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Di Desa Ngadas, Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru 1648 Jurnal Produksi Tanaman Vol. 6 No. 8, Agustus 2018: 1648 – 1654 ISSN: 2527-8452 1648 ETNOBOTANI EDELWEIS (Anaphalis spp.) DI DESA NGADAS, TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU ETHNOBOTANY OF EDELWEIS (Anaphalis spp.) AT NGADAS VILLAGE, BROMO TENGGER SEMERU NATIONAL PARK Amanu Budi Setiyo Utomo*) dan Suwasono Heddy Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 Jawa Timur *)Email : [email protected] ABSTRAK 1500-2200 mdpl yang didominasi spesies Anaphalis longifolia dan Anaphalis Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru javanicadengan tipe persebaran masing- merupakan salah satu taman nasional yang masing spesies yang ditemukan adalah menyimpan plasma nutfahkhas dataran mengelompok. tinggi salah satunya yaitu Edelweis (Anaphalis spp.), selain manfaat ekologi Kata kunci: Edelweis, Etnobotani, Desa Edelweis juga memiliki manfaat akan Ngadas, Konservasi. keberlangsungan budaya Tengger. ABSTRACT Masyarakat Tengger adalah kelompok masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal di Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is a dataran tinggi Tengger atau Desa Enclave national park that holds typical plateau Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru germplasm one of which is Edelweiss dan juga Desa-desa sekitar Taman Nasional. Masyarakat Tengger memiliki (Anaphalis spp.), In addition to the budaya mengenai pemanfaatan Edelweis ecological benefits of Edelweiss also has sebagai salah satu tumbuhan wajib dalam the benefit of the continuity of Tengger sesaji untuk ritual adat, dan sedikit banyak culture. Tengger community is a group of pemanfaatan Edelweis dapat people living in the highlands or the mempengaruhi populasi hidup di habitat Tengger Village Enclave. Bromo Tengger aslinya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Semeru National Park and the villages April -Mei 2016. Di Taman Nasional Bromo around the park. Tengger community has a Tengger Semeru dan Desa Ngadas, culture regarding the utilization of Edelweiss Kecamatan Poncokusumo, Kabupaten as one of the mandatory plant in offerings Malang, Propinsi Jawa Timur. Metode for traditional rituals, and to a lesser penelitian ini bersifat diskriptif kuantitatif Edelweis utilization can affect the population dengan pengambilan data persebaran menggunakan beltd transekdan hasil live in their natural habitat. The study was wawancara menggunakan metode snowball conducted in April-May 2016. In the Bromo sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Tengger Semeru National Park and Village bahwasannya edelweis (Anaphalis spp.) di Ngadas, Poncokusumo subdistrict, Malang, Desa Ngadas digunakan sebagai sesaji East Java Province. This research method pada setiap ritual adat, spesies edelweis is descriptive quantitative data collection yang dimanfaatkan bunganya merupakan and distribution using transects beltd Anaphalis longifolia dan Anaphalis javanica interviews using snowball sampling method. yang oleh masyarakat tengger disebut The results showed that edelweiss dengan Tana Layu. Edelweis di sekitar desa (Anaphalis spp.) In the Ngadas village used ngadas dapat di temukan di ketinggian 1649 Utomo, dkk, Etnobotani Edelweis di Desa… as offerings in any traditional rituals, species dengan nama Tana Layu oleh masyarakat exploited edelweiss flowers were Anaphalis tengger lebih sering digunakan sebagai javanica Anaphalis longifolia and the muatan sesaji, pada upacara-upacara adat community perched called the Tana Wither. tengger setiap tahunnya yaitu Upacara Edelweiss around the village Ngadas can Kasada dan Karo. Pemanfaatan edelweis be found at an altitude of 1500-2200 meters secara terus menerus tanpa adanya tindakan khusus sebagai cara pelestarian above sea dominated longifolia species edelweis dapat mengancam Anaphalis javanica Anaphalis and with the keberlangungan hidupnya di alam. type of distribution of each species is clumped. BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN Keywords: Edelweiss, Ethnobotany, Ngadas Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan village, Conservation. Maret 2016-Mei 2016. Di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru dan Desa Ngadas, PENDAHULUAN Kecamatan Poncokusumo, Kabupaten Malang, Perovinsi Jawa Timur. Ketinggian Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Ds. Ngadas adalah 2100 m pdl, dan Semeru (TNBTS) ialah salah satu taman dikelilingi oleh hutan Taman Nasional nasional yang memiliki keindahan alam Bromo Tengger Semeru. yang berupa jajaran pegunungan. Selain Metode penelitian ini bersifat diskriptif keindahan, TNTBS menyimpan kekayaan kuantitatif dengan pengambilan data plasma nutfah penting dan khas yaitu persebaran dengan membagi 4 wilayah Edelweis. Edelweis (Anaphalis spp.) hutan di sekitar Ds. Ngadas dan merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki nilai menggunakan metodebeltd transekuntuk manfaat, salah satu nilai manfaat tumbuhan analisis vegetasi dengan Panjang transek ini, yaitu menjaga keberlangsungan budaya yang digunakan adalah 50 m dan Tengger.Terdapat tiga spesies Edelweis di sepanjang garis transek dipasang plot 5 x 5 Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru mdan pada wawancara responden antara lain Anaphlais javanica, Anaphalis merupakan masyarakat tengger yang viscida dan Anaphalis longifolia. Selain berdomisili di Ds. Ngadas dengan dipergunakan sebagai salah satu bunga menggunakan metode snowball sampling wajib pada sesaji, edelweis memiliki sifat yang ditentukan key-information adalah bunga yang tahan lama dalam keadaan Kepala Desa Ngadas. kering membuat tumbuhan ini disukai dan Penentuan pola persebaran edelweiss dicari orang sebagai souvenir. Pemanfaatan dilakukan dengan indeks persebaran edelweis sedikit banyak di habitat aslinya morisitas, dapat dihitung dengan dapat mengurangi populasi hidup tumbuhan persamaan (Wahyudi dan Azrianingsih, ini. 2011) : Masyarakat Tengger sama seperti masyarakat Indonesia lainnya yang masih ∑ 2 − N menjunjung tinggi suatu budaya maupun Id = n [ 푥 ] tradisi. Masyarakat Tengger selalu N(N − 1) melakukan tradisi yang dilaksanakan Keterangan: Id =Indeks depersi secara turun temurun seperti upacara- Morisitas upacara adat. Selain itu, kepercayaan n =Jumlah plot masyarakat adat merupakan suatu tradisi N =Jumlah total individu dan budaya yang tidak dapat dipisahkan seluruh plot dari tumbuhan. Tumbuh-tumbuhan ∑x² = kuadrat jumlah individu dianggap sebagai salah satu bagian dari per plot upacara adat. Tumbuhan wajib dalam Jika dari hasil perhitungan di atas di setiap upacara adat yang ada pada dapatkan hasil seperti berikut: Masyarakat Tengger salah satunya adalah Id < 1, maka distribusinya adalah edelweis. Edelweis yang biasa disebut random/acak 1650 Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, Volume 6, Nomor 8, Agustus 2018, hlm. 1648 – 1654 Id = 1, maka distribusinya al., 2011). Menurut Stennis (2006) seragam/uniform A.javanica tumbuh menginfasi hutan elfin Id > 1, maka distribusinya adalah terbakar tetapi kemudian hilang di telan oleh mengelompok hutan elfin karena permudaan dengan bijinya dihambat oleh naungan tegakannya Menurut Heddy dan Metty (1994) sendiri dan seresah di bawahnya. untuk mengetahui dominasi spesies dapat Dari 4 wilayah pengamatan hanya 2 menggunakan indeks dominasi dengan wilayah yang terdapat persebaran edelweis persamaan: yaitu wilayah barat dan wilayah utara. ni D = x 100% Wilayah barat yang terletak pada ketinggian i N ±1600 mdpl dan di dominasi oleh tebing- Keterangan: D = Indeks Dominasi tebing terjal, persebaran edelweis di wilayah i ini memiliki tipe persebaran mengelompok ni = Jumlah Individu jenis spesies i N = Jumlah total spesies edelweis dan spesies edelweis yang paling banyak di Dalam habitat suatu spesies dikatakan temukan adalah Anaphalis longifolia. Dan dominan jika D > 50%, dan dikatakan pada wilayah utara pada ketinggian ±2200 i mdpl di temukan dua spesies edelweis yaitu subdominant jika 20%<Di<50%. Anaphalis javanica dan Anaphalis longifolia, Dan hasil kegiatan wawancara diolah wilayah utara ini meliputi tebing dan dan di analisis dengan melakukan perbatasan antara vegetasi tinggi dan peringkasan data, penggolongan, vegetasi rendah (savanna). penyederhanaan, penelusuran dan pengaitan tema. Selanjutnya data yang Keragaman Edelweis telah diperoleh disajikan secara deskriptif, Spesies Anaphalis spp. yang di sesuai dengan tema pembahasan yang ada temukan pada wilayah Taman Nasional sehingga mendukung dalam penarikan Bromo Tengger Semeru yang tepatnya di kesimpulan atau penentuan rekomendasi sekeliling Desa Ngadas terdapat 2 Spesies untuk tindak lanjutnya. diantaranya adalah Anaphalis longifolia dan Anaphalis javanica. Dari kedua spesie HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN tersebut memiliki wilayah persebarannya masing-masing dan mendominasi di wilayah Persebaran Edelweis tumbuhnya, dominasi ini dikarenakan syarat Edelweis tumbuh pada daerah- tumbuh yang mendukung pada spesies daerah perbatasan hutan dan wilayah yang dominan.Dari hasil pengamatan di terbuka, 3 spesies yang ada di Taman dapatkan 4 transek dengan 2 spesies Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru Anaphalis yang ditemukan, diantaranya diantaranya adalah Anaphalis javanica, yaitu A.javanica dan A.longifolia. Transek 1 Anaphalis longifolia dan Anaphalis viscida dan 2 pada table 2 menunjukkan nilai (Steenis, 2006). Dua spesies edelweis yang dominasi dengan angka di atas 50% pada ditemukan pada wilayah pengamatan spesies A.javanica, dan pada transek 3 dan memiliki tipe persebaran mengelompok 4 menunjukkan nilai dominasi dengan yang ditandai dari hasil perhitungan yang angka diatas 50% pada spesies menunjukkan nilai lebih dari angka satu A.longifolia(Tabel 2.).Spesies A.javanica (Tabel 1.). Tipe persebaran mengelompok dan A.longifolia memiliki kekerabatan yang ini dikarenakan edelweis memiliki pola sangat tinggi,
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