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YEAR BOOK 00/01 2000–2001 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON tel 202.387.6400 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION 1530 P Street, NW CARNEGIE INSTITUTION fax 202.387.8092 OF WASHINGTON OF WASHINGTON Washington, DC 20005 web site www.CarnegieInstitution.org Opening New Horizons for Scientific Research YEAR BOOK 00/01 2000-2001 GIVING TO THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON IN 2002 Opening New Horizons for Scientific Research Friends can help the institution financially in many ways, including making a simple pledge of a bequest, an outright gift of cash or securities, or more complex forms of planned giving. The Carnegie Institution is a tax-exempt 501(C)(3) organization under the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions to the institution are eligible for a charitable deduction on your income tax as provided by law. We recommend that you consult your attorney or tax adviser about your individual circumstances when considering a substantial gift. The following are general guidelines: Outright gifts of cash or securities enable you, if you itemize, to take a charitable deduction on your income tax. Gifts of cash are deductible up to 30% of the donor’s adjusted income in the year of the gift. A gift in excess of this 30% limitation may be carried forward for up to five additional years within the same limitations of the law. Gifts of securities are deductible up to 20% of the donor’s adjusted income in the year of the gift. A gift in excess of this 20% limitation may be carried forward for up to five additional years within the same limitations of the law. Donors to private foundations may deduct the fair market value, not just the cost, of publicly traded securities that have risen in value over a period of years. This may allow the donor to avoid paying capital gains tax on these appreciated securities. If you are interested in making a gift of securities, you may contact the institution for assistance. Because the needs of the institution are long term, bequests are a thoughtful way to make a substantial contribution. You can use the following simple statement in your will: “I hereby give, and bequeath the sum of $_______ (or % of my residuary estate) to the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1530 P Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005-1910.” OnOn the the cover: cover: Above: This is a simulation of what happens to magnetic metal ions in iron oxide and cobalt oxide as pressure increases. (Courtesy Ronald Cohen, Geophysical Laboratory.) For additional information, please see the Carnegie website at www.CarnegieInstitution.org or call Linda Feinberg in the Office of External Below: Chen-Ming Fan uses the mouse in his research on the genetics of development. This is an image of a Affairs, 202.939.1141, or write: developing cerebellum in that model organism. (See page 49.) Linda Feinberg Office of External Affairs CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON 1530 P Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005 THE PRESIDENT’ S REPORT Year Book 00/01 July 1, — June 30, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Department of Embryology ABOUT CARNEGIE 115 West University Parkway Baltimore, MD 21210-3301 410.554.1200 . TO ENCOURAGE, IN THE BROADEST AND Department of Plant Biology MOST LIBERAL MANNER, INVESTIGATION, 260 Panama St. RESEARCH, AND DISCOVERY, AND THE Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.325.1521 APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE TO THE Geophysical Laboratory IMPROVEMENT OF MANKIND . 5251 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8900 The Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Terrestrial Magnetism was incorporated with these words in 1902 5241 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. Washington, DC 20015-1305 by its founder, Andrew Carnegie. Since 202.478.8820 then, the institution has remained true to The Carnegie Observatories 813 Santa Barbara St. its mission. At five research departments Pasadena, CA 91101-1292 across the country, the scientific staff and 626.577.1122 a constantly changing roster of students, Las Campanas Observatory Casilla 601 postdoctoral fellows, and visiting investiga- La Serena, Chile tors tackle fundamental questions on the Office of Administration 1530 P St., N.W. frontiers of biology, earth sciences, and Washington, DC 20005-1910 202.387.6400 astronomy. http://www.CarnegieInstitution.org ISSN 0069-066X Design by Hasten Design, Washington, DC Printing by Mount Vernon Printing, Landover, MD February 2002 CONTENTS The President’s Commentary Losses, Gains, Honors Contributions, Grants, and Private Gifts First Light and CASE Geophysical Laboratory Department of Plant Biology Department of Embryology The Observatories Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Extradepartmental and Administrative Financial Statements Index of Names A supplemental electronic version of the Year Book is accessible via the Internet at www.CarnegieInstitution.org/yearbook.html. The electronic version includes individual essays by Carnegie scientists in addition to the material in this print publication. Former Presidents &Trustees PRESIDENTS Walter S. Gifford, 1931–1966 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978–1985 Carl J. Gilbert, 1962–1983 William I. Myers, 1948–1976 Daniel Coit Gilman, 1902–1904 Cass Gilbert, 1924–1934 Garrison Norton, 1960–1974 Robert S. Woodward, 1904-1920 Frederick H. Gillett, 1924–1935 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988–1993 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1908 William Church Osborn, 1927–1934 Vannevar Bush, 1939–1955 Hanna H. Gray, 1974–1978 Walter H. Page, 1971–1979 Caryl P. Haskins, 1956–1971 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952–1984 James Parmelee, 1917–1931 Philip H. Abelson, 1971–1978 William C. Greenough, 1975–1989 William Barclay Parsons, 1907–1932 James D. Ebert, 1978–1987 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974–1975 Stewart Paton, 1916–1942 Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting President, John Hay, 1902–1905 Robert N. Pennoyer, 1968–1989 1987–1988) Barklie McKee Henry, 1949–1966 George W. Pepper, 1914–1919 Myron T. Herrick, 1915–1929 John J. Pershing, 1930–1943 TRUSTEES Abram S. Hewitt, 1902–1903 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942–1959 William R. Hewlett, 1971–2001 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906–1936 Alexander Agassiz, 1904–1905 Henry L. Higginson, 1902–1919 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946–1948 Robert O. Anderson, 1976–1983 Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902–1909 Sally K. Ride, 1989–1994 Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967–1974 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 David Rockefeller, 1952–1956 J. Paul Austin, 1976–1978 Herbert Hoover, 1920–1949 Elihu Root, 1902–1937 George G. Baldwin, 1925–1927 William Wirt Howe, 1903–1909 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937–1967 Thomas Barbour, 1934–1946 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902–1904 Julius Rosenwald, 1929–1931 James F. Bell, 1935–1961 Walter A. Jessup, 1938–1944 William M. Roth, 1968–1979 John S. Billings, 1902–1913 Frank B. Jewett, 1933–1949 William W. Rubey, 1962–1974 Robert Woods Bliss, 1936–1962 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983–1987 Martin A. Ryerson, 1908–1928 Amory H. Bradford, 1959–1972 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980–1994 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988–1990 Lindsay Bradford, 1940–1958 William F. Kieschnick, 1985–1991 Henry R. Shepley, 1937–1962 Omar N. Bradley, 1948–1969 Samuel P. Langley, 1904–1906 Theobald Smith, 1914–1934 Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973–1990 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993–1994 John C. Spooner, 1902–1907 Robert S. Brookings, 1910–1929 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944–1958 William Benson Storey, 1924–1939 James E. Burke, 1989–1993 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934–1939 Richard P. Strong, 1934–1948 Vannevar Bush, 1958–1971 William Lindsay, 1902–1909 Charles P. Taft, 1936–1975 John L. Cadwalader, 1903–1914 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914–1924 William H. Taft, 1906–1915 William W. Campbell, 1929–1938 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934–1973 William S. Thayer, 1929–1932 John J. Carty, 1916–1932 Robert A. Lovett, 1948–1971 Juan T. Trippe, 1944–1981 Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925–1934 Seth Low, 1902–1916 James W. Wadsworth, 1932–1952 John T. Connor, 1975–1980 Wayne MacVeagh, 1902–1907 Charles D. Walcott, 1902–1927 Frederic A. Delano, 1927–1949 William McChesney Martin, 1967–1983 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931–1948 Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903–1923 Keith S. McHugh, 1950–1974 Henry P. Walcott, 1910–1924 William E. Dodge, 1902–1903 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924–1937 Lewis H. Weed, 1935–1952 James D. Ebert, 1987–2001 John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 William H. Welch, 1906–1934 Gerald M. Edelman, 1980–1987 J. Irwin Miller, 1988–1991 Gunnar Wessman, 1984–1987 Charles P. Fenner, 1914–1924 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955–1967 Andrew D. White, 1902–1916 Michael Ference, Jr., 1968–1980 Roswell Miller, 1933–1955 Edward D. White, 1902–1903 Homer L. Ferguson, 1927–1952 Darius O. Mills, 1902–1909 Henry White, 1913–1927 Simon Flexner, 1910–1914 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902–1914 James N. White, 1956–1979 W. Cameron Forbes, 1920–1955 Andrew J. Montague, 1907–1935 George W. Wickersham, 1909–1936 James Forrestal, 1948–1949 Henry S. Morgan, 1936–1978 Robert E. Wilson, 1953–1964 William N. Frew, 1902–1915 William W. Morrow, 1902–1929 Robert S. Woodward, 1905–1924 Lyman J. Gage, 1902–1912 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940–1968 Carroll D. Wright, 1902–1908 T rustees Thomas N. Urban, Chairman William I. M. Turner, Jr., Vice-Chairman David Greenewalt, Secretary Philip H. Abelson Euan Baird Daniel N. Belin William T. Coleman, Jr., Senior Trustee Tom Cori John F. Crawford Edward E. David, Jr., Emeritus John Diebold W. Gary Ernst Sandra M. Faber Bruce W. Ferguson Stephen P. A. Fodor Michael E. Gellert Robert G. Goelet William T. Golden, Senior Trustee Caryl P. Haskins, Emeritus William R. Hearst III Richard E. Heckert, Emeritus Kazuo Inamori Suzanne Nora Johnson Gerald D. Laubach, Senior Trustee John D. Macomber, Senior Trustee Steven L. McKnight Burton J. McMurtry Jaylee Mead Richard A. Meserve Richard S. Perkins, Emeritus Frank Press, Senior Trustee Deborah Rose William J. Rutter Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Emeritus Frank Stanton, Emeritus Christopher T. S. Stone David F. Swensen Charles H. Townes, Emeritus Sidney J.