EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 13, 1755-1762 (2019)

Diversity and distribution pattern of sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track in Mount Lawu Magetan, East ,

Efri Roziaty 1*, Nur Mela Wijaya 1 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, INDONESIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Mount Lawu is one of the many mountains in Java, Indonesia. Mount Lawu is located between Central Java and East Java, Indonesia. Cemoro Sewu is a part of Mount Lawu climbers track. Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) is one of the most families, the largest of flowering in the mountainous zone. The research analyzed the biodiversity and distribution of Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu climbing track. The research used the exploration method by purposive sampling technique of plot making (5x5 m2 plot/square). This study made of 21 plots. The results showed two of Anaphalis namely and Anaphalis longifolia. The Important Value Index (IVI) for Anaphalis javanica was 172.7% the highest and Anaphalis longifolia 27.3% was the lowest one. The diversity index of Anaphalis was 0.102, it was relatively low. The distribution patterns of Anaphalis sp. were aggregate, it also influenced by climate and humidity of habitat.

Keywords: Diversity, Distribution Patterns, Mount Lawu, Anaphalis, Cemoro Sewu

Roziaty E, Wijaya NM (2019) Diversity and distribution pattern of Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track in Mount Lawu Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. Eurasia J Biosci 13: 1755-1762.

© 2019 Roziaty and Wijaya This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

INTRODUCTION environmental conditions. Organisms in a place are interdependent, and if an organism interrupts or some The biodiversity in Indonesian is known to be the environmental factors affect the whole community. highest in the world. This is due to Indonesia’s location Research that has been carried out in several places in in the equatorial, making it the center of world North Sumatra Province, Samosir Regency, Toba biodiversities of flora and fauna. Anaphalis sp. (or Samosir Regency, and Karo Regency which generally Edelweiss, the local language) is one of the shrub plants dominates the Anaphalis longifolia (Blume.) Population that grow in the highlands, this is a typical mountain (Prakarsa et al. 2018). Another organism, on Mount plant (Prakasa et al. 2016). Anaphalis population in Papandayan, West Java which is threatened in its Indonesia is still quite large, especially on Java and habitat (Sulistyawati et al. 2017). Many local people near Sumatra. the forest exploitation this plants in several places in Anaphalis is a member of herbaceous and woody Indonesia for their regional ceremonial equipment flowering plants in the Asteraceae family. Asteraceae is (Pramita et al. 2013). one of the largest family of flowering plants in the Flora Mount Lawu is one of the mountains on Java Island Malesiana region (Tjitrosoedirdjo, 2002) where the with an altitude reaching 3.265 m. asl (above sea level). characteristics of plants in this family have a wide Mount Lawu located between three districts namely distribution starting from Europe and America to Asia Ngawi Regency (East Java), Magetan Regency (East (Chanchani et al. 2007). Java), and Karanganyar Regency (Central Java), Anaphalis have special characteristics, one of which Indonesia. This mountain has biodiversity, both flora, has a distinctive odor and can last a long time after being and fauna. To reach the top of Mount Lawu can be picked, so it is widely used by the community as a through the Cemoro Sewu climbing track. Cemoro Sewu souvenir from the mountain (Sulistyawati et al. 2017). is still favorite for climbers all over the area in Java. One Ecological distribution pattern of Anaphalis that is of the typical mountain plants found on Mount Lawu is random, regular/uniform and grouped/aggregate (Amaral et al. 2015). The pattern of the plant distribution in a community referred to the spatial distribution of Received: August 2019 these plants in an ecosystem (Roziaty 2019). The Accepted: October 2019 pattern of distribution of vegetation is closely related to Printed: November 2019

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Fig. 1. Map of the research location on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia

Anaphalis (Edelweis) found at an altitude of around Tools and Materials 2.800 m.asl to 3.000 m asl. The tools used in this study were large and small This study aims to: 1) determine the species of meter rollers, cameras, stationery, Thermo hygrometer, Anaphalis in Cemoro Sewu climbing track Magetan East altimeter, the plastic of various sizes to accommodate Java Indonesia; 2) assessing the diversity and specimens, sprayers, several bamboo pegs measuring distribution patterns of Anaphalis on Mount Lawu, around 20-30 cm long, GPS, raffia rope, cutter, soil especially in the Cemoro Sewu border crossing between tester to measure pH and soil moisture. The material the Karanganyar District of Central Java and Magetan used in this study was Anaphalis sp. vegetation on the Regency in East Java. Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. The tools used in this study were large MATERIALS AND METHODS and small meter rollers, cameras, stationery, Thermo This research is located on the Cemoro Sewu hygrometer, altimeter, the plastic of various sizes to Magetan Climbing track East Java starting from Post 1 accommodate specimens, sprayers, several bamboo to Post 5 (Fig. 1). The climbing path of Cemoro Sewu pegs measuring around 20-30 cm long, GPS, raffia rope, Gunung Lawu, which is at an altitude of 2.600, 2.800 and cutter, soil tester to measure pH and soil moisture. The 3.000 m asl. Research using exploration methods in material used in this study was Anaphalis sp. vegetation determining the sampling point using a purposive on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in sampling technique by making 5 x 5 m2 square plots as Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. a totally of 21 plots in that research area. This study Biodiversity of Anaphalis recorded and took samples of Anaphalis at various The stages in the sampling were carried out in elevation levels called Station. There were 3 Stations in several stages: 1) stage one, determining the sampling three levels of topography. Furthermore, the location (sampling point) using the exploration method determination of specimens was carried out at the through field observation, the next step make 5x5 m2 Laboratory of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher square plot as a totally 21 plots. Plot position placed on Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah 3 different stations according to the topography level. Surakarta, Central Java. Identification was carried out to The difference in plot position based on height obtain biodiversity data in the form of the Diversity Index differences was at an altitude of 2.600; 2.800 until 3.200 and the distribution patterns of Anaphalis. m above sea level (asl) every Station contains 7 plots square. Then, recorded types and quantities of

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Fig. 2. Anaphalis javanica type Edelweiss commonly found on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia; a) individual Anaphalis javanica shrubs habitus; b) elongated leaves; c) Anaphalis javanica flowers

Anaphalis found along with the location. Abiotic factors upper leaves (1.2-1.5 cm long) while the lower part were one of the important components to record, such grows bigger (4-6 cm), 3-5 veins with or without stems. as the temperature, humidity, tendency to distribution The yellow flowers appear in the center of the disc- patterns. Specimens of Anaphalis from the research shaped flower with white bracteal, flowering from July to area were brought to the campus laboratory. After October. getting the key to the determination of Anaphalis then Edelweiss diversity of Anaphalis sp. on the Cemoro proceed with analyzing the Important Value Index (IVI). Sewu Magetan climbing track showed that there were Furthermore, the next step calculated the diversity index two species found, namely Anaphalis javanica (Fig. 2) using the Shannon Wiener Diversity Index formulas. and Anaphalis longifolia (Fig. 3). Distribution Pattern of Anaphalis The key to the determination of Anaphalis javanica After recording the 5x5 m2 square plots, and then is: continue to analysis of the distribution pattern of 1b, 2a, 3a, 4b, 12b, 13b, 14a, 17b, 18b, 19b, 20b, Anaphalis sp. was done spatially using the calculation 21b, 22b, 23b, 24b, 25b, 26b, 27b, 799a method using the Morisita Index formulas. ………………………………….. Family 166. Asteraceae. 1b, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b, 9b, 11b, 12b, 13a RESULT AND DISCUSSION ………..………………………….… 33. Anaphalis. 1a, 2a ……………..…… Species Anaphalis javanica. Determination of Anaphalis Based on the identification of Edelweis plants on the Species Description Anaphalis javanica commonly referred to as Cemoro Sewu climbing track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, Javanese Edelweis was found in the form of white hairy East Java, there were 2 species of Anaphalis. Both of shrubs such as velvet, thick branching, often crooked them were the member of the Asteraceae family, with an average height of 1-3 meters with a stem the size flowering plants group. Morphologically the members of of a wrist (Fig. 2a). The leaves were dry, leafy white the Asteraceae family had characteristics of scattered or gray, crouched, at the upper end there are narrow leaves single-faced leaves. Flowers in small chunks with that gather and bulbs of white flowers are abundant, bandage leaves, often in the same lump there were two including compound flowers, with ribbon flowers on the kinds of flowers, namely tubular disc flowers and ribbon- edge and the place where the disc flowers were yellow shaped flower edges, including broad-leafed weeds, and (Fig. 2b). The leaves were thick hairy but not hairy live in terrestrial habitat (Tjitrosoepomo 2010). glands so it was not sticky. The layout of Javanese It was also revealed in the study (Kumar 2019). The Edelweiss leaves was scattered, including single leaves genus Asteraceae found to have characteristics of and flat-leaf edges (Fig. 2c). herbaceous or woody branching about 25-50 cm. The leaves were elliptical, with white velvety spreads, small

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Table 1. Edelweiss diversity (Anaphalis sp.) on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan Ascent Line in East Java, Indonesia Topography (m asl) A sum of No Family Species INP (%) H’ 2.600 2.800 3.000 individuals 1 Asteraceae Anaphalis javanica 76 131 292 499 172.67 0.024 Anaphalis longifolia 11 1 0 12 27.33 0.088

Total 77 132 292 511 200 0.102

Fig. 3. Anaphalis longifolia on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia; a) individuals of Anaphalis longifolia shrubs habitus; b) elongated leaves; c) Anaphalis longifolia flowers

Often clustered on infertile, open, flat or sandy or perennial shrub, linear leaves, with alternating layouts, rocky slopes, mountain rock beds, especially inactive grayish-green at the top and edges, white at the bottom, and dead craters, were rarely in the open on a mountain with flowers compound which was a flower-shaped tube ridge. This plant was a typical mountainous pioneer and greenish-white when it was young and yellowish- plant that has a long life. Javanese Edelweiss by the white when it was old and dries. Anaphalis longifolia was Indonesian people is commonly called Capo Gunung, a pioneer plant, can live in disturbed areas such as Semblango (according to Sumatran people, Indonesia), volcanoes, grew in lava areas, soil, or rocks in the Senduro (in terms commonly used around Mount Gede mountains, namely at an altitude of more than 1.200 m Pangrango, West Java, Indonesia), Widodaren (Mount asl. The name of the area was Capo Gunung, Ganjo Papandayan and Arjuno, Java, Indonesia). Included in Gadang (Sumatra, Indonesia), Sembung Lanu the Magnoliophyta division because it was a plant that (Sundanese language, Indonesia), Kedusan and reproduces with flowers. Anaphalis javanica belongs to Widodaren (Javanese language) (Van Steenis 2006). the Order of and Family Asteraceae because Biodiversity of Anaphalis sp. it has compound flowers in the form of tube flowers and Anaphalis javanica dominated the Anaphalis ribbon flowers (Van Steenis 2006). population in its habitat. Then Anaphalis longifolia Next, the type of Anaphalis longifolia which grew side followed the numbers, which were 499 and 12 by side in the same community with Anaphalis javanica individuals (Table 1). on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Based on vegetation analysis of Anaphalis for Magetan East Java, Indonesia. Important Value Index (IVI) Anaphalis javanica was of Key Determination higher value than Anaphalis longifolia. While the 1b, 2a, 3a, 4b, 12b, 13b, 14a, 17b, 18b, 19b, 20b, Diversity Index for the Edelweiss population was 0.102. 21b, 22b, 23b, 24b, 25b, 26b, 27b, 799a This value was so low that it could be concluded that the ………………………...……….. Familia 166. Asteraceae. diversity of the Anaphalis sp. population on the Cemoro 1b, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b, 9b, 11b, 12b, 13a Sewu Magetan climbing track in East Java tended to be …...…...…………..……………….. Genus 33. Anaphalis. homogeneous. According to the three locations at 1b, 3b …………….…… Species Anaphalis longifolia. different altitude levels, Anaphalis javanica species were Species Description found to increase with increasing height levels (Fig. 3). Anaphalis longifolia had longer leaves than This is inversely proportional to the Anaphalis longifolia Anaphalis javanica (Edelweis Jawa) was a 50 cm

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 13: 1755-1762 (2019) Roziaty and Wijaya species which tends to decrease in number even at Based on the calculation of the diversity index of increasing the land level. Edelweis plants which are on the Cemoro Sewu The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was in the Climbing Track in Magetan East Java, the diversity index Anaphalis javanica species of 172.67 %, while the was 0.102. It indicated that the diversity of plants in the lowest important value index was in the Anaphalis area is relatively low. Many reasons or factors that longifolia species of 27.329 %. The addition of relative influence the diversity that occur. density and relative frequency could produce Important Diversity Index is a vegetation parameter that is very Value Index (IVI). IVI could describe the mastery or useful for comparing various plant communities, dominance of vegetation in a place. The types with the especially to study the influence of environmental or highest importance were types that are able to adapt to abiotic factors on the community or to determine the the environment. So that it could be seen that the state of succession or community stability (Fahrul 2007). dominating species was Anaphalis javanica. Each type Because in a community there are generally various of plant had a minimum, maximum and optimum types of plants, the older or more stable the condition of condition for existing environmental factors (Maisyaroh a community, the higher the diversity of plants. The area 2010). Dominating species meant that there was a wider with canopy shade from large trees opens up so that range of limitations compared to other types of sunlight can reach the ground floor so that the intensity environmental factors, so the wide tolerance range of light needed by plants to grow and develop sufficiently causes this type to have a wide range. is a suitable place for vegetation to increase its The existence of this dominating species could be population. Because plants need sunlight to carry out influenced by several factors, among others, the photosynthetic metabolic processes. existence of competition between existing plants, in this The intensity of light is an energy source in case, related to the climate and minerals needed, if the photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates and oxygen, climate and minerals needed to support the species but if it has a high value it can also inhibit growth due to would be found more. Every organism has a habitat that a reduction in the hormone auxin (Nahdi and Dasikin suits their needs. If there is a disturbance in the habitat, 2014). One of the most environmental conditions that it will cause a change in the habitat component, so there influenced Edelweiss’s growth is sunlight. Diversity is is a possibility that the habitat will not be suitable for the strongly influenced by environmental factors that are organism that inhabits it. So if habitat conditions change formed. The distribution is indirectly affected by the beyond the minimum and maximum points required by interaction between the vegetation, temperature, air each organism in it, the organism can die or move humidity, soil because of the species and spread with (migrate) to another place. If the changes that occur in varying levels of adaptation. the habitat running slowly, for example, running for Pattern of Distribution of Anaphalis several generations, the organisms that inhabit it Based on calculations using the Morisita Index generally can adjust to the new conditions even though (attachment 2) the pattern of the spread of Edelweis in they are outside the original limits (Indriyanto, 2006). the Cemoro Sewu Mountain Lawu climbing track was grouped (aggregate).

Fig. 4. Edelweiss (Anaphalis sp.) Found on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in East Java, Indonesia at three different altitude levels of 2.600; 2.800 and 3.000 m asl

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Anaphalis has a clustered distribution because these temperatures can also cause metabolic enzymes in plants reproduction by seeds distribution that fall around inactive plants which cause a decrease in metabolism the place of life so that the saplings grow not far from the and even stop (Asngad, Agustina, & Rahmat, 2018). mother. Edelweiss on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track Therefore plants need the optimal temperature to grow Mount Lawu Magetan in East Java tends to grow and multiply. clustered in open areas and on the slopes of Mount Air humidity at the study site ranged from 43 - 61%. Lawu. It is influenced by environmental factors and Wet air will inhibit transpiration while dry air will facilitate competition (Djufri 2002) that the pattern of distribution plant transpiration. So that the higher the air humidity, of plant species tends to cluster because plants the lower the moisture transpiration rate, while the lower reproduce with seeds that fall near their parent or with the air humidity the faster the rate of transpiration rhizomes that produce vegetative tillers still close to their (Asngad et al. 2018). parents. Soil acidity obtained from observations at the study Acoording to topography level, highest land made sites ranged between 6.5 and 7.1. A land was the habitat Anaphalis longifolia intolerant. It showed that the sum of of plants provided nutrients for plants grow and breed. those species id reduce in the 3.000 m asl than Observation of pH levels is used to determine the acidity Anaphalis javanica was more tolerant (Fig. 3). of the soil in the area. One important environmental Diversity Indices of Anaphalis sp. factor was the acidity (pH) of the soil, high soil acidity - determines all reactions, so that in the soil NO3 and + NH4 are formed as nutrients absorbed by the roots and affect the vegetative formation process of plants (Nahdi and Dasikin 2014). Soil moisture obtained by observing parameters on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia ranged from 26 - 37%. Every plant must need optimal soil moisture in order to achieve its optimum conditions. Soil moisture was still related to temperature, if the humidity was high then the temperature was low and also the contrary. Soil moisture affected the presence of species, the dew absorbed by plants and supports cell elongation. Humidity as the availability of water for vital plant growth and processes is determined by the amount of rain, especially those that fall in an area for a year (Nahdi and Dasikin 2014). According to (Nahdi 2014) the intensity of light was an energy source in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates and oxygen, but if it had a high value it

Fig. 5. Diversity family of Asteraceae (Anaphalis javanica could also inhibit growth due to a reduction in the auxin and Anaphalis longifolia) hormone. One of the most influential environmental Abiotic Factors that Affect Anaphalis conditions for Edelweiss growth was sunlight. Diversity Some abiotic factors that affected the growth of was strongly influenced by environmental factors that Edelweiss in their habitat were temperature and are formed. The distribution was indirectly affected by humidity, and also soil (pH and moisture) (Table 2). the interaction between the vegetation, temperature, air The temperature obtained from observing the humidity, soil (acidity, moisture). This environmental parameters on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track of conditions made the presence or absence of Anaphalis Mount Lawu was ranging between 9.3 - 21 °C. The sp. species and its distribution. degree of temperature is very influential on the rate of metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration and plant CONCLUSION transpiration. High temperatures can damage the There were two Anaphalis species found in Cemoro enzymes that exist in plants, resulting in metabolism in Sewu Climbing Track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, East plants not running optimally. Conversely, low Java, Indonesia namely Anaphalis javanica and Table 2. Abiotic Factors of Cemoro Sewu Climbing Path Mount Lawu Magetan East Java No Parameter Station A Station B Station C 2.600 m.asl 2.800 m.asl 3.000 m.asl 1. Air temperature (°C) 12.2 – 18.4 12.1 – 19.6 9.3 – 21 2. Humidity (%) 46 - 61 45 - 49 43 - 54 3. Soil acidity 6.5 - 7 6.6 - 7 6,5 – 7,1

4. Soil Moisture (%) 15 - 35 45 - 49 43 – 63

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Anaphalis longifolia. The type of Anaphalis that had the categorized as low one. The distribution pattern of highest Important Value Index was Anaphalis javanica Edelweiss on the Cemoro Sewu was grouped (or (172.67%) higher than Anaphalis longifolia (27.329%). aggregate). Edelweis plant Diversity Value Index which was 0.102

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