established guidelines for pest control at Army installations must be consulted when planning control measures.

Proper identification of exotic and native plants is critical to preserving native biodiversity at FLMR. Resource personnel in charge of invasive species control must be certain of their target species, and must exercise care not to damage native plants when implementing treatment. Poorly implemented control measures on exotic species have the potential to be extremely damaging to native biodiversity. Conversely, soundly implemented measures to control exotic species can help maintain and enhance native biodiversity. A strong monitoring program that tracks the location and abundance of species of concern is a fundamental component of a sound program of exotic species control.

We have identified 27 exotic plant species of concern at FLMR (Table F.1). These plants represent real or potential threats to biodiversity. We provide general information on the biology, history, and management of each species, followed by information on the species location at FLMR, and site-specific considerations and recommendations. Life form information, which may be useful when evaluating these species of concern, appears in Table F.2.

We make only general recommendations for woody exotics. These species are thought not to threaten the biodiversity in native communities at FLMR currently, and no control measures are recommended at this time. However, the distribution and abundance of these species should be monitored to detect any increase in invasive tendencies. They should not be used for landscaping in the future, and consideration should be given to removal of existing individuals that may be contributing to spread into native communities. Future efforts, if any, to control these species in natural communities should be carefully chosen so as not to adversely affect native species. Although no one species is a particular threat at this time, it is important to note

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TABLE F.1. Exotic plant species of concern at FLMR.

Scientific Name Common Name Family Habit Habitat Comments Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Simaroubaceae tree openings in upland forests 1,2 Alliaria petiolata common garlic-mustard Brassicaceae biennial forb upland forests, floodplain 1,2 Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Berberidaceae shrub ravines in upland forests 2 Carduus nutans subsp. musk plumeless-thistle Asteraceae biennial forb floodplain, roadsides, disturbed Legally noxious weed in leiophyllus areas Kansas and Missouri; 1,2 Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Asteraceae biennial forb roadsides, disturbed areas 2 Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed Convolvulaceae perennial forb roadsides, fields Legally noxious weed in Kansas and Missouri; 1,2 Dipsacus laciniatus cut-leaf teasel Dipsacaceae biennial forb floodplain, roadsides Legally noxious weed in Missouri; 1,2 Elaeagnus umbellata autumn-olive Elaeagnaceae shrub upland forests 1,2 Euonymus alata winged burningbush Celastraceae shrub upland forests First record of occurrence in Kansas; 2 Euonymus fortunei Chinese spindle-tree Celastraceae woody vine ravines in upland forests, 1,2 floodplain Koelreuteria panicled golden-rain Sapindaceae tree openings in upland forests 3 paniculata tree Lespedeza cuneata sericea lespedeza Fabaceae perennial forb open uplands Legally noxious weed in Kansas; 1 Ligustrum obtusifolium border privet Oleaceae shrub upland forests 1 Ligustrum vulgare European privet Oleaceae shrub upland forests 1 Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub upland forests 1,2 Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub upland forests 1 Lonicera ×bella pretty honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub upland forests 2 Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife Lythraceae perennial herb river bank, wetlands, mesic Banned from nursery trade areas in Kansas; Legally noxious weed in Missouri; 1,2 Maclura pomifera Osage-orange Moraceae tree uplands 1,2 Melilotus albus white sweet-clover Fabaceae annual or biennial uplands 1,2 forb Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet-clover Fabaceae annual or biennial uplands 1,2 forb Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass Poaceae perennial floodplain 2 graminoid Rhodotypos scandens jetbead Rosaceae shrub upland forests First record of occurrence in Kansas; 2 Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Fabaceae tree uplands 1,2 Rosa multiflora multiflora rose Rosaceae shrub upland forests Legally noxious weed in Kansas and Missouri; 1, Securigera varia (= common crown-vetch Fabaceae perennial forb roadsides 1,2 Coronilla varia in many fieldguides and floras) Sorghum halepense Johnson grass Poaceae perennial floodplain, roadsides Legally noxious weed in graminoid Kansas and Missouri; 1,2

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TABLE F.2. Life forms (habit) of exotic plant species of concern at FLMR.

Trees Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Koelreuteria paniculata panicled golden-rain tree Maclura pomifera Osage-orange Robinia pseudoacacia black locust

Shrubs Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Elaeagnus umbellata autumn-olive Euonymus alata winged burning bush Euonymus fortunei Chinese spindle-tree Ligustrum obtusifolium border privet Ligustrum vulgare European privet Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle Lonicera ×bella pretty honeysuckle Rhodotypos scandens jetbead Rosa multiflora multiflora rose

Forbs (non-grass herbs) Alliaria petiolata common garlic-mustard Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus musk plumeless-thistle Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed Dipsacus laciniatus cut-leaf teasel Lespedeza cuneata sericea lespedeza Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife Melilotus albus white sweet-clover Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet-clover Securigera varia (= Coronilla varia) common crown vetch

Graminoids (grasses) Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass Sorghum halepense Johnson grass

that, collectively, there may be impacts exerted by a suite of species. For example, there may be an impact on native biodiversity caused by the shrub guild (in particular, Japanese barberry, winged burning bush, Chinese spindle-tree, border privet, Japanese honeysuckle, Amur honeysuckle, and multiflora rose).

Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae; tree-of-heaven) Native to China, tree-of-heaven is a rapidly growing deciduous tree that can reach a height of 25 m and out-compete native vegetation. It can form dense thickets and produces toxins that prevent the establishment of other species. It mainly invades disturbed habitats but is sometimes

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found in undisturbed habitats. As a control, cutting alone is usually ineffective as large numbers of stump sprouts and root suckers are produced. Targeting reproductive trees may help reduce the spread of seed. Young seedlings may be pulled or dug by hand.

The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae; common garlic-mustard) Native to northern Europe, common garlic-mustard is now found in 34 states. A biennial herb of the mustard family, it has no known natural enemies in North America. It is one of the few exotic species that can invade and dominate the understory of forests. It is found invading the understory of deciduous forests, forest edges, hedgerows, shaded roadsides, and riparian and urban areas. Any type of control must be continued until the seedbank is exhausted. Fire may increase total presence if not thorough. Once successful establishment is achieved, control is unlikely without a large commitment of money and labor over an extended period.

Common garlic-mustard can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. This species is particularly problematic in forests, woodlands, and edge habitats. Common garlic-mustard is locally abundant in wooded habitat at FLMR. Once established, control of this species will be difficult due to its abundance and distribution, and the precautions that need to be taken to avoid damaging non-target native species. A working strategy is to survey high-quality woodlands and remove any light infestations. We recommend mapping the existing population before a control program is implemented in order to devise a control plan. Complete eradication of the species from FLMR, while desirable, is likely not feasible and therefore minimizing spread to high- quality natural communities may be, at this stage, a more realistic goal.

Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae; Japanese barberry)

Native to Asia, Japanese barberry is a woody shrub with arching branches, yellow , and red berries, which can grow to 2 m. It is often planted as an ornamental hedge. It is found along roadsides, fences, old fields and open woods. Mechanical removal may be the least intrusive method of control.

Japanese barberry at FLMR is primarily found along stream courses in upland forest communities. The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Carduus nutans (Asteraceae; musk plumeless-thistle) Native to Europe and introduced into the U.S. in the 1850s, musk plumeless-thistle is a large biennial herb that can grow to 2 m tall. It favors abandoned fields and overgrazed pastures. It is often found along roads, in old fields, pasture, and in waste ground. It can also invade existing native prairie, grasslands, and glade communities, but will not tolerate shading in woodland settings. Varying degrees of control have been achieved with chemical, biological, mechanical and cultural control methods. Many types of control are ineffective if carried out while thistles

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are in bloom. Fire has not been proven an effective control.

Musk plumeless-thistle is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. However, as it is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, there are requirements for its control. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas) and can become very abundant in areas grazed heavily by livestock. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae; bull thistle) Bull thistle is native to Europe, North Africa, and west Asia. It is now the most widespread and common rangeland and pasture thistle in western North America. It is a biennial, but sometimes annual or monocarpic, perennial forb and can grow to 2 m tall. It is found along roadsides and other disturbed areas, but will not tolerate shading in woodland settings. Key to successful management is the prevention of seed production. Monitoring efforts should be concentrated at the most disturbed areas and control should be centered on small areas of infestation so they do not expand.

Bull thistle is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas) and can increase in areas grazed heavily by livestock. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae; field bindweed) Field bindweed is native to Eurasia. It is a perennial vine of the morning-glory family that spreads by and . Seeds are extremely persistent and can remain viable in the ground for many years. Seeds fall near the parent plant or can be transported by water and birds. It has been studied mainly as a crop pest and its impact on natural areas is less well known. It is found in a wide range of habitats but prefers strong sunlight and moderate to low moisture. Burning alone is not an effective control. Mowing is ineffective since it encourages a low growth form and plants can be missed. At sites previously used for agriculture, tilling may aid in controlling infestations. In small areas hand tools or application of herbicide with a backpack sprayer may be employed.

Field bindweed is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. However, as it is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, there are requirements for its control. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (lawns, roadsides, abandoned fields) and certain agricultural lands. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

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Dipsacus laciniatus (Dipsacaceae; cut-leaf teasel) Native to Europe, cut-leaf teasel was probably introduced to North America in the 1700s for use in the textile industry. A biennial or monocarpic perennial, its rapid expansion was probably aided by construction of the interstate highway system and its use in flower arrangements, especially around gravestones in cemeteries. A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds. Seeds typically do not disperse far but may be water borne over a greater distance. It is an aggressive species that can degrade prairies and savannas if allowed to establish. It is found in open habitats under a wide range of moisture conditions. Mowing is ineffective as is prescribed burning alone. Foliar herbicide spot treatment with a backpack sprayer may be the most cost effective method for high-quality sites that are not yet heavily infested.

Cut-leaf teasel is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas), and does not do well in shaded environments. It also can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae; autumn-olive) Native to Japan, China, and Korea, autumn-olive was introduced to the United States in 1830. It is a medium to large shrub that can reach a height of 6 m. It has been planted widely for wildlife habitat, erosion control and reclamation. is by falling fruit, birds, and small mammals. Once established, autumn-olive can be difficult to control. It is often found in disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures, open woodlands and forest edges. A combination of mechanical and chemical treatments may be effective. Cutting without herbicide treatment and burning are not effective.

Autumn-olive is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Euonymus alata (Celastraceae; winged burningbush) Native to northeastern Asia to central China, winged burningbush was introduced about 1860 as an ornamental shrub. It is a deciduous shrub that can grow to 6 m. The foliage turns bright red in the fall. Stems have two to four prominent corky wings. Commonly used for landscaping, its seeds are readily dispersed by birds. In natural areas it shades out native herbs and competes with native shrubs. It is found in a variety of areas but prefers well-drained soils and does poorly on waterlogged soils. It does well in full sun or full shade but shows stress in soils subject to drought. Woodlands where birds nest near ornamental plantings may become infested. Control can be difficult once winged burningbush becomes established because of seed dispersal by birds. The best control is to abstain from using it as an ornamental.

Winged burningbush at FLMR is found primarily found along stream courses in upland forest communities. The species is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

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Euonymus fortunei (Celastraceae; Chinese spindle-tree) Native to Asia, Chinese spindle-tree was introduced as an ornamental groundcover. It is an evergreen vine that can form a dense ground cover or climb up to 6 m high. It is an aggressive species, spreading rapidly, and can out-compete native groundcover and replace spring ephemerals. It can be spread by birds eating its seed. Found usually as a cultivated plant, Chinese spindle-tree can invade natural openings along with floodplain, mesic and dry-mesic forests that are relatively undisturbed. For small infestations hand pulling by the roots can be effective. For larger infestations, vines can be cut by hand and herbicide applied. Mowing is not effective without chemical treatment and fire may not be an alternative in forests.

Chinese spindle-tree is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Koelreuteria paniculata (Sapindaceae; panicled golden-rain tree) Native to China and Japan, the panicled golden-rain tree is a medium sized deciduous tree reaching 12 m tall. It is an introduced, ornamental, lawn tree with yellow flowers borne in large clusters 6 cm long. It has shown an invasive tendency in some areas of the country. It does well on a variety of soils in full sunlight and is tolerant of pollution, drought, heat and wind. Ornamental plantings should be discontinued near natural areas and existing trees replaced with native species.

Panicled golden-rain tree is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae; sericea lespedeza) Native to eastern Asia, sericea lespedeza is a perennial legume with slightly woody stems that can grow to 2 m tall. It has been introduced into many areas for erosion control and as food and cover for wildlife. It is unpalatable to livestock compared to native grassland species due to tannins found in its tissue. Seeds are dispersed in the fall, may be dispersed by birds, and can remain viable for over 20 years. It is found extensively along roadsides but also can invade a variety of other sites including thickets, fields, meadows, prairies, and woodlands. It is very drought hardy. Burning, grazing, and fertilization can achieve control on rangeland. Late spring burns on non-rangeland have achieved some success. For small, scattered infestations, backpack sprayer application of has been effective.

Sericea lespedeza can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration; it is particularly problematic in rangeland of the Flint Hills of Kansas. The species is a threat to prairie and grassland habitats. It is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, and therefore certain control measures are required. The current population at FLMR is small (known from a few plants along Corral Creek) and we recommend a program targeted at complete eradication. This species easily can be confused with several native plants and therefore accurate identification is critical before implementing control measures. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

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Ligustrum obtusifolium (Oleaceae; border privet) Native to Japan, border privet is a perennial shrub, which can grow to 3 m tall with a spread of arching branches. It grows readily from seed or sprouting and birds can distribute seeds to distant locations. It can form dense thickets and out-compete native vegetation. It is often found along roadsides, in old fields, and other disturbed areas but can invade a variety of undisturbed natural areas. Mowing and cutting or manual pulling can be used for small infestations and sensitive areas where herbicides cannot be used.

Border privet is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae; European privet) Native to the Mediterranean region European privet is a perennial shrub with spreading branches that can grow to 4 m tall. It is widely naturalized in the U.S., has few pests or predators here, and has high reproductive capacity. It grows well in open sun in low nutrient soils but tolerates lower light levels where nutrients are more abundant. It has been found in bottomland, mesic and riparian forests in Arkansas. Mowing and cutting or manual pulling can be used for small infestations and sensitive areas where herbicides cannot be used.

European privet is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae; Japanese honeysuckle) Japanese honeysuckle was introduced from Japan in 1806 as a horticultural ground-cover species. It is a semi-evergreen vine with white or yellow tubular flowers and small black 2–3- seeded fruits. It shades out native understory and herbaceous plants by overgrowing them and can climb trees into the canopy. Japanese honeysuckle can spread by seeds and vegetative runners. Birds readily disperse the seeds. It does not do well in heavily shaded environments and preferentially invades open communities such as successional fields, prairies, savannas, glades, and open upland and floodplain forests. This species is a serious pest in tree farms in the southeastern United States, as it tends to overgrow sapling trees. Control methods have included mowing, grazing, prescribed burning and herbicides.

Japanese honeysuckle is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae; Amur honeysuckle) The Amur honeysuckle is native to central and northeastern China and Korea. The exotic bush honeysuckles are upright, multi-stemmed, opposite-branched, deciduous shrubs that can grow to 4 m in height. The species can be very difficult to differentiate (e.g., L. maackii from L. ×bella, which both occur on FLMR). In addition, another species of Lonicera (L. tatarica) has been found in Kansas and may be present at FLMR; this species would be very difficult to distinguish from L. maackii and L. ×bella. All species have been planted as ornamentals. In natural areas they can contribute to reduced species richness in herbaceous communities and inhibit regeneration in early to mid-successional forests. Birds and possibly small mammals can

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disperse their seeds. They are found in forests with histories of fragmentation, woodcutting, or grazing and along semi-shaded fencerows and weedy thickets. Control may be achieved by pulling or repeatedly clipping seedlings and mature shrubs for a period of three to five years. Winter clipping encourages vigorous re-sprouting. Herbicides may be necessary for control.

Amur honeysuckle is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Lonicera ×bella (Caprifoliaceae; pretty honeysuckle) Lonicera ×bella is a hybrid of two exotic bush honeysuckles, L. morrowii and L. tatarica, which are native to Japan and Russia respectively. It has intermediate characteristics with slightly hairy beneath and flowers pink fading to yellow. It is found on forest edges and interiors as well as lakesides, riparian areas, and disturbed areas. Control can be by pulling or repeatedly clipping seedlings and mature shrubs for a period of three to five years. Winter clipping encourages vigorous re-sprouting. Herbicides may be necessary for control.

Pretty honeysuckle is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae; purple loosestrife) Native to Europe and Asia, purple loosestrife is an erect perennial herb that grows to 2 m tall and produces a showy spike of rose-purple flowers. It was imported for use by beekeepers and as an ornamental in the 1800s. A single stalk can produce 300,000 seeds, which can be dispersed by wind, water, or animals; it also spreads vegetatively. Once established, it can block waterways and destroy marshes and wet prairies. It is found widely in wet habitats and moist soil conditions in full sun, but can survive up to 50% shade. With small infestations of <100 plants, plants can be pulled or dug out, bagged, and removed from the site. Herbicides are recommended where hand pulling is not feasible. Mowing, burning, and flooding have been ineffective controls.

Purple loosestrife can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. The species is particularly problematic in wetlands, low prairies, and mesic areas. Purple loosestrife was found in scattered locations along the Missouri River boundary with the floodplain forest. It may be expected to occur at favorable locations throughout the floodplain. Because the current population at FLMR is small, and confined to disturbed areas along the Missouri River, we recommend a program targeted at complete eradication. Periodic inspection of the river and floodway is recommended because colonizing individuals are likely coming from upstream. To minimize potential colonization of natural areas, future ornamental planting of this species should be discouraged on the installation and replacement of any existing plantings in landscaped areas may be justified. This species could potentially become a major impediment to current and future restoration efforts in the floodplain (low prairie and wetland systems) and in other “marsh habitat” (e.g., shorelines of reservoirs and ponds).

Maclura pomifera (Moraceae; Osage-orange) Native to Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma, Osage-orange is a tree that grows to 12 m tall. It was

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purposely planted in the late 19th century in northeast Kansas for livestock fencing. It often invades prairies, savannas, and open forests with a history of grazing. It is found in open areas on a variety of soils. It is often found in pastures and hedgerows but also along riverbanks and in disturbed forests. It does not tolerate heavy shade well, and will not reproduce under those conditions. Control can be achieved by cutting and/or burning. Cutting works best during the summer months. Burning will keep young plants from establishing but older trees may be resistant to fire.

Osage-orange is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Melilotus spp (Fabaceae; M. albus (white sweet-clover) and M. officinalis (yellow sweet- clover)) Melilotus spp. are native to the Mediterranean area through central Europe to Tibet and were reported as early as 1664 in North America. These biennial legumes have been used in the production of honey, as wildlife cover, as a forage crop and as a soil builder. They can easily invade open habitats and will remain a problem for managers because of continued planting due to their economic importance. They are found on roadsides, abandoned fields, pastures and other open habitats such as prairies. They can grow in cold and hot climates in full sun to partial shade. Light infestations can be controlled by hand-pulling stems in late fall or early spring. Large colonies can be cut close to the ground after the leaves on the lower stem die but before seeds form. Prescribed burning with an April burn the first year and May burn the following year can be effective.

White sweet-clover and yellow sweet-clover are not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. These species are generally associated with disturbed habitats (roadsides, abandoned fields, construction areas), and can become abundant in native prairie where there has been disturbance. They can appear during the early years of prairie restorations, but in successful restorations will generally not persist as a problem species. These species are often relicts of past agricultural plantings and, because of their potential to interfere with native and restored areas, should not be planted in the future. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling these species where they occur within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae; reed canary grass) Native to the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, reed canary grass is a large, coarse, perennial grass that can grow to 2 m tall. Planted widely for forage and erosion control, it poses a threat to natural wetlands and marshes due to its aggressiveness, hardiness, and rapid growth. It can replace native wet prairie and wetland species several years after establishment. It is found in a variety of wetlands including stream banks, swales, fens, wet meadows, wet prairies, and marshes. Prescribed fire in the form of repeated late fall or spring burns over several years can be an effective control especially in areas where native species are present or in the seed bank. Fire may not be effective in dense monocultures of this species. Hand removal may be feasible in small stands. Mowing is probably not effective.

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Reed canary grass can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. The species is particularly problematic in wetlands, low prairies, and mesic areas. There is a robust population at FLMR in floodplain areas of the Missouri River. Control of this species will be difficult due to its abundance and distribution. We recommend mapping the existing population before a control program is implemented. To minimize potential colonization of natural areas, future planting of this species should not be allowed. This species could potentially become a major impediment to current and future restoration efforts in the floodplain (low prairie and wetland systems) and in other “marsh habitat” (e.g., shorelines of reservoirs and ponds).

Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae; black locust) Black locust’s original range was in the southeastern U.S. on the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains with some outliers further north on slopes and forest margins in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. It is a rapidly growing, deciduous tree in the legume family that can grow to 30 m tall. Most natural reproduction is by root suckering and stump sprouting. Black locust becomes a management problem when it aggressively invades dry prairies and savannas and shades native species. It is found on a range of disturbed sites such as pastures, degraded woods, old fields, roadsides and rights-of-way. Mowing and burning are somewhat ineffective due to vegetative propagation. Management has concentrated more on chemical control. Haying annually may prevent first year seedlings from spreading into prairie communities.

Black locust is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Rhodotypos scandens (Rosaceae; jetbead) Native to Japan, jetbead is a fast growing, deciduous shrub that can grow to 2 m tall. It has dense, arching branches and shining black fruit found in groups of 3 or 4 that remain throughout the winter. It is planted as an ornamental and spreads by both seeds and suckering. It occasionally escapes from cultivation and may crowd out native species. It is found on a variety of soils in full sun to shade. Small plants can be removed by hand digging. Larger infestations can be cut in the fall or winter and an herbicide applied to new growth in the spring.

Jetbead is not currently a problem at FLMR (but see general considerations for exotic trees and shrubs).

Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae; multiflora rose) Native to Japan, Korea, and eastern China multiflora rose was introduced in 1866 as rootstock for ornamental roses. It since has been planted for erosion control, as living fences, cover for wildlife, and in highway median strips. It is a medium height, thorny shrub with clusters of white flowers blooming in late spring. It grows aggressively and produces large numbers of fruit that are eaten and dispersed by birds. It can form dense thickets that exclude native plants. It is found on a wide range of soil, moisture, and light conditions. It can invade fields, forests, prairies, some wetlands, and other habitats. For light infestations, pulling individual plants by hand can be successful. Frequently repeated cutting or mowing can kill mature plants. Routine prescribed burning will hinder invasion.

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Multiflora rose is not thought to represent a major threat to native biodiversity on FLMR at this time. However, as it is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, there are requirements for its control. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Securigera varia (Fabaceae; common crown-vetch; synonym = Coronilla varia) Native to Europe, southwest Asia, and northern Africa, crown vetch is a perennial legume, which can have stems up to 2 m tall with rhizomes up to 3 m long. The agent of dispersal is unknown but animals may play a role. It has been planted for erosion control, bank stabilization, and temporary ground cover. Its rapid spread by rhizomes and seeding ability poses a threat to natural areas. It is found in open sunny areas such as roadsides, open fields and gravel bars along streams. Prescribed burning alone has not shown success. Repeated late spring mowing has shown some success and may at least stop its spread. It should be watched for along rights-of- way and controlled to prevent invasion of natural areas.

Common crown-vetch is not thought to be a major threat to native biodiversity at FLMR at this time. This species is generally associated with disturbed habitats, especially where it occurs as a relict of plantings for erosion control. Because of its potential to interfere with native and restored areas, its use as a cover plant for erosion control should be severely limited (alternatives for erosion control include native grasses and forbs). Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

Sorghum halepense (Poaceae; Johnson grass) Native to the Mediterranean, Johnson grass was introduced to the U.S. in the 1800s as a potential forage crop. It is a coarse, perennial grass that can reach 2.5 m tall and is characterized by having stout rhizomes. It spreads by seed and rhizomes, forming dense clumps. It can crowd out native species, reducing plant diversity and complicating restoration efforts in areas it comes to dominate. It is found invading disturbed sites including fallow fields, forest edges, and riverbanks. It also can be a pest in annually tilled agricultural fields. Johnson grass grows on a variety of soils but can thrive on fertile lowlands. Individual plants in small infestations can be hand-pulled in June after rain has softened the ground. This may need to be repeated several times for control. Individual plants also can be sprayed with a backpack sprayer. Repeated, close mowing can kill seedlings and reduce growth.

Johnson grass can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. It is officially designated as a noxious weed in Kansas, and therefore certain control measures are required. The current population at FLMR is large and widespread. It occurs abundantly in low, mesic restoration areas on former agricultural land and in disturbed areas throughout FLMR. Extreme care must be exercised in controlling this species where it occurs within or near native communities so as not to damage non-target species.

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References Information on exotic and invasive species was obtained from the following sources: Butterfield, Stubbendieck, and Stumpf (1996); Hoffman and Kearns (1997); Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (1990); Packard and Mutel (1997); Smith (1997); Swearingen, Reshetiloff, Slattery, and Zwicker (2002); and Tu, Hurd, and Randall (2001). Refer to the Literature Cited section of the main report for complete citations.

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