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01. Anaphalis Floribunda 4(7) 2013 161 ANALISIS MORFOMETRI DAN BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI ANAPHALIS JAVANICA DAN A.LONGIFOLIA (ASTERACEAE) DI SUMATERA BARAT Ahmad Taufiq, Syamsuardi , Ardinis Arbain, Tesri Maideliza, Mansyurdin& Nurainas Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Andalas Kampus Limau Manis, Padang. Korespondensi: [email protected]. Ahmad Taufiq, Syamsuardi, Ardinis Arbain, Tesri Maideliza, Mansyurdin & Nurainas. 2013. Morphometric Analysis and Reproductive Biology of Anaphalis javanica and A. longifolia (Asteraceae) in West Sumatra. Floribunda 4(7): 161–168 . —. Anaphalis javanica and A. longifolia, were collected during the expedition to Mt. Merapi, Singgalang, Tandikat, and Talang (West Sumatra). Beside two of these species, several individuals of Anaphalis that differs in several characters from the two others species were also found. Based on it, morphometric study and biology reproduction analysis were carried out to clarify their taxonomic classification. Fifty three individuals of Anaphalis were collected and twenty four characters had been observed and measured to define species and morphology variation. Data analysis revealed that the alien species were defined as a natural hybrid of A. javanica and A. longifolia. There was no significant difference that number and morphology of pollens among populations as well as those two species studied. Based on the P/O ratio analysis indicated that breeding system of A. javanica and A. longifolia were facultative xenogamy. The same ornamentation (echinate) in both of two species suggested that the natural hybridization between two species was possible. Keywords: Anaphalis, morphology, pollen, pollination system, P/O ratio, natural hybrid. Ahmad Taufiq, Syamsuardi, Ardinis Arbain, Tesri Maideliza, Mansyurdin & Nurainas. 2013. Analisis Morfometri dan Biologi Reproduksi Anaphalis javanica dan A. longifolia (Asteraceae) di Sumatra Barat. Floribunda 4(7): 161–168 . —. Anaphalis javanica dan A. longifolia telah dikoleksi selama ekspedisi di gunung Merapi, Singgalang, Tandikat dan Talang (Sumatera Barat). Di samping itu, ditemukan juga beberapa individu Anaphalis yang berbeda dalam beberapa karakter dengan dua jenis yang ditemukan tersebut.Untuk mengklarifikasi status taksonominya, dilakukan studi morfometri dan analisis biologi reproduksi. Untuk itu lima puluh tiga individu dari Anaphalis telah dikoleksi dan dua puluh empat karakter telah diamati dan diukur untuk menentukan jenis dan nilai variasi morfologinya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa individu yang belum diketahui jenisnya tersebut dinyatakan sebagai hibrid alami dari jenis A. javanica and A. longifolia. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dengan jumlah dan morfologi serbuk sari antar seluruh populasi ataupun antar kedua jenis yang diamati. Berdasarkan analisis rasio P/O sistem polinasi A. javanica dan A. longifolia adalah xenogami fakultatif.Kesamaan ornamen yang dimiliki oleh kedua jenis tersebut mendukung terjadinya hibridisasi alami antar mereka. Kata kunci: Anaphalis, morfologi, serbuk sari, sistem polinasi, rasio P/O, hibridisasi alami. Anaphalis spp. adalah jenis tumbuhan dari rusak (Yuzammi dkk. 2010), sehingga orang me- suku Asteraceae yang hidup di daerah pegunungan nyebutnya sebagai edelweis yang mengacu pada dengan ketinggian antara 800–3400 m di atas per- nama tumbuhan Leontopodium alpinum Cass. dari mukaaan laut. Tumbuhan ini dikenal sebagai bunga pegunungan di Eropa. Marga Anaphalis sekarang abadi karena sangat tahan lama dan tidak mudah masuk ke dalam anak puak terbaru yaitu Cassinii- 162 Floribunda 4(7) 2013 nae yang beranggotakan marga-marga yang mengalami penurunan jumlah individu maupun memiliki pembagian sinapomorfi dalam hal populasi yang akhirnya diperkirakan dapat me- memiliki rambut papus yang menggada (tidak me- ngalami kepunahan seperti yang telah terjadi pada runcing) pada bagian ujung. Penyebarannya teru- populasi di gunung Gede, Jawa Barat. Untuk itu tama di Asia Tengah dan Selatan sebanyak 110 perlu upaya pelestariannya dengan melakukan kon- jenis. Di Asia Tenggara termasuk New Guinea, servasi baik secara ex situ maupun in situ. hanya terdapat 6 jenis Anaphalis yaitu: A. javanica, Sistem reproduksi suatu jenis tumbuhan A. longifolia, A. maxima, A. viscida, A. helwigii dan merupakan faktor yang secara langsung mempenga- A. arfakensis. A. javanica dan A. longifolia sangat ruhi jumlah dan distribusi variasi genetik dalam dan berkerabat dekat dengan bentuk morfologi yang antar populasi (Syamsuardi 2004). Berbagai peneli- hampir serupa. Diduga A. javanica berdekatan de- tian telah memfokuskan kepentingan sistem repro- ngan jenis yang terdapat di Sri Langka. Revisi tera- duksi dalam menentukan aliran gen dan potensial khir menyatakan bahwa A. lorentzii adalah sinonim evolusi dari jenis yang dikaji (Loveless & Hamrick dari A. hellwigii. Menurut Beauverd (1913), semua 1984; Suter et al. 2000). Untuk itu, studi morfo- buah yang dihasilkan dari bunga hermaprodit Ana- metrik dan analisis biologi reproduksi dari jenis phalis yang ada di Yunnan adalah steril. Anaphalis spp. perlu dilakukan untuk memahami Berdasarkan IUCN redlist (2008), variasi genetik dari jenis tersebut. Anaphalis spp. termasuk dalam kategori inthreaten- ed atau tumbuhan dalam kondisi terancam keberada- METODOLOGI PENELITIAN annya. Kondisi ini didukung dengan adanya gang- guan aktivitas manusia, karena tumbuhan ini hidup Sampel tumbuhan dikoleksi dari beberapa di sekitar jalur pendakian di pegunungan. Di gunung di Sumatera Barat yaitu G. Tandikat, G. Ta- samping itu, tercatat bahwa sebuah semai edelweis lang, G. Merapi dan G. Singgalang. Koleksi yang memerlukan waktu lebih kurang 13 tahun untuk diperoleh digunakan untuk pengamatan dan pengu- mencapai tinggi 20 cm dan sampai saat ini belum kuran karakter morfologi dalam kajian morfometrik diketahui secara pasti bagaimana biologi reproduksi dan diproses menjadi spesimen herbarium dengan tumbuhan tersebut, sehingga banyak aspek yang menggunakan metode Jain & Rao (1977), selanjut- perlu diketahui untuk melestarikannya, baik nya voucher spesimen disimpan di Herbarium Uni- pelestarian secara in situ maupun ex situ. Kim & versitas Andalas. Pengukuran terhadap karakter- Chung (1995) menjelaskan bahwa program konser- karakter yang telah melalui tahap penapisan tersebut vasi secara in situ dan ex situ tidak akan berhasil kemudian digabung, distandarisasi dan diolah de- tanpa dukungan informasi diversitas dan struktur ngan metode UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group genetik serta tingkat aliran gen dalam populasi Method Arithmatic Average). Analisis ini meng- tersebut. Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu penyediaan gunakan program computer PAST (Palenteo-logical data diversitas dan struktur populasi serta tingkatan Statistics) versi 2.13 dan NTSYSpc 2.02k, sehingga aliran gen dalam populasi yang akan digunakan didapatkan fenogram yang menggambarkan hu- sebagai data fundamental untuk tujuan dan strategi bungan kekerabatan tiap OTU dari Anaphalis ber- konservasi tumbuhan langka Indonesia. Hasil dasarkan karakter yang diujikan. penelitian ini juga akan berguna untuk perbandingan Organ generatif diawetkan dalam larutan pelestarian tumbuhan langka Indonesia lainnya. FAA yang digunakan dalam analisis morfologi Di Sumatera Barat tumbuhan edelweis bunga khususnya serbuk sari dan ovul. Pengamatan (Anaphalis spp.) terdistribusi pada daerah dataran karakteristik morfologi dan ultrastruktur butir ser- tinggi di beberapa gunung api, baik yang aktif atau- buk sari dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron pun tidak. Faktanya tumbuhan ini sekarang terus Microscope (SEM).JEOL JSM 5310 LV di Labora- Floribunda 4(7) 2013 163 torium Widya Satwaloka LIPI Cibinong. ditentukan dua jenis Anaphalis yaitu Anaphalis Kajian biologi reproduksi dilakukan dengan javanica (Reinw.ex Blume) Schultz ex Boerl., melihat kecenderungan bentuk sistem polinasi de- Anaphalis longifolia (Blume) DC., dan beberapa ngan mengamati rasio Polen/Ovulnya. Rasio polen- individu lainnya yang diduga hibrid alami dari A. ovul dalam suatu bunga dapat mencerminkan sistem javanica dan A. longifolia karena memiliki karakter polinasi suatu tumbuhan atau kemungkinan serbuk campuran dari kedua jenis tersebut. sari mencapai stigma (Syamsuardi 2002).Sebanyak Hasil pengamatan dari seluruh karakter 33 individu berbunga dikoleksi dan diawetkan ke- morfologi A. javanica dan A. Longifolia, baik intra dalam larutan FAA. P/O rasio ditentukan dengan maupun antar populasi dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. cara menghitung jumlah pollen (serbuk sari) per Tabel tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat bunga/jumlah ovulnya. Jumlah butir serbuk sari per beberapa karakter yang berbeda dari jenis-jenis bunga ditentukan dengan mengalikan jumlah butir edelweis yang sama tetapi tumbuh di lokasi yang serbuk sari dalam satu benang sari dengan jumlah berbeda. Dari tabel tersebut juga terlihat adanya benang sari pada tiap bunga. Perhitungan jumlah perbedaan karakter yang dimiliki oleh tiap jenis serbuk sari dilakukan dengan semua serbuk sari yang berbeda. Berdasarkan analisis pengelompokan dikeluarkan dari benang sari kemudian ditempatkan yang terlihat pada fenogram dan diagram PCA dalam gelas objek dan ditetesi dengan etanol 99 %. (Gambar 1 dan 2), menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan Selanjutnya butir serbuk sari diwarnai dengan lacto- Anaphalis di Sumatera Barat dapat diklasifikasikan phenol cotton blue selama lebih dari 10 menit menjadi 6 kelompok. Pengelompokan terjadi akibat (Syamsuardi 2002), kemudian diamati di bawah adanya nilai jarak dan kesamaan (afinitas) dari mikroskop dengan dihitung
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