Mesopic Vision and Public Lighting – a Literature Review and a Face Recognition Experiment
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Applications of High Dynamic Range Imaging Stereo Matching and Mesopic Rendering
Applications of High Dynamic Range Imaging Stereo Matching and Mesopic Rendering PhD THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences within the Vienna PhD School of Informatics by Eng. Tara Akhavan Registration Number 1128895 to the Faculty of Informatics at the Vienna University of Technology Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Mag. Dr. Hannes Kaufmann External reviewers: . Alan Chalmers, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Kadi Bouatouch, ISTIC, University of Rennes I, France. Vienna, 8th April, 2017 Tara Akhavan Hannes Kaufmann Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Declaration of Authorship Eng. Tara Akhavan Address I hereby declare that I have written this Doctoral Thesis independently, that I have completely specified the utilized sources and resources and that I have definitely marked all parts of the work - including tables, maps and figures - which belong to other works or to the internet, literally or extracted, by referencing the source as borrowed. Vienna, 8th April, 2017 Tara Akhavan iii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Hannes Kaufmann for his unlimited support, inspiration, motivation, belief, and guidance. My special thanks to Christian Breiteneder who was always there to help resolving hardest problems with wisdom and vision. I am very thankful to Alan Chalmers and Kadi Bouatouch who agreed to be my thesis external reviewers but most importantly planned valuable workshops through the course of my PhD and invited me to network with and learn from the experts in the field. Part of my PhD research was conducted at Tandemlaunch Inc. -
Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs
sustainability Article Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs Enrique Navarrete-de Galvez 1 , Alfonso Gago-Calderon 1,* , Luz Garcia-Ceballos 2, Miguel Angel Contreras-Lopez 2 and Jose Ramon Andres-Diaz 1 1 Proyectos de Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (E.N.-d.G.); [email protected] (J.R.A.-D.) 2 Expresión Gráfica en la Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (L.G.-C.); [email protected] (M.A.C.-L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-951-952-268 Abstract: The sensitivity of the human eye varies with the different lighting conditions to which it is exposed. The cone photoreceptors perceive the color and work for illuminance conditions greater than 3.00 cd/m2 (photopic vision). Below 0.01 cd/m2, the rods are the cells that assume this function (scotopic vision). Both types of photoreceptors work coordinately in the interval between these values (mesopic vision). Each mechanism generates a different spectral sensibility. In this work, Citation: Navarrete-de Galvez, E.; the emission spectra of common sources in present public lighting installations are analyzed and Gago-Calderon, A.; Garcia-Ceballos, their normative photopic values translated to the corresponding mesopic condition, which more L.; Contreras-Lopez, M.A.; faithfully represents the vision mechanism of our eyes in these conditions. Based on a common Andres-Diaz, J.R. Adjustment of street urban configuration (ME6), we generated a large set of simulations to determine the ideal light Lighting Parameters from Photopic to point setup configuration (luminance and light point height vs. -
S Selection of Intraocular Lens on the Basis of Light Transmittance Properties
Eye (2017) 31, 258–272 OPEN Official journal of The Royal College of Ophthalmologists www.nature.com/eye 1 2 2 2 REVIEW The evidence informing XLi, D Kelly , JM Nolan , JL Dennison and S Beatty2,3 the surgeon’s selection of intraocular lens on the basis of light transmittance properties Abstract In recent years, manufacturers and distributors surgical procedure worldwide,1 and the need have promoted commercially available intrao- for such surgery is likely to rise because cular lenses (IOLs) with transmittance proper- of increasing longevity.2 Commercially fi ties that lter visible short-wavelength (blue) available IOLs can vary in terms of material light on the basis of a putative photoprotective (polymethylmethacrylate, polymers, silicone effect. Systematic literature review. Out of or acrylic),3,4 hydrophobicity (hydrophobic vs 21 studies reporting on outcomes following hydrophilic),5 sphericity (aspheric vs spheric)6 implantation of blue-light-filtering IOLs (invol- 1 and light-filtering properties. In this paper, Pharmaceutical & ving 8914 patients and 12 919 study eyes Molecular Biotechnology undergoing cataract surgery), the primary out- we review the evidence germane to the Research Centre, fi come was vision, sleep pattern, and photopro- putative and relative risks and/or bene ts of Department of Chemical & fi Life Sciences, Waterford tection in 9 (42.9%), 9 (42.9%), and 3 (14.2%) implanting IOLs that lter visible short- Institute of Technology, respectively, and, of these, only 7 (33.3%) can be wavelength light (ie, o500 nm), referred to as Waterford, Ireland classed as high as level 2b (individual cohort blue-light-filtering IOLs for the purpose of this study/low-quality randomized controlled trials), review. -
1 Human Color Vision
CAMC01 9/30/04 3:13 PM Page 1 1 Human Color Vision Color appearance models aim to extend basic colorimetry to the level of speci- fying the perceived color of stimuli in a wide variety of viewing conditions. To fully appreciate the formulation, implementation, and application of color appearance models, several fundamental topics in color science must first be understood. These are the topics of the first few chapters of this book. Since color appearance represents several of the dimensions of our visual experience, any system designed to predict correlates to these experiences must be based, to some degree, on the form and function of the human visual system. All of the color appearance models described in this book are derived with human visual function in mind. It becomes much simpler to understand the formulations of the various models if the basic anatomy, physiology, and performance of the visual system is understood. Thus, this book begins with a treatment of the human visual system. As necessitated by the limited scope available in a single chapter, this treatment of the visual system is an overview of the topics most important for an appreciation of color appearance modeling. The field of vision science is immense and fascinating. Readers are encouraged to explore the liter- ature and the many useful texts on human vision in order to gain further insight and details. Of particular note are the review paper on the mechan- isms of color vision by Lennie and D’Zmura (1988), the text on human color vision by Kaiser and Boynton (1996), the more general text on the founda- tions of vision by Wandell (1995), the comprehensive treatment by Palmer (1999), and edited collections on color vision by Backhaus et al. -
Massimo Olivucci Director of the Laboratory for Computational Photochemistry and Photobiology
Massimo Olivucci Director of the Laboratory for Computational Photochemistry and Photobiology September 12, 2012 Center for Photochemical Sciences & Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH The Last Frontier of Sensitivity The research group working at the Laboratory for Computational Photochemistry and Photobiology (LCPP) at the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University (Ohio) has been investigating the so- called Purkinje effect: the blue-shift in the perceived color under the decreasing levels of illumination that are experienced at dusk. Their results have appeared in the September 7 issue of Science Magazine. By constructing sophisticated computer models of rod rhodopsin, the dim-light visual “sensor” of vertebrates, the group has provided a first-principle explanation for this effect in atomic detail. The effect can now be understood as a result of quantum mechanical effects that may some day be used to design the ultimate sub-nanoscale light detector. The retina of vertebrate eyes, including humans, is the most powerful light detector that we know. In the human eye, light coming through the lens is projected onto the retina where it forms an image on a mosaic of photoreceptor cells that transmits information on the surrounding environment to the brain visual cortex, both during daytime and nighttime. Night (dim-light) vision represents the last frontier of light detection. In extremely poor illumination conditions, such as those of a star-studded night or of ocean depths, the retina is able to perceive intensities corresponding to only a few photons, the indivisible units of light. Such high sensitivity is due to specialized sensors called rod rhodopsins that appeared more than 250 million years ago on the retinas of vertebrate animals. -
17-2021 CAMI Pilot Vision Brochure
Visual Scanning with regular eye examinations and post surgically with phoria results. A pilot who has such a condition could progress considered for medical certification through special issuance with Some images used from The Federal Aviation Administration. monofocal lenses when they meet vision standards without to seeing double (tropia) should they be exposed to hypoxia or a satisfactory adaption period, complete evaluation by an eye Helicopter Flying Handbook. Oklahoma City, Ok: US Department The probability of spotting a potential collision threat complications. Multifocal lenses require a brief waiting certain medications. specialist, satisfactory visual acuity corrected to 20/20 or better by of Transportation; 2012; 13-1. Publication FAA-H-8083. Available increases with the time spent looking outside, but certain period. The visual effects of cataracts can be successfully lenses of no greater power than ±3.5 diopters spherical equivalent, at: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/ techniques may be used to increase the effectiveness of treated with a 90% improvement in visual function for most One prism diopter of hyperphoria, six prism diopters of and by passing an FAA medical flight test (MFT). aviation/helicopter_flying_handbook/. Accessed September 28, 2017. the scan time. Effective scanning is accomplished with a patients. Regardless of vision correction to 20/20, cataracts esophoria, and six prism diopters of exophoria represent series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements that bring pose a significant risk to flight safety. FAA phoria (deviation of the eye) standards that may not be A Word about Contact Lenses successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each exceeded. -
The Eye and Night Vision
Source: http://www.aoa.org/x5352.xml Print This Page The Eye and Night Vision (This article has been adapted from the excellent USAF Special Report, AL-SR-1992-0002, "Night Vision Manual for the Flight Surgeon", written by Robert E. Miller II, Col, USAF, (RET) and Thomas J. Tredici, Col, USAF, (RET)) THE EYE The basic structure of the eye is shown in Figure 1. The anterior portion of the eye is essentially a lens system, made up of the cornea and crystalline lens, whose primary purpose is to focus light onto the retina. The retina contains receptor cells, rods and cones, which, when stimulated by light, send signals to the brain. These signals are subsequently interpreted as vision. Most of the receptors are rods, which are found predominately in the periphery of the retina, whereas the cones are located mostly in the center and near periphery of the retina. Although there are approximately 17 rods for every cone, the cones, concentrated centrally, allow resolution of fine detail and color discrimination. The rods cannot distinguish colors and have poor resolution, but they have a much higher sensitivity to light than the cones. DAY VERSUS NIGHT VISION According to a widely held theory of vision, the rods are responsible for vision under very dim levels of illumination (scotopic vision) and the cones function at higher illumination levels (photopic vision). Photopic vision provides the capability for seeing color and resolving fine detail (20/20 of better), but it functions only in good illumination. Scotopic vision is of poorer quality; it is limited by reduced resolution ( 20/200 or less) and provides the ability to discriminate only between shades of black and white. -
Reliability of Mesopic Measures of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity and Their Correlation with Rod and Cone Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa
UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Reliability of Mesopic Measures of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity and Their Correlation with Rod and Cone Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0hf8f1q5 Journal Ophthalmic research, 63(2) ISSN 0030-3747 Authors Bittner, Ava K Ferraz, Mariana C Publication Date 2020 DOI 10.1159/000503931 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Research Article Ophthalmic Res Received: July 20, 2019 DOI: 10.1159/000503931 Accepted after revision: October 6, 2019 Published online: December 5, 2019 Reliability of Mesopic Measures of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity and Their Correlation with Rod and Cone Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa a, b b Ava K. Bittner Mariana C. Ferraz a Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; b College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA Keywords photopic conditions were significantly related to reduced Retinitis pigmentosa · Scotopic · Visual acuity · Contrast cone-mediated scotopic sensitivity (p = 0.038). Significant sensitivity · Cone sensitivity · Rod function predictors of the CCT ratio of S-cone to M- and L-cone sensi- tivity were mesopic VA (p = 0.038) and absence of AdaptDx rod function (p = 0.008). Test-retest 95% coefficients of re- Abstract peatability were not significantly different when comparing Background: Mesopic conditions elicit both rod and cone between photopic and mesopic tests of VA (0.16 and 0.12 responses, and they are more commonly encountered in logMAR, respectively) or CS (0.21 and 0.24 logCS, respective- daily life than are scotopic conditions; yet visual function ly). -
On the Trigonometric Descriptions of Colors
Applied Physics Research; Vol. 8, No. 3; 2016 ISSN 1916-9639 E-ISSN 1916-9647 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education On the Trigonometric Descriptions of Colors Jiří Stávek1 1 Bazovského 1228, 163 00 Prague, Czech republic Correspondence: Jiří Stávek, Bazovského 1228, 163 00 Prague, Czech republic. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 3, 2016 Accepted: April 14, 2016 Online Published: April 19, 2016 doi:10.5539/apr.v8n3p5 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n3p5 Abstract An attempt is presented for the description of the spectral colors using the standard trigonometric tools in order to extract more information about photons. We have arranged the spectral colors on an arc of the circle with the radius R = 1 and the central angle θ = π/3 when we have defined cos (θ) = λ380/λ760 = 0.5. Several trigonometric operations were applied in order to find the gravity centers for the scotopic, photopic, and mesopic visions. The concept of the center of gravity of colors introduced Isaac Newton. We have postulated properties of the -18 long-lived photons with the new interpretation of the Hubble (Zwicky-Nernst) constant H0 = 2.748… * 10 kg kg-1 s-1, the specific mass evaporation rate (SMER) of gravitons from the source mass. The stability of international prototypes of kilogram has been regularly checked. We predict that those standard kilograms due to the evaporation of gravitons lost 8.67 μg kg-1 century-1. The energy of long-lived photons was trigonometrically decomposed into three parts that could be experimentally tested: longitudinal energy, transverse energy and energy of evaporated gravitons. -
President's Corner Minutes CALL for ENTRY Upcoming Events Board
Happy New Year everyone!! I trust everyone made it through President's the holidays and is looking Corner forward to another exciting year of activities with GEAG. As I’m writing this, I am recovering from my family’s visit and have taken a few, many, Minutes naps. I haven’t done much painting but I did manage to do some beautiful art work with my talented 3 yr. old granddaughter. We paint and CALL FOR stamp and do any messy thing we can find! It is a ENTRY very freeing experience, watching a child create. I was told no markers by her Mother and I kept to that promise, but we made up for it with Upcoming watercolors. Did you know that if you combine Events red, blue, purple, yellow, green and any other color Grandma puts on the pallet, you can make the most beautiful blacks. That seems to be the Board thing to do. I’ve been using them for my own painting, too. PSOP Info I subscribe to several art sites that share information that I find very interesting.... The Purkinje Effect: Have you ever noticed when you are plein air painting how colors and objects look radically different just before dawn or sunset? A red rose is bright against the green leaves in daylight, but at dusk or dawn the contrast reverses so that the red flower pedals appear dark red or dark warm gray and the leaves appear relatively bright. This difference in contrast is called the Purkinje effect. During early morning walks, anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyne discovered that the human eye is most sensitive towards shifting to the blue end of the spectrum, especially at low light levels. -
Lighting Quality & Energy Efficiency Final Programme & Abstract Booklet
Internationale Beleuchtungskommission Commission Internationale de l‘Eclairage International Commission on Illumination Lighting Quality & Energy Efficiency September 19 - 21, 2012 Hangzhou, China Final Programme & Abstract Booklet http://hangzhou2012.cie.co.at/ Table of Contents Welcome Address 4 International Scientific Committee 6 International Organizing Committee 7 Local Organizing Committee 8 Conference Information 9 Programme Overview 17 Programme per Day 21 Posters 27 ABSTRACTS 33 - Keynote Speakers 35 - Oral Presentations 49 - Workshops 213 - Poster Presentations 229 Company Profiles 323 List of Authors 327 Map of Dragon Hotel 331 3 Welcome Address Welcome Address Dear Colleagues, The CIE, which celebrates its centenary in 2013, is the oldest and most respected International As President of the CIE, and as Conference President, we are proud to present CIE 2012 “Ligh- Lighting Organization with a broad remit covering all the various aspects of light and lighting. It is ting Quality & Energy Efficiency”, organized in cooperation with the CIES, the Chinese Illumina- totally committed to the development of energy efficient lighting technologies and standards but tion Engineering Society, as a unique forum for discovering the latest developments and results without sacrificing the safety and security of human well-being, the environment and the econo- from the lighting world. We invite you to join us in the effort to enhance lighting quality and reduce my. This objective can be achieved through the intelligent use of new technologies and a scientific energy consumption worldwide. understanding of the varied human needs for different types of lighting in different settings. We look forward to a colourful week in Hangzhou. • A more efficient use of daylight augmented with the use of more efficient lamps and the latest lighting technology now enable us to save energy without sacrificing quality of lighting. -
Light and Dark Adaptation
Light and dark adaptation • The range of light levels over which we can see • Why do we need adaptation? • The design problem • Role of pupil changes • The duplex retina: four comparisons of rod-based and cone-based vision • Dark adaptation and pigment bleaching • Light adaptation: Weber’s Law The response of visual neurons Luminance and retinal illumination Sun Fluorescent light/bulbs White paper, full sunlight Candle flame Comfortable reading Print read with difficulty White surface, moonlight Threshold for cone vision White surface, moonless night Visual threshold The range of luminances (left) and retinal illumination (right) found in the natural world Rod and cone operating ranges rod vision cone vision day LUMINANCE RANGE Light reflected from a surface under low and high illumination The ratio of light intensities reflected from the white surround and the black letter is 9:1 under both low and high illuminations. Consider and comment: A white page inside a room reflects less light than a black stone on a sunny beach, yet the page looks white and the stone looks black The sensations of blackness and lightness depend on the contrast of the stimulus, not on the absolute amount of light reflected off any one part of it. Luminance difference between ‘L’ and background = 80 units 8000 units Background = 90 units 9000 units Response ∝ Difference/Background 80/90 (89%) 8000/9000 (89%) The eye’s sliding scale of brightness log luminance log illuminance A piece of white paper that is dimly lit (A) looks white because its luminance lies at the top of its local scale, even though this luminance may be less than that of a piece of black paper that is brightly lit (B).