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UNIVERISTY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Strawsonian UNIVERISTY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Strawsonian Libertarianism: A Theory of Free Will and Moral Responsibility A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy by Christopher Evan-Richards Franklin December 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John Martin Fischer, Chairperson Dr. Michael Nelson Dr. Manuel Vargas Dr. Gary Watson Copyright by Christopher Evan-Richards Franklin 2010 The Dissertation of Christopher Evan-Richards Franklin is approved: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Philosophical inquiry has always been a joint enterprise and this project is certainly no exception. Along the way I have had tremendous help from my professors and fellow graduate students. First, I am deeply grateful to the members of my dissertation committee for their willingness to join me in this project and provide helpful feedback throughout its various stages. To study under John Fischer and Gary Watson has been a complete joy. I have benefited tremendously from their classes, in which I learned as much concerning how to be a philosopher as the ins and outs of the philosophical topics we studied. I am especially indebted to John, whose consistent willingness to meet, constant encouragement in failure, and mutual joy in triumph has sustained me throughout these good and difficult times. His combination of ingenuity and philosophical open-mindedness has provided an invaluable template for me that I have attempted, however imperfectly, to model. Every aspect of the dissertation has benefited from his gracious and assiduous comments. Gary Watson has proved to be a constant source of inspiration through the many classes I have had the privilege to take with him as well as his written work, in which he continually evinces an uncanny ability to see to the heart of the matter. I am thankful to Michael Nelson for his breadth of knowledge and philosophical sincerity; many of the ideas in this dissertation have been forged in our animated and thoroughly enjoyable conversations. Manuel Vargas’s charitable stance toward interlocutors and his eye for new avenues in old debates has taught me much: I am grateful to him for his helpful comments and willingness to travel from afar to serve on this committee. Several others faculty members both at UCR and abroad deserve special mention for their contribution to my academic growth and career as a philosopher. Thanks to Mark iv Balaguer, David Ciocchi, Tom Crisp, Paul Hoffman, Coleen Macnamara, Michael McKenna, Tim O’Connor, Derk Pereboom, Andrews Reath, Erich Reck, Paul Russell, Eric Schwitzgebel, Charles Siewert, Dan Speak, and Gregg Ten Elshof. In addition to the wonderful faculty, the graduate students at UCR have made it a truly incomparable place to study philosophy. We have traveled together and talked philosophy for countless hours. And I have enjoyed every second of it. I am particularly grateful to Josh Bright, Justin Coates, Joshua Hollowell, Ben Mitchell-Yellin, Luis Montes, Garrett Pendergraft, Philip Swenson, Patrick Todd, and Neal Tognazzini. Two personal debts remain. First, I am immensely grateful to my in-laws, Eloy and Laura Ochoa, who made my graduate experience about as stress free as possible by opening their guest home to us, allowing me to focus so intensely on my education. And finally, I am enormously grateful to my beautiful and gifted wife, Rubie. She has loved and encouraged me every step of the way. Her partnership and devotion (and ever willingness to listen to me ramble on and on about philosophy) has made life truly wonderful these past 6 years. Chapter 4 is an expanded version of ‘The Problem of Enhanced Control’ forthcoming in Australasian Journal of Philosophy and Chapter 5 is a slightly revised version of ‘Farewell to the Luck (and Mind ) Argument’ forthcoming in Philosophical Studies . I am grateful to these journals for permission to use the material here. v DEDICATION For John and Patricia Franklin Whose moral courage and unswerving faith has taught me that our choices truly do make a difference. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Strawsonian Libertarianism: A Theory of Free Will and Moral Responsibility by Christopher Evan-Richards Franklin Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Philosophy University of California, Riverside, December 2010 Dr. John Martin Fischer, Chairperson My dissertation develops a novel theory of free will and moral responsibility, Strawsonian libertarianism, which combines Strawsonianism about the concept of moral responsibility with event-causal libertarianism concerning its conditions of application. I construct this theory in light of and response to the three main objections to libertarianism: the moral shallowness objection, the intelligibility objection, and the empirical plausibility objection. The moral shallowness objection contends that libertarianism seems plausible only in the absence of a robust understanding of the nature of moral responsibility. P.F. Strawson’s work is the fount of this objection. In response I argue, surprisingly, that Strawson’s account of the nature of responsibility, according to which the essence of responsibility is defined in terms of the reactive attitudes (such as gratitude and resentment), actually leads to libertarianism about its conditions of application. In defense of this contention I offer a theory of the normative force of excuse which shows that moral responsibility requires that agents have free will. I then construct the No Opportunity Argument which demonstrates that free will, and thus moral responsibility, is incompatible with determinism. vii In the remainder of the dissertation I develop and defend this account of moral responsibility against the intelligibility and empirical objections, both of which focus on my contention that indeterminism is necessary for freedom and responsibility. The intelligibility objection contends that libertarians cannot provide an intelligible account of freedom and responsibility because indeterminism is either (at best) irrelevant or (at worst) inimical to control. I respond to these objections by showing that if we locate indeterminism at the moment of free choice, libertarianism can explain both why indeterminism does not diminish control and also how it is relevant to enhancing it. Finally, I turn to the empirical plausibility objection which contends that libertarianism is scientifically implausible. This objection centers on my contention that humans must be indeterministic systems in order to be free and responsible. I argue that my commitment to neuronal indeterminism fares well in light of current physical and neurobiological findings and, therefore, that Strawsonian libertarianism is not as scientifically demanding as many have thought. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Difference-Makers 1 1.2 The Event-Causal Theory of Intentional Action 14 CHAPTER 2: A REIDIAN APPROACH TO FREE WILL AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY 20 2.1 The Principles of Common Sense 23 2.2 Criteria of Principles of Common Sense 34 2.3 The Role of Common Sense 40 2.4 The F-R Proposition as a Principle of Common Sense 46 2.5 Conclusion 56 CHAPTER 3: STRAWSONIAN LIBERTARIANISM 58 3.1 Strawsonianism 62 3.2 A Taxonomy of Pleas 71 3.3 Wallace’s Theory of Pleas 78 3.4 The Principle of Reasonable Opportunity 87 3.5 Addiction as Excuse 99 3.6 Conclusion 111 CHAPTER 4: THE PROBLEM OF ENHANCED CONTROL 114 4.1 The Problem of Enhanced Control 116 4.2 Freedom as Opportunity 123 4.3 Abilities and Opportunities 125 4.4 The No Opportunity Argument 141 ix 4.5 Lehrer’s Analysis of Opportunities 145 4.6 The Opportunity to Do Otherwise as Control Enhancing Freedom 151 4.7 Conclusion 152 CHAPTER 5: FAREWELL TO THE LUCK (AND MIND ) ARGUMENT 154 5.1 The Luck (and Mind ) Argument 155 5.2 Kane and the Luck Argument 159 5.3 Deliberative Libertarianism 164 5.4 The Hume-Hobart Formulation 168 5.5 The Ensurance Formulation 170 5.6 The Rollback Formulation 180 5.7 Explanatory Formulations 187 5.8 Interlude 196 5.9 The Mind Argument 197 5.10 Conclusion 202 CHAPTER 6: THE EMPIRICAL COMMITMENTS OF STRAWSONIAN LIBERTARIANISM 205 6.1 The Empirical Commitments of Strawsonian Libertarianism 208 6.1.1 Emergent Dualism 211 6.1.2 Reductive Physicalism 213 6.1.3 Mental States Cause Brain States 214 6.1.4 Neuronal Indeterminism 216 6.2 Can Free Will Be Law Governed? 218 x 6.3 Are Libertarians Committed to Armchair Science? 232 6.4 Conclusion 241 CHAPTER 7: INDETERMINISM AND THE BRAIN 243 7.1 Vargas’s Challenge 245 7.2 Scientific and Naturalistic Plausibility 249 7.3 Indeterminism and the Brain 256 7.4 Indeterminism and the Goal of Science 264 7.5 Conclusion 272 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION 275 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Difference-Makers We take ourselves to be difference-makers. Your deciding to read this dissertation made a difference. Some choices make vast differences to our lives and the world at large. Deciding to come to the University of California, Riverside for graduate school has greatly shaped who I am as a person and philosopher. Truman’s decision to drop the bomb made a massive difference in the lives of countless people. But we do not take ourselves to be just any kind of difference-makers. My computer is a difference-maker in the following sense: if it was not working properly, then the words I am currently typing would not be appearing on the screen. My computer makes a difference: without it I would not be able to electronically record my dissertation (or at least I would need to go buy a new device). Human agents are difference-makers in a more robust way. Philosophers have often marked this difference by claiming that humans have free will. But what free will is and how exactly it differentiates us from artifacts, inorganic processes, and other kinds of animals has occupied philosophers for centuries.
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