CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
Volume 43, Number l
JANUARY 1979
A Tribute to Walter E. Buszin ...... Kirby L. Koriath 1
Faith and Music ...... M. Alfred Bichsel 12
Abortion: Historical and Biblical Perspectives ...... John A. Rasmussen 17
The Doctrine of the Word in Orthodox Lutheranism ...... C. George Fry 24
Theological Observer ...... 45
Book Reviews ...... 50
Books Received...... 75 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY ISSN 0038-8610
Issued Quarterly by the Faculty of Concordia Theological Seminary
The Concordia Theological Quarterly, a continuation of The Springfielder, is a theological journal of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, published for its ministerium by the faculty of Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
DAVID P. SCAER, Editor, DOUGLAS JUDISCH, Assistant Editor, GERHARD AHO, Homiletical Editor, RAYMOND F. SURBURG, Book Review Editor, HEINO KADAI, ROBERT D. PREUS, Associate Editors.
The Faculty: GERHARD AHO, HAROLD BULS, ROBERT H. COLLINS, G. WALDEMAR DEGNER, HENRY J. EGGOLD, JR., C. GEORGE FRY, WILLIAM G. HOUSER, HARRY A. HUTH, DOUGLAS JUDISCH, HEINO KADAI, EUGENE F. KLUG, MARTIN F. LUEBKE, WALTER A. MAIER, KURT MARQUART, NORBERT MUELLF.R, ROBERT D. PREUS, DANIEL G. REUNING, iOHN SALESKA, DAVID P. SCAER, ALVIN J. SCHMIDT, HERBERT SIMS, OTTO F. STAHLKE, BARBARA STEEGE, MARK J. STEEGE, RAYMOND F. SURBURG, HOWARD W. TEPKER, JAMES VOELZ, MICHAEL WARNER, WILLIAM WEINRICH, WARREN WILBERT, MELVIN ZILZ, and ROGER HUMANN (St. Catharines, Ontario campus). The CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY is published quarterly m January, April, July, and October. Changes of address for Missouri Synod clergymen reported to Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, Missouri, will also cover the mailing change of the CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY. Other changes of address, paid subscriptions, and other business matters should be sent to CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY, Concordia Theological Sl!minary, 6600 North Clinton Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46825. Annual subscription rate: $4.00.
© Concordia Theological Seminary Press 1978 A Tribute to Walter E. Buszin Kirby L. Koria th Early in his career . Walter Buszin asked himself what it meant to be a Lutheran. Was it Lutheran people listening to Lutheran sermons preached by Lutheran pastors in Lutheran houses of worship? Was there nothing more? Did not the Lutherans of the sixteenth century leave a legacy larger and more expansive than religious beliefs, attitudes, and scriptural expositions? Did not the heritage include things artistic, aesthetic, and cultural as well? Buszin and others in the early decades of the twentieth century came to the conclusion that they were members of a church which, it seemed to them, through either negligence or indifference had forsaken part of its valuable heritage. To these men it seemed incongruous that the church could rally around the words of Martin Luther concerning "faith" and "grace," yet not sing many of Luther's hymns; that the liturgy of the Lutheran church seemed to embrace more characteristics of American Protestantism that it did the truly catholic features of the liturgies drafted by Luther and his successors; that virtually the entire treasury of beautiful sixteenth century song had been displaced by English and American hymns and anthems. Walter Buszin was one of these who questioned the in complete heritage of his beloved church. And he dedicated his entire life to that segment of the heritage most notably lacking-the hymnological, liturgical, and musical practice of sixteenth to eighteenth century German Lutheranism. Wherever possible and in whatever measure seemed proper, he sought to reintroduce that heritage to the modem Lutheran church. Or, to put all of the foregoing in the words of a slogan served up to Walter Buszin several times during his career-"the sermon is the meat and potatoes; the music, jello" -he directed his energy toward that which at least the nutritionists of his day, if not all of the theologians, could agree on-the balanced diet. It is good to know that Walter Buszin was largely successful in his efforts. It is also gratifying to · know that recognition-both formal and informal-came to him within his lifetime. In 1966, soon after Dr. Buszin retired as Professor of Hymnology and Liturgics at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, messages of appreciation came in personal letters. One noted the effectiveness of his teaching: ... so much of the work that you have done for the 4 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
state of church music within Lutheran circles has gone um.\oticed and unsung. However, you do have the conviction that the seeds which you have sown are definitely sprouting up and some of them are already bearing fruit. I suppose that is the greatest reward that can come to a good 'teacher. 1 One recognized the breadth of his work: Your leadership and influence have reached out in many directions, and your professorship has been one of your most fruitful fields. In relinquishing this you can take deep satisfaction in the great work the Lord enabled you to do, much of which will be a continuing force in the life of the Seminary and the Church. 2 And one spoke pointedly to the nature of Buszin's work: I have felt you to be one of the very few people in the English-speaking world who has taken seriously the theological concerns of music and has attempted to begin conversation at this point. 3 Formal recognition of his achievements also was given. Three doctor's degrees, honoris causa, were conferred upon him; one of them, in May, 1967, by this institution, Concordia 1'heological Seminary, then in Springfield, Illinois. Also in that year Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, conferred upon him its first Canticum Novum Award, citing his distinguished contributions to Lutheran church music. In June, 1967, at its national convention in New York City, the entire Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod took the oc casion formally to thank Walter Buszin for his twenty-seven years of service on the church's Commission on Worship, Liturgics, and Hymnology, with these words: Whereas, Dr. Walter E. Buszin has served the church with unstinting zeal in the fields of church music, liturgics, and hymnology; and, Whereas, Dr. Buszin has served the Synod for many years as Chairman of its Commission on Worship, Liturgics, and Hymnology; therefore be it resolved, That the Commission on Worship, Liturgics, and Hymnology be commended for having named him its honorary chairman; and be it further Resolved, That the Synod in convention assembled commend Dr. Buszin for his many years of faithful service and bespeak God's continued blessing on his chosen fields of endeavor. 4 Also in 1967, Buszin was honored with a Festschrift, the supreme accolade for the seasoned, scholarly man of letters, entitled Cantors at the Cross-roads: Essays in Honor of Walter E. Buszin. Fittingly, the work was published by Concordia A Tribute to Walter E. Buszin 5
Publishing House, St. Louis, a publishing concern the music editorial policy of which Buszin had greatly influenced. The year of 1967 seems to have been a good one for Walter Buszin. Reflecting on the tributes he had received, Buszin wrote to his friend and confidant Walter Hinrichsen, President of C. F. Peters, New York, in July, 1967: . . . since March I have received a Festschrift, a Canti cum Novum Award ... an honorary doctorate ... and a rising ovation from my church body. What more could I want?. What did Walter Buszin do? He was trained as a theologian and as a church musician. But that does not say it all. He wore so many hats. He was a hymnologist, a liturgiologist, a writer, an editor, a teacher, a preacher, a husband and father, a church organist and choir director. How did this multi-talented gen tleman seek to effect change in the worship and music practices of the Lutheran church? First, he lectured. Buszin was a man of many words. He had to be-he was a classroom teacher. But, he was a teacher of uncommon insight and perception, to the degree that his words were valued outside of the classroom as well as within. Over fifty lectures did he deliver in America and Europe. To European audiences Buszin usually spoke about developments in the American Lutheran church; the continuing acceptance of the chorale, the production of new hymnals, advances in liturgics and worship, and new educational curricula. When addressing church music conferences in this country, he often based his essay on one or another of the composers from the Lutheran heritage. Many of Buszin's addresses focused on the practical matters of conducting a worship service-good organ and choral music, proper liturgical practice. Members ofBuszin's own church were the recipients of these messages-the ministers, teachers, and lay musicians. Typically, he began these lectures with words to the effect, "We have some in our midst who ... " He then proceeded to catalogue the errors, errors of commission and omission, of extremism and apathy, and to supply a corrective. Buszin sought to effect change also through his articles and review. Over fifty articles and 350 reviews of books and music were published. This, by anyone's standards, is a remarkable achievement. Buszin' s writing and his desire to be of assistance to laymen coalesced in another area, his personal letters. ''Hardly a week passes by," he once said, "in which I do not receive at least one letter from our pastors asking for my opinion on liturgical, hymnological or church-musical problems." 6 Buszin's 6 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
correspondence file suggests that he answered these requests in consistent fashion; requests not only from pastors, but also teachers, graduate students, organ committees; people wanting possible dissertation topics; couples wanting ideas on wedding music. Buszin's letters always were detailed and lengthy; in fact, so lengthy (five-page single-spaced typwritten letters are not uncommon) that the letters themselves drew considerable comment. Buszin's return mail often started with sentiments like this: "Your letters are so detailed and explicit that it is with reluctance that I send you these hasty scribblings." 7 If it is true that talented, hard-working, busy people are often viewed as the ones most likely to complete satisfactorily additional assignments, then it must be said that the church considered Walter Buszin to be an unusually gifted, industrious person. Besides his full-time teaching and writing, Buszin continously was called upon by his church to render additional service by way of committee respo_nsibilities and service on various commissions and boards. He was a member of the Synod's Commission on Worship, Liturgics, and Hymnology for twenty-seven years, from 1940 to 1967. His tenure of office saw the production and introduction of The Lutheran Hymnal, and he helped launch the endeavor which has resulted in the new Lutheran Book of Worship. He was a member of the Inter Lutheran Spanish Hymnal Committee, the efforts of which, in 1964, resulted in the hymnal Culto Cristiano, for Latin American Lutherans. And he was a member of the Commission of Music of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. For this commission he helped produce the book, Christian Hymns, a paperback hymnal published in 1963. And what about the Lutheran Society for Worship, Music, and the Arts? In 1955, in an address he delivered at a con ference of the Music Teachers National Association, Buszin expressed one of his deep concerns: In the entire United States we do not have a single first-class inter- or supradenominational periodical on church music, hymnody, liturgics, and church art which, in its own field, might, for example, be put aside The Musical Quarterly. We in America need a- good quarterly. We have several publications, but they are largely newsy in character and restrict themselves chiefly to the organ and to choral music. Christian hymnody should be included in said periodical; likewise, church art and architecture. 8 Buszin's wish tor an American periodical on Christian worship and the arts was to become a reality in the late 1950's. In November, 1957, thirty men met in Chicago and founded A Tribute to Walter E. Buszin 7
a pan-Lutheran organization, the Lutheran Society for Worship, Music, and the Arts. The society held its first meeting in Minneapolis during June 1958. Regional meetings also were held as local chapters developed. Within two years the society had about 1,000 members. In 1959, at Pentecost, the society published the first issue of its journal, Response in Wor ship-Music-The Arts. That the lead edito~ial of this volume is remarkably similar to an address delivered tour years previously at a Music Teachers National Conference is un derstandable-the same person, Editor Walter Buszin wrote both. Buszin wore another editorial hat, which he put on when he moved from typewriter to music manuscript paper. His work as a music editor started in 1934, when at the age of thirty-five Walter Buszin persuaded the Hall and McCreary Publishing Company, Chicago, to make available a small collection of-of all things-Bach chorale harmonizations for choirs. That edition plus two subsequent collections of Bach chorales sold in excess of 200,000 copies. It is difficult to estimate the impact which these collections had. Through their use surely hundreds of choirs were able to sample the choral music of Bach for the first time. Undoubtedly it provided for many a first experience with any kind of music from the Baroque period. Buszin realized what he had done; he had helped to inaugurate a renaissance in church music. With these collections Buszin hoped to remove a veil which for many people hung over the music of Bach. In one of the forewords, he said: To understand and appreciate Bach, one must familiarize oneself with his treatment of the Chorale in his choral harmonizations, in his church cantatas, and in his chorale preludes. When lay people do not un derstand and appreciate Bach it is invariably due to the fact that they have never sung Bach. 9 Through his many editions, published mainly by Sdu;n_itt, Hall and McCreary, Minneapolis; Concordia, St. Louis; and C. F. Peters, New York City, it seems reasonable to suggest that Walter Buszin. lovingly preserved and expertly perpetuated a great deal of music from the church's rich heritage. So much was accomplished by one man in one lifetime. We ask the question, Why? What motivated Buszin to strike out on a new path, to help begin a renaissance in Lutheran church music? In the first place, as a young man Buszin became convinced that as a member of the Lutheran church he resided in the best of all possible musical worlds. Already at age thirty-one he could proclaim: 8 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
No other church body has been blessed so amply in this field as has our Lutheran church ... The only church body that has music for the congregation, the choir, and the organ which it can call its own is the Lutheran Church. We have the hymns of men like Luther, Paul Gerhardt, Nicolai, Hermann, Cruger, and Lindeman for the corigregation; the motets, anthems, and cantatas of the Bachs, of Eccard, Praetorius, Kuhnau, Schein:, and others for the choir; and the masterpieces of J. S. Bach, Bohm, Tunder, Pachelbel, Scheidt, Scheidemann and many others for the organ. 10 A heritage richer than the Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, and the Anglicans? Yes, said Walter Buszin. Actually, he never pursued the tactic-which would have been counterproductive-of "proving" the quantitative or qualitative "superiority" of the Lutheran heritage in church music. But he had to say something to nudge complacent Lutheran church musicians! In the second place, Buszin believed that his church had not demonstrated a good sense of judgment and values comparable to those of Martin Luther. Often Buszin quoted Luther's motto, "Quod bonum est, tenebimus" ·("This which is good, let us hold on to"), suggesting that the reformer did not discard the entire medieval heritage because of unsavory associations, but retained whatever was good and allowed· of sound, scriptural theology. In his article, "The Genius of Lutheran Corporate Worship," Buszin argued that Lutherans in America did not appropriate to themselves all the good to come from the German Reformation. They did not appropriate many of the good hymns, the organ and choral music, and much of the liturgy-only the theology. Therefore, as he viewed it, his church was Lutheran in theology, but not in worship practice. The problems could be traced to the very origins of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. When the Saxons emigrated to America and established themselves in Perry County, Missouri, they brought with them the compositions of Rinck, Rolle, Mozart, and others whose sacred choral music was in vogue at that time . . . . Germany had not yet learned to know Bach to any extent, . . . Our theologians were in constant contact with the theologians of Germany and other lands and kept themselves posted on theological developments throughout the world. Our musicians, however, did not advance with the church musicians outside their own circle to any marked extent and while the so-called Lutheran Church in Germany outgrew the music of Rinck, Forchhammer, Graun and others, the
when when I I think think of of this, this, fearing fearing that that they they will will catch catch on on to to what what the the
found found out. out. Buszin Buszin said, said, "I "I cannot cannot help help but_ but_ hold hold my my breath breath
blemish blemish to to be be eradicated eradicated before before too too many many knowledgeable knowledgeable people people
heritage.and heritage.and had had adopted, adopted, in in its its place, place, the the unworthy. unworthy. It It was was a a
church church had had double double faulted; faulted; it it had had dismissed dismissed its its own own worthy worthy
Therefore, Therefore, in in terms terms of of church church music music of of quality, quality, Buszin's Buszin's own own
adopt adopt what what we we reject." reject."
18 18
Lutherans, Lutherans, however, however, are are rejecting rejecting your your chorales chorales and and you you
and and are are rejecting rejecting many many of of our our own own hymns; hymns; you you
Lutheran Lutheran Chorales Chorales because because of of their their rich rich worship worship value value
standards, standards, we we of of the the Anglican Anglican church church are are adopting adopting your your
said said to to me: me: "I "I am am amazed. amazed. Due Due to to the the rise rise of of worship worship
Dean Dean of of the the School School of of Music Music of of Northwestern Northwestern University University
Fully Fully twenty-five twenty-five years years ago, ago, Peter Peter Christian Christian Lutkin, Lutkin,
Buszin Buszin once once recalled recalled a a conversation conversation from from his his student student days: days:
Where Where is is a a Lutheran Lutheran school school which which does does likewise?
12 12
Lutheran Lutheran ...... they they have have their their annual annual Bach Bach festival. festival.
studies. studies. A A Methodist Methodist leading leading the the way, way, not not a a
Riemenschneider Riemenschneider exerts exerts from from Berea, Berea, Ohio, Ohio, with with his his Bach Bach
doing? doing? We We should should be be ashamed. ashamed. Think Think of of the the influence influence
throughout throughout our our land. land. And And what what is is our our Lutheran Lutheran church· church·
Spitta, Spitta, Schweitzer, Schweitzer, Terry, Terry, and and others, others, which which are are read read
Western Western Civilization; Civilization; also also to to the the Bach Bach biographies biographies of of
History, History, and and Ideas; Ideas; to to Paul Paul Henry Henry Lang's Lang's Music Music in in
refer refer to to such such books books as as Hugo Hugo Leichtentritt's Leichtentritt's Music, Music,
American American music music lovers lovers to to the the great great Lutheran Lutheran heritage. heritage. I I
Recent Recent books books published published in in America America call call the the attention attention of of
Valparaiso Valparaiso University: University:
contained contained in in one one of of Buszin's Buszin's letters letters to to a a member member of of the the board board at at
other other churches churches be be telling telling us us about about our our Bach!" Bach!" This This sentiment sentiment is is
rhetorical rhetorical question question from from Buszin Buszin and and others, others, "Why "Why should should the the
scarcely scarcely to to be be found found in in his his own own church. church. One One often often heard heard this this
centuries. centuries. But, But, as as he he viewed viewed it, it, such such an an appreciation· appreciation· was was
organ organ music music and and choral choral literature literature from from the the 17th 17th and and 18th 18th
growing growing appreciation appreciation for for the the music music of of Bach, Bach, and and the the chorales, chorales,
many many denominations denominations in in America America there there existed existed a a continuously continuously
Thus, Thus, Walter Walter Busziil Busziil became became embarassed, embarassed, knowing knowing that that in in
music, music, hymnody, hymnody, and and liturgy. liturgy.
musicians musicians and and musicologists musicologists in in the the areas areas of of organ organ and and choral choral
made made in in Germany Germany and and the the Scandinavian Scandinavian countries countries by by Lutheran Lutheran
appreciation appreciation of of the the great great strides strides which which had had been been and and were were being being
of of Walter Walter Buszin's Buszin's activity activity was was his his thorough thorough knowledge knowledge and and
In In the the third third place, place, another another significant significant factor factor underlying underlying much much
century.
11 11
to to maintain maintain the the early early 19th 19th century century standards standards in in the the 20th 20th
Lutheran Lutheran musicians musicians of of America America got got into into a a rut rut and and tried tried
A A Tribute Tribute to to Walter Walter E. E. Buszin Buszin 9 9 10 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
situation is among us Lutherans before we make an honest and prompt effort to remedy matters." Those are the things that troubled Walter Buszin. What could be done? For starters, Buszin said, why not give some attention to the Luthern church's rich heritage-the liturgical products, the organ and choral music, and the congregational hymns of what he called ''The Golden Age in Lutheran Church Music" (1524-1750, from the publication of the first Lutheran hymnal to the death of J. S. Bach)? And while you are at it, Buszin went on, do not neglect the first important musician from that period, Martin Luther. Your allegiance to him, Buszin asserted, has been somewhat selective. Luther wrote voluminously on theological matters. But he also expressed himself often and at length on music and worship practices in the church. These are the utterances which Buszin wanted the church to reconsider. In particular, two of Luther's ideas served as a foundation for Buszin' s entire idealogy. It is of utmost importance that Martin Luther prac tically from the very beginning to the very end of his career as Reformer of the Christian Church stressed the importance of two precious treasures of Christendom. The treasures I refer to are the doctrine of the universal priesthood of all believers and the art of music. Both have become a part of our great heritage, both exalt and inspire us as children of God and beneficiaries of an inheritance i11corruptible and undefiled. 14 Buszin had further prescriptions tor tne cure. He advocated the greater use of the Lutheran chorale, that congregational hymn produced in Germany during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centurie~. In particular, Bqszin argued for the retention of the rhythmic chorale as it had been originally composed with its syncopations, sprightly pick-up notes, and admixture of notes of different value. "Leave them rugged and edgy," he said. "Don't chisel them off. That is like chiseling off the impressive and mighty Rocky Mountains in order to im prove God's nature." 16 Walter Buszin held in high regard the liturgies of the Christian Church and the study and practice thereof, for these things too were part of the Lutheran heritage. Those who knew him were aware of his esteel_ll. Gilbert Thiele. who delivered the sermon at Buszin's fun~ral, knew of it. He remarked: I never heard any man but this man call the church's -our church's-hymnal, liturgy, or missal, Agenda and lectionaries our holy books. But that is what they are, now and as they change under the continued in fluence of his studies he inspired. 16 Buszin believed that the scholarly study of the liturgies was the
her her music music must must be be of of a a certain certain style, style, that that it it must must be be
never never adopted adopted or or issued issued official official decrees decrees to to the the effect effect that that
To To my my knowledge, knowledge, the the Lutheran Lutheran church church at at large large has has
which which was was new. new.
Furthermore, Furthermore, the the Lutheran Lutheran church church had had always always welcomea welcomea that that
remains, remains, affords affords stability, stability, satisfies satisfies and and integrates. integrates. !
9 9
but but idoms idoms are are external external and and transient, transient, whereas whereas the the spirit spirit
with with their their spirit. spirit. True, True, the the modem modem idiom idiom is is different, different,
by by masters masters of of earlier earlier eras, eras, thereby thereby becoming becoming imbued imbued
composers composers of of today today have have learned learned from from the the music music written written
thereby. thereby. This This is is due due in in part part to to the the fact fact that that our our good good
alongside alongside the the old old and and neither neither of of the the two two will will suffer suffer
In In services services of of worship worship ...... the the new new is is often often put put
service. service. Buszin Buszin said said it it this this way: way:
easily easily be be translated translated into into modem modem music music suitable suitable for for the the worship worship
assimilated assimilated and and understood understood by by contemporary contemporary composers, composers, could could
was was the the spirit spirit which which this this music music radiated, radiated, which which spirit, spirit, if if
centuries centuries could could be be for for present present day day worship, worship, equally equally important important
as as the the music music from from the the sixteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth seventeenth and and eighteenth eighteenth
simply, simply, he he welcomed welcomed it, it, and and vigorously vigorously supported supported it. it. Important Important
properly properly arises, arises, how how did did he he feel feel about about modem modem music? music? Quite Quite
German German baroque baroque period period that that the the question question inevitably inevitably and and
years years Buszin Buszin laid laid such such heavy heavy emphasis emphasis on on the the music music from from the the
One One final final point-contemporary point-contemporary music music in in the the church. church. Over Over the the
happened happened any any too too soon. soon.
curriculums curriculums in in church church music. music. For For Buszin, Buszin, this this could could not not have have
throughout throughout America, America, of of course, course, introd~ced introd~ced complete complete
practice practice thereof. thereof. In In his his lifetime, lifetime, many many Lutheran Lutheran schools schools
education education in in church church music music as as he he did did detailing detailing the the history history and and
Certainly Certainly he he spent spent as as much much time time stressing stressing the the need need for for
For For all all of of his his life, life, moreover, moreover, Walter Walter Buszin Buszin was was an an educator. educator.
loyalist. loyalist.
ancient ancient liturgies liturgies of of the the church church could could also also be be a a denominational denominational
did, did, when when it it became became convinced convinced that that a a serious serious scholar scholar of of the the
said, said, "and "and just just take take it it for for granted?" And And gradually gradually the the church church
18 18
"Ought "Ought we we not not cease cease coming coming to to the the defense defense of of liturgics," liturgics," he he
closet. closet. This This was, was, after after all, all, rather rather an an ecumenical ecumenical activity. activity.
movement movement which which allowed allowed liturgical liturgical studies studies to to come come out out of of the the
Church." Church." Walter Walter Buszin Buszin was was a a witness witness to to and and a a factor factor
in in the the
17 17
fully fully aware aware of of the the great great liturgical liturgical heritage heritage of of the the Christian Christian
interested interested in in better better church church music music the the moment moment we we become become more more
general. general. Buszin Buszin noted, noted, "Of "Of necessity necessity do do we we become become more more deeply deeply
could could not not help help but but have have a a beneficial beneficial effect effect on on church church music music in in
religion religion and and what what musicology musicology is is to to music." music." Liturgical Liturgical studies studies
"Liturgiology "Liturgiology is is to to Christian Christian worship worship what what theology theology is is to to a a
sine sine qua qua non non of of sound sound worship worship practice; practice; in in his his words, words,
A A Tribute Tribute to to Walter Walter E. E. Buszin Buszin 11 11
13. 13. p. p. 1966, 1966, 14, 14, Feburary Feburary
Missouri, Missouri, Louis, Louis, St. St. Association, Association, National National Teachers Teachers Music Music the the of of convention convention
annual annual the the at at read read essay essay Day," Day," Our Our in in Music Music Church Church Good Good of of Publication Publication "The "The 8. 8.
1946. 1946. 26, 26, May May York, York, New New nivereity, nivereity, U U Columbia Columbia Lang, Lang, Henry Henry Paul Paul from from Letter Letter 7. 7.
1949. 1949. 20, 20, November November Missouri, Missouri, Louie, Louie, St. St.
Synod, Synod, Church-Mieeouri Church-Mieeouri Lutheran Lutheran president, president, Behnken, Behnken, W. W. John John to to Letter Letter 6. 6.
1967. 1967. 26, 26, July July
York, York, New New Corporation, Corporation, Peters Peters F. F. C. C. president, president, Hinrichsen, Hinrichsen, Walter Walter to to Letter Letter 6. 6.
90-91. 90-91. pp. pp. 1967), 1967), LC-MS, LC-MS, Louie: Louie:
(St. (St. 1967 1967 7-14, 7-14, July July York, York, New New York, York, New New Synod, Synod, Church-Missouri Church-Missouri
Lutheran Lutheran the the of of Convention Convention Regular Regular Forty-Seventh Forty-Seventh the the of of Proceedings Proceedings 4. 4.
1968. 1968. 22, 22, March March California, California, Covina, Covina,
Seminary, Seminary, Theological Theological Baptist Baptist California California Mitchell, Mitchell, H. H. Robert Robert from from Letter Letter 3. 3.
1966. 1966. 10, 10, June June
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Seminary, Seminary, Theological Theological Lutheran Lutheran Reed, Reed, D. D. Luther Luther from from Letter Letter 2. 2.
1972. 1972. 12, 12, October October Missouri, Missouri,
Louie, Louie, St. St. Seminary, Seminary, Concordia Concordia Dean. Dean. Academic Academic Damm, Damm, S. S. John John from from Letter Letter 1. 1.
realized. realized. fully fully been been have have
will will goals goals Buszin's Buszin's Walter Walter then then period, period, that that of of those those to to similar similar
spirit spirit and and style style a a reflect reflect to to continue continue composers composers and and poets poets
contemporary contemporary if if preserved, preserved, are are age age that that of of sensibilities sensibilities nological nological
hym and and liturgical liturgical the the if if worship, worship, of of services services dignify dignify and and
musicians musicians inspire inspire to to continues continues Age" Age" "Golden "Golden the the from from music music
the the If If America. America. in in churches churches other other many many do do so so use-and use-and does does
it it however, however, them, them, of of best best very very the the them, them, of of Many Many available. available.
made made has has he he which which products products musical musical the the of of all all or or ideas ideas
Buszin's Buszin's of of all all life life worship worship its its into into incorporate incorporate not not ·does ·does today today
church church Lutheran Lutheran The The thereof. thereof. part part recent recent most most the the only only not not
and and heritage, heritage, church's church's the the of of totality totality the the consideration consideration into into take take
could could which which practice-decisions practice-decisions musical musical its its and and life life worship worship
its its about about decisions decisions informed informed and and wise wise make make to to church church the the
enabled enabled Buszin Buszin essence, essence, In In efforts. efforts. his his by by profited profited have have church church
the the without without and and within within Musicians Musicians them. them. for for enthusiasm enthusiasm his his
communicated communicated he he and and them, them, shared shared he he heritage, heritage, Lutheran Lutheran the the
of of treasures treasures the the explored explored Buszin Buszin Walter Walter counsel, counsel, good good his his and and
writing, writing, his his editing, editing, his his lecturing, lecturing, his his teaching, teaching, his his Through Through
century.
20th 20th the the in in music music church church good good write write
21 21
to to American American an an for for possible possible is is it it as as century century 16th 16th the the
in in music music church church bad bad write write to to German German a a ...... for for possible possible
as as just just was was It It quality. quality. its its with with do do to to nothing nothing has has age age its its
and and art art great great all all in in timelessness timelessness of of element element an an is is There There
adherents. adherents. would-be would-be his his of of
few few a a not not overjoyed overjoyed have have must must which which once once something something sa1d sa1d He He
day. day. the the of of situation situation
contemporary contemporary the the into into
20 20
musically musically also also herself herself fit fit to to and and available available means means best best
the the of of use use make make to to been been rather rather has has principle principle her her present, present,
the the to to Walter Walter From From ...... unalloyed. unalloyed. and and unmixed unmixed
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL 12 12 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA
University, University, Muncie, Muncie, Indiana. Indiana.
is is Associate Associate
Professor Professor of of Applied Applied Studies Studies in in Music Music at at
Ball Ball State State
Rochester, Rochester,
New New York, York, and and of of Concordia Concordia Seminary, Seminary, St. St. Louis, Louis,
Dr. Dr. Koriath, Koriath,
a a graduate graduate of of the the Eastman Eastman School School of of Music, Music,
Louis, Louis, Missouri, Missouri, February February 14, 14, 1966, 1966, p. p. 10. 10.
annual annual
national national convention convention
of of the the Music Music Teachers Teachers National National Association, Association,
St. St.
21. 21. "The "The
Publication Publication
of of Good Good Church Church Music Music in in Our Our Day," Day," essay essay
read read at at
the the
University, University,
Ann Ann Arbor, Arbor, Michigan, Michigan, December December 27-29, 27-29, 1964, 1964,
p. p. 11. 11.
annual annual
national national
meeting meeting of of the the American American Musicological Musicological Society, Society,
Michigan Michigan
20. 20. "Johann "Johann
Walter-Urkomponist Walter-Urkomponist
of of the the Lutheran Lutheran Church," Church," essay essay read read
at at
the the
21, 21, 1963), 1963), p. p. 14. 14.
19. 19. "The "The
Old Old
and and New New in in Church Church Music," Music," United United Church Church Herald, Herald, VI VI (November (November
November November 16, 16, 1964. 1964.
18. 18. Letter Letter to to Hans Hans
Boehringer, Boehringer, Valparaiso Valparaiso University, University, Valparaiso, Valparaiso,
Indiana, Indiana,
17. 17. "Church "Church Music Music in in Our Our Day" Day" (MS), (MS), p. p. 3. 3.
St. St. Louis, Louis, Missouri, Missouri, July July 6, 6, 1973. 1973.
16. 16. From From the the
sermon sermon "Brought "Brought Into Into the the Land Land of of Promise," Promise,"
Concordia Concordia
Seminary, Seminary,
Society Society of of America, America, New New York, York, XIII XIII (July, (July, 1962), 1962), p. p. 78. 78.
16. 16. "The "The
Rhythmic Rhythmic
Chorale Chorale in in America," America," The The Hymn, Hymn, published published
by by the the Hymn Hymn
Publishing Publishing House House as as pamphlet, pamphlet, a a n.d. n.d.
Publishing Publishing
House, House, 1946), 1946), p. p. 96. 96. This This article article was was reprinted reprinted by by
Concordia Concordia
Church, Church,
The The Valparaiso Valparaiso Church Church Music Music Series, Series, II II (St. (St. Louis: Louis:
Concordia Concordia
Liturgies Liturgies
and and
Music Music
of of the the Lutheran Lutheran Church," Church," The The Musical Musical Heritage Heritage
of of the the
14. 14.
"The "The Doctrine Doctrine
of of
the. the. Universal Universal Priesthood Priesthood and and Its Its Influence Influence
Upon Upon
the the
13. 13. "The "The Liturgy Liturgy in in Worship" Worship" (MS), (MS), 1946, 1946, p. p. 8. 8.
12. 12.
Letter Letter to to Dr. Dr. Paul Paul F. F. Miller, Miller, Ft. Ft. Wayne, Wayne, Ind., Ind., Jan. Jan. 30, 30, 1943. 1943.
Lutheran Lutheran
Church," Church,"
The The American American Lutheran, Lutheran, XX XX (January, (January,
1937), 1937),
p. p. 9. 9.
11. 11. "The "The
First First Step Step
Toward Toward
Improving Improving the the Standards Standards of of Choir Choir Singing Singing in in
the the
406. 406.
10. 10.
"Lutheran "Lutheran Church Church
Music," Music," Lutheran Lutheran Sentinel, Sentinel, XIV XIV (December (December
23, 23, 1931), 1931), p. p.
McCreary, McCreary, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Minnesota, 1936). 1936).
9. 9.
Foreword, Foreword,
Anniversary Anniversary
Collection Collection of of Bach Bach Chorales Chorales (Schmitt, (Schmitt, Hall Hall and and
A A Tribute Tribute to to Walter Walter E. E. Buszin Buszin 13 13
at at Host Host Heavenly Heavenly the the of of Song Song the the of of echo echo The The word." word."
Thy Thy to to according according peace peace in in depart depart servant servant Thy Thy Thou Thou lettest lettest
now now "Lord, "Lord, forth: forth: burst burst music music of of strain strain this this again again and and night, night,
the the in in stars stars the the as as bright bright as as grew grew age, age, by by dimmed dimmed eyes, eyes, His His
arms. arms. trembling trembling his his in in baby baby a a held held man man old old feeble feeble A A people." people."
His His redeemed redeemed and and visited visited hath hath He He for for Israel, Israel, of of God God Lord Lord
the the be be "Blessed "Blessed forth: forth: burst burst music music of of sound sound this this and and mouth, mouth,
his his opened opened suddenly suddenly Zacharias Zacharias named named priest priest high high a a belief, belief,
un his his by by months months for for Muted Muted church. church. waiting waiting a a of of hymnbook hymnbook
the the in in cymbal cymbal and and psaltery psaltery and and song song of of echo echo the the nlght, nlght, the the
in in songs songs psalmist's psalmist's the the through through flowed flowed music music of of strain strain This This
Saviour." Saviour." my my God God in in rejoiced rejoiced
hath hath spirit spirit my my and and Lord, Lord, the the magnify magnify doth doth soul soul "My "My words: words:
the the sang sang Visitation, Visitation, the the of of occasion occasion the the on on later later centuries centuries who, who,
mother mother another another of of song song the the unlike unlike not not is is thanksgiving thanksgiving of of song song
Hannah;s Hannah;s born, born, was was Samuel Samuel When When Canaanites. Canaanites. the the over over Israel Israel
of of victory victory the the at at joy joy of of song song a a sang sang Barak Barak and and Deborah Deborah that that
us us tells tells Judges Judges of of book book The The wonders?'' wonders?'' doing doing praises, praises, in in fearful fearful
holiness, holiness, in in glorious glorious Thee, Thee, like like is is "Who "Who climax: climax: its its perhaps perhaps - it it
of of fragment fragment a a Hear Hear Egyptians. Egyptians. the the from from Israel Israel of of children children the the
of of flight flight successful successful the the after after deliverance deliverance of of song song Moses' Moses' . . tains tains
con books books two two these these of of first first The The Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy. and and Exodus Exodus
in in attested attested is is as as was, was, he he but but musician, musician, a a as as him him of of think think not not do do
we we Normally Normally faith. faith. the the of of hero hero and and lawgiver lawgiver great great the the Moses, Moses,
of of think think we we all all of of first first and and history, history, Israel's Israel's through through flowed flowed It It
joy?'' joy?'' for for
shouted shouted God God of of sons sons the the all all and and together, together, sang sang stars stars morning morning
the the when when cornerstone; cornerstone; its its laid laid who who Or Or fastened.? fastened.? foundations foundations its its
are are Where Where it? it? upon upon line line the the stretched stretched who who Or Or know? know? you you if if it, it, of of
measures measures the the laid laid Who Who understanding. understanding. any any have have you you if if Declare Declare
earth? earth? the the of of foundations foundations the the laid laid I I when when you you were were "Where "Where Job: Job:
tells tells God God as as creation, creation, the the at at began began all all God. God. of of acts acts mighty mighty It It
the the all all for for background background the the is is music music Judgment, Judgment, the the to to Creation Creation
from from Revelation, Revelation, to to Genesis Genesis from from eternity, eternity, to to eternity eternity From From
history. history. through through God God of of marching marching the the of of companion companion inevitable inevitable
and and eternal eternal the the is is music music of of art art the the that that briefly briefly out out point point to to
is is Service Service Memorial Memorial our our of of hour hour evening evening quiet quiet this this during during task task
My My joy." joy." for for shouted shouted God God of of sons sons the the all all and and together together sang sang
stars stars morning morning the the "When "When words: words: these these read read we we 38:7 38:7 Job Job In In
Bichsel Bichsel Alfred Alfred M. M.
Music Music and and Faith Faith
vernacular vernacular the the it it with with brought brought Reformation Reformation The The polyphony. polyphony.
rich rich a a in in conc~ts conc~ts liturgical liturgical saµie saµie the the for for _ _ ~vehicle ~vehicle new new a a fot!nd fot!nd
Renaissance Renaissance the the of of Church Church the the and and office, office, daily daily and and Eucharist Eucharist
the the of of routine routine liturgical liturgical the the around around thought thought musical musical its its
developed developed Ages Ages Middle Middle the the of of church church The The heritage. heritage. Roman Roman and and
Hellenistic Hellenistic their their of of hymns hymns strophic strophic the the brought brought converts converts Gentile Gentile
this this To To worship. worship. Synagogue Synagogue and and Temple Temple the the of of concept concept musical musical
the the heritage heritage its its as as received received Church Church post-Apostolic post-Apostolic and and Apostolic Apostolic
The The heritage. heritage. musical musical our our of of think think we we when when mind mind in in have have
we we what what is is contributions contributions these these of of total total sum sum the the and and art, art, noble noble
this this to to contribution contribution its its made made has has age age each each of of church church The The
souls. souls. our our in in presence presence divine divine
the the of of reflection reflection indescribable indescribable most most the the and and personal personal most most the the
carries carries It It world. world. the the of of redemption redemption the the and and Son Son His His of of carnation carnation
in the the by by us us honored honored so so has has who who God God the the God, God, to to fering fering
of an an becomes becomes which which God God of of gift gift a a is is It It overtones. overtones. sacrificial sacrificial
and and sacramental sacramental both both has has Music Music divine. divine. and and human human both both music, music,
interior interior an an music, music, spiritual spiritual a a term, term, the the of of sense sense sublimest sublimest the the
in in is, is, There There faith. faith. our our of of companion companion this this to to attention attention give give to to us us
for for reason reason every every therefore, therefore, is, is, There There life. life. Christian Christian our our of of part part
essential essential and and profound, profound, deep, deep, a a always always but but - near near sometimes sometimes
and and far far sometimes sometimes high, high, sometimes sometimes and and low low sometimes sometimes alone, alone,
and and broken broken sometimes sometimes is is It It God. God. acting acting an an of of sound sound the the to to
counterpoint counterpoint man's man's is is Music Music music. music. of of said said be be can can same same The The
salvation. salvation. man's man's for for
plan plan perfect perfect God's God's to to reference reference in in seen seen history history is is this this · · artist artist the the
by by intended intended figures figures or or design design perfect perfect the the see see you you side, side, proper proper
its its from from it it examine examine and and tapestry tapestry the the turn turn you you if if But But history. history.
secular secular or or factual factual is is this this - threads threads varicolored varicolored the the of of together together
knotting knotting and and endings endings the the - design design the the of of outline outline crude crude the the see see
you you sure, sure, be be to to tapestry, tapestry, the the of of side side reverse reverse the the examine examine you you
If If tapestry. tapestry. a a of of sides sides two two the the to to it it likened likened he he history, history, secular secular
to to Scripture Scripture of of history history the the comparfog comparfog In In Scrolls. Scrolls. Sea Sea Dead Dead
the the on on authority authority an an and and archaeologists archaeologists biblical biblical leading leading world's world's
the the of of one one was was He He city. city. same same the the in in Museum Museum Archaeological Archaeological
Palestine Palestine the the of of president president and and Jerusalem Jerusalem in in Biblique Biblique
Ecole Ecole the the of of director director was was who who priest, priest, Dominican Dominican a a Vaux, Vaux, de de
Roland Roland Father Father by by lecture lecture a a hear hear to to fortune fortune good good my my was was it it ago ago
years years Some Some analogy. analogy. an an me me Permit Permit ear. ear. human human the the to to sound sound
may may it it beautiful beautiful how how matter matter no no perfect, perfect, than than less less something something
is is faith faith our our and and God God to to related related not not is is that that music music But But
music. music. of of sound sound
the the from from far far never never are are we we history, history, through through God God follow follow we we as as
Calvary, Calvary, at at possibly possibly except except always, always, and and Always Always hope. hope. Christian Christian
the the of of part part a a become become have have throne throne the the around around redeemed redeemed the the of of
harps harps the the of of announcement announcement the the Revelation, Revelation, of of Book Book the the In In later. later.
years years thousand thousand two two almost almost ears ears our our in in rings rings still still Bethlehem Bethlehem
15 15 Music Music and and Faith Faith
more more powerful, powerful, more more clearer, clearer, made made perception perception our our in in is is words words
God's God's of of meaning meaning the the which which in in example example one one just just take take us us Let Let
human human life. life. into into words words God's God's brings brings more more once once and and
working working Spirit's Spirit's Holy Holy the the of of result result direct direct the the are are which which ideas ideas or or
words words those those surrounding surrounding sounds sounds of of sequence sequence a a weaves weaves words. words. It It
the the of of meaning meaning heavenly heavenly the the adorns adorns It It invested. invested. are are words words the the
which which with with atmosphere atmosphere divine divine the the reflect reflect to to tries tries Music Music dertone. dertone.
un audible audible an an become become can can unutterable unutterable the the music music of of garment garment
the the in in ideas ideas their their or or them them clothing clothing By By incredible. incredible. humanly humanly the the
unutterable, unutterable, the the say say to to trying trying are are Scripture Scripture of of words words the the Often Often
picture. picture. the the enters enters music music sacred sacred where where place place the the is is here here And And
Christ. Christ.
Jesus Jesus of of face face glorious glorious and and bleeding bleeding the the toward toward us us drawing drawing real, real,
and and powerful powerful hands, hands, great great of of aware aware become become we we it, it, upon upon feed feed
we we As As knees! knees! our our on on only only understood understood be be consequently, consequently, can, can, It It
Christ. Christ. Jesus Jesus is is Word Word Bible's Bible's the the beneath beneath and and beyond, beyond, above, above,
In, In, alone. alone. completely completely stands stands Bible Bible the the Christ Christ ,:Jesus ,:Jesus of of Word Word the the
As As else! else! something something is is there there mysteriously, mysteriously, and and Magnificently Magnificently
revelation? revelation? a a great great
so so to to added added be be can can else else What What heart." heart." His His ·and ·and Love, Love, His His pity, pity,
His His of of us us tell tell to to speech, speech, human human of of limitations limitations our our language; language;
our our using using in in us us to to kind kind been been really- has has God God wonderful. wonderful.
is is this this all all and and true true is is this this "All "All say: say: may may we we Now Now heart." heart." the the
near near worn worn are are they they when when do do pearls pearls as as richer richer grow grow They They path. path.
long-trodden long-trodden a a beside beside mountains mountains the the from from forth forth breaking breaking water water
of of springs springs like like meanings, meanings, new new with with us us surprise surprise They They away. away.
far far from from flying flying doves doves like like quietly quietly and and swiftly swiftly us us to to return return They They
forgotten. forgotten. been been have have adorned adorned they they which which sermons sermons the the after after long long
ear ear our our on lingers lingers them them of of beauty beauty the the and and know, know, we we than than larger larger
power power with with prayers prayers our our fill fill They They uncalled. uncalled. us us to to come come words words
great great its its grave grave the the beside beside and and cradle cradle the the Above Above man. man. of of heart heart
the the to to languages languages of of hundreds hundreds in in speaks speaks Bible Bible ''The ''The written: written:
has has Dyke Dyke van van Henry Henry literature, literature, as as Bible Bible the the on on essay essay an an In In
understand. understand. can can
child child a a that that so so talks talks He He accents. accents. human human in in speaks speaks He He words. words.
in in us us to to comes comes God God fellowmen. fellowmen. our our with with communicate communicate we we which which
by by us, us, around around world world the the hear hear and and touch touch we we which which by by symbols symbols
ordinary ordinary the the in in language, language, in in words, words, in in us us to to given given was was - Christ Christ
Jesus Jesus in in God God of of vision vision and revelation revelation the the - Gospel Gospel The The process. process.
this this about about things things mysterious mysterious and and strange strange some some are are There There souls. souls.
our our in in presence presence divine divine the the of of reflection reflection indescribable indescribable most most and and
personal personal most most a a carries carries music music that that said said we we ago ago moment moment A A
his. his. as as such such attitude attitude an an of of result result the the is is church church the in in have have
we we that that music music the the of of Much Much art. art. the the of of practitioner practitioner inform~d inform~d
well and and sensitive sensitive a a as as speaks speaks he he but but theologian, theologian, a a as as only only not not
and and dilletante, dilletante, a a as as not not so so does does he he Theology," Theology," of of "Handmaid "Handmaid
the the it it calls calls and and music music of of speaks speaks Luther Luther when when and and hymn, hymn,
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 16 16 Faith and Music 17 glorious by the lifting hands of music. Look for a moment at the Mass in B Mirwr by Johann Sebastian Bach! There is the "Kyrie," the outcry of a soul that clutches ~t the divine mercy from the black edge of despair. Where is there greater exaltation of worship than in the "Gloria" with its crackling and brilliant trumpets? Never was the tenderness of divine pity more eloquently set forth than in the "Qui tollis," or the mystery of divine condescension than in the "Et incarnatus," or the grief of divine passion than in the "Crucifixus" with its excruciating dissonances, or tne victory of divine love in the "et resurrexit." In all of these, the music focuses the words on eternity. There are a few passages like that in Handel's Messiah. There is always something like that in Gregorian Chant, and in the greatest hymns of the church. We can let God utter Himself by the hands and genius of His children, singing and playing and chanting, joining the morning stars and the sons of God in their songs for creation. With this there is something of eternity in the plainest church, the humblest chapel, and the lowliest heart. On Sunday morning we join with the angels in what th~y are doing all the time. This is the great task of all sacred music at its highest and best. It helps form a holy bridge of sound between earth and heaven. Someone has said that all history is point and coun terpoint - two melodies running side by side - God's and Man's. The Christian knows that God is working in history even though He cannot be observed. Even the melody of God - He preferred to die rather than to be without us! Taken together there is meaning and beauty in the rise and fall of these melodies. Their temporal dissonance is resolved into final harmony. The task of the music of the church anticipates that final harmony even here on earth - so that the singing of God and man, heaven and earth, time and eternity is the prelude to the day when God and man are finally united by sight, and heaven and earth have passed away, and time has been lost in eternity, and our music has become perfect. Though sacred music is a part of the created universe - all the morning stars sang together - as God Himself told Job, it is also a great and high reflection of the essential unity of the Body of Christ. Sacred music always unites, because at the moment of worship the church is always one. The singing church is a single living organism in a world of disunity and death. ln the worship of the church, its unity is heard and confessed. In its music we hear in song the Communion of Saints, the una sancta, the body of Christ, the civifas Dei -- the blessed city of God on earth and in heaven, the beloved community whose choir we are, both here and hereafter. And we never sing to Him alone. There are always the saints who 18 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
have gone before, the saints who sing by our side, and the saints who will sing over our graves. They are always one, always in unison, always saying and singing that nothing can ever empty the world of the Communion of Saints. One of these saints who has gone before us, and who sings with us from there is Walter Buszin who, in this life, dedicated his entire being- and devotion to the praise of his Creator, Redeemer, and Sanctifier, by using the gift which this blessed Trinity had bestowed on him. His great and numerous ac complishments have already been documented by others during this symposium, by a Festschrift dedicated to him by some of the world's greatest musical scholars, and by a doctoral dissertation written by one of his students. Thus all that we need do now, during this quiet evening hour of meditation and worship, is to thank the Lord of the Church for giving us Cantors like Walter, and an array of others whom he trained and inspired to carry on the solemn task of the Levites of old, the precentors and scholae cantorum of the Medieval and Renaissance Church and the Kantorei that flourished as a result of the Lutheran Reformation. During these dark and anxious days, all of us know that their task is going to take all the dedication and energy that God can give them, and that it will not be easy. If it is any comfort and consolation to them at this time - neither was it for Walter! Let us Pray: Lord God, our heavenly Father, Giver of every good and perfect gift, bestower of all worthy talents, we give you humble and sincere thanks for creating the art of music and for endowing some of us with the talent to perform this art, and others to hear it in love and appreciation. Especially do we thank you for having bestowed this talent on your servant, our brother Walter, whose memory we honor today. Through him the love of this art was kindled in the hearts and souls of his students, and strengthened and deepened in the lives of his colleagues, family and friends. Give us a rich measure of your Holy Spirit so that we may be inspired to dedicate our entire lives to praising you through this gift, and may we be worthy servants in your church, through Jesus Christ, our Lord, to Whom with You and the Holy Spirit be all honor and glory through the ages of ages. Amen. This sermon was preached at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana, on March 16, 1978. Dr. Bichsel, former chairman of the Department of Church Music at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester, is now Professor Emeritus of Church Music.
and and over over the the birds birds of of the the air." air." "So "So God God created created man man in in His His own own
likeness; likeness; and and let let them them have have dominion dominion over over the the fish fish of of the the sea, sea,
Himself Himself who who said, said, "Let "Let us us make make man man in in our our image, image, after after our our
after after all, all, is is very very insistent insistent on on the the sanctity sanctity of. of. life. life. It It is is God God
"with "with complacence" complacence" by by many many nations. nations. The The Old Old Testament, Testament,
8 8
such such practices practices instances instances of of inhumanity inhumanity which which were were regarded regarded
abandonment abandonment of of children; children; the the Jewish Jewish philosopher considered considered philosopher
tentional tentional as as well well as as accidential, accidential, with with infanticide infanticide and and the the
Philo Philo of of Alexandria, Alexandria, for for instance, instance, associated associated abortion, abortion, in
opposed opposed to to this this secular secular endorsement endorsement of of abortion abortion and and infanticide. infanticide.
The The Judaeo-Christian Judaeo-Christian way way of of life, life, however, however, was was diameterically diameterically
or or prostitutes prostitutes in in the the brothels brothels of of Rome. Rome.
7 7
forum forum at at Rome. Rome. These These children children became became gladiators gladiators in in the the games games
Christ Christ an an average average of of forty forty children children a a day day were were deserted deserted in in the the
troductory troductory thoughts thoughts on on the the New New Testament Testament that that at at the the time time of of
she she had had another another option. option. William William Barclay Barclay says says in in his his in
her her child child and and yet yet could could not not or or would would not not arrange arrange an an abortion, abortion,
tion." tion." Nevertheless, Nevertheless, if if a a woman woman of of Imperial Imperial Rome Rome did did not not want want
6 6
Oath: Oath: "I "I will will not not give give to to a a woman woman a a pessary pessary to to cause cause abor
a a high high standard standard of of medical medical ethics, ethics, included included this this statement statement in in his his
accepted accepted by by all all physicians physicians of of the the day. day. Hippocrates, Hippocrates, striving striving for for
expel expel what what had had been been conceived. conceived. Abortion, Abortion, to to be be sure, sure, was was not not
6 6
what what had had been been conceived, conceived, or or through through ekbolion, ekbolion, which which would would
through' through' an an abortifacient abortifacient (phythorion), (phythorion), which which would would destroy destroy
two two main main categories categories of of abortion. abortion. Abortion Abortion was was practiced practiced
gynecologists, gynecologists, Soranos Soranos of of Ephesus Ephesus (c. (c. A.D. A.D. 98-138), 98-138), discussed discussed
Mediterranean Mediterranean world. world. One One of of the the most most learned learned of of Greco-Roman Greco-Roman
Abortion Abortion was, was, then, then, a a familiar familiar practice practice in in the the ancient ancient
healthy healthy and and vigorous." vigorous."
4 4
be be brought brought up up if if it it did did not not from from the the outset outset promise promise to to become become
good good for for the the child child itself itself nor nor in in the the public public interest interest that that it it should should
wilderness wilderness of of Mt. Mt. Taygetos Taygetos and and exposed exposed because because "it "it was was neither neither
should should be be exposed. exposed. Puny Puny Spartan Spartan infants infants were were taken taken to to the the
3 3
stated stated that that no no deformed deformed child child should should be be reared, reared, but but rather rather · · it it
the the fetus fetus developed developed sensation sensation and and life. life. In In addition, addition, Aristotle Aristotle
2 2
improper improper act act of of intercourse, intercourse, abortion abortion should should be be practiced practiced before before
wrote wrote that that if if any any woman woman conceived conceived a a child child as as a a result result of of an an
born, born, the the parents parents should should dispose dispose of of them. them. Aristotle Aristotle likewise likewise
1 1
should should not not be be brought brought to to light light and and that, that, if if the the children children were were
In In his his Republic Republic Plato Plato stated stated that that ill-conceived ill-conceived embryos embryos
John John A. A. Rasmussen Rasmussen
Biblical Biblical Perspectives Perspectives
Abortion: Abortion: Historical Historical and and 20 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them" (Genesis 1:26-27). According to this text, what distinguishes man from the animals and makes him a unique creature is that he is created in the image of God. It is in the image of a spiritual, moral God that man is created. In contrast to the animals, which behave instinctually or mechanistically, man is created as a moral being able to distinguish between right and wrong. 9 The God of the Old Testament is a God of life who created man for life, not for death. Genesis 3:3 reads: "But God said, you shall not eat of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, neither shaH you touch it, lest you die." God wanted man to live. He also wanted the species continued and He gave man children. Thus, in the Old Testament children are consistently regarded, neither as a nuisance nor as a plague, but rather as a blessing to a man and his wife. Genesis 1:28 reads: "And God blessed them, and God said to them, be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it ... " Life and children were of paramount importance to the people of God of the Old Testament era. Conversely, sterility was a cause of shame among the women of the Old Testament, as is seen in the accounts of Sarah; Rebekah, the wife of Isaac; and Rachel, the wife of Jacob. He who fears the Lord and follows his paths is promised a wife like a fruitful vine in the courtyard of his house and sons like shoots round an olive tree (Psalm 128:1-3). In the Old Testament one cannot help but see the hand of God at work in the formation of the fetus. In Exodus 4:11 the Lord spoke to Moses and said: "Who has made a man's mouth? Who makes him dumb, or deaf, or seeing, or blind? Is it not I, the Lord?" Job pondered his creation at the hand of God. Job 10:8-10 reads: Remember that Thou hast made me of clay and wilt Thou turn me to dust again? Didst Thou not pour me out like milk and curdle me like cheese? Thou didst clothe me with skin and flesh, and knit me together with bones and sinews. Thou hast granted me life and steadfast love; and Thy care has preserved my spirit. Again Job said of God's part in the creation of life: "Did not he who made me in the womb make him? And did not one fashion us in the womb?" (Job 31: 15). Isaiah repeats a similar theme: "Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, who formed you from the womb: I am the Lord, who made all things, who stretched out the heavens" (Isaiah 44:24). Jeremiah too saw God as the creator of life: "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you, I appointed you a prophet to the nations" (Jeremiah 1:5). Thus, the Old Testament speaks of God's creative power at work within the \
Abortion: Historical and Biblical Perspectives 21
womb, forming the person to be born. Some have suggested that the Old Testament contains no law against premeditated abortion because the problem did not exist in the Jewish community. A. E. Crawley said: "Foeticide is not referred to in the Mosaic Law. The omission is one indication, among many, of the intense regard felt by the Jewish people for parenthooq and the future of their race." 10 Other peoples, as we have mentioned, differed from the Jews in their attitude toward children. Tacitus the historian, in a generally uncomplimentary account of the Jews, found it remarkable that they did not kill children who were born after the father had made his will, that is, children born when the parents no longer wanted offspring as heirs. 11 Indifference to what a parent did with his offspring was the general rule. The conventional Roman attitude toward the fetus and infant was strikingly callous. Seneca referred to the drowning of abnormal or weakly children at birth as a commonplace and as a reasonable kind of action (De Ira, 1.15).12 Philo noted that it was not unusual for parents to strangle their infants, drown them with attached weights, or expose them in deserted areas to wild beasts and carnivorous birds. 13 Some of the opening narratives of the New Testament record the wanton and senseless destruction of infant life. The callousness of the age is reflected in the actions of King Herod. It was an insensitive society which permitted the slaughter of young children In Matthew 2:16-18 we read: Then Herod, when he saw that he had been tricked by the wise men, was in a furious rage, and he sent and killed all the male children in Bethlehem and in all the region who were two years old or under ... A voice was heard in Ramah, wailing and loud lamentation, Rachel weeping for her children; she refused to be consoled, because they were no more. It is against this backdrop that we hear the words of Jesus: "Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven" (Matthew 19:13-14). Christ cared even for these little ones, these newborn babies (brephe). The New Testament teaches the importance of the unborn infant too when Mary is described as having in her womb what was from the Holy Spirit (Matthew 1: 18). Mary is greeted by her cousin Elizabeth during her pregnancy with the words, "blessed is the fruit of thy womb" (Luke 1 :42). The infant of Elizabeth leaps within her when Mary is greeted (Luke 1:40). Furthermore, it is noteworthy that Joseph's first reaction to Mary's "miraculous" pregnancy is to put her away, not to have her procure an abortion. Although St. Paul does not directly address the abortion 22 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY issue, he does remind the Galatian Christians that the law is fulfilled in one word, love: "Love your neighbor as yourself." St. Paul describes the Christian way of life as something op posed to the way of the flesh. The works of the flesh include lechery, idolatry, and pharmakeia (Galatians 5:20). The word pharmakeia refers to the use of drugs with oc~ult associations for a variety of purposes, among them effecting an abortion. 14 Thus, the term surely includes the use of abortifacient drugs. In Revelation 9:21 and 21:8 those who practice pharmakeia are classified with murderers and fornicators. Revelation 21 :8 says that murderers, fornicators, and pharmakoi shall be thrown into "the lake that burns with fire and sulphur, which is the second death." These pharmakoi like "fornicators, murderers, idolaters, and every one who loves and practices falsehood," cannot hope to enter the heavenly city (Revelation 22:15). Like the New Testament writers, the early church also denounced abortion and its companion practice, infanticide. The Didache laid down these demands: "thou shalt do no murder, commit no adultery ...thou shalt not procure an abortion, nor commit infanticide." 16 Those who are "killers of the child, who abort the mold (plasma) of God" are following the "Way of Death." The Epistle of Barnabas stated, "thou shalt not procure an abortion, thou shalt not commit infanticide." 16 Further, Barnabas 19:5 forbade anyone to slay a child by abortion or kill what is generated. Tertullian wrote of abortion: "to us it is parricidium," the worst murder, the murder of a blood-relative. Athenagoras held that the embryo was already a human being and an object of divine love and providence. This principle contradicted the view expressed in Roman law that the embryo was still a part of the body of the mother. 17 Thus, while contemporary Roman law saw life as dispensable, the early Christians saw it, including the life of the embryo, as a divine creation and hence inviolable. The early fathers, therefore, severely censured those who professed to be Christians and yet obtained abortions. Jerome wrote in his Epistle 22, "To Eustochium," of his abhorrence of abortion in the Christian community: Some (Christian women) go so far as to take potions, that they may insure barrenness, and thus murder human beings almos_t before their conception. Some when they find themselves with child through their sin, use drugs to procure abortion, and when (as often happens) they die with their offspring, they enter the lower world laden with guilt not only of adultery against Christ but also of suicide and child murder. 18 St. Augustine, in his Marriage and Concupiscence, spoke of the
Lutheran Lutheran to to defend defend the the life life and and health health of of the the embryo. embryo.
cancelled cancelled the the spiritual spiritual responsibility responsibility of of the the Missouri-Synod Missouri-Synod
The The decision decision of of the the Supreme Supreme Court Court of of the the United United States States has has not not
revealed revealed in in the the Scriptures. Scriptures.
2 2 2 2
Christian's Christian's responsibility responsibility to to obey obey the the will will of of God God
5. 5. Permissive Permissive legislative legislative (Roe (Roe vs. vs. Wade) Wade) never never cancels cancels a a
4. 4. Life Life and and death death belong belong to to the the province province of of God. God.
for for eternal eternal life. life. 3. 3. Human Human life life is is created created for for fulfillment. fulfillment.
Life Life is is 1. 1. a a gift gift from from God. God. 2. 2. Human Human beings beings are are created created
abortion. abortion. The The Synod Synod has has stated stated her her position position clearly: clearly:
Church-Missouri Church-Missouri Synod, Synod, like like the the early early church, church, condemns condemns
even even among among the the Lutherans Lutherans of of the the United United States. States. The The Lutheran Lutheran
vanished. vanished. There There is is disagreement disagreement on on the the allowability allowability of of abortion abortion
Recently, Recently, however, however, this this unanimity unanimity in in Christendom Christendom has has
This This Christian Christian rule rule remained remained certain certain for for nineteen nineteen centuries. centuries.
but but the the Christian rule rule Christian was was certain. certain.
21 21
moralists moralists had had approved, approved, hesitated, hesitated, made made exceptions, exceptions,
demned demned it. it. Ancient Ancient authorities authorities and and contemporary contemporary
culture culture had had accepted accepted abortion. abortion. The The Christians Christians con
have have reverence reverence for for the the work work of of God God the the creator. creator. The The
failure failure of of maternal maternal love. love. Many Many saw saw it it also also as as failure failure to to
love love owed owed to to one's one's neighbor. neighbor. Some Some saw saw it it as as a a special special
the the writers writers agreed agreed that that abortion abortion was was a a violation violation of of the the
these these reasons reasons were were never never mentioned mentioned as as justification. justification. All All
were were known known from from the the best best of of doctors doctors and and philosophers, philosophers,
Although Although therapeutic therapeutic and and social social reasons reasons for for abortion abortion
abortion abortion when when he he wrote: wrote:
a a fetus. fetus. John John Noonan Noonan summarized summarized the the early early Christian Christian
view view of of
20 20
pilation, pilation, the the "Apostolic "Apostolic Constitutions," Constitutions," denounced denounced the the killing killing of of
demned demned by by Tertullian Tertullian and and Cyprian. Cyprian. The The fourth fourth century century com
church. church. In In the the third third century century abortion abortion was was vigorously vigorously con
popular popular abhorrence abhorrence of of the the abortionist abortionist in in the the early early Christian Christian
Apocalypse Apocalypse of of Peter Peter and and the the Apocalypse Apocalypse of of Paul Paul testify testify to to
attacked attacked abortion abortion with with zeal. zeal. Two Two aprocryphal aprocryphal works, works, the the
In In the the second second century century Athenagoras Athenagoras and and Clement Clement of of Alexandria Alexandria
own own wife.
19 19
the the harlot harlot of of her her husband, husband, or or he he is is an an adulterer adulterer with with his his
this, this, I I dare dare to to say say that that either either the the wife wife is is in in a a fashion fashion
joined joined in in matrimony matrimony but but seduction. seduction. both both If If are are not not like like
like like this this from from the the beginning, beginning, they they come come together together not not
wife wife are are like like this, this, they they are are not not married, married, and and if if they they were were
die die before before it it was was born. born. Assuredly Assuredly if if both both husband husband and and
some some way way in in the the womb, womb, preferring preferring that that their their offspring offspring
do do not not work, work, they they extinguish extinguish and and destroy destroy the the fetus fetus in in
that that they they even even procure procure poisons poisons of of sterility, sterility, and and if if these these
Sometimes Sometimes this this lustful lustful cruelty or or cruelty cruel cruel list list comes comes to to this this
married married Christians Christians who who avoided avoided children children as as follows: follows:
Abortion: Abortion: Historical Historical and and Biblical Biblical Perspectives Perspectives 23 23
623-626. 623-626. pp. pp. 1969), 1969), Press, Press,
University University Harvard Harvard Mass.: Mass.: (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Politics Politics ed.,Aristotle: ed.,Aristotle: Rackham, Rackham, H. H. 2. 2.
467. 467. p. p. 1963), 1963), Press, Press, University University
Harvard Harvard Mass.: Mass.: (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Republic Republic The The Plato: Plato: ed., ed., Shorey, Shorey, Paul Paul 1. 1.
FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES
Synod. Synod. Missouri Missouri
the the in in fellow-Lutherans fellow-Lutherans their their to to are are they they than than denominations denominations
Protestant Protestant other other to to closer closer are are they they tnat tnat see see can can one one
examined, examined, abortion are are abortion on on America America in in Church Church Lutheran Lutheran the the and and
Church Church Lutheran Lutheran American American the the of of views views the the When When whole. whole. a a as as
society society for for consequences consequences the the and and land, land, the the of of law law the the home, home, the the
of of stability stability psychological psychological and and economic economic the the fetus, fetus, the the of of ment ment
develop of of stage stage the the family, family, her her in in others others to to responsibilities responsibilities
her her mother, mother, the the of of health health total total and and life life the the to to consideration consideration
earnest earnest give give should should involved involved those those but but abortion, abortion, an an seek seek to to
responsibly responsibly decide decide may may couple couple or or woman woman a a that that feels feels LCA LCA The The
beings. beings. human human other other
26 26
and and God God with with relationships relationships living living in in is is who who image image
God's God's in in made made person person responsible responsible a a of of rights rights the the and and
claims claims its its between between made made be be must must distinction distinction qualitative qualitative
a a Nevertheless, Nevertheless, matter. matter. serious serious a a always always is is development development
its its of of termination termination the the life, life, human human of of beginning beginning organic organic
the the is is fetus fetus the the Since Since fetus. fetus. unborn unborn the the of of status status the the
is is issue issue key key the the abortion abortion induced induced of of consideration consideration the the In In
ethic'': ethic'': evangelical evangelical '' ''
an an of of basis basis the the on on abortion abortion with with deal deal to to claims claims LCA LCA The The child. child.
26 26
wanted wanted a a be be to to right right a a has has child child every every that that and and plan; plan; divine divine the the
of of betrayal betrayal a a or or selfishness selfishness of of accused accused being being without without children children
have have to to not not right right a a have have people people that that stated stated has has wliich wliich America America
in in Church Church Lutheran Lutheran the the of of that that is is approach approach another another Still Still
abortion. abortion. to to alternatives alternatives and and beliefs; beliefs; religious religious
the the stake; stake; at at factors factors economic economic the the family; family; the the in in children children other other
of of and and parents parents prospective prospective the the of of health health emotional emotional and and physical physical
the the are are abortion abortion an an contemplating contemplating when when considered considered be be to to factors factors
other other that that states states publication publication same same The The life. life. of of responsibilities responsibilities
24 24
and and relationships relationships the the in in participating participating already already and and present present
already already person person the the of of wholeness wholeness health and and health the the defend defend to to order order
in in terminated terminated be be to to need need may may life life developing developing the the that that asserts asserts
also also ALC ALC the the Yet Yet life. life. human human developing developing a a ends ends
deliberately deliberately
23 23
abortion abortion induced induced that that and and pregnancies, pregnancies, problem problem for for
solution solution ready ready a a as as abortion abortion induced induced rejects rejects it it that that Abortion" Abortion"
on on Counseling Counseling "Christian "Christian entitled entitled document document a a in in stated stated
has has part, part, its its for for Church, Church, Lutheran Lutheran American American The The demand. demand.
on on abortion abortion of of tolerant tolerant more more decidedly decidedly are are America America in in Church Church
Lutheran Lutheran the the and and Church Church Lutheran Lutheran American American the the however, however,
abortion, abortion, oppose oppose strongly strongly Lutherans Lutherans Missouri-Synod Missouri-Synod While While
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL 24 24 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA
Ibid., Ibid., 27. 27. p. p. 6. 6.
Ibid., Ibid., 26. 26. p. p. 6. 6.
Lutheran Lutheran Church Church America, America, in in 1970), 1970), p. p. 4. 4.
Board Board 26. 26. of of Social Social Ministry, Ministry, Sex, Sex, Marriage, Marriage, and and Family Family (New (New York: York: The The
Ibid., Ibid., 24. 24. 1. 1. p. p. -
neapolis: neapolis: The The American American Lutheran Lutheran Church, Church, 1974), 1974), p. p. 1. 1.
Office Office 23. 23. of of Research Research and and Analysis, Analysis, Christian Christian Counseling Counseling on on Abortion, Abortion, (Min
Legal Legal and and Medical Medical Aspects Aspects (St. (St. Louis: Louis: Concordia Concordia Publishing Publishing House), House), p. p. 4. 4.
22. 22. Commission Commission on on Theology Theology and and Church Church Relations, Relations, Abortion: Abortion: Theological, Theological,
21. 21. Noonan, Noonan, Abortion, Abortion, p. p. 18. 18.
Noonan, Noonan, 20. 20. Contraception, Contraception, p. p. 88. 88.
Noonan, Noonan, 19. 19. The The Morality Morality of of Abortion, Abortion, p. p. 16. 16.
(1964), (1964), p. p. 27. 27.
Philip Philip 18. 18. Schaff Schaff and and Henry Henry Wace, Wace, eds., eds., Nicene Nicene and and Post-Nicene Post-Nicene .Fathers, .Fathers, 6 6
Herman Herman 17. 17. Sasse, Sasse, "Abortion," "Abortion," The The Christian Christian News, News, August August 30, 30, 1976, 1976, p. p. 6. 6.
Ibid, Ibid, 16. 16. p. p. 403. 403.
University University Press, Press, 1965), 1965), p. p. 313. 313.
Kirsopp Kirsopp 16. 16. Lake, Lake, ed., ed., The The Apostolic Apostolic Fathers, Fathers, (Cambridge, (Cambridge, 1 1 Mass.: Mass.: Harvard Harvard
Noonan, Noonan, 14. 14. The The Morality Morality of of Abortion, Abortion, p. p. 9. 9.
Colson, Colson, 13. 13. op. op. cit., cit., p. p. 647. 647. .· .·
Ibid., Ibid., 12. 12. p. p. 86. 86.
1966), 1966), p. p. 86. 86.
Theologians Theologians and and Canonists Canonists (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Mass.: Mass.: Harvard Harvard University University Press, Press,
11. 11. John John T. T. Noonan, Noonan, Contraception: Contraception: A A History History of of its its Treatment Treatment by by the the Catholic Catholic
York: York: Charles Charles Scribner Scribner and and Sons, Sons, 1914), 1914), p. p. 66. 66.
A. A. 10. 10. E. E. Crawley, Crawley, "Foeticide," "Foeticide," Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of of Religion Religion and and Ethics, Ethics, 6 6 (New (New
Christian Christian Medical Medical Society Society Journal, Journal, (Summer (Summer 7 7 1976), 1976), p. p. 3. 3.
9. 9. Bruce Bruce K. K. Waltke, Waltke, "Reflections "Reflections From From the the Old Old Testament Testament on on Abortion," Abortion,"
1968), 1968), p. p. 647. 647.
8. 8. F.H. F.H. Colson, Colson, ed., ed., Philo Philo (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Mass.: Mass.: Harvard Harvard University University Press, Press,
Press, Press, 1973), 1973), Tape Tape One. One.
7. 7. William William Barclay, Barclay, Barclay Barclay Introduces Introduces the the Bible Bible (Nashville, (Nashville, Tenn.: Tenn.: Abingdon Abingdon
Press, Press, 1962), 1962), p. p. 299. 299.
6. 6. W.H. W.H. Jones, Jones, ed., ed., Hippocrates Hippocrates (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Mass.: Mass.: Harvard Harvard University University
spectives spectives (Cambridge, (Cambridge, Mass.: Mass.: Harvard Harvard University University Press, Press, 1970), 1970), pp. pp. 3-4. 3-4.
6. 6. John John T. T. Noonan, Noonan, The The Morality Morality of of Abortion: Abortion: Legal Legal and and Historical Historical Per
1973), 1973), p. p. 17. 17.
Current Current Obstetrics Obstetrics and and Newborn Newborn Care Care (Columbus, (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio: Ross Ross Laboratories, Laboratories,
4. 4. Tom Tom D. D. Moore, Moore, Ross Ross Conference Conference on on Pediatric Pediatric Research: Research: Ethical Ethical Dilemmas Dilemmas in in
Ibid., Ibid., 3. 3. p. p. 623. 623.
Abortion: Abortion: Historical Historical and and Biblical Biblical Perspectives Perspectives 25 25
living. living. are are we we think think to to reason reason every every have have we we then then death, death, of of sign sign
a a is is deafness deafness and and Church Church living living a a of of mark mark a a is is listening listening If If
8:47). 8:47). (John (John God" God" of of
not not are are you you that that is is them them hear hear not not do do you you why why reason reason the the God; God;
of of words words the the hears hears God God of of is is who who "He "He Church: Church: faithful faithful a a of of
sign sign sure sure a a as as listening listening cited cited generation, generation, his his of of leaders leaders religious religious
the the with with conversation conversation remarkable remarkable a a in in Jesus, Jesus, later, later, Still Still
30:9,10). 30:9,10). (Isaiah (Isaiah
" " ...... illusions illusions prophesy prophesy things, things, smooth smooth us us to to speak speak
right; right; is is what what us us to to not not "Prophesy "Prophesy prophets, prophets, the the to to and and
not"; not"; "See "See seers, seers, the the to to say say who who
Lord: Lord: the the of of instruction instruction the the hear hear not not will will who who sons sons
those those of of Isaiah, Isaiah, prophet prophet the the messenger, messenger,
his his through through warned warned God God century, century, another another in in again, again, Or Or
81:10-13). 81:10-13). (Psalm (Psalm
...... me me to to listen listen would would people people my my that that 0 0
counsels. counsels. own own their their follow follow to to
hearts, hearts, stubborn stubborn their their to to over over them them gave gave I I So So
me. me. of of none none have have would would Israel Israel
voice: voice: my my to to listen listen not not did did people people my my But But
lamentation: lamentation: divine divine this this came came lips lips poets poets the the from from
then then and and it," it," fill fill will will I I and and wide, wide, mouth mouth your your "Open "Open promised, promised,
Lord Lord the the psalmist, psalmist, the the servant, servant, his his To To Church. Church. the the of of sickness sickness
terminal terminal the the as as described described is is deafness deafness of of sort sort this this Scriptures Scriptures
Sacred Sacred the the Throughout Throughout God. God. of of Word Word the the hear hear to to inability inability
the the means means it it for for - fatal fatal is is disease disease the the Church Church the the of of case case
the the in in But But illness. illness. this this from from immune immune not not is is Church Church the the Even Even
deafness. deafness. from from suffer suffer can can individuals individuals as as well well as as Institutions Institutions
death. death. spiritual spiritual of of kind kind a a is is Keller, Keller, Miss Miss continued continued isolation, isolation, Such Such
man. man. of of company company intellectual intellectual the the in in us us
1 1
keeps keeps and and astir, astir, thoughts thoughts sets sets language, language, brings brings which which
voice voice the the of of sound sound stimulus-the stimulus-the vital vital most most the the of of loss loss
the the means means it it for for misfortune, misfortune, worse worse much much a a is is Deafness Deafness
answered: answered: mediately mediately
im She She worse. worse. be be to to felt felt she she handicaps handicaps two two these these of of which which
asked asked once once was was birth, birth, from from deaf deaf and and blind blind Keller, Keller, Helen Helen
Fry Fry George George C. C.
Lutheranism Lutheranism
Orthodox Orthodox in in Word Word
the the of of Doctrine Doctrine The The
bookstore bookstore looking looking for for a a new new Bible. Bible. The The clerk clerk asked, asked, "Would "Would you you
recent recent "Grin "Grin and and Bear Bear It" It" cartoon cartoon showed showed a a clergyman clergyman in in a a
is is published published in in an an almost almost bewildering bewildering variety variety of of formats. formats. A A
original original Hebrew, Hebrew, Aramaic, Aramaic, and and Greek. Greek. Furthermore, Furthermore, the the Bible Bible
Urdu, Urdu, Manchu, Manchu, Swahili, Swahili, Arabic, Arabic, and and Bantu Bantu as as well well as as the the
last last few few centuries centuries the the Word Word of of God God has has appeared appeared in in Tamil, Tamil,
tongues. tongues. A A virtual virtual modern modern Pentecost Pentecost has has transpired transpired as as in in the the
that that the the Bible Bible had had been been translated translated into into more more than than one one thousand thousand
Scriptures Scriptures in in 450 450 languages languages to to 151 151 countries. countries. It It was was reported reported
That That same same year year the the American American Bible Bible Society Society sent sent 132 132 million million
world, world, an an increase increase
of of 8.2 8.2 percent percent over over the the previous previous year year ...... "
6 6
"distributed "distributed a a record record of of 7.8 7.8 million million Bibles Bibles throughout throughout the the
Gideons Gideons International. International. He He noted noted that that in in 1970 1970 the the Gideons Gideons
demand demand for for Bibles Bibles was was provided provided by by F. F. C. C. Aldridge, Aldridge, President President of of
best-seller best-seller on on the the book book stands. stands. One One example example of of the the continuing continuing
Year Year after after year year the the Bible Bible continues continues to to be be the the number number one one
pillars pillars in in monastic monastic libraries. libraries. Today Today Bibles Bibles abound! abound!
an an alien alien language, language, or or hidden hidden in in a a Temple Temple compound, compound, or or chained chained to to
longer longer are are th th eScriptures eScriptures copied copied by by hand hand on on scrolls, scrolls, or or written written in in
cuse, cuse, for for contemporary contemporary Liberalism Liberalism is is the the child child of of prosperity. prosperity. No No
the the days days of of
M~11;1n M~11;1n Luther. Modernists Modernists are are denied denied this this
ex
4 4
God God wben wben it it was was finally finally heard-either heard-either in in the the times times of of Josiah Josiah or or
thermore, thermore, these these forefathers forefathers responded responded in in faith faith to to the the Word Word of of
perver('lity perver('lity was was the the child child of of ignornance, ignornance, not not indifference. indifference. Fur
poverty-and poverty-and point point to to the the scarcity scarcity of of the the Scriptures. Scriptures. Their Their
Europe. Europe. At At least least the the Hebrews Hebrews and and the the Romans Romans could could plead plead
generations, generations, including including those of of those ancient ancient Israel Israel and and medieval medieval
The The current current deafness deafness is is worse worse than than that that of of preceeding preceeding
(Amos (Amos 8:11). 8:11).
but but of of hearing hearing the the words words of of the the Lord" Lord"
not not a a famine famine of of bread, bread, nor nor a a thirst thirst for for water, water,
"when "when I I will will send send a a famine famine on on the the land; land;
"Behold, "Behold, the the days days are are coming," coming," says says the the Lord Lord God, God,
the the famine famine foretold foretold by by Amos Amos has has now now come come to to pass: pass:
Church." Church." His His concerns concerns are are shared shared by by many many others others who who fear fear that that
puzzled puzzled over over "the "the strange strange silence silence of of the the Scriptures Scriptures within within the the
Protestantism. Protestantism.
On On still still a a third third occasion occasion
Dr. Dr. James James Smart Smart has has
3 3
mented mented "the "the disappearance disappearance of of biblical biblical preaching" preaching" within within
volume volume the the same same scholar, scholar, a a Neo-Orthodox Neo-Orthodox Presbyterian, Presbyterian, la
Bible Bible as as "the "the
unknown unknown book book within within the the Church." Church." In In another another
2 2
Scriptures, Scriptures, the the Voice Voice of of God. God. One One author author has has spoken spoken of of the the
menting menting on on the the indifference indifference of of the the contemporary contemporary Church Church to to the the
in in an an age age of of apostasy. apostasy. More More and and more more observers observers are are com
The The Doctrine Doctrine of of the the Word Word in in Orthodox Orthodox Lutheranism Lutheranism 27 27
other other no no of of said said be be can can what what Andreae Andreae Jacob Jacob and and Chytraeus, Chytraeus,
David David Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Martin Martin Melanchthon, Melanchthon, as as men men such such of of writings writings
the the of of said said be be can can It It Concord. Concord. of of Book Book the the in in enshrined enshrined now now
Lutheranism, Lutheranism, of of statements statements normative normative the the produced produced they they reason reason
this this For For respect. respect. that that in in them them surpass surpass ever ever can can one one No No spirit. spirit. in in
and and time time in in Luther Luther Martin Martin to to closest closest were were who who theologians theologians the the
were were men men these these Furthermore, Furthermore, dogmatics. dogmatics. Protestant Protestant subsequent subsequent
all all of of volume volume initial initial the the being being of of honor honor the the has has forever forever Loci Loci
Melanchthon's Melanchthon's Philip Philip faith. faith. evangelical evangelical the the of of systematicians systematicians
first first very very the the were were era era that that of of giants giants The The Lutherans. Lutherans. century century
twentieth twentieth all all of of attention attention the the to to it it commend commend to to Orthodoxy Orthodoxy
of of Age Age the the in in much much indeed, indeed, is, is, There There direction. direction. proper proper
the the in in Scriptures Scriptures the the of of student student serious serious the the points points immediately immediately
and and helpful helpful extremely extremely is is understood, understood, once once insight, insight, This This
life. life. and and
power power is is there there posture posture theological theological a a 8 8
such such In In stand. stand. their their took took they they there there and and Scriptura, Scriptura, sola sola
the the and and Christus Christus solus solus the the in· in· something, something, in in believed believed
...... theologians theologians The The truth. truth. the the to to commitment commitment zealous zealous
but but hesitation, hesitation, reservation, reservation, equivocation, equivocation, no no ......
was was there there then then because because
poverty, poverty, not not prospe:rity, prospe:rity, spiritual spiritual of of time time a a was was Orthodoxy Orthodoxy of of
Age Age The The century. century. seventeenth seventeenth the the in in community community Christian Christian the the
of of certainty certainty radiant radiant the the with with Church Church modern modern the the of of indecision indecision
the the contrast contrast we we if if suggested suggested is is problem problem this this to to solution solution A A
ORTHODOXY ORTHODOXY
4:4). 4:4). (Matthew (Matthew
death death to to starve starve to to continue continue will will Church Church the the soul, soul, the the for for food food
proper proper is is alone alone which which God," God," of of mouth mouth the the from from proceeds proceeds that that
word word "the "the said, said, Jesus Jesus as as are, are, Scriptures Scriptures these these that that recognition recognition
a a is is there there Until Until feast! feast! a a amidst amidst Church-famine Church-famine temporary temporary
con the the of of paradox paradox tragic tragic the the with with live live to to continue continue will will
we we homework, homework, their their done done have have theologians theologians the the Until Until God. God. of of
Word Word the the of of doctrine doctrine a a of of articulation articulation and and formulation formulation the the volves volves
in it it
for for text, text, dogmatics dogmatics a a
for for question question a a is is That That century." century."
7 7
twentieth twentieth the the of of people people these these to to God God of of Word Word very very the the become become
could could Book Book this this of of words words the the how how understand understand to to loss loss a a "at "at are are
we we that that wrote wrote he he when when succinctly succinctly up up it it summed summed Smart Smart James James
Professor Professor Bible. Bible. the the of of distribution distribution the the not not interpretation interpretation the the of of
one one is is issue issue the the for for solve, solve, must must publishers, publishers, not not systematicians, systematicians,
that that one one is is It It theological. theological. is is it it economical, economical, not not is is problem problem The The
Scripture! Scripture!
of of
availability availability the the of of one one
not not certainly certainly is is difficulty difficulty The The tape?" tape?"
6 6
or or stereo, stereo, illustrated, illustrated, paperback, paperback, cover, cover, hard hard in in Bible Bible the the like like
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL 28 28 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA
because because it it has has a a past past and and a a present! present!
the the varieties varieties of of Lutheran Lutheran theology, theology, it it is is the the one one with with a a future
majority majority faith faith of of the the Lutheran Lutheran laity laity in in the the United United States. States. Of Of all all
of of others, others, it it thrives thrives today today as as never never before, before, in in all all probability probability the the
persecuted persecuted by by Spanish Spanish emperors, emperors, Prussian Prussian kings, kings, and and myriads myriads
durability durability than than any any other other system system of of theology. theology. Lutheran Though Though
destroy destroy it it in in the the twentieth twentieth century. century. Orthodoxy Orthodoxy has has more more
not not eliminate eliminate it it in in the the nineteenth; nineteenth; and and Secularism Secularism can can not not
distort distort it it in in the the eighteenth; eighteenth; Romasticism Romasticism and and Unionsim Unionsim could could
refute refute it it in in the the seventeenth; seventeenth; Rationalism Rationalism and and Pietism Pietism could could not not
absorb absorb Orthodoxy Orthodoxy in in the the sixteenth sixteenth century; century; Calvinism Calvinism could could not not
and and the the Confessions, Confessions, has has been been invincible. invincible. Catholicism Catholicism could could not not
to to genuine genuine relevancy relevancy .at .at all all times. times. That That combination, combination, the the Canon Canon
we we can can say say that that fidelity fidelity to to Scripture Scripture and and Confession Confession is is the the way way
Vergehet Vergehet nun nun und und nimmer nimmer mehr, mehr,
Gottes Gottes Wort Wort und und Luther's Luther's Lehr Lehr
boldly boldly put put on on the the masthead masthead of of Der Der Lutheraner, Lutheraner,
survival survival and and revival revival value! value! In In the the words words that that C. C. F. F. W. W. Walther Walther
Resiliency Resiliency means means the the durability durability of of truth. truth. Orthodoxy Orthodoxy has has
Lutheran, Lutheran, sub-Lutheran, sub-Lutheran, pre-Lutheran, pre-Lutheran, or or post-Lutheran. post-Lutheran.
they they are are contradictory contradictory to to Orthodoxy, Orthodoxy, they they are are either either anti
have have been been derivatory derivatory from from this this one one source. source. To To the the extent extent that that
stream stream of of Lutheran Lutheran theology. theology. All All other other varieties varieties of of Lutheranism Lutheranism
Luther Luther to to C. C. F. F. W. W. Walther, Walther, Orthodoxy Orthodoxy has has been been the the main main
Lutheran Lutheran Christendom. Christendom. For For almost almost five five centuries, centuries, from from Martin Martin
merely merely to to one one generation, generation, but but to to an an ongoing ongoing tradition tradition within within
Continuity Continuity means means catholicity catholicity in in time, time, Orthodoxy Orthodoxy refers refers not not
tinuity, tinuity, resiliency, resiliency, and and apostolicity. apostolicity.
turies. turies. Three Three of of these these traits traits merit merit special special attention-con
9 9
identified identified by by perceptive perceptive Christian Christian observers observers through through the the cen
theologians theologians exhibit exhibit all all "the "the characteristics characteristics of of true true religion" religion"
Preeminently, Preeminently, however, however, the the writings writings of of the the Orthodox Orthodox
coherent, coherent, emotionally emotionally satisfying, satisfying, and and socially socially significant. significant.
performed, performed, for for it it must must be be biblically biblically responsible, responsible, intellectually intellectually
Fathers Fathers established established the the method method by by which which Lutheran Lutheran theology theology is is
seems seems as as if if some some prefer prefer to to walk walk in in their their faces). faces). Furthermore, Furthermore, the the
Lutherans Lutherans stand stand on on the the shoulders shoulders of of the the Fathers Fathers (though (though it it
their their proclamation. proclamation. In In either either case, case, all all later later generations generations of of
of of the the Fathers, Fathers, or or else else it it has has been been a a repudiation repudiation or or distortion distortion of of
been been either either an an appreciation appreciation and and an an elaboration elaboration of of the the doctrines doctrines
of of all all later later Lutheran Lutheran theology. theology. Everything Everything that that has has followed followed has has
Thus Thus in in a a unique unique and and irrevocable irrevocable sense, sense, Orthodoxy Orthodoxy is is the the source source
be be pastors pastors or or teachers teachers (or (or even even members) members) of of a a Lutheran Lutheran Church. Church.
3cription 3cription to to their their teaching teaching is is now now required required by by all all who who aspire aspire to to
officially officially recognized recognized and and received received by by all all the the churches. churches. Sub-
generation generation of of Lutheran Lutheran theologians-their theologians-their writings writings are are now now
The The Doctrine Doctrine of of the the Word Word in in Orthodox Orthodox Lutheranism Lutheranism 29 29
Christ.
Incarnate Incarnate
1 1
2 2
the the to to God" God" of of "Word "Word phrase phrase the the restrict restrict to to attempted attempted who who
Ohio, Ohio, Springfield, Springfield, School, School, Divinity Divinity Hamma Hamma at at Professor Professor time time
long Kantonen, Kantonen, Almar Almar Taito Taito Dr. Dr. was was Representative Representative Word. Word.
the the of of identity identity the the concerning concerning Church Church modern modern the the in in confusion confusion
considerable considerable caused caused has has This This Jesus. Jesus. to to only only God" God" of of "Word "Word
term term the the restrict restrict to to attempted attempted and and usage usage ancient ancient from from departed departed
have have writers writers recent recent as as misunderstood misunderstood been been has has purpose purpose This This
Word. Word. Incarnate Incarnate the the of of Person Person the the in in one one become become
11 11
have have priesthood) priesthood) the the Image! Image! (the (the visual visual the the and and _pi:ophet) _pi:ophet) the the
Word, Word, (the (the verbal verbal religion-the religion-the of of types types two two the the Christianity, Christianity,
in in that that show show to to is is passage passage this this in in John John St. St. of of purpose purpose The The
1:1). 1:1). John John (1 (1 hands" hands" our our with with touched touched and and upon upon looked looked have have we we
which which eyes, eyes, our our with with seen seen have have we we which which heard, heard, have have we we which which
beginning, beginning, the the from from was was which which "that "that or or life," life," of of word word "the "the
Christ, Christ, Incarnate Incarnate same same the the of of talks talks he he where where letter, letter, first first his his
of of sentence sentence first first the the in in is is occasion occasion other other The The 1:1). 1:1). (John (John God" God"
was was Word Word the the and and God, God, with with was was Word Word the the and and Word, Word, the the was was
beginning beginning the the "~n "~n saying, saying, Jesus, Jesus, of of speaks speaks he he where where Gospel, Gospel,
his his of of prologue prologue the the in in is is instance instance initial initial The The Apostle. Apostle. the the
John John St. St. of of writings writings the the in in sense sense this this in in word word the the of of occurrences occurrences
clear clear two two are are There There Christ. Christ. the the to to occasion occasion on on refers refers It It 1. 1.
God. God. of of Word Word expression, expression, the the for for meanings meanings primary primary
two two are are there there Scriptures Scriptures Sacred Sacred the the In In theology. theology. recent recent in in
God God of of Word Word the the of of identity identity the the of of that that is is problem problem initial initial The The
IDENTITY IDENTITY
God. God. of of Word Word the the concerning concerning affirmations affirmations and and
declarations declarations understand its its understand we we that that mandatory mandatory is is it it Church, Church,
contemporary contemporary the the to to primitive primitive the the from from thought, thought, Christian Christian
of of system system a a as as Orthodoxy Orthodoxy of of pre-eminence pre-eminence the the of of Because Because
Pentecost. Pentecost.
from from birth birth its its Reformation, Reformation, the the from from rebirth rebirth its its dates dates Orthodoxy Orthodoxy
Protestantism. Protestantism. of of
forerunners forerunners called called be be
1 0 0 1
could could and and Baal') Baal') to to knee knee the the ('bowed ('bowed not not had had who who
power, power, papal papal of of height height the the during during even even era, era, Christian Christian
the the of of century century every every through through witnesses witnesses 700 700 ......
found found even even Flacius Flacius Matthias Matthias evangelists." evangelists." and and saints, saints, prophets, prophets,
apostles, apostles, the the "in "in answers, answers, believer believer Orthodox Orthodox an an Luther?" Luther?"
before before Church Church Lutheran Lutheran the the was was "Where "Where asked, asked, When When true. true.
is is boast boast his his Lutheranism, Lutheranism, from from borrowed borrowed was was Methodism Methodism extent extent
the the To To Adam." Adam." as as old old as as Moses, Moses, as as old old as as Christianity, Christianity, as as old old
as as Reformation, Reformation, the the as as old old as as religion; religion; old old one one the the is is Methodism Methodism
that that aver aver "We "We Journal: Journal: his his in in wrote wrote Wesley Wesley John John 1761, 1761,
5, 5, January January On On 3). 3). (Jude (Jude saints" saints" the the unto unto delivered delivered once once was was
which which "faith "faith the the is is it it because because thrives thrives and and survives survives Orthodoxy Orthodoxy
phenomenon. phenomenon. this this of of explanation explanation the the is is Apostolicity Apostolicity
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY 30 30 THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA The Doctrine of the Word in Orthodox Lutheranism 31
2. It refers to the Canon. The most frequent use of the term, "Word of God," is in reference to the Canon. In fact, the most common name the Bible gives itself is "the Word of God." One authority has maintained that the Old Testament writers use this phrase, or its equivalent, over two thousand times. 13 St. Paul, the greatest theologian of the first generation of New Testament Christians, believed the Bible to be the Word of God. Writing to Titus, he described a pastor as one who "must hold firm to the sure word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to confute those who contradict it" (Titus 1:9). Furthermore, what he admonished others to do he exemplified in his own conduct, for Paul con fessed, "we refuse to practice cunning or to tamper with God's. word" (2 Cor. 4:2). By clearly accepting the Scriptures as the Word of God Paul stood in the grand tradition stretching back to Moses, the prophets, and the Psalmists. In the Old Testament revelation was given to Moses when "the Lord said to Moses, 'Write these words ....' " (Ex. 34:27). Or again, "Moses wrote this law, and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi" (Deut. 31:9). Later, Isaiah heard the command, And now go, write it before them on a tablet, and inscribe it in a book that it may be for the time to come as a witness for ever (Isaiah 3:8). Or again, And as for me, this is my covenant with them, says the Lord; my spirit which is upon you, and my words which I have put in your mouth, shall not depart out of your mouth, or out of the mouth of your children, or out of the mouth of your children's children, says the Lord, from this time forth and forevermore (Isaiah 59:21). David, the poet said, "The Spirit of the Lord spake by me, and his Word was in my tongue" (2 Sam. 23:2). For these reasons, John R. Lavik, the noted Orthodox Lutheran theologian, could say: The Church is simply following the example of the prophets and of Jesus and His apostles, therefore, when it designates the Bible as the Word of God. 14 Furthermore, it is impossible to se_parate Christ and the Canon as has been attempted in contemporary theology. The simple fact of the matter is this - if the Scriptures are not the, Word of God, then neither is Jesus Christ. As John Theodore ... Mueller observed, Sciptura Sacra est Deus incarnatus, or "Sacred Scripture is God Incarnate." 1 6 It is furthermore the case that just as Christ is the Living Word and the Bible is the Written Word, so Christus Rex et Dominus Scripturae est,
further further it it us, us, to to given given God God of of Word Word only only the the are are they they
that that fact fact the the from from true; true; perfectly perfectly is is them them in in contained contained
is is that that all all that that follows follows necessarily necessarily it it God, God, of of
Word Word the the are are Scriptures Scriptures Holy Holy the the that that fact fact the the From From
written: written: has has Schmid Schmid Heinrich Heinrich tion, tion,
descrip fuller fuller a a in in Or, Or, saved." be be can can man man that that order order in in do do
18 18
and and know know to to man man for for necessary necessary considers considers he he everything everything reveals reveals
Scriptures Scriptures the the in in "God "God that that Columbus, Columbus, Seminary, Seminary, Theological Theological
Lutheran Lutheran Evangelical Evangelical the the of of Dean Dean the the years years many many for for Fendt, Fendt, C. C.
Edward Edward of of words words the the in in means, means, This This salvation." salvation." for for necessary necessary
17 17
is is that that everything everything ''teaches ''teaches Bible Bible the the that that means means . . Sacrae Sacrae
Scripturae Scripturae perfectio perfectio expression expression the the theologically theologically used used When When
"competent." "competent." or or requirements" requirements" all all
meet meet to to able able " " or or "enough," "enough," or or needed," needed," is is as as much much "as "as meaning meaning
sufficere sufficere Latin Latin the the from from is is "sufficient" "sufficient" word word The The respects." respects."
all all in in "excellent "excellent or or "accurate," "accurate," or or "flawless," "flawless," or or defect," defect,"
"without "without means means and and complete") complete") ("to ("to perficere perficere Latin Latin the the from from is is
"perfection" "perfection" word word The The Sacrae). Sacrae). Scripturae Scripturae (perfectio (perfectio Scripture Scripture
Sacred Sacred of of sufficiency sufficiency or or perfection perfection divine divine the the of of doctrine doctrine the the to to
fast fast held held always always have have present, present, and and past past Lutherans, Lutherans, Orthodox Orthodox
God. God. of of Word Word the the as as Bible Bible the the of of traits traits
16 16
the the are are These These authority. authority. and and perspicuity, perspicuity, efficacy, efficacy, sufficiency, sufficiency,
mentioned are are four four Usually Usually Scripture. Scripture. Sacred Sacred of of attributes attributes
the the discussed discussed has has Theology Theology Lutheran Lutheran Orthodox Orthodox of of School School The The
SUFFICIENCY SUFFICIENCY
fulfillment! fulfillment! its its was was he he and and
God, God, of of Word Word the the was was Bible Bible the the Jesus, Jesus, For For 24:44,45). 24:44,45). (Luke (Luke
. . . " " . . . Scriptures. Scriptures. the the understand understand might might they they that that derstanding, derstanding,
un their their he he opened opened Then Then me. me. concerning concerning psalms psalms the the in in and and
prophets, prophets, the the in in and and Moses Moses of of law law the the in in written written were were which which
fulfilled, fulfilled, be be must must things things all all that that you, you, with with yet yet was was I I while while
you, you, unto unto spake spake I I which which words words the the are are these these them, them, unto unto said said
Jesus Jesus "And "And again: again: still still Or Or 5:39). 5:39). (John (John me" me" of of testify testify which which
they they are are they they and and life life eternal eternal have have ye ye think think ye ye them them in in for for
Scriptures, Scriptures, the the "Search "Search said: said: Jesus Jesus again, again, Or Or 1:1,2). 1:1,2). (Hebrews (Hebrews
'' '' ...... Son. Son. a a by by us us to to spoken spoken has has he he days days last last these these in in but but
prophets; prophets; the the by by fathers fathers our our to to old old of of spoke spoke God God ways ways various various
and and many many "In "In manner: manner: this this in in revelation revelation preceding preceding the the and and
Christ Christ of of connection connection the the saw saw Hebrews Hebrews the the of of author author The The 20:31). 20:31).
(John (John name" name" his his through through life life have have might might ye ye believ1ng believ1ng fhat fhat and and
God; God; of of Son Son the the Christ, Christ, the the is is Jesus Jesus that that believe believe might might ye ye that that
written written are are "These "These confessed: confessed: he he when when two two the the of of connection connection
the the confessed confessed Canon, Canon, the the and and Christ Christ divorce divorce to to effort effort their their
in in comfort comfort for for tum tum critics critics modem modem many many whom whom to to John, John, St. St.
him. him. in in fulfillment fulfillment their their find find and and him, him, to to point point him, him,
serve serve Scriptures Scriptures The The Scripture. Scripture. of of Lord Lord and and King King the the is is Christ Christ
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 32 32
twentieth twentieth the the of of dogmaticians dogmaticians Lutheran Lutheran two two these these Certainly Certainly
men." men." of of salvation salvation the the
23 23
i.e., i.e., it, it, intended intended God God which which for for purpose purpose the the accomplishing accomplishing as as
God God of of Word Word "the "the to to refering refering as as efficacy efficacy of of definition definition sentence sentence
his his in in term term the the of of definition definition this this echoed echoed Fendt Fendt C. C. Edward Edward
Word. the the in in power power
God's God's than than else else nothing nothing
22 22
is is Scripture Scripture of of efficacy efficacy divine divine the the for for ...... world world the the in in
book book other other no no by by possessed possessed is is efficacy efficacy unique unique This This him. him.
renews renews and and regenerates, regenerates, converts, converts, actually actually it it divina) divina)
vere vere (vis (vis power power divine divine truly truly its its by by but but it; it; attain attain may may he he
which which by by means means the the him him show show and and salvation salvation of of way way the the
man man teach teach merely merely not not does does God God of of Word Word The The tification tification
sanc· sanc· true true and and faith faith saving saving both both dead, dead, spiritually spiritually is is
nature nature by by who who man, man, in in work work to to power power creative creative the the ......
possess possess
Scriptures Scriptures the the that that wrote, wrote, Mueller Mueller Theodore Theodore John John as as implies, implies,
term term the the theologically theologically used used When When "effectiveness." "effectiveness." simply simply
or or intended" intended" effects effects the the of of production production the the effects; effects; produce produce
power power "the "the to to means means and and efficacia, efficacia, root, root, Latin Latin the the from from is is
"efficacy" "efficacy" word word The The Scriptures. Scriptures. Sacred Sacred the the of of efficacia) efficacia) (divina (divina
efficacy efficacy divine divine the the - God God of of Word Word of the the of attribute attribute second second
a a affirm affirm also also heirs heirs faithful faithful their their and and Fathers Fathers Lutheran Lutheran The The
EFFICACY EFFICACY
19:7). 19:7). (Ps. (Ps. simple simple the the wise wise making making
sure, sure, is is Lord Lord the the of of testimony testimony the the
soul; soul; the the reviving reviving
sure, sure, is is Lord Lord the the of of law law The
written: written: had had earlier earlier centuries centuries who who psalmist, psalmist, the the paraphrasing paraphrasing
but but were were worthies worthies These These salvation." eternal eternal of of tainment tainment
21 21
at the the therefore therefore and and to to life, life, and and faith faith Christian Christian to to order order in in
known known be be to to necessary necessary things things all all sufficiency sufficiency and and fulness fulness perfect perfect
with with contain contain Scriptures Scriptures Holy Holy "The "The that that said said he he when when doctrine doctrine
this this with with agreement agreement his his indicated indicated Quenstedt Quenstedt Andrew Andrew John John
salvation." salvation." our our for for
necessary necessary things things all all concerning concerning us us instruct instruct 20 20
perfectly perfectly and and fully fully Scriptures Scriptures "the "the that that wrote wrote he he when when together together
teaching teaching this this of of aspects aspects two two the the linked linked nicely nicely Gerhard Gerhard John John
needed. needed. is is information information additional additional or or plementary plementary
sup No No salvation. salvation. man's man's for for required required is is that that all all providing providing
adequate, adequate, are are Scriptures Scriptures Sacred Sacred the the 2. 2. Quantitatively, Quantitatively,
translations. translations. subsequent subsequent of of not not manuscripts, manuscripts,
original original the the of of asserted asserted is is This This fashion. fashion. any any in in defect defect or or error error
without without perfect, perfect, are are Scriptures Scriptures Scared Scared the the Qualitatively, Qualitatively, 1. 1.
taught: taught: manifestly manifestly are are doctrines doctrines kindred kindred two two rubric rubric this this Under Under
sufficiency. or or perfection perfection their their by by meant meant is is what what is is
this this
19 19
and and Scriptures, Scriptures, Holy Holy the the in in taught taught perfectly perfectly be be must must
it it life, life, of of way way the the learn learn to to all all at at are are we we if if that that follows follows
33 33 Lutheranism Lutheranism Orthodox Orthodox in in Word Word the the of of Doctrine Doctrine The The
seriously seriously contemplated, contemplated, heard, heard, and and used, used, that that it it is is
Such Such is is the the efficacy efficacy of of the the Word, Word, whenever whenever it it is is
affirmed affirmed the the efficacy efficacy Scripture. Scripture. of Dr. Dr. Luther Luther had had said: said:
the the canonical canonical writers writers and and the the Blessed Blessed Martin Martin Luther Luther when when they they
It It is is evident, evident, therefore, therefore, that that the the Fathers Fathers were were but but following following
Uhost" Uhost" (1 (1 Thess. Thess. 1:5). 1:5).
not not unto unto you you in in word word only, only, but but also also in in power power and and in in the the Holy Holy
to to the the Thessalonians Thessalonians the the al)ostle al)ostle wrote, wrote, "For "For our our gospel gospel came came
hearing, hearing, and and hearing hearing by by the the Word Word of of God" God" (Rom. (Rom. 10:17). 10:17). And And
unto unto salvation" salvation" (Romans (Romans 1:16) 1:16) and and "so "so then then faith faith cometh cometh by by
Romans Romans Paul Paul said said of of the the the the Gospel, Gospel, is is the the "It "It power power of of God God
of of the the Spirit Spirit and and of of power" power" (1 (1 Cor. Cor. 2,4). 2,4). Or Or again, again, to to the the
wrote, wrote, "My "My speech speech and and my my preaching preaching was was ...... in in demonstration demonstration
referred referred to to the the efficacy efficacy of of the the Word. Word. To To the the Corinthians Corinthians he he
Paul, Paul, so so often often called called the the Isaiah Isaiah of of the the New New Testament, Testament, often often
whereto whereto I I sent sent it it (Isaiah (Isaiah 55:11). 55:11).
that that which which I I please, please, and and it it shall shall prosper prosper in in the the thing thing
it it shall shall not not return return unto unto me me void, void, but but it it shall shall accomplish accomplish
So So shall shall my my word word be be that that goeth goeth forth forth out out of of my my mouth; mouth;
Isaiah Isaiah the the prophet prophet was was the the instrument instrument through through which which God God said: said:
following following in in the the footsteps footsteps of of the the biblical biblical writers writers themselves. themselves.
Here, Here, as as elsewhere, elsewhere, the the Orthodox Orthodox Lutheran Lutheran Fathers Fathers were were
human human word.
21 21
in in this this consists consists the the difference difference between between the the divine divine and and
the the Holy Holy Spirit Spirit operating operating in, in, with, with, and and through through it; it; for for
that that it it effectually effectually and and truly truly converts, converts, illuminates, illuminates, etc., etc.,
divine, divine, and and ineffable ineffable influence influence of of its its gracious gracious power, power, so so
proposing proposing a a lovely lovely object object to to us, us, but but also also by by a a true, true, real, real,
The The Word Word works works not not only only by by moral moral suasion, suasion, by by
Quenst.edt Quenst.edt later later explains explains this this power power as as follows: follows:
contumacy contumacy super-added super-added to to a a natural natural repugnance. repugnance.
26 26
hindered hindered and and prevented prevented by by voluntary voluntary self-assertion self-assertion and and
to to convince convince men men of of its its truth, truth, unless unless its its operation operation is is
The The innate innate power power and and tendency tendency of of God's God's Word Word is is always always
erected. erected. Andrew Andrew Quenstedt Quenstedt taught taught that that
This This obvious, obvious, is felt felt the the Fathers, Fathers, unless unless some some artificial artificial barrier barrier is is
prepared prepared and and vivified vivified by by Divine Divine power. power.
26 26
a a means means of of illumination, illumination, conversion, conversion, and and salvation, salvation,
...... the the Holy Holy Scriptures Scriptures are are living living and and efficacious, efficacious, and and
Abraham Abraham Calovius Calovius wrote wrote that that
the the mouth mouth of of a a teacher. teacher.
24 24
through through the the Scriptures Scriptures attentively attentively read read or or heard heard from from
of of the the Holy Holy Spirit Spirit illuminating illuminating the the minds minds of of men, men,
...... is is proved proved ...... especially especially by by the the internal internal testimony testimony
of of the the divine divine origin origin Scripture, Scripture, of for for its its divinity divinity
this this subject. subject. David David H6llaz H6llaz spoke spoke of of efficacy efficacy as as being being a a sure sure sign sign
century century rightly rightly understood understood the the classic classic teaching teaching of of Orthodoxy Orthodoxy on on
34 34 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY QUARTERLY The Doctrine of the Word in Orthodox Lutheranism 35
bound never to be without fruit, but always awakens new understanding, pleasure, and devoutness and produces a pure heart and pure thoughts. For these words are not inoperative or dead, but creative, living words. 28 PERSPICUITY A central teaching of the Lutheran theologians concerning the Word was the doctrine of the perspicuity of Sacred Scripture (perspicuitas, claritas Scripturae Sacrae). The word "per spicuity" is from the Latin, perspicere, meaning "to see through" or "clearly expressed or presented," or "lucid." Theologically, perspicuity means that on all matters necessary to salvation the Scriptures express themselves with perfect clar ity. John Theodore Mueller, wrote that by the perspicuity of Scripture "we mean that it sets forth all doctrines of salvation in words so simple and plain that they can be understood by all persons of average intelligence." 29 In the centuries since the Reformation there has been a remarkable consensus among Orthodox Lutheran theologians on this doctrine. Martin Luther himself was the pathfinder when he firmly and enthusiastically testified to his faith in the perspicuity of Scripture. He said: The things of God are obscure; the things of Scripture are perspicuous. The doctrines in themselves are ob scure; but in so far as they are presented in Scripture they are manifest, if we are willing to be content with that knowledge which God communicates in the Scriptures to the Church. 30 In another place Luther wrote, "there is nothing left obscure and ambiguous, but all things brought to light by the Word are perfectly clear." 31 Still again, commenting on the thirty-seventh Psalm, Luther wrote: But if any one of them (the papists) should trouble you and say: "You must have the interpretation of the Fathers, since Scripture is obscure," then you must reply: "It is not true. There is no clearer book upon earth than is Holy Writ, which in comparison with all other books is like the sun in its relation to all other lights." They say such things only because they want to lead us away from Scripture and elevate themselves to the position of masters over us in order that we might believe their dream sermons .... 32 What Luther re-established in the Church, the next generation faithfully confess_ed. Abr.aham CaloYlll.S... "the most voluminous of our theologians," whose life spanned most of the seventeenth century, attested the perspicuity of Scriptur~ when he wrote:
expressed expressed is is light light to to comparable comparable being being Book Book the the of of idea idea This This
19:8). 19:8). (Psalm (Psalm eyes eyes the the enlightening enlightening pure, pure, is is
Lord Lord the the of of commandment commandment the the
heart; heart; the the rejoicing rejoicing
right, right, are are Lord Lord the the of of precepts precepts The The
saying, saying, message, message, divine divine the the of of prehensibility prehensibility
com the the in in belief belief his his confessed confessed nevertheless nevertheless history, history,
not not hymnody hymnody composing composing while while and and Moses, Moses, of of style style prose prose the the
than than writing writing of of manner manner different different a a using using while while poet, poet, the the David, David,
canon. canon. entire entire the the through through continued continued was was teaching teaching That That
salvation. salvation. for for necessary necessary matters matters all all in in clarity clarity perfect perfect possess possess
books books His His that that then, then, beginning, beginning, the the from from plain plain it it makes makes God God
30:11,12). 30:11,12). (Deut. (Deut. it?" it?"
do do and and it it hear hear may may we we that that us, us, to to it it bring bring and and heaven, heaven,
to to us us for for up up go go will will "who "who say, say, should should you you that that heaven, heaven,
in in not not is is It It off. off. far far it it is is neither neither you, you, for for hard hard too too not not is is
day day this this you you command command I I which which commandment commandment this this For For
God: God: of of words words very very these these received received
statesman statesman and and liberator, liberator, lawgiver, lawgiver, historian, historian, the the Moses, Moses, light. light.
a a to to it it compare compare always, always, not not though though frequently, frequently, They They Word. Word.
God's God's of of clarity clarity the the of of speak speak authors authors biblical biblical the the Apocalypse, Apocalypse,
the the to to Pentateuch Pentateuch the the From From Scriptures. Scriptures. the the of of message message
the the repeating repeating merely merely were were Fathers Fathers the the teaching teaching this this In In
signified. signified.
34 34
things things the the and and understood understood word word the the to to faith faith of of assent assent
the the yield yield to to them, them, with with conjoined conjoined energy energy divine divine the the
or or light, light, supernatural supernatural their their and and themselves themselves Scriptures Scriptures
the the by by led, led, is is man man of of mind mind the the as as according according mind; mind;
his his of of grasp grasp simple simple the the by by doctrines doctrines fundamental fundamental these these
embrace embrace may may and and known, known, be be must must which which concerned concerned are are
things things those those as as far far so so words, words, the the of of sense sense true true the the learn learn
may may words, words, the the to to attention attention due due paying paying and and judgment, judgment,
common common a a of of possessed possessed language, language, the the with with acquainted acquainted
man man any any that that speech, speech, of of usage usage the the to to conformed conformed
and and clear clear so so phrases phrases and and words words in in Scripture Scripture in in taught taught
are are saved, saved, be be to to seeking seeking in in man man by by done done and and believed believed be be
to to necessary necessary are are which which things things those those that that or or Perspicuity, Perspicuity,
wrote: wrote: sensibility," sensibility," pious pious mild, mild, a a of of and and faith, faith,
heart heart living living a a of of expression expression the the doctrine, doctrine, in in to to fidelity fidelity Lutheran Lutheran
addition addition "in "in had had he he said said Walter Walter W. W. F. F. C. C. whom whom of of and and Halle, Halle,
at at professor professor a a as as spent spent was was ministry ministry whose whose Baier, Baier, William William John John
light. light. adventitious adventitious and and
33 33
external external no no need need they they that that so so words, words, the the of of signification signification
natural natural the the by by and and Author, Author, their their God God of of tention tention
in the the by by both both explicit, explicit, admirably admirably and and abundantly abundantly
are are Scriptures Scriptures the the salvation, salvation, obtain obtain to to order order in in known known
be be to to necessary necessary are are which which things things those those in in Because Because
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 36 36
its its truth." truth." The The stress stress here here is is on on the the Word's Word's source source within within God. God.
'' '' communicates communicates to to man man the the Word Word of of God God and and convinces convinces him him of of
Professor Professor Fendt, Fendt, causative causative authority authority means means that that the the Bible Bible
causative causative and and normative normative (or (or canonical). canonical). In In the the words words of of
This This means means that that the the authority authority of of the the Word Word is is two-fold, two-fold,
and and norm norm of of faith faith and and life. life.
37 37
obedience obedience of of all all men men and and is is and and remains remains the the only only source source
which which as as the the true true Word Word of of God God it it demands demands faith faith and and
...... the the peculiar peculiar quality quality of of the the whole whole Bible Bible according according to to
Scriptures Scriptures as as
Theodore Theodore Mueller Mueller characterized characterized the the divine divine authority authority of of the the
and and t_he t_he will will to to yield yield obedience obedience to to their their commands." John John
36 36
inclines inclines the the human human understanding understanding to to assent assent to to their their instructions instructions
"the "the authority authority of of the the Holy Holy Scriptures Scriptures is is the the manifest manifest dignity dignity that that
professor professor at at Halle Halle and and general general superintendent superintendent of of Weimar, Weimar, said said
way way in in which which the the term term is is used used theologically. theologically. John John William William Baier, Baier,
expert expert in in a a given given field. field. " This This secular secular usage usage corresponds corresponds to to the the
35 35
exact exact obedience, obedience, determine, determine, influence, influence, or or judge," judge," and and (2) (2) "an "an
definitions: definitions: (1) (1) "the "the right right and and power power to to command, command, enforce enforce laws, laws,
helpful. helpful. A A recent recent standard standard reference reference work work offers offers two two possible possible
"authority"? "authority"? Perhaps Perhaps an an ordinary ordinary dictionary dictionary definition definition would would be be
doctrine doctrine of of the the Word Word in in Lutheran Lutheran Orthodoxy. Orthodoxy. What What is is meant meant by by
Sacred Sacred Scripture- its its authority. authority. This This teaching teaching is is central central to to the the
The The Confessions Confessions and and the the Fathers Fathers teach teach a a final final attribute attribute of of
AUTHORITY AUTHORITY
Scripture. Scripture.
affirmed affirmed wholeheartedly wholeheartedly the the doctrine doctrine of of the the perspicuity perspicuity of of
being being faithful faithful to to the the teachings teachings of of Scripture Scripture itself itself when when they they
The The Lutheran Lutheran Confessions Confessions and and the the Orthodox Orthodox theologians theologians were were
as as to to a a lamp lamp shining shining in in a a dark dark place" place" (2 (2 Peter Peter 1: 1: 19). 19).
word word made made more more sure. sure. You You will will do do well well to to pay pay attention attention to to this this
"prince "prince of of apostles" apostles" reminded reminded them them that that "we "we have have the the prophetic prophetic
by by St. St. Peter. Peter. In In his his second second letter letter to to the the early early Christians Christians the the
to to the the Hebrew Hebrew heritage, heritage, the the same same doctrine doctrine is is carefully carefully discussed discussed
Lest Lest critics critics contend contend that that this this conception conception is is something something limited limited
light" light" (Prov. (Prov. 6:23). 6:23).
author author wrote, wrote, "For "For the the command command is is a a lamp lamp and and the the teaching teaching a a
understood. understood. Again Again the the image image of of light light is is employed employed when when the the
affirmed affirmed the the same same trust trust in in the the ability ability of of God's God's Word Word to to be be
from from both both history history and and poetry, poetry, that that of of proverbial proverbial literature, literature,
Still Still later, later, the the biblical biblical philosopher, philosopher, using using a a style style different different
from from the the Latin Latin word word meaning meaning "shining." "shining."
for for the the very very word word "clarity" "clarity" in in English English is is ultimately ultimately derived derived
this this statement statement teaching teaching the the is is doctrine doctrine of of perspicuity, perspicuity, or or clarity, clarity,
my my feet, feet, and and a a light light to to my my path" path" (Psalm (Psalm 119:105). 119:105). Obviously Obviously
later later in in the the Psalter Psalter where where it it states, states, "Thy "Thy word word is is a a lamp lamp unto unto
The The Doctrine Doctrine of of the the Word Word in in Orthodox Orthodox 37 37 Lutheranism Lutheranism 38 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
Normative or canonical authority means that Scripture "is a rule whereby all information and experiences pertaining to Christian faith and life must be judged." 38 Here the concern is the role of the Word as the standard within the Church. The two aspects together constitute the Orthodox doctrine of biblical authority; as August Dorner said, "Lutheran Orthodoxy recognized the Canon as something given, and appealed to scripture as the sole norma et judex in all matter of faith ... ,"39 Dean Fendt explained the causative authority of the Word in this manner: . . . the causative authority of Holy Scripture teaches man to know who it is that is speaking to them there: God. It requires of men to listen and obey, since it is no less an authority than God himself who is addressing them there. 40 · The teaching is clear: the worth of a word often depends on who has spoken it. The truth of a testimony is its origin. This implication is seen in the very derivation of the English term, "authority," coming ultimately from the Latin word auctor, meaning "author." The Ultimate Author of Sacred Scripture is God Himself. This was the teaching of Jesus. The Master said, "For I speak not of myself; but the Father that sent me, he hath given me a command, what I should say, and what I should speak not of myself; but the Father that sent me, he hath him lthe Father], these speak I unto the world" (John 8:26). Or still again, "I do nothing of myself, but as the Father taught me, I speak these things" (John 8:28). Referring to the later composition of the New Testament, Jesus promised his disciples, "Howbeit, when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he shall guide you into all the truth" (John 15:13). St. Paul likewise taught the divine origin of the Scripture. To Timothy he wrote: "Every Scripture inspired of God is also profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for in struction in righteousness" (2 Timothy 3:16). And in an earlier letter, to the Thessalonians he wrote: "And for this cause we also thank God without ceasing, that, when ye received from us the word of the message, even the Word of God, ye accepted it not as the word of man, but, as it is in truth, the word of God" (1 Thess. 2:13). Of his word, as well as that of his fellow apostles, Paul wrote, "Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth" (1 Cor. 2: 13) . Writing to the Romans, Paul specifically refers to the Old Testament as "the words of God" (Romans 3:2)~ Peter shared Paul's position. He wrote: "No prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation. For no
authority authority of of the the Holy Holy Scriptures. Scriptures. This This means, means, in in the the words words of of
Lutheran Lutheran Reformation Reformation held held to to the the normative normative or or canonical canonical
Together Together with with the the apostolic apostolic church, church, the the Church Church of of the the
unanimity unanimity and and unity, unity, and and its its inerrancy. inerrancy.
46 46
also also held held to to its its consistency consistency (it (it is is without without contradiction), contradiction), its its
they they were were persuaded persuaded of of the the truth truth of of God's God's Word, Word, the the Fathers Fathers
may may err err and and deceive, deceive, but but God's God's Word Word cannot cannot err." Because Because
44 44
that that God God does does not not lie. lie. My My neighbor neighbor and and I-in I-in short, short, all all men
in in his his usual usual manner, manner, put put it it bluntly bluntly but but plainly: plainly: " " ...... we we know know
because because "God's "God's Word Word is is not not false false nor nor does does it it lie." Dr. Dr. Luther, Luther,
43 43
they they said said they they accepted accepted ''the ''the Word Word of of God God as as the the eternal eternal truth'' truth''
followed followed in in the the footsteps footsteps of of the the apostles apostles and and evangelists evangelists when when
of of his his majesty" majesty" (2 (2 Peter Peter 1:16). 1:16). The The Fathers, Fathers, therefore, therefore, merely merely
and and coming coming of of our our Lord Lord Jesus Jesus Christ, Christ, but but we we were were eyewitnesses eyewitnesses
cleverly cleverly devised devised myths myths when when we we made made known known to to you you the the power power
true" true" (John (John 21:24). 21:24). St. St. Peter Peter testified: testified: "For "For we we did did not not follow follow
(John (John 17:17). 17:17). St. St. John John wrote, wrote, "We "We know know that that his his testimony testimony is is
should should lie" lie" (Numbers (Numbers 23:19). 23:19). Jesus Jesus said, said, "Thy "Thy word word is is truth" truth"
in in the the Old Old Testament Testament we we read: read: "God "God is is not not a a man man that that he he
righteous righteous ordinances ordinances endures endures forever" forever" (Psalm (Psalm 119:160). 119:160). Earlier Earlier
wrote, wrote, "The "The sum sum of of thy thy Word Word is is truth, truth, and and every every one one of of thy thy
done done in in faithfulness" faithfulness" (Psalm (Psalm 33:4). 33:4). And And again again the the inspired inspired poet poet
affirmed, affirmed, "The "The word word of of Jehovah Jehovah is is right; right; and and all all his his work work is is
and and is is furthermore furthermore plainly plainly revealed revealed in in Scripture. Scripture. The The Psalmist Psalmist
obvious obvious logical logical corlollary corlollary of of the the causative causative authority authority of of the the Bible Bible
veracity veracity or or truthfulness truthfulness of of the the Sacred Sacred Scriptures. Scriptures. This This is is an an
For For this this reason, reason, the the Lutheran Lutheran Fathers Fathers taught taught the the total total
trine trine derived derived from from the the Holy Holy Spirit Spirit is is absolute absolute truth. truth.
42 42
in in their their hearts hearts that that the the Spirit Spirit is is true, true, i.e., i.e., that that the the doc
perienced perienced in in their their own own hearts? hearts? The The Holy Holy Spirit Spirit testifies testifies
doubt doubt concerning concerning that that whose whose efficacy efficacy they they have have ex
always always employ employ to to prove prove other other things? things? How How can can they they
can can they they wish wish to to prove prove to to that that themselves themselves which which they they
doubt doubt concerning concerning the the foundation foundation of of the the Church? Church? How How
can can they they be be true true members members of of the the Church Church if if they they are are in in
pretend pretend to to call call in in question question the the doctrine doctrine of of Christ? Christ? How How
point. point. How How can can they they be be true true disciples disciples of of Christ Christ if if they they
the the authority authority of of Scripture, Scripture, for for this this is is their their starting
Those Those who who are are within within the the Church Church do do not not inquire inquire about about
any any one one could could question question such such a a clear-cut clear-cut teaching teaching of of Scripture: Scripture:
in in the the words words of of John John Gerhard, Gerhard, they they could could not not understand understand how how
be be called called the the Author Author of of the the Sacred Sacred Scriptures." Furthermore, Furthermore,
41 41
that that "God "God therefore therefore alone, alone, if if we we wish wish to to speak speak accurately, accurately, is is to to
when, when, in in the the words words of of John John Andrew Andrew Quenstedt, Quenstedt, they they affirmed affirmed
This This is is the the reason reason why why the the Lutheran Lutheran Fathers Fathers did did not not err, err,
God, God, being being moved moved by by the the Holy Holy Ghost" Ghost" (1 (1 Peter Peter 1:20,21). 1:20,21).
prophecy prophecy ever ever came came by by the the will will of of man; man; but but men men spake spake from from
The The Doctrine Doctrine of of the the Word Word in in Orthodox Orthodox Lutheranism Lutheranism 39 39 40 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
Dr. Fendt, "Christians have thus a standard of authority whereby all controversy in the Church must be settled and whereby all error from without must beaverted and rejected." 46 Or, as Henry Eyster Jacobs, celebrated historian and theologian of the old General Council wrote, "the Scriptures are regarded as the absolute norm of revealed truth rather than as a magazine or receptacle in which the truth is stored." 47 Certainly this was the authoritative principle in biblical religion. In Isaiah we read: "To the law and to the testimony! If they speak not according to this Word, surely there is no morning for them" (Isaiah 8:30). St. Peter wrote, "If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God" (1 Peter 4:11). Or, once more, St. James said, "Be not many of you teachers, my brethren, knowing that we shall receive heavier judgment" (James 3:1), because of the sober responsibility to be a correct interpreter of the Word. Jesus summed it up, "If a man love me, he will keep my words" (John 14:23). And, conversely, to his enemies he said (and still says), "Ye do err, not knowing the Scriptures, nor the power of God" (Matthew 22:29). Our Fathers, therefore, did not err when they said in the Formula of Concord, as they had affirmed repeatedly before, the precious truth . . . that the Word of God is and should remain the sole rule and norm of all doctrine, and that no human being's writings dare be put on a par with it, but that everything must be subjected to it. 48 What was confessed in 1580, on the occasion of the publication of the Book of Concord, should be confessed just as loudly in the "Church of the Open Bible" as we approach the four hundredth anniversary of that event in 1980. If we continue in our forefather's doctrine of the Word (which is that of Scripture itself), we can anticipate God's blessings on our fellowship in the future. If we forsake it, then the only alternative will be infidelity, adversity, and the judgment of God. What better birthday celebration could we plan for 1980 than true· unity in the Orthodox doctrine of God's Word which is asserted by the Confessions?
FOOTNOTES 1. News item, The Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, August 21, 1971, p. 12. 2. James D. Smart, The Teaching Ministry of the Church (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1964), p. 132. For some documentation of how frightening this ignorance of Scripture within the Church hes become, see J. M. Hopkins, "College Students Flunk Bible Quiz," The Christian Century LXXXV (April 24, 1968), p. 664. 3. James D. Smart, The Rebirth of Ministry (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1960), p. 69. For more recent documentation, see D. Callahan, "Post-biblical Christianity," Commonweal LXXXV (January 6, 1967), pp. 369 ff. end (February 24, 1967), pp. 606-607. And again, P. R.
Lutheran Lutheran Carolina: Carolina: South South (Columbia, (Columbia, Dogmatics Dogmatics Biblical Biblical Voigt, Voigt, Andrew Andrew
George George is is South South Old Old the the from from systematics systematics Lutheran Lutheran Orthodox Orthodox an an 1850); 1850);
Company, Company, Ludwig Ludwig York: York: (New (New Confession Confession Augsburg Augsburg Unaltered Unaltered The The editor, editor,
Schott, Schott, H. H. C. C. is is gem gem century century nineteenth nineteenth a a 1917); 1917); Board, Board, Literary Literary German German
Iowa:· Iowa:· (Burlington, (Burlington, Symbolics Symbolics Lutheran Lutheran Neve, Neve, L. L. J. J. see see Confessions, Confessions,
the the in in Scripture Scripture of of role role the the for for 1897); 1897); Concern, Concern, Book Book Lutheran Lutheran (Columbus: (Columbus:
Martens Martens M. M. D. D. by by German German the the from from translated translated and and Seeberg Seeberg Reinhold Reinhold by by
edited edited Doctrines; Doctrines; Distinctive Distinctive Graul, Graul, Karl Karl traditions traditions is is and and denominations denominations
other other to to opposition opposition in in Lutheranism Lutheranism Orthodox Orthodox of of discussion discussion classic classic
A A thought. thought. of of schools schools other other of of that that with with Scripture Scripture on on view view its its contrast contrast to to
is is Orthodoxy Orthodoxy Lutheran Lutheran appreciate appreciate to to way way best best the the Perhaps Perhaps 406. 406. p. p. 1970), 1970),
House, House, Publishing Publishing Concordia Concordia Louis: Louis: (St. (St. Prolegomena Prolegomena Theological Theological of of Study Study
A A Lutheranism: Lutheranism: Post-Reformation Post-Reformation of of Theology Theology The The Preus, Preus, D. D. Robert Robert 8. 8.
540-644. 540-644. PI>· PI>· 1971), 1971),
15, 15, (June (June XXXVII XXXVII Speeches Speeches Vital Vital Luther," Luther," on on Thoughts Thoughts God: God: of of Word Word the the
by by Bound Bound is is Conscience Conscience "My "My Manschreck, Manschreck, L. L. C. C. see see subject, subject, the the on on opinion opinion
Neo-Orthodox Neo-Orthodox a a for for And And 35-56. 35-56. pp. pp. 1972), 1972), 3, 3, (March (March XVI XVI Today Today Christianity Christianity
Bible," Bible," the the and and "Evangelicals "Evangelicals Henry, Henry, H. H. F. F. Carl Carl 11-13; 11-13; pp. pp. 1972), 1972), 26, 26,
(May (May XVI XVI Today Today "Christianity "Christianity Criticism, Criticism, Biblical Biblical and and Faith Faith "Christian "Christian Reid, Reid,
S. S. W. W. 31-32; 31-32; pp. pp. 1968), 1968), 26, 26, (October (October XIII XIII Today Today Christianity Christianity Book," Book," Unique Unique
"The "The Bell, Bell, Nelson Nelson L. L. 6-9; 6-9; pp. pp. 1970), 1970), 6, 6, (June (June XIV XIV Today Today Christianity Christianity ' ' ture, ture,
Scrip of of Inspiration Inspiration "The "The Kelso, Kelso, L. L. J. J. 6-9; 6-9; pp. pp. 1968), 1968), 11, 11, (October (October XIII XIII Toda?: Toda?:
Christianity Christianity Scripture," Scripture," Holy Holy of of Inspiration Inspiration "The "The Robinson, Robinson, C. C. W. W. 8-10; 8-10;
pp. pp. 1970), 1970), 18, 18, (December (December 3-6; 3-6; pp. pp. 1970), 1970), 4, 4, (December (December XV XV Today Today Christianity Christianity
Bible?" Bible?" the the About About Believe Believe Evangelicals Evangelicals Do Do "What "What author, author, same same the the 12; 12;
8- pp. pp. 1968), 1968), 16, 16, (August (August 11-13; 11-13; pp. pp. 1968), 1968), 19, 19, (July (July 12-15; 12-15; pp. pp. 1968), 1968), 5, 5, (July (July
XII XII Today Today Christianity Christianity Bible," Bible," the the Around Around Debate Debate "Modern "Modern Runia, Runia, Klaus Klaus
see see thinking, thinking, evangelical evangelical For For 600; 600; p. p. 1968), 1968), 7, 7, (December (December CXIX CXIX America America
Mystery?" Mystery?" or or Myth, Myth, "Qogm!J., "Qogm!J., Bible: Bible: "The "The and and 1969); 1969); Press, Press, University University bridge bridge
Cam Cambridge: Cambridge: Critique Critique and and Review Review A A 1810: 1810: Since Since Inspiration Inspiration Biblical Biblical
of of Theories Theories Catholic Catholic Burtchaell, Burtchaell, T. T. J. J. see see Catholics, Catholics, Roman Roman As·to As·to 1962). 1962).
Press, Press, University University Cambridge Cambridge (Cambridge; (Cambridge; Understanding Understanding Christian Christian cerning cerning
Con Essays Essays Soundings: Soundings: Vidler, Vidler, R. R. Alec Alec see see Anglicans, Anglicans, Among Among follows: follows: as as is is
subject subject this this on on thought thought current current of of sampling sampling A A century. century. nineteenth nineteenth early early the the
in in method" method" "historical-critical "historical-critical so-called so-called the the of of birth birth the the since since theology theology the the
in in question question crucial crucial the the been been has has This This 73. 73. p. p. Ministry, Ministry, of of Rebirth Rebirth The The Smart, Smart, 7. 7.
, , 72. 72.
p. p. 1971, 1971, 22, 22, August August Dispatch, Dispatch, (Ohio) (Ohio) Columbus Columbus The The Bear Bear It," It," and and "Grin "Grin 6. 6.
39-40. 39-40.
pp. pp. 1966), 1966), (July (July LXXXVIII LXXXVIII Review Review Dun's Dun's Bibles, Bibles, in in "Boom "Boom Thackeray, Thackeray, J. J.
see see journals; journals; business business of of attention attention the the even even caught caught sales sales Bible Bible in in upsurge upsurge
The The 20. 20. p. p. 1971), 1971), 17, 17, (August (August XI XI Standard Standard Lutheran Lutheran The The item, item, News News 5. 5.
2:1). 2:1). Peter Peter (2 (2 " " ...... them them bought bought who who Master Master
the the denying denying even even heresies, heresies, destructive destructive in in bring bring secretly secretly will will who who you, you,
among among teachers teachers false false be be will will "there "there that that warned warned he he when when mind mind in in had had Peter Peter
St. St. what what is is This This intepreted. intepreted. falsely falsely still, still, worse worse or, or, ignored ignored either either is is and and
abounds abounds Word Word the the which which in in one one from from situation situation different different entirely entirely an an viously viously
ob This This is is 34:27). 34:27). Chron. Chron. (2 (2 Lord" Lord" the the says says you, you, heard heard have have also also I I me, me,
before before wept wept and and clothes clothes your your rent rent have have and and me, me, before before yourself yourself humbled humbled
you you and and penitent penitent was was heart heart your your "because "because that that Lord Lord the the of of promise promise
the the and and ignorance, ignorance, of of sins sins his his for for primarily primarily Josiah, Josiah, King King of of repentance repentance
the the of of story story the the with with continues continues and and 34:14) 34:14) Chron. Chron. (2 (2 Moses" Moses" through through
given given Lord Lord the the of of law law the the of of book book the the found found priest priest the the "Hilkiah "Hilkiah how how
tells tells account account The The eloquently. eloquently. rather rather results results the the reports reports author author inspired inspired The The 4. 4.
232-235. 232-235. pp. pp. 1971), 1971), (August, (August, CCXIII CCXIII
World World Catholic Catholic Sermon," Sermon," and and Bible Bible the the Update Update "Let's "Let's Gastonguay, Gastonguay,
Lutheranism Lutheranism Orthodox Orthodox in in Word Word the the of of Doctrine Doctrine The The 41 41 42 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
Board of Publication, 1917); and Conrad Bergendoff, "Lutheranism," A Handbook of Christian Theology, edited by Marvin Halverson (New York: Meridian, 1968), pp. 220-223. For a history of Christian attitudes toward the Scriptures, see E. von Dobschiitz, "The Bible in the Church," Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, edited by James Hastings (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916), II, pp. 679,616. A study of the alleged "abuse of the Bible in the Church" is by the German theologian, A. Dorner, "Bibliolatry," Ibid., II, pp. 616-618. Representative liberal views are Harry Emerson Fosdick, The Modem Use of the Bible (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924); AHred E. Garvie, "Revelation," A Dictionary of the Bible, edited by James Hastings, Extra Volume (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 321-337; another liberal Anglican View, H. L. Goudge, "Revelation," Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, X, pp. 746-749; a Methodist modernist approach is that of Georgia Harkness, Toward Understanding the Bible (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964); Erich Dinkier, "Myth," A Handbook of Christian Theology, pp. 238-243. Neo-Orthodox views are found in Hans W. Frei, "Religion-Natural and Revealed," A Handbook of Christian Theology, pp. 310-321; Langdon B. Gilkey, "Neo-Orthodoxy," Ibid., pp. 266-261; Bernard W. Anderson, "Bible," Ibid., pp. 35-40; George A. Buttrick, "The Study of the Bible," The Interpreter's Bible (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1962), I, pp. 166-174; C. H. Dodd, The Bible Today (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947); Marcus Dods, "Inspiration," A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, edited by James Hastings (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), I, pp. 831-836; Herbert H. Farmer, "The Bible: Its Significance and Authority," The Interpreter's Bible, I, pp. 3-31; Wa,_lter iI. Horton. "Revelation," A Handbook of Christian Theology, pp. 327-328; J. K. S. Reid, The Authority of Scripture (London: Methuen, 1967); Alan Richardson, A Preface to Bible Study (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964); and Richardson and W. Schweitzer, editors, Biblical Authority for Today (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1961). 9. John Andrew Quenstedt. identified the characteristics of true religion as follows: 1) divine sublimity (divine in its origin); 2) unity; 3) truth; 4) perfection (contains perfectly and sufficiently all things necessary to faith and Christian life); 6) holiness (it teaches a knowledge of a holy God, the cultivation of a holy life; it communicates holy precepts, reveals holy mysteries); 6) necessity; 7) utility; 8) antiquity; 9) invincibility; 10) per petuity; 11) spontaneity (is not compulsory, but seeks to be taught, and calls for unconstrained assent); 12) varied treatment (exposed to various persecutions, obscured but not extinguished, oppressed but not sup pressed); 13) efficacy (illustrating the glory of God, in soothing the con science, in converting men, in cherishing growth in piety). See Revere Franklin Weidner, An Introduction of Dogmatic Theology (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1898), p. 47. 10. Preus, The Theology of Post-Reformation Lutheranism, p. 36. 11. See Gardiner Spring, The Bible, Not of Man (New York: American Tract Society, 1847) and Joseph Sittler, The Doctrine of the Word (Philadelphia: The Board of Publications of the United Lutheran Church in America, 1948). 12. Taito Almar Kantonen, Resurgence of the Gospel (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1948), p. 101. 13. Jacob Sheatsley, A Guide to the Study of the Bible (Columbus: Lutheran Book Concern, 1918), p. 13. 14. John R. Lavik, The Bible is the Word of God (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1969), p. 14. The Doctrine of the Word in Orthodox Lutheranism 43
15. John Theodore Mueller, quoting Martin Luther, in Christian• Dogmatics (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1955), p. 92. 16. The relationship has been explained thus: "(1) Since Holy Scripture is the Word of God to us, then it follows that we owe it acceptance and obedience (divine authority). (2) Since Holy Scripture is the only source and norm of faith and life given by God to man, then it follows that we have all thing necessary for our salvation (divine sufficiency). (3) Since Holy Scripture is God's revelation of Himself and His will for men, then it follows that men must there have a clear and understandable communication (divine per spicuity). (4) Since Holy Scripture is God's only Word of life given to man, it follows that men must here have a power to implant and sustain saving faith in them (divine efficacy)." Edward C. Fendt, Christian Dogmatics: A Study Guide and Outline for Discussion, 4th edition (Columbus: Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1954), p. 39. 17. Mueller, Christian Dogmatics, p. 137. 18. Fendt, Christian Dogmatics, p. 42. 19. Heinrich Schmid, Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 3rd ed., translated from the· German and Latin by Charles A. Hay and Henry E. Jacobs (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1961), p. 64. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid., p. 65 22. Mueller, Christian Dogmatics, p. 133. 23. Fendt, Christian Dogmatics, p. 47. 24. Weidner, An Introduction to Dogmatic Theology, p. 89. 25. Schmid, Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, p. 80. 26. Ibid., p. 503. 27. Ibid., p. 504. 28. Mueller, Christian Dogmatics, p. 133. 29. Ibid., p. 138. Dr. Philip J. Spener, the Pietist, wrote of the perspicuity of Scripture: "Question: Are the Scriptures, therefore, not too difficult for simple persons who are without education? Answer: No. For even in the Old Testament the divine Word was given, in order to make wise the simple (Ps. 19:7; 119:130), and that fathers might teach it diligently to their children (Deut. 6:6,7). But the New Testament is still clearer (Rom. 13:13; 1 John 2:8). Accordingly Christ did not direct His teaching to the wise and prudent of this world, but to the simple (Matt. 11:25,26). Every one who wants to understand Jesus, must put aside all worldly wisdom and became a child (Matt. 18:3; Luke 18:17). Paul, therefore, and all other Apostles did not discourse in high words but in the power of God which was hidden from the wise, but revealed to infants, in accordance with the unsearchable wisdom of God. which 'by foolish preaching' has brought to naught the wise of this world (1 Cor. 1:18-24; 2:1-5; 2 Cor. 1:12- 10:4,5). Hence the Apostles have written their epistles mostly to unlearned and simple men, who could not have un derstood them, from heathen arts or sciences, but who, without them, by the grace of God, could understand them to their salvation (1 Cor. 1:2; 2:6- 10)." Quoted in Henry Eyster Jacobs, A Summary of the Christian Faith (Philadelphia: The United Lutheran Publication House, 1905), p. 585. 30. Weidner, An Introduction to Dogmatic Theology, p. 91. 31. Ibid. 32. Quoted in Mueller, Christian Dogmatics, pp. 139, 140. 33. Schmid, Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, p. 69. 34. Ibid., p. 70. 35. Peter Davies, editor, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc., 1974), p. 48. 36. Schmid, Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, p. 61.
606. 606. p. p.
Concord, Concord, of of Book Book The The Tappert, Tappert, in in Declaration, Declaration, Solid Solid Concord, Concord, of of Formula Formula 48. 48.
203. 203. p. p. VIII, VIII,
1915), 1915), Sons, Sons, Scribner's Scribner's Charles Charles York: York: (New (New Hastings Hastings James James by by edited edited
Ethics, Ethics, and and Religion Religion of of Encyclopedia Encyclopedia "Lutheranism," "Lutheranism," Jacobs, Jacobs, E. E. Henry Henry 47. 47.
40. 40. p. p. Dogmatics, Dogmatics, Christian Christian Fendt, Fendt, 46. 46.
1972). 1972). House, House, Publishing Publishing Concordia Concordia Louis: Louis: (St. (St. Principles Principles
Confessional Confessional Scriptural and and Scriptural of of Statement Statement A A and and 1976) 1976) House, House, Publishing Publishing
Concordia Concordia Louis: Louis: (St. (St. Scripture Scripture Holy Holy of of Function Function and and Nature Nature The The See See 46. 46.
444. 444. p. p. Ibid., Ibid., Catechism, Catechism, Large Large The The Luther, Luther, Martin Martin 44. 44.
483. 483. p. p. Ibid., Ibid., Epitome, Epitome, 606; 606; p. p. 1959), 1959),
Press, Press, Muhlenberg Muhlenberg The The (Philadelphia: (Philadelphia: Concord Concord of of Book Book The The edit.or, edit.or, and and
Tappert, translator translator Tappert, G. G. Theodore Theodore Declaration, Declaration, Solid Solid Concord, Concord, of of Fo~ula Fo~ula 43. 43.
55. 55. p. p. Church, Church, Lutheran Lutheran Evangelical Evangelical the the of of Theology Theology Doctrinal Doctrinal Schmid, Schmid, 42. 42.
103. 103. p. p. Dogmatics, Dogmatics, Christian Christian Mueller, Mueller, 41. 41.
39. 39. p. p. Dogmatics, Dogmatics, Christian Christian Fendt, Fendt, 40. 40.
616. 616. p. p. "Bibliolatry," "Bibliolatry," Domer, Domer, 39. 39.
39. 39. p. p. Dogmatics, Dogmatics, Christian Christian Fendt, Fendt, 38. 38.
120. 120. p. p. Dogmatics, Dogmatics, Christian Christian Mueller, Mueller, 37. 37.
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 44 44 Theological Observer
I.C.B.I. SUMMIT REPORT
In its first major activity designed to assert inerrency es "a central end urgent theological issue of our day," the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (I.C.B.I.) held a three-day summit meeting in Chicago, October 26- 28, 1978, culminating in the development of "The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrency." Fourt.een LC-MS members joined 270 other participants in the activities of this conference. The I.C.B.I. was founded in 1977 by individual scholars from many organizations end denominations. ltii declared purpose is "to take a united stand in elucidating, vindicating end applying the truth of Biblical inerrency es en integral element in the authority of Scripture." The Chicago Summit was viewed by the 16 members of the Council (which includes Dr. Robert Preus of the LC-MS) es a vehicle for the "creation end publication of a clear, con vincing stat.ement on inerrency endorsed by a united coalition of prominent scholars." In developing a ten-year plan of action, the I.C.B.I. hopes that the "Chicago Statement" will be the foundation for a vigorous program of sup porting inerrency on both scholarly and lay levels. The program of the summit meeting, held et the Hyett Regency O'Hare, celled for the presentation and discussion of fourteen major papers, addressing such topics es "Christ's View of the Scriptures," "Supposed 'Errors' in the Original Manuscripts of the Bible," "The View of the Bible Held by the Church," end "The Inerrency of the Autogrephe." Most observers seemed to feel that ell of the papers were well-written end valuable with the greatest contributions to the case for inerrency coming from tli.e papers of James I. Pecker (Trinity College, Bristol, England) end Norman L. Geisler (Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois). Pecker's contribution, "The Adequacy of Human Language," celled attention to the present-day skep ticism about the capacity of human language to convey truth about God. Pecker agreed with John H. Gerstner (Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) that one must reject as untrue the oft-held position that "to err is human"; Ger stner rightly correct.ed this notion: to err is sinful, not human! Pecker celled for Christians to examine and reject presuppositions which "are contrary to the knowledge of God." Geisler's paper, "Philosophical Presuppositions of Biblical Errancy," urged the responsible examination of the presuppositions with which we think, those beliefs that ere behind one's position on Biblical inemincy. Quoting the Scriptural admonition, "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy" (Col. 2:8), Geisler observed that one cannot beware of philosophy unless one is aware of its influences. Behind the positions of those who reject inerrency (including LC-MS "moderates") one finds presuppositions which are alien to the Scriptures. Aft.er surveying the way in which various schools of philosophical thought have influenced Christians to move away from the inerrency of Holy Scripture, Geisler concluded: "The history of the philosophical influences leading to the denial of the full authority of Scripture show unmistakably that essentially it is not new facts but old philosophies that ere leading evangelicals astray. They are-often unwittingly-buying into philosophical presuppositions that are inimical to the historic evangelical view of Scripture. The reel problem is not factual but philosophical. It is the ac ceptance, oft.en uncritically, of philosophical premises, such as inductivism, naturalism, rationalism or existentialism, that are basically unreconcilable with the doctrine of the full inspiration of Scripture." Throughout the Summit various drafts of a proposed statement on inerrancy 46 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY were distributed for discussion and suggestions. It was most heartening to note that every suggestion made by Missouri Synod participants was included in the final draft of the statement. Indeed, participants from the LC-MS reported a warm and sensitive reception to their presence and their ideas. In the words of one I.C.B.I. member, "we regard the presence of Missouri Synod members as crucial for our endeavor; you are the one church body in America that has fought this battle and won!" The final product of the summit meeting, "The Chicago Statement on Biblical lnerrancy," is comprised of a short statement and nineteen articles of affirmations and antitheses, plus an accompanying exposition of major themes in the statement itself. The short statement asserts: 1. God, who is Himself Truth and speaks truth only, has inspired Holy Scripture in order thereby to reveal Himself to lost mankind through Jesus Christ as Creator and Lord, Redeemer and Judge. Holy Scripture is God's witness to Himself. 2. Holy Scripture, being God's own Word, written by men prepared and superintended by His Spirit, is of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches: it is to be believed, as God's instruction, in all that it affirms; obeyed, as God's command, in all that it requires; embraced, as God's pledge, in all that it promises. 3. The Holy Spirit, its divine Author, both authenticates it to us by His inward witness and opens our minds to understand its meaning. 4. Being wholly and verbally God-given, Scripture is without error or fault in all its teaching, no less in what it states about God's acts in creation and the events of world history, and about its own literary origins under God, than in its witness to God's saving grace in individual lives. 5. The authority of Scripture is inescapably impaired if this total divine inerrancy is in any way limited or disregarded, or made relative to a view of truth contrary to the Bible's own; and such lapses bring serious loss to both the individual and the Church. With the Summit completed, the I.C.B.I. now intends to focus on the production of materials for both scholars and laymen, development of seminars for regional and local situations, and dialogue with those who reject inerrancy, to promote clarity on the issues. As of this time, the first publication of the Council has been released, The Foundation of Biblical Authority, ed. by James M. Boice (Zondervan, 1978). The Council promises to have the essays presented at the Summit in published form by next summer. Meanwhile, tapes of all sessions have also been released. As Lutherans we have a significant investment in the future of this young movement. It represents many who are facing, or soon will face, the same theological confrontation which has racked the LC-MS for the past decade; in this regard we ought to make an investment in leadership. Furthermore, one only needs to examine the textbooks of our pastors to realize the debt which the Missouri Synod owes to these evangelical scholars. Yet the greatest reason for our investment is the matter of truth. Here, in Chicago, truth has been confessed, truth which we in the Missouri Synod hold and have confessed publicly in numerous official statements.
Rev. Robert W. Schaibley Concordia Teachers College River Forest, Illinois
THE SHROUD OF TURIN: PROTESTANT OPPORTUNITY OR EMBARRASSMENT?
A shroud now in the Italian city of Turin is allegedly the burial cloth in
the the Can Can history. history. (1) (1) particular particular a a have have to to supposed supposed is is which which artifact artifact other other
any any of of asked asked be be must must that that shroud shroud the the to to addressed addressed be be must must questions questions Two Two
merits. merits. own own its its on on judged judged be be must must authenticity authenticity shroud's shroud's
the the of of question question The The question. question. into into come come would would itself itself Palestine Palestine of of
existence existence
the the reasoning, reasoning, of of kind kind this this By By abused. abused. been been have have they they that that or or frauds frauds are are relics relics
most most that that grounds grounds the the on on dismissed dismissed be be simply simply cannot cannot authenticity authenticity
shroud's shroud's
the the of of evidence evidence Yet Yet relics. relics. through through conveyed conveyed is is God God of of grace grace the the that that idea idea the the
to to sure, sure, be be to to object, object, We We make. make. may may Pope Pope the the which which decision decision any any or or Church Church
Catholic Catholic Roman Roman the the in in relics relics of of abuse abuse or or use use the the by by influenced influenced be be not not should should
Turin Turin of of Shroud Shroud the the of of authenticity authenticity the the to to as as however, however, judgment, judgment, One's One's
shroud. shroud.
the the by by miracles miracles many many of of working working the the claim claim doubtless doubtless will will authorities authorities Church Church
Catholic Catholic Roman Roman The The organized. organized. be be will will world world the the of of parts parts all all from from Pilgrimages Pilgrimages
garment. garment. the the on on approval approval of of stamp stamp his his puts puts Pope Pope the the if if Turin Turin of of Shroud Shroud
the the
of of veneration veneration mass mass be be will will there there that that doubted doubted be be cannot cannot It It relics. relics. of of veneration veneration
the the through through sins sins of of forgiveness forgiveness obtain obtain could could one one that that idea idea medieval medieval the the of of
face face
the the in in right right flew flew grace grace free free of of doctrine doctrine Luther's Luther's Reformation. Reformation. the the of of heritage heritage
the the of of part part is is that that relics relics towards towards negativism negativism general general a a be be may may shroud shroud
the the
for for enthusiasm enthusiasm Protestant Protestant widespread widespread any any of of lack lack the the for for reason reason basic basic One One
authenticity. authenticity. possible possible its its
about about
reticent reticent remarkably remarkably been been has has world world Protestant Protestant the the shroud, shroud, the the to to given given being being
attention attention increasing increasing the the of of spite spite In In history. history. good good not not but but story, story, horror horror good good
a a makes makes theory theory a a Such Such seriously. seriously. considered considered be be cannot cannot Gospels Gospels the the in in account account
the the match match to to as as way way a a such such in in crucified crucified deliberately deliberately was was man man a a that that idea idea The The
insignificant. insignificant. statistically statistically are are Jesus Jesus of of description description Gospel Gospel the the fit fit perfectly perfectly so so
would would soldiers soldiers Roman Roman the the of of victim victim Jewish Jewish another another that that chances chances The The
shroud. shroud.
the the on on imposed imposed artificially artificially or or painted painted was was image image the the that that evidence evidence no no solutely solutely
ab is is There There shroud. shroud. the the of of authenticity authenticity the the for for arguments arguments further further
provided provided
has has investigation, investigation, homicide homicide modern modern with with connection connection in in developed developed pathology, pathology,
of of
science science The The Palestine. Palestine. with with connection connection some some show show tests tests pollen pollen Recent Recent
race. race. Jewish Jewish the the of of member member a a indicates indicates victim victim the the of of style style hair hair The The shroud. shroud.
the the on on detected detected easily easily all all are are thorns thorns of of crown crown the the and and falling, falling, from from knee knee the the on on
wound wound the the )lead, )lead, the the to to blow blow the the back, back, the the on on stripes stripes of of number number excessive excessive the the
side, side, wounded wounded the the hands, hands, and and feet feet the the in in nails nails The The Gospels. Gospels. the the in in portrayed portrayed
Jesus Jesus of of death death and and suffering suffering the the of of accounts accounts the the perfectly perfectly fits fits shroud shroud the the
on on image image The The overstatement. overstatement. an an certainly certainly is is pronouncement pronouncement weighty weighty This This
1978). 1978).
10, 10, (May (May Christ" Christ" be be could could cloth cloth the the on on image image the the that that billion billion a a times times billion billion
a a times times billion billion a a times times billion billion a a in in chance chance one one "There's "There's manner: manner: following following the the in in
shroud shroud the the upon upon pontificated pontificated hae hae Century Century Christian Christian The The Jesus), Jesus), of of Shroud Shroud the the
not not and and Turin Turin of of Shroud Shroud the the called called officially officially (it (it is is assertion assertion dogmatic dogmatic
infallible infallible
an an of of means means by by problem problem historical historical an an solve solve to to hesitancy hesitancy admirable admirable an an exercised exercised
have have authorities authorities Catholic Catholic Roman Roman While While programs. programs. television television and and magazines, magazines,
newspapers, newspapers, in in as as well well as as journals journals scientific scientific in in on on carried carried been been has has shroud shroud
the the about about Discussion Discussion surfaced. surfaced. has has evidence evidence negative negative of of shred shred one one
not not date date
To To shroud. shroud. the the on on research research historical historical and and scientific scientific further further foster foster to to founded founded
been been since since have have Europe Europe and and America America in in both both Societies Societies seriously. seriously.
taken taken be be
to to
had had that that Church Church Catholic Catholic Roman Roman the the of of storehouse storehouse the the in in relics relics of of myriads myriads the the
among among relic relic one one was was Here Here Turin. Turin. of of Shroud Shroud the the of of taken taken had had they they
photograph photograph
a a developing developing were were they they when when man man crucified crucified a a of of form form the the discovered discovered century century
last last the the in in photographers photographers two two when when shroud shroud the the on on focused focused was was Attention Attention
line. line.
the the of of head head the the to to go go to to have have would would authentic, authentic, if if shroud, shroud, the the but but time, time,
present present
the the at at proofs proofs historical historical without without not not is is Christianity Christianity unearthed. unearthed. be be to to yet yet artifact artifact
historical historical significant significant most most the the be be to to have have would would it it tests, tests, scientific scientific the the
pass pass
to to continue continue Turin Turin of of Shroud Shroud the the Should Should 19:40). 19:40). John John 23:53; 23:53; Luke Luke 15:46; 15:46; Mark Mark
27:19; 27:19; (Matthew (Matthew crucifixion crucifixion His His after after placed placed was was Jesus Jesus the the of of body body the the which which
47 47 Observer Observer Theological Theological
burial burial cloth cloth in in which which the the corpse corpse of of Jesus Jesus was was laid laid as as described described in in the the Godpels Godpels
anti-historical anti-historical bias! bias! The The probability probability that that the the Shroud Shroud of of Turin Turin is is the the actual actual
fact, fact, the the "historical-critical" "historical-critical" method method is is a a collection collection of of methods methods controlled controlled by by an an
method, method, it it would would be be better better described described as as the the "philosophical-critical" "philosophical-critical" method. method. In In
most most Biblica.l Biblica.l scholars scholars pride pride themselves themselves on on practicing practicing the the "historical-critical "historical-critical
bones bones historical historical minimalism. minimalism. Scarcely Scarcely the the shadow shadow of of Jesus Jesus is is left. left. Although Although
Modern Modern biblical biblical scholarship, scholarship, to to be be sure, sure, has has narrowed narrowed itself itself down down to to a a bare
identification identification of of the the Shroud Shroud of of Turin Turin as as the the shroud shroud in in which which Jesus Jesus was was buried. buried.
salvation salvation of of the the world. world. There There is, is, therefore, therefore, no no valid valid theological theological objection objection to to
of of Jesus Jesus within within a a shroud shroud in in a a tomb. tomb. A A shroud shroud was was part part of of the the history history of of the the
"crucified, "crucified, dead, dead, and and buried." buried." Part Part of of this this burial burial was was the the placing placing of of the the corpse corpse
instance instance of of divine divine revelation. revelation. The The Word Word which which became became flesh flesh was was also also
history. history. The The incarnation incarnation when when "the "the Word Word became became flesh" flesh" is is the the quintessential quintessential
message message given given directly directly from from heaven, heaven, but but one one given given by by God God in in and and through through
Revelation Revelation in in both both Biblical Biblical and and Reformation Reformation theology, theology, however, however, is is not not a a
belief belief by by followers followers the of of Barth. Barth.
Answering Answering historical historical questions questions often, often, is is in in fact, fact, considered considered the the height height of of un
thianism thianism that that relies relies on on the the "Heavenly "Heavenly Word" Word" and and ignores ignores historical historical questions. questions.
the the shroud shroud may, may, in in fact, fact, derive derive from from an an unrecognized unrecognized and and undiagnosed undiagnosed Bar
Protestantism Protestantism to to tackle tackle such such thorny thorny historical historical questions questions as as the the authenticity authenticity of of
which which had had no no need need of of real real history. history. The The reluctance reluctance of of much much of of conservative conservative
Bultmann. Bultmann. Karl Karl Barth Barth based based his his theology theology upon upon a a concept concept of of "God's "God's Word" Word"
but but also also from from an an ideological ideological bias bias engendered engendered by by the the thought thought of of Barth Barth and and
shroud shroud stems stems not not only only from from the the natural natural aversion aversion to to relics relics previously previously n6ted, n6ted,
One One suspects suspects that that the the noticeable noticeable lack lack of of Protestant Protestant enthusiasm enthusiasm for for the the
discussion discussion of of the the evidence. evidence.
Century Century has has offered offered the the verdict verdict of of "No, "No, it it cannot cannot be" be" without without any any serious serious
the the growing growing weight weight of of evidence evidence of of the the shroud's shroud's authenticity, authenticity, The The Christian Christian
included included those those who who cannot, cannot, by by any any definition, definition, be be called called believers. believers. Yet, Yet, despite despite
most most valuable valuable variety. variety. Those Those who who have have done done research research on on the the shroud shroud have have
scientists scientists and and which which is is still still undergoing undergoing scientific scientific tests. tests. Evidence Evidence here here is is of of the the
the the evidence. evidence. The The Shroud Shroud of of Turin Turin is is an an object object which which has has been been seen seen by by many many
evidence evidence taken taken from from planes planes and and the the hearsay hearsay testimony testimony of of those those who who have have seen seen
terest. terest. The The arguments arguments for for the the authenticity authenticity of of the the ark ark depend depend on on photographic photographic
the the Shroud Shroud of of Turin. Turin. The The search search for for Noah's Noah's Ark Ark has has also also sparked sparked public public in
broad broad spectrum spectrum of of collaborating collaborating evidence evidence provided provided in in the the Gospel Gospel accounts accounts for for
doubts doubts .the .the authenticity authenticity of of these these artifacts, artifacts, even even though though they they do do not not have have the the
in in line line for for hours hours to to see see the the treasures treasures of of a a pharoah's pharoah's tomb. tomb. No No one one seriously seriously
Contemporary Contemporary interest interest with with past past hardly hardly is is on on the the decline. decline. People People have have stood stood
it it cannot cannot be be is is only only a a refusal refusal to to face face the the evidence. evidence.
not, not, in in fact, fact, be be the the very very cloth cloth in in which which Jesus Jesus was was buried? buried? Simply Simply stating stating that that
canny. canny. Can Can anyone anyone offer offer any any sound sound reason reason why why the the Shroud Shroud of of Turin Turin should should
between between the the testimony testimony of of the the shroud shroud and and the the Gospel Gospel accounts. accounts. is is simply simply un
satisfactory satisfactory alternate alternate explanation explanation of of the the image image on on the the shroud. shroud. The The similarity similarity
planation planation must must be be weighed weighed against against the the others. others. No No one one has has offered offered a a
belong? belong? Here Here we we are are dealing dealing with with the the laws laws of of probability; probability; each each possible possible ex
image image is is outlined outlined in in the the shroud shroud is is not not that that of of Jesus, Jesus, to to whom whom then then does does it it
tifact, tifact, ate ate other other explanations explanations of of its its origin origin just just as as plausible? plausible? the the If If victim victim whose whose
can can be be brought brought to to bear bear against against the the reputed reputed authenticity authenticity of of an an historical historical ar
available available has has been been nearly nearly exhausted. exhausted. (2) (2) Even Even if if no no effective effective negative negative evidence evidence
with with more more intensity. intensity. The The number number of of possible possible forms forms of of investigation investigation now now
h.istorical h.istorical artifact artifact that that has has been been tested tested and and investigated investigated for for a a longer longer time time and and
against against the the claims claims attached attached to to it. it. In In fact, fact, it it would would be be difficult difficult to to find find an an
authentic. authentic. To To date, date, however, however, the the shroud shroud has has not not produced produced any any evidence evidence
developed developed centuries centuries after after the the death death of of Christ, Christ, it it could could not not possibly possibly be be
derived derived from from the the relic relic itself'/ itself'/ For For example, example, the the if if shroud shroud were were woven woven in in a a style style
claims claims concerning concerning the the relic relic be be shown shown to to be be in in direct direct contradiction contradiction to to evidence evidence
48 48 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY QUARTERLY Theological Observer 49 threatens these contemporary exegetical methods at the very heart of the matter. If the shroud be authentic, we have no longer a mere shadow of Jesus, but the corpus dilecti itself. Many Christians of the first decades saw almost daily the palace of Pilate, the temple, Golgotha, and the tomb where Jesus was laid. These things were constant historical reminders that the Jesus who was now reigning in glory at the Father's right hand had indeed lived and died among these people. For them these sacred places were authentic ties to the life of Jesus. The Shroud of Turin may very well be an authentic link with a past which was not only sacred but real. Acceptance of the authenticity of the shroud obviously cannot be made a criterion of orthodoxy, but a prior refusal to consider the question borders on disregard of the historical claims of Christianity. Perhaps we shall be given the same opportunity as Peter and John to see the burial garments of the Lord (John 20:6, 7). David P. Scaer Book Reviews
I. Biblical Studies
BIBLICAL PROPHECY FOR TODAY. By J. Barton Payne. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1978. 93 pages. Paper. $2.95. The author of this volume, Professor of Old Testament at Covenant Theological Seminary, St Louis, has also written a major work, The Imminent Appearing of Christ, Revelation in Sequence, all books specifically concerned with Biblical prophecy and Biblical apocalyptics. In this study Dr. Payne has selected one particular area, for to quote him: "My present goal is to cover those prophecies whose fulfillments are happening now or are at least possible within the next few days or weeks. These may be grouped into seventy-two prophetic topics, and they are listed in the order of their fulfillment in an appendix at the end of this book. Here again the .aim has been conservative" (p. 6). While Payne has repudiated dispensationalism, he however, is a premillenislist in his understanding of Old and New Testament passages. Consequently, all those in Christendom who consider millennialism an un scriptural doctrine will be forced to question many of his prophetic in terpretations. Difficult passages in Joel, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Zechariah and the Book of Revelation are interpreted according to the premillennial system of hermeneutics, and interpretations are advanced which other Biblical scholars will find unacceptable. By interpreting the Biblical books within the perimeters of millennialsim, in turn, also affects Payne's understanding of passages in the Gospels, Acts and the epistolary literature of the New Testament. At times passages are _interpreted literally and at other times they are understood figuratively. Many of the interpretations given on pages 79-83 other con servative scholars would consider fanciful because meanings and un derstandings and interpretations are being read into passages which are un justified. The reviewer would share with the author his concern that all who read this volume that they ask themselves the timely question: "Am I acceptable to Christ when He comes, whenever it may be?" Christ offers men freedom from guilt, certainty through His written Word, purpose for living, and assurance beyond the grave. The price, our heartfelt commitment to His lordship, is recognizably high, but we are going to have to face up to this reality sooner or later anyway, whether at our death or at His coming ( p. 78). Raymond F. Surburg
FIRST AND SECOND KINGS. By Richard I. McNeely.' Moody Press, Chicago, 1978. 158 pages. Paper. $2.50. This volume by Professor McNeely, Chairman of Biblical Studies and Related Studies at Biola College, La Miranda, California, is one in a series known as Everyman's Bible Commentary. Students normally find the reading of First and Second Kings is not easy reading and they are even frustrated because they find difficulty in keeping the chronological order of the thirty eight different kings who ruled over the Northern and Southern Kingdoms. In some instances contemporay kings have identical names, which often is very confusing to readers. In comparison with other Biblical books, the two books of Kings do not have the same appeal for the normal Bible student, a fact which probably accounts for the dearth of bibliographical literature existing treating the two King books. Added to this may also be the factor that many readers of Kings do not believe that there are any spiritual principles and values that pervades its history and so make them worthy of serious study.
fundamentalist fundamentalist and and evangelical evangelical new new various various the the and and Protestantism, Protestantism,
Orthodox, Orthodox, Eastern Eastern Catholic, Catholic, Roman Roman both both for for Christianity, Christianity, twentieth-century twentieth-century
for for problem problem big big a a become become has has Hermeneutics Hermeneutics followers. followers. Christian Christian and and theologians theologians
by by Bible Bible the the of of books books and and passages passages same same the the to to given given have have understandings understandings
different different that that composed, composed, was was book book Testament Testament New New last last the the since since Jived Jived have have
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numerous numerous through through gone gone having having time time our our reached reached have have centuries centuries sixteen sixteen
about about of of period period a a covering covering Scripture, Scripture, Holy Holy of of books books The The canon. canon. Biblical Biblical the the
of of books books and and statements statements all all understanding understanding problem problem a a have have will will scholar scholar learned learned
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friends friends These These College. College. Wheaton Wheaton of of Department Department Religion Religion and and Archaeology, Archaeology,
Bible, Bible, the the in in colleagues colleagues his his by by contribution contribution a a is is Festschrift Festschrift This This
knowledge." knowledge." bibliographical bibliographical wide wide a a enjoys enjoys he he that that and and theology, theology, in in read read
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the the for for editor editor associate associate as as acted acted also also he he span span three-year three-year a a For For volumes. volumes.
6 6 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia (1976) (1976) Bible Bible Pictorial Pictorial Zondervan Zondervan the the of of and and tionary tionary (1963) (1963)
Dic Bible Bible Pictorial Pictorial Zondervan Zondervan the the for for editor editor associate associate was was Barabas Barabas College. College.
Wheaton Wheaton at at professor professor Barabas, Barabas, Steven Steven of of Honor Honor in in Festschrift Festschrift a a is is This This
pages pages $8.96. $8.96. Chicago, Chicago, 281 281 Press, Press, 1976. 1976. Moody Moody Inch. Inch. A. A. Morris Morris
and and Schultz Schultz J. J. Samuel Samuel by by Edite9- GOD. GOD. OF OF WORD WORD THE THE INTERPltETING INTERPltETING
Surburg Surburg F. F. Raymond Raymond
study. study. group group for for or or student student Bible Bible
individual individual the the either either for for tool tool valuable valuable a a be be should should volume volume This This length. length. and and
depth depth greater greater at at commentary commentary the the in in discussed discussed areas areas pursue pursue to to desiring desiring those those
for for opportunity opportunity additional additional furnish furnish wiil wiil books books thirty thirty over over of of bibliography bibliography The The
included. included. also also
are are data data archaeological archaeological Relevant Relevant ride. ride. furious furious Jehu's Jehu's or or example, example, for for Rebellion, Rebellion,
Adonijah's Adonijah's visualize visualize easily easily to to more more reader reader the the aid aid to to designed designed furnished furnished
is is information information Geographical Geographical Babylonia. Babylonia. Assyria, Assyria, Syria, Syria, as as powers powers Eastern Eastern
Near Near such such involuntarily, involuntarily, or or voluntarily voluntarily either either relationship, relationship, into into thrust thrust were were
kingdoms kingdoms both both whom whom with with nations nations the the regarding regarding data data historical historical useful useful find find
also also will will reader reader the the commentary commentary their their in in Interwoven Interwoven discrepancies. discrepancies. these these for for
explanations explanations possible possible with with together together discrepancies discrepancies possible possible indicates indicates McNeely McNeely
history. history.
directs directs and and controls controls which which God's sovereignity, sovereignity, God's stresses stresses of of Kings Kings author author
the the by by described described events events historical historical The The Scriptures. Scriptures. other other in in and and Law Law Mosaic Mosaic
the the in in embedded embedded principles principles spiritual spiritual the the illustrates illustrates and and emphasizes emphasizes Jeremiah, Jeremiah,
been been have have may may who who Kings, Kings, of of author author The The King. King. as as himself· himself· present present would would
the the Messiah Messiah that that truth truth the the of of presentation presentation the the for for God God of of preparation preparation the the
underlines underlines also also books books historical historical two two these these of of contents contents The The Judah. Judah. and and Israel Israel of of
the the of of kings kings history history the the of of matrix matrix the the in in found found are are Elisha, Elisha, and and Elijah Elijah of of those those
especially especially prophets, prophets, the the of of messages messages the the that that fact fact the the explicated explicated has has McNeely McNeely
Further Further history. history. Israelite Israelite Testament Testament Old Old of of backbone backbone the the is is Judah Judah and and Israel Israel
in in monarchy monarchy the the of of history history the the that that fact fact the the demonstrated demonstrated has has author author the the
commentary commentary popular popular this this In In Kings. Kings. Second Second and and First First of of importance importance the the shown shown
properly properly has has McNeely McNeely that that out out pointed pointed has has foreword foreword his his in in Feinberg Feinberg Charles Charles
Reviews Reviews Book Book 61 61
have have we we
here here
that that claims claims he he patriarchs, patriarchs, postdiluvian postdiluvian and and prediluvian prediluvian
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the the in in Coptic Coptic and and Egyptian Egyptian in in Lecturer Lecturer Kitchen, Kitchen, A. A. Kenneth Kenneth
$3.95. $3.95. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 168 168 1978. 1978. 60515, 60515,
Illinois Illinois
Grove, Grove, Downers Downers Press, Press, InterVarsity InterVarsity Kitchen. Kitchen. A. A. K. K. By By TODAY. TODAY.
ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY & & BIBLE BIBLE THE THE WORLD. WORLD. ITS ITS AND AND BIBLE BIBLE THE THE
Surburg Surburg F. F. Raymond Raymond
interpretation. interpretation.
Biblical Biblical
in in discussions discussions
interest interest current current the the to to contribution contribution worthwhile worthwhile A A
provocative. provocative.
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furnisp.es furnisp.es Barabas Barabas Steven Steven Jacobsen. Jacobsen. Herbert Herbert and and Webber Webber Robert Robert Lake, Lake,
Donald Donald Inch, Inch,
Morris Morris Johnson, Johnson, Alan Alan Fee, Fee, Gordon Gordon Hanger, Hanger, A. A. Donald Donald
Bullock, Bullock,
Hassell Hassell C. C.
Schultz, Schultz, J. J. S. S. Hoerth, Hoerth, J. J. Alfred Alfred Jennings, Jennings, E. E. J. J. contributed: contributed:
have have scholars scholars
Wheaton Wheaton following following The The Historical/theological. Historical/theological. 4. 4. and and
Testament Testament
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millennia millennia and and centuries centuries by by Christians Christians of of removal removal the the Thus Thus denominations. denominations.
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 52 52
ana ana sensational sensational gu1aes gu1aes to to llberatea llberatea lovemaking, lovemaking, one one small small book book deserves deserves all all the the
Solomon's Solomon's Song Song Dillow Dillow asserts: asserts: "Amid "Amid the the current current deluge deluge of of marriage marriage manuals manuals
presents presents "New "New Approaches Approaches to to Sexual Sexual Disfunction Disfunction (pp. (pp. 158-182). 158-182). Concerning Concerning
Biblical Biblical Guide Guide to to Married Married Love." Love." The The book book has has two two appendixes, appendixes, Appendix Appendix I I
This This book book is is a a commentary commentary on on The The Song Song of of So11gs, So11gs, and and purports purports to to be be : : "A "A
York/Nashville, York/Nashville, 1977. 1977. 197 197 pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. $6.95. $6.95.
SOLOMON SOLOMON ON ON SEX. SEX. By By Joseph Joseph C. C. Dillow. Dillow. Thomas Thomas Nelson, Nelson, Inc., Inc., New New
Raymond Raymond F. F. Surburg Surburg
review. review.
tion," tion," which which represent represent a a Christian Christian approach approach to to the the particular particular material material under under
Each Each part part of of Daglish's Daglish's presentation presentation has has a a part part called called "Theological "Theological Reflec
really really set set for for what what truly truly happened? happened?
the the plagues plagues are are theological theological interpretations. interpretations. However, However, does does such such an an assertion assertion
their their concentration concentration in in time time and and their their forecast forecast by by Moses. Moses. (p. (p. 43). 43). He He claims claims that that
preternatural, preternatural, The The miraculous miraculous element. element. The The miraculous miraculous element element lies lies rather rather in in
disasters. disasters. "As "As individual individual natural natural events events they they cannot cannot be be viewed viewed as as uniquely uniquely
Relative Relative to to the ten ten the plagues, plagues, Daglish Daglish states states that that they they were were a a series series of of natural natural
Isaac Isaac and and Jacob." Jacob."
speaking speaking with with Moses Moses and and states: states: "I "I am am the the God God of of your your fathers, fathers, Abraham, Abraham,
knowing knowing the the name name Jahweh, Jahweh, even even though though in in Exodus Exodus 3 3 Yahweh Yahweh depicted depicted is is as as
period period of of the the 12th 12th Egyptian Egyptian dynasty. dynasty. Moses Moses is is depicted depicted by by the the author author as as not not
not not come come down down to to Egypt Egypt during during the the Hyksos Hyksos reign reign but but arrived during during arrived the the
6:4; 6:4; Exodus Exodus 12:40 12:40 and and historical historical references references in in Genesis. Genesis. Joseph Joseph and and Jacob Jacob did did
This This dating dating goes goes against against the the data data of of the the Massoretic Massoretic text text as as found found in in I I Kings Kings
The The Exodus Exodus took took place place during during the the reign reign of of Rameses Rameses II II according according to to tlie tlie author. author.
reliability reliability of of the the historical historical accounts accounts in in Exocj.us, Exocj.us, take take the the same same is is not not surprising. surprising.
the the Bible, Bible, should should in in most most places places where where critical critical scholarship scholarship has has challenged challenged the the
That That Daglish, Daglish, who who has has written written 400 400 articles articles for for Interpreter's Interpreter's Dictionary Dictionary of of
books books in in the the selected selected bibliography bibliography are are written written from from the the critical critical viewpoint. viewpoint.
example example we we have have two two different different accounts accounts of of the the call call of of Moses. Moses. The The majority majority of of
mean? mean? It It involves involves operating operating with. with. different different contradictory contradictory sources, sources, thus thus for for
"recent "recent scholarship scholarship here here speaks speaks to to the the earnest earnest student." student." And And what what does does that that
derstanding derstanding of of the the faith faith of of Israel. Israel. The The publishers publishers state state that that in in this this guide guide
with with as as they they have have worked worked with with Exodus, Exodus, a a book book important important for for the the un
Exodus Exodus will will have have pointed pointed out out to to him him problems problems that that critical critical scholars scholars have have dealt dealt
In In the the preface preface Daglish Daglish informs informs the the reader reader that that he he in in his his exploration exploration of of
to to Sinai. Sinai. This This is is not not a a verse verse by by verse verse commentary. commentary.
trace trace the the history history of of Israel Israel from from Egypt, Egypt, through through the the great great deliverance, deliverance, and and on on
historical historical setting, setting, its its meaning, meaning, and and its its religious religious antecedents. antecedents. In In four four chapters chapters
This This study study guide guide begins begins with with a a discussion discussion of of the the importance importance of of Exodus, Exodus, its its
The The author author is is professor professor of of Old Old Testament Testament and and religion religion at at Baylor Baylor University. University.
This This book book announced announced is is as as "a "a concise concise exposition exposition of of the the book book of of Exodus." Exodus."
Nashville, Nashville, 1977. 1977. 140 140 pages. pages. Paper. Paper.
THE THE GREAT GREAT DELIVERANCE. DELIVERANCE. By By Edward Edward R. R. Daglish. Daglish. Broadman Broadman Press, Press,
Raymond Raymond F. F. Sur Sur burg burg
studies. studies.
books. books. Kitchen Kitchen has has made made a a worthwhile worthwhile contribution contribution to to Old Old Testament Testament Biblical Biblical
more more in in detail. detail. The The bibliography bibliography limits limits itself itself mostly mostly to to English-language English-language
for for each each chapter chapter will will aid aid the the student student who who wishes wishes to to pursue pursue matters matters discussed discussed
centrates centrates principally principally on on the the periods periods before before Solomon's Solomon's reign. reign. The The documentation documentation
use use of of direct direct first-hand first-hand evidence evidence from from the the ancient ancient Biblical Biblical world, world, but but con
chapter chapter on on the the New New Testament Testament era. era. The The reader reader will will find find that that the the author author makes makes
Kitchen Kitchen treats treats the the major major periods periods of of Biblical Biblical history, history, concluding concluding with with a a final final
support support a a 13th-century 13th-century date date for for the the Exodus. Exodus.
problems. problems. He He also also needs needs to to reject reject the the Biblical Biblical chronological chronological data data in in order order to to
Book Book Reviews Reviews 53 53
average average the the help help greatly greatly will will which which commentary commentary popular popular a a written written has has
he he However However understand. understand. to to easy easy not not is is Job Job of of Book Book the the that that admits admits Zuck Zuck
Education. Education. Christian Christian of of field field the the in in writers writers other other with with collaboration collaboration
in in were were publications publications previous previous His His Texas. Texas. Dallas, Dallas, Seminary, Seminary, Theological Theological
Dallas Dallas at at Exposition Exposition Bible Bible of of Professor Professor Assistant Assistant and and Dean Dean Academic Academic
Assistant Assistant the the is is author author The The Press. Press. Moody Moody the the by by published published mentary, mentary,
Com Bible Bible Everyman's Everyman's series, series, the the in in commentaries commentaries the the of of one one is is This This
Paper. Paper. $2.50. $2.50. pages. pages. 192 192 1978. 1978. Chicago, Chicago, Press, Press, Moody Moody Zuck. Zuck. Roy Roy By By JOB. JOB.
Surburg Surburg F. F. Raymond Raymond
scholars. scholars. evangelical evangelical of of number number a a among among trend trend the the become become had had
as as aside aside thrust thrust be be to to not not are are schools schools typical and and allegorical allegorical the the that that believes believes still still
reviewer reviewer This This incorrect. incorrect. is is interpretation interpretation entire entire his his otherwise otherwise with, with, begin begin to_ to_
assumptions assumptions certain certain make make to to has has he he does, does, he he as as Solomon Solomon of of Song Song the the interpret interpret
to to Dillow Dillow for for order order In In one. one. correct correct and and natural natural the the is is interpretation interpretation normal normal
the the insists insists who who author author the the by by rejected rejected are are interpretation interpretation of of schools schools typological typological
and and allegorical allegorical The The 1976). 1976). Press, Press, (InterVarsity (InterVarsity Lovers Lovers for for Song Song A A Glickman, Glickman,
Craig Craig S. S. of of views views the the by by influenced influenced be be to to seems seems and and Seminary Seminary Theological Theological
Dallas Dallas at at condidate condidate doctoral doctoral a a is is he he present present At At Inc. Inc. Blessing, Blessing, Inherit-a Inherit-a
ministry, ministry, seminar seminar marriage marriage a a of of co-directors co-directors are are wife wife his his and and author author The The
Songs. Songs. of of Song Song the the of of interpretation interpretation sexual sexual Dillow's Dillow's !:Upport !:Upport
and and show show to to endeavored endeavored suggestions suggestions and and indicated indicated speakers speakers the the with with provided provided
is is outline outline interpretative interpretative an an and and used used is is text text James James King King the the II II Appendix Appendix In In
Songs Songs of of Song Song the the of of outline outline Dillow's Dillow's give give 197 197
Page Page ends. ends. book book the the love love sexual sexual of of enjoyment enjoyment their their of of note note the the on on and and return return
they they and and agrees agrees king king The The vacation. vacation. a a on on there there back back her her take take to to Solomon Solomon asks asks
She She up. up. grown grown had had she she where where Lebanon Lebanon of of country country the the for for yearns yearns Shulamith Shulamith the the
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, in in palace palace the the at at residing residing While While again. again. embrace embrace joyfully joyfully they they and and
him, him, finds finds searching searching long long after after and and him him follows follows she she foolishly, foolishly, acted acted had had she she
that that Realizing Realizing leaves. leaves. king king the the and and advances advances sexual sexual his his refuses refuses she she night night One One
life. life. married married of of problems problems and and joys joys the the forth forth sets sets book book the the of of half half second second The The
described. described.
chastely chastely and and tastefullly tastefullly are are night night wedding wedding the the of of details details the the book book the the of of
half half first first the the In In night. night. wedding wedding the the and and banquet banquet wedding wedding the the for for ready ready getting getting
is is Shulamith Shulamith the the which which in in situation, situation, the the with with i i opens opens Chapter Chapter Jersuafem. Jersuafem.
to to bride bride new new his his escort escort to to procession procession wedding wedding a a sends sends ::Solomon ::Solomon propos·a1. propos·a1.
king's king's the the accepted accepted she she consideration, consideration, some some After After marriage. marriage. proposes proposes finally finally
Solomon Solomon area, area, this this to to visits visits periodic periodic making making and and time time some some for for Shulamith Shulamith the the
pursing pursing After After heart. heart. his his capt1,1red capt1,1red who who Shulamith, Shulamith, a a met met king king tenth-century tenth-century the the
there there vineyard, vineyard, a a visiting visiting was was Solomon Solomon while while excursion excursion one one on on Baalhamon Baalhamon to to
close close mountains mountains Lebanon Lebanon the the of of foothills foothills the the Near Near Songs. Songs. of of Song Song the the behind behind
story story the the for for background background the the envisions envisions Dillow Dillow that that way way the the is is following following The The
together. together.
years years early early their their as as well well as as night night wedding wedding the the to to Solomon, Solomon, with with marriage marriage her her
to to leading leading events events the the at at back back looks looks she she as as queen, queen, woman,Solomon's woman,Solomon's married married
a a of of reflections reflections fifteen fifteen of of series series a a be be to to him him by by held held is is Songs Songs of of Song Song The The
8). 8). (p. (p. song song the the in in sequence sequence
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the the while while suspended suspended temporarily temporarily remains remains audience audience the the while while suspended suspended is is story story
the the flashbacks; flashbacks; several several with with movie movie " a a " to to book book the the compares compares Dillow Dillow order. order.
chronological chronological in in follow follow necessarily necessarily not not do do events events and and speeches speeches which which in in song, song,
love love of of kind kind a a idyll, idyll, lyric lyric of of form form a a have have we we claims claims author author the the writing writing this this In In
Songs. Songs. of of Song Song The The eight-chapter eight-chapter the the of of author author the the as as Solomon Solomon holds holds Dillow Dillow
7). 7). (p. (p. women" women"
and and men men as as respond respond best best we we how how to to as as instructions instructions specific specific with with us us provided provided
also also female female and and male male us us created created who who one one the the realize realize people people Few Few neglected. neglected.
largely largely and and misunderstood misunderstood lies lies it it but but for, for, clamoring clamoring are are others others the the attention attention
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 54 54
assumed assumed that that there there is is "some "some historical historical basis basis for for this this incident" incident" (p. (p. 273), 273), but but
Jesus Jesus to to have have supper supper with with them. them. The The re!lders re!lders are are ev~n ev~n told told that that there there may may be be
the the style style of of embellishment. embellishment. The The disciples disciples at at Emmaus Emmaus are are spoken spoken of of as as urging urging
Burrows Burrows writes writes in in the the portrait portrait style style of of the the nineteenth nineteenth century century exegetes. exegetes. It It is is
quality quality of of the the Fourth Fourth Gospel, Gospel, references references to to it it are are made made throughout throughout the the text. text.
Gospels!) Gospels!) In In spite spite of of his his own own expressed expressed lack lack of of appreciation appreciation of of the the historical historical
the the Marean Marean priority. priority. (Bultmann (Bultmann would would see see no no historical historical value value in in any any of of the the
majority majority of of scholars, scholars, Burrows Burrows sees sees little little historical historical value value in in John John and and follows follows
comparison comparison with with Bultmann, Bultmann, Burrows Burrows is is radically radically conservative! conservative! Along Along with with the the
manages manages to to recover recover a a Jesus Jesus whose whose characteristics characteristics and and words words we we know. know. In In
devotional devotional romanticism. romanticism. Burrows Burrows of of course course rules rules out out the the miraculous, miraculous, but but
with with its its frenzied frenzied search search for for the the historical historical Jesus. Jesus. without without sacrificing sacrificing a a
conclude conclude that that the the book book was was taken taken right right out out of of the the middle middle of of the the last last century century
or or shocking. shocking. one one If If did did not not know know the the copyright copyright year year was was 1977, 1977, one one could could easily easily
One One has has to to search search the the text text at at great great length length to to find find anything anything really really disturbing disturbing
derstanding derstanding of of Jesus Jesus and and devotion devotion to to him." him."
some some readers, readers, but but his his real real goals goals are are to to "help "help others others to to reach reach a a truer truer un
prominently prominently used. used. Burrows Burrows also also mentions mentions that that his his book book may may be be disturbing disturbing to to
criticism, criticism, are are given given a a word word from from gratitude, gratitude, yet yet form form criticism criticism is is not not
scholarly scholarly apparatus apparatus excised. excised. Dibelius Dibelius and and Bultmann, Bultmann, the the founders founders of of forms forms
planations. planations. The The original original manuscript manuscript had had to to be be severely severely condensed condensed and and the the
can can reflect reflect on on the the person person of of Jesus. Jesus. In In the the preface preface Burrows Burrows offers offers a a few few ex
Scrolls Scrolls and and More More Light Light on on the the Dead Dead Sea Sea Scrolls. Scrolls. Now Now in in his his twilight twilight years years he he
historical historical Jesus. Jesus. Millar Millar Burrows' Burrows' claim claim to to fame fame comes comes from from his his Dead Dead Sea Sea
Gospel Gospel and and not not four. four. This This would would have have prevented prevented the the never never ending ending quest quest for for the the
It It might might have have been been easier easier if if the the Holy Holy Spirit Spirit had had provided provided us us with with only only one one
Nashville, Nashville, 1977. 1977. 304 304 pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. $11.95. $11.95.
JESUS JESUS IN IN THE THE FIRST FIRST THREE THREE GOSPELS. GOSPELS. By By Millar Millar Burrows. Burrows. Abingdon, Abingdon,
Raymond Raymond F. F. Sur Sur burg burg
help help in in the the study study of of this this profound profound canonical canonical book. book.
laity laity will will want want to to gra»»le gra»»le with with this this Old Old Testament Testament book. book. This This commentary commentary can can
called called the the book book of of Job Job the the greatest greatest masterpiece masterpiece of of the the human human mind. mind. Pastor Pastor and and
Job Job "magnificent "magnificent and and sublime sublime as as no no other other book book of of Scripture." Scripture." Victor Victor Hugo Hugo
God, God, but but as as a a spiritual spiritual personality personality seeking seeking man's man's harm. harm. Martin Martin Luther Luther called called
Over Over against against modern modern critical critical scholarship scholarship Zuck Zuck finds finds Satan, Satan, not not as as a a helper helper of of
he he would would see see God God in in the the afterlife," afterlife," but but not not in in a a resurrected resurrected body" body" (p. (p. 91). 91).
27 27 this this reviewer reviewer believes believes is is not not altogether altogether adequate. adequate. Zuck Zuck claims claims that-Job that-Job said said
friends. friends. The The author's author's interpretation interpretation of of the the most most famous famous passages passages in in Job Job 19:25-
that that Eliphaz, Eliphaz, Bildad Bildad and and Zophar Zophar visited visited him, him, that that Elihu Elihu rebuked rebuked Job Job and and his his
the the historicity historicity of of Job, Job, that that Job Job had had the the experience experience recorded recorded in in the the prologue, prologue,
Zuck Zuck had had adopted adopted the the position position of of conservative conservative Biblical Biblical scholarship. scholarship. He He holds holds to to
In In dealing dealing with with the the isagogical isagogical questions questions inherent inherent in in the the exposition exposition of of Job, Job,
treats treats the the question, question, "Will "Will a a man man serve serve God God for for no no personal personal gain?" gain?"
which which has has been been a a global global experience experience of of men men and and women. women. The The Book Book of of Job Job also also
addresses addresses himself, himself, dealing dealing especially especially with with the the problem problem of of unmerited unmerited suffering, suffering,
Zuck Zuck is is persuaded persuaded that that it it is is to to this this global global question question of of suffering suffering that that Job Job
"Why "Why must must I I and and my my family family suffer suffer like like this?" this?"
and and Christians Christians have have cried cried out out in in pain pain and and weeping weeping from from grief, grief, have have asked asked
the the oft-asked oft-asked question: question: "Why "Why did did this this happen happen to to me?" me?" Over Over the the centuries centuries Jews Jews
divergent divergent points points of of view. view. The The practical practical aim aim of of this this commentary commentary is is to to deal deal with with
shows shows that that he he has has surveyed surveyed and and consulted consulted commentaries commentaries representing representing
appeared appeared in in the the last last century. century. A A look look at at his his "selected "selected bibliography" bibliography" (p. (p. 192) 192)
Zuck Zuck is is acquainted acquainted with with the the divergent divergent schools schools of of interpretation interpretation which which have have
unusual unusual structure structure and and its its poetic poetic richness. richness.
Biblical Biblical book, book, which which has has been been recognized recognized as as fascinating fascinating for for two two reasons: reasons: its its
Christian Christian reader reader to to understand understand the the purpose purpose and and the the argumentation argumentation of of this this
Book Book Reviews Reviews 55 55
Scaer Scaer P. P. David David
together. together. compactly compactly data data the the brings brings
book book Knight's Knight's generation. generation. another another least least at at for for Synod Synod Missouri Missouri the the plague plague will will
issue issue this this pastors, pastors, women women ordaining ordaining bodies bodies church church Lutheran Lutheran and and Protestant Protestant
major major the the With With ecclesiology. ecclesiology. certain certain a a suggest suggest however, however, would, would, imagery imagery
Such Such bride. bride. the the as as church church the the and and bridegroom bridegroom the the as as Christ Christ of of imagery imagery the the of of
discussion discussion a a with with edition edition second second a a in in out out rounded rounded be be might might treatise treatise fine fine This This
binding. binding. find find Presbyterians Presbyterians which which system system a a
63f.), 63f.), (pp. (pp. elders elders ruling ruling and and preaching preaching between between distinction distinction Knight's Knight's in in involved involved
get get to to want want not not will will Lutherans Lutherans groups. groups. study study adult adult in in usable usable qu\te qu\te treatise treatise
the the makes makes indices indices subjects subjects and and Biblical Biblical Complete Complete footnotes. footnotes. the the in in placed placed
are are arguments arguments exegetical exegetical intricate intricate more more The The audience. audience. lay lay the the for for suited suited well well
is is style style writing writing Knight's Knight's discussion. discussion. of of topic topic lively lively a a make make would would conventions conventions
and and assemblies, assemblies, voters voters boards, boards, including including organizations, organizations, church church various various to to
principle principle this this of of application application The The Synod. Synod. Missouri Missouri the the by by adopted adopted one one same same the the
course course of of is is position position This This organization. organization. church church and and home home the the in in valid valid remains remains
Genesis, Genesis, in in outlined outlined as as male, male, the the to to female female the the of of submission submission the the salvation, salvation,
of of heirs heirs equal equal are are female female and and male male while while that that is is thesis thesis Knight's Knight's to to Central Central
14:33b-38. 14:33b-38. and and 11:1-16-, 11:1-16-, Corinthians Corinthians 1 1 2:11-15, 2:11-15, Timothy Timothy 1 1 passages, passages, tinent tinent
per the the of of exegesis exegesis an an gives gives author author the the chapter, chapter, first first the the in in debate debate current current
the the outlining outlining After After Knight. Knight. to to according according commands, commands, conditioned conditioned culturally culturally
to to matter matter this this in in directives directives Paul's Paul's relegate relegate or or infallibility infallibility Scriptural Scriptural of of doctrine doctrine
restricted restricted a a with with work work either either must must women women of of ordination ordination the the of of Proponents Proponents
practice. practice. the the endorsed endorsed officially officially have have churches churches mainline mainline large large Most Most discussion. discussion.
for for up up still still is is issue issue this this which which in in churches churches evangelical evangelical or or conservative conservative the the
to to targeted targeted is is treatise treatise His His pastors. pastors. women women of of ordination ordination the the against against argument argument
Biblical Biblical forceful forceful a a offers offers Louis, Louis, St. St. C-ovenantSeminary, C-ovenantSeminary, at at professor professor a a Knight, Knight,
$3.95. $3.95. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 76 76 1978. 1978. Michigan, Michigan, Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand
House, House, Book Book Baker Baker III. III. Knight, Knight, W. W. George George By By WOMEN. WOMEN. AND AND MEN MEN OF OF
RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP ROLE ROLE THE THE ON ON TEACHING TEACHING TESTAMENT TESTAMENT NEW NEW THE THE
Scaer Scaer P. P. David David
evidence? evidence? the the of of face face the the in in presuppositions presuppositions
own own his his sacrifice sacrifice to to willing willing one one scholar, scholar, true true a a of of mark mark the the this this isn't isn't But But them. them.
from from himself himself extricate extricate cannot cannot he he that that presuppositions presuppositions own own his his by by influenced influenced
so so is is He He himself. himself. answer answer the the Burrows provides provides Burrows Perhaps Perhaps everything? everything? dismissing dismissing
and and Bultmann Bultmann following following from from him him prevents prevents What What miraculous? miraculous? the the amputate amputate
to to obligated obligated feel feel he he does does why why details, details, historical historical certain certain to to regard regard in in Gospels Gospels
the the accept accept to to willing willing is is he he If If Burrows. Burrows. to to addressed addressed be be should should questions questions Two Two
added.) added.) (Italics (Italics 278). 278).
(p. (p. buried. buried. and and crucified crucified been been had had that that body body the the with with life life to to back back came came
Jesus Jesus that that believe believe cannot cannot I I myself, myself, for for only only speaking speaking basis, basis, that that "On "On
it. it. to to relation relation God's God's and and in in
live live we we universe universe of of kind kind the the of of understanding understanding his his presuppositions, presuppositions, his his
on on depends depends necessarily necessarily question question that that on on position position person's person's Each so. so. not not
was was it it that that prove prove cannot cannot we we but but delusion, delusion, a a in in grounded grounded is is Christianity Christianity
of of history history whole whole the the that that believe believe to to hard hard It It dead. dead. the the is is from from
risen risen had had Jesus Jesus that that conviction conviction the the without without survived survived or or existed existed never never
have have would would church church Christian Christian the the probability probability all all In In research. research. historical historical
the the to to accessible accessible area area the the outside outside is is It It evidence. evidence. historical historical by by swered swered
an be be cannot cannot life life to to back back came came Jesus Jesus whether whether question question "The "The
words. words.
own own his his in in than than better better told told be be cannot cannot Burrows Burrows facing facing dilemna dilemna sad sad The The far: far:
that that to to him him go go permit permit not not do do intellect intellect of of doubts doubts the the but but true, true, really really is is Jesus Jesus
about about story story the the of of much much that that believe believe to to like like much much very very would would Burrows Burrows that that
impression impression the the gets gets reviewer reviewer This This resurrection. resurrection. the the to to commitment commitment any any without without
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 56 56
David David P. P. Scaer Scaer
views. views.
Klooster Klooster could could follow follow up up with with a a chapter chapter that that would would set set forth forth at at length length his his own own
only only be be solved solved in in the the future, future, it it can can hardly hardly be be a a certainty certainty now. now. Perhaps Perhaps
placing placing it it outside outside of of history history as as did did Barth? Barth? Since Since the the truth truth of of the the matter matter will will
resurrection resurrection of of Jesus Jesus the the Basis Basis of of history history and and theology, theology, is is Pannenberg Pannenberg again again
Pannenberg Pannenberg really really holds holds to to the the resurrection resurrection remains. remains. By By making making the the
after after the the ahistorical ahistorical approach approach of of the the Barthians. Barthians. The The question question of of whether whether or or not not
sees sees a a change change for for the the better better in in the the approach approach of of Pannenberg. Pannenberg. It It is is refreshing refreshing
scholar scholar is is given given a a satisfactory satisfactory overview. overview. The The author author as as does does this this reviewer reviewer also also
easily easily introduced introduced to to a a complex complex period period of of New New Testament Testament research research and and the the
Klooster's Klooster's book book and and chapter chapter titles titles are are accurate accurate and and catching. catching. The The novice novice is is
related related to to the the kerygma. kerygma.
belong belong to to researchable researchable History, History, but but this this historical historical fact fact is is not not satisfactorily satisfactorily
The The Now Now Quest Quest discusses discusses Pannenberg's Pannenberg's discovery discovery that that the the resurrection resurrection does does
his his students students could could not not see see themselves themselves through through the the problem problem of of the. the. resurrection. resurrection.
somewhat somewhat amazed amazed to to find find a a Bultmann Bultmann who who is is that that conservative! conservative! Bultmann Bultmann and and
issue issue of of what what Bultmann Bultmann considered considered reliable reliable from from the the Gospels. Gospels. This This reviewer reviewer is is
lecture lecture to to his his former former students students in in Marburg Marburg in in 1954. 1954. Frequently Frequently debated debated is is the the
Pilate Pilate to to be be historically historically reliable reliable (p. (p. 53). 53). This This information information was was gathered gathered from from a a
within within the the time time of of Herod, Herod, his his ministry ministry in in Galilee, Galilee, and and his his death death under under Pontius Pontius
that that Bultmann Bultmann found found the the birth birth of of Jesus Jesus during during the the reign reign of of Augtustus, Augtustus, his his life life
part part as as revivals revivals of of the the Old Old Quest. Quest. The The author author provides provides the the interesting interesting data data
Jesus Jesus the the kerygma kerygma in in and and revelation. revelation. Bultmann Bultmann and and his his followers followers are are seen seen in in
Quest Quest aptly aptly describes describes Karl Karl Barth Barth who who left left history history behind behind and and went went looking looking for for
more more often often than than not not fashioned fashioned in in the the appearance appearance of of the the researcher. researcher. The The No No
covers covers the the period period covered covered in in Schweitzer's Schweitzer's work. work. The The Jesus Jesus of of this this period period was was
Quest; Quest; The The No No Quest; Quest; The The New New Quest; Quest; and and The The Now Now Quest. Quest. The The Old Old Quest Quest
Jesus Jesus of of history history by by dividing dividing the the last last two two centuries centuries into into four four periods: periods: The The Old Old
scholarship scholarship this this area area in in to to a a dead dead end. end. The The author author surveys surveys the the search search for for the the
Schweitzer's Schweitzer's famous famous Quest Quest for for the the Historical Historical Jesus Jesus which which brought brought 19th 19th century century
The The reader reader will will recognize recognize immediately immediately that that the the title title a a reworking reworking is is of of Albert Albert
Baker Baker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, Michigan, Michigan, 1978. 1978. 88 88 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95.
QUESTS QUESTS FOR FOR THE THE HISTORICAL HISTORICAL JESUS. JESUS. By By Fred Fred H. H. Klooster. Klooster.
David David P. P. Seil.er Seil.er
of of Jesus Jesus as as the the moralistic moralistic teacher. teacher.
and and especially especially the the Beatitudes. Beatitudes. The The traditional traditional method method has has given given us us the the picture picture
Another Another route route must must be be discovered discovered for for the the study study of of the the Sermon Sermon on on the the Mount Mount
and and took took them them at at face face value value without without delving delving into into the the background background of of each. each.
person person described. described. The The impression impression is is given given that that the the writer writer read read the the Beatitudes Beatitudes
God. God. In In the the Beatitudes Beatitudes the the reward reward is is in in the the future, future, not not the the condition condition of of the the
person person is is already already blessed blessed and and therefore therefore he he is is already already in in a a state state acceptable acceptable to to
there there an an exegetical exegetical is is problem problem here. here. Each Each of of the the Beatitudes Beatitudes explains explains that that the the
Thus Thus the the person person who who hungers hungers after after righteousness righteousness desires desires to to do do God's God's will. will. But But
Righteousness Righteousness of of the the fourth fourth beatitude beatitude is is explained explained as as conformity conformity to to God's God's will. will.
he he assumes assumes that that they they are are descriptions descriptions and and goals goals of of the the Christian Christian life. life.
meaning meaning and and intent. intent. Carson's Carson's treatment treatment of of the the Beatitudes Beatitudes is is traditional traditional in in that that
important important words words of of Jesus, Jesus, but but there there has has hardly hardly been been any any unanimity unanimity in in their their
the the Mount Mount strategically strategically is is placed placed in in Matthew's Matthew's Gospel Gospel as as perhaps perhaps the the most most
he he then then developed developed after after further further editing editing into into the the present present book. book. The The Sermon Sermon on on
Cambridge Cambridge where where he he received received his his Ph.D., Ph.D., to to present present series series a a of of lectures lectures which which
The The author, author, now now dean dean at at the the Baptist Baptist seminary seminary in in Vancouver, Vancouver, returned returned to to
Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, Michigan, Michigan, 1978. 1978. 157 157 pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. $6.95. $6.95.
THE THE SERMON SERMON ON ON THE THE MOUNT. MOUNT. By By D.A. D.A. Carson. Carson. Baker Baker Book Book House, House,
Book Book Reivews Reivews 57 57 58 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
II. Theological-Historical Studies
THE CHRISTIAN FAITH: An Introduction to Christian Thought. By Dallas M. Roark. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1977. 352 pages. Paper. $4.95. Baker Book House is making available through reprints original first editions which had limited circulation. Roark's popular dogmatics first ap peared in 1969. A dogmatical textbook that covers most of Christian doctrine in less than 400 pages in a very readable style is an accomplishment. The author's perspective is fundamentalist and Baptist, but tries to reach out for the audience. Roark could not avoid remarking that the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence in the Lord's Supper is contingent on the communicatio idiomatum. Roark is sufficiently acquainted with Luther to know that central to his doctrine were simply the words, "This is my body." The Lutheran doctrine is also branded a modem view (p. 131). The book is divided into fourteen chapters with an appendix on the charismatic movement. Roughly the first one hundred pages covers the con cepts of belief in God, and religions in general. Lutheran dogmatics would have a difficult time discussing God and religion in the abstract without moving quickly to the concept of God's revelation in Christ. Roark's approach might definitely be more effective in an age when God and religion are no longer necessarily self-understood principles. In the discussion of each doc trine, brief historical references are to past opinions and heresies. Roark marshals strong arguments against millennialiam (pp. 311-22) and of the charisamatic movement he says that it possesses "an unusual doctrine of the Holy Spirit" (p. 329). Biblical and subject indices are also included. The style, the length, the breadth are all right. Roark's dogmatics is well geared for college religion and seminary theology courses. Lutherans are still lacking a comparable volume. David P. Scaer
RESURRECTION. Biblical Testimony to the Resurrection: An Historical Examination and Explanation. By Ulrich Wilckens. Translated by A.M. Stewart. Knox, Atlanta, 1978. 134 pages. $6.95. There are a number of good things to commend this book. Wilcken upholds the facticity of Jesus' resurrection and repudiates views like those of Willi Marxsen which speak of "Jesus' resurrection simply as one means of ex pression of the experience of faith." (121) It is more than a proclamation or kerygma of slogan (so Bultmann). With Kuenneth, Wilcken can be counted among those who hold that "the sense of the resurrection was in the reality of its having happened." (122) Only in this way is it possible, or intellectually honest, to say that the proclamation of the Easter event is important, because here then God's great might has been revealed and Christ's Lordship decisively attested. Wilcken is weak, however, in affirming the evident proof for Christ's deity through His resurrection, as well as the forgiveness of sins and justification of sinners sealed thereby. In a kind of final summary he merely states that "what they (the apostles) saw in their risen Master was essentially the eternal vindication of love as the final deciding might." (129) That can mean all sorts of things and not necessarily what the Scriptures plainly teach. In his introduction Wilcken notes that his book will mean little to those '' Who are of the firm opinion that acceptance of the Biblical testimony of the resurrection of Jesus just simply can no longer be expected of a modem person" and to those, on the other hand, "who consider it a sacrilege to expose to scientific examination the testimony of faith in Biblical revelation." His purpose is to serve those "who are anxious to find out as precisely and thorou_g_hl_y as oosBible what the earliest Christians really meant when they spoke of the resurrection of Jesus.'' To accomplish this he dissects piece by piece
completion completion in in 1787. 1787. The The reference reference on on p. p. 80 80 to to "a "a story story which which will will be be told told on on
1983; 1983; undoubtedly undoubtedly this this was was to to 1987, 1987, to to correspond correspond be be with with the the Constitution's Constitution's
upcoming upcoming 200th 200th anniversary anniversary year year of of the the American American Constitution Constitution is is given given as as
A A couple couple of of small small proofreading proofreading boohoos boohoos appear appear in in the the text. text. On On p. p. 14 14 the the
to to respond." respond."
Word Word of of God, God, for for the the church, church, he he observes, observes, "is "is under under obligation obligation from from her her Lord Lord
(19th (19th and and 20th 20th century) century) attack attack on on the the Bible Bible as as the the inspired, inspired, authoritative authoritative
ready ready for for another another confessional confessional awakening" awakening" specifically specifically addressed addressed the the modern modern to to
content, content, Dr. Dr. B_caer B_caer concludes concludes by by _posing _posing the the possibility possibility "that "that the the church church is is now now
After After descriptively descriptively covering covering the the Formula Formula of of Concord Concord as as to to its its history history and and
having having "shaped "shaped Lutheran Lutheran theology, theology, thought, thought, and and expression expression for for 460 460 years." years."
catechisms, catechisms, especially especially the the Small Small Catechism, Catechism, is is seen seen in in the the influence influence they they had had in in
focuses focuses on on its its grea_test, grea_test, tl_le tl_le fourth, fourth, on on justification. justification. The The unique unique role role of of the the
vital vital role role in in Lutheran Lutheran theology. theology. Of Of its its twenty-eight twenty-eight articles articles Dr. Dr. Scaer Scaer rightly rightly
disproportionately disproportionately short short treatment. treatment. It It was was the the longest longest confession confession and and played played a a
Reformation. Reformation. Perhaps Perhaps the the Apology Apology to to the the Augsburg Augsburg Confession Confession comes comes in in for for
Augsburg Augsburg Confession Confession gets gets due due prominence prominence as as the the respected respected centerpiece centerpiece of of the the
background background and and content, content, starting starting with with the the three three ecumenical ecumenical creeds. creeds. The The
All All eleven eleven documents documents in in the the Book Book of of Concord Concord are are described, described, as as to to historical historical
church, church, particularly particularly their their Biblical Biblical precedent. precedent.
large. large. Dr. Dr. Scaer Scaer presents presents a a lengthy lengthy background background to to the the rise rise of of confessions confessions in in the the
most most of of which which had had been been in in dispute dispute in in times times past past somewhere somewhere in in the the church church at at
Confessions Confessions correctly correctly expond expond Scripture's Scripture's teaching teaching on on the the articles articles presented, presented,
Lutherans Lutherans express express an an unqualified unqualified subscription, subscription, because because they they believe believe that that these these
other other section section of of Christianity Christianity can can claim claim in in quite quite ·the ·the same same way. way. Conservative Conservative
Confessions Confessions still still work work as as a a kind kind of of gyro gyro steadying steadying the the ship, ship, a a feature feature which which no no
by by these these Confessions, Confessions, the the fact fact remains remains that that within within all all Lutheran Lutheran churches churches the the
there." there." (11) (11) While While it it is is true true today today that that not not all all Lutherans Lutherans feel feel themselves themselves bound bound
noting noting a a historical historical marker, marker, but but it it is is our our involvement involvement in in the the faith faith confessed confessed
celebration celebration of of the the 400th 400th anniversary anniversary of of the the Book Book of of Concord Concord is is not not merely merely
devotion devotion to to a a book, book, bibliolatry;" bibliolatry;" but but as as Dr. Dr. Scaer Scaer notes notes in in answer: answer: "Our "Our
"Some "Some will will object object to to this this kind kind of of celebration celebration because because they they consider consider it it
of of Concord. Concord. By By David David P. P. Scaer. Scaer. Concordia, Concordia, St. St. Louis, Louis, 1977. 1977. 100 100 pages. pages. $1.96. $1.96.
GETTING GETTING INTO INTO THE THE STORY STORY OF OF CONCORD. CONCORD. A A History History of of the the Book Book
E. E. F. F. Klug Klug
as as others, others, fails fails to to satisfy satisfy his his readers readers on on this this score. score.
integrity integrity towards towards the the thing thing examined, examined, being the the Scriptures Scriptures themselves. themselves. Wilcken, Wilcken,
But But fundamental fundamental the question question which which remains remains unanswered unanswered is is whether whether it it maintains maintains
proach proach and and the the one one that that enjoys enjoys the the widest widest acceptance acceptance today today in in scholarly scholarly circles. circles.
stance stance is is tb.e tb.e one one more more or or less less taken taken for for granted granted as as the the scientific, scientific, scholarly scholarly ap
historical historical and and true), true), unclear, unclear, ambiguous, ambiguous, requiring requiring clever clever exegesis. exegesis. The The latter latter
writers writers who who had had their their own own ideas ideas about about certain certain events events (which (which may, may, or or may may not, not, be be
plainly, plainly, or or it it is is a a collage collage of of writings writings spun spun together together from from individual individual pieces pieces by by
through through His His own own chosen chosen penmen penmen and and has has something something that that God God wants wants to to say say
poritions: poritions: either either the the text text is is the the inspired, inspired, authoritative authoritative Word Word of of God God given given
fact fact that that every every exegete exegete of of Scripture Scripture approaches approaches his his task task with with certain certain presup
turies turies later. later. This This is is not not to to downgrade downgrade Wilcken's Wilcken's scholarship scholarship but but to to underline underline the the
not not requiring, requiring, nor nor indeed indeed welcoming, welcoming, sophisticated sophisticated surgery surgery some some twenty twenty cen
possibility possibility that that the the text text has has an an inherent, inherent, evident, evident, and and clear clear meaning meaning of of its its own, own,
difficulty difficulty involved involved in in this this pursuit, pursuit, but but somehow somehow arbitrarily arbitrarily dismisses dismisses the the
belieVl!S belieVl!S they they must must have have had had then then and and must must have have for for us us now. now. He He realizes realizes the the
other, other, and and then then finally finally shaped shaped to to conform conform to to the the sense sense or or meaning meaning which which Wilcken Wilcken
then then Paul's, Paul's, and and so so on on down down the the line, line, are are in in tum tum juggled, juggled, tossed tossed one one against against the the
structured structured sieve, sieve, a a sort sort of of psycho-analytic psycho-analytic study. study. Mark's Mark's thoughts thoughts and and purposes, purposes,
critical critical techniques techniques and and judgments. judgments. Thus Thus the the Gospels Gospels get get poured poured through through a a
the the resurrection resurrection narratives, narratives, adopting adopting many many of of the the so-called so-called scientific scientific and and higher higher
Book Book Reviews Reviews 59 59
stands. stands. matter matter the the there there "And "And adds: adds: author author the the way way pastoral pastoral very very a a in in Then Then
6ff.)" 6ff.)" 3, 3, Gen. Gen. 20; 20; 33, 33, Exod. Exod. 12ff; 12ff;
6. 6. Rom. Rom. 6; 6; 61, 61, (Ps. (Ps. scriptures scriptures the the in in revelation revelation the the of of because because believed believed
be be must must It It it. it. understand understand cannot cannot reason reason that that nature nature of of corruption corruption a a
deep deep so so is is sin sin hereditary hereditary "This "This (III,i,3): (III,i,3): Articles Articles Smalcald Smalcald the the in in states states
Luther Luther what what is is person person a a such such offer offer could could I I answer answer best best the the Perhaps Perhaps
quality. quality. redeeming redeeming some some possess possess must must man man world, world, the the in in corruption corruption
and and stupidity stupidity and and cruelty cruelty the the all all With With accept. accept. to to hard hard terribly terribly all all
it it find find would would he he chapter chapter this this reach reach to to were were unbeliever unbeliever i i an an . . -if -if suppiise suppiise
states: states:
Preus Preus sin sin
original original admitting admitting for for abhorrence abhorrence man's man's natural natural of of Aware Aware (27) (27) Gospel." Gospel." the the of of
sake sake the the for for written written were were God, God, by by inspired inspired Scriptures, Scriptures, the the time, time, same same the the
"at "at
and and states, states, Preus Preus them," them," by by normed normed and and Scriptures Scriptures the the in in forth forth set set is is confess confess
and and teach teach preach, preach, we we Gospel Gospel "The "The book's platform: platform: book's the the is is That That salvation. salvation.
their their
to to directly directly pertains pertains and and concord, concord, true true serves serves name, name, His His honors honors God, God, of of given given
is is it it that that know know they they because because Christians, Christians, serious-minded serious-minded to to interesting interesting been been
always always has has doctrine doctrine Christian Christian purpose. purpose. single single author's author's the the is is this this Christian, Christian,
Lutheran Lutheran a a be be to to means means it' it' what what people," people," lay lay Lutheran Lutheran for for answer answer "To "To
meanderinits. meanderinits. theological theological aimless aimless
fruitless, fruitless, of of dangers dangers the the from from pilgrim pilgrim the the guard guard can can It It oasis. oasis. green green
fresh, fresh,
a a like like is is book book this this theology, theology, Biblical Biblical loyal loyal sound, sound, than than sentimentalism sentimentalism sickly sickly
for for more more known known age, age, superficial superficial and and shallow shallow ecumenically ecumenically an an In In away? away? map map the the
throw throw dare dare salt salt his his worth worth Lutheran Lutheran Which Which Word. Word. God's God's of of truths truths the the to to map map
road road wonderful wonderful most most a a are are themselves themselves which which Confessions, Confessions, the the of of theology theology
the the
to to guide guide true true a a is is It It asked. asked. price price reasonable reasonable the the than than more more much much worth worth book book
the the make make Confessions, Confessions, the the on on work work of of years years from from drawn drawn alone, alone, These These sources. sources.
the the into into dig dig to to students, students, seminary seminary and and college college including including reader, reader, serious serious
more more the the allowing allowing thus thus Confessions, Confessions, the the in in up up look look to to reader reader the the for for references references
many many with with up up them them beefed beefed has has Preus Preus Dr. Dr. But But clear. clear. and and point, point, the the to to short, short,
are are chapters chapters The The play. play. child's child's are are faith, faith, Christian Christian the the of of topics topics main main the the cover cover
which which chapters, chapters, 18 18 these these that that left left be be impression impression the the should should means means no no By By
writing. writing.
in in and and teaching teaching classroom classroom in in both both alive, alive, scholarship scholarship his his kept kept has has Preus Preus Dr. Dr.
Wayne, Wayne, Ft. Ft. Seminary, Seminary, Theological Theological Concordia Concordia of of president president as as responsibilities responsibilities
administrative administrative heavy heavy his his with with Along Along expertise. expertise. the the of of beneficiary beneficiary the the
is is reader reader the the Thus Thus theology. theology. their their and and Confessions Confessions the the on on students students seminary seminary
teaching teaching to to devoted devoted has has he he years years so so or or 20 20 the the to to owed owed partly partly is is suggests, suggests,
himself himself he he as as here, here, performance performance His His theologians. theologians. century century 17th 17th the the also also
then then and and Confessions, Confessions, Lutheran Lutheran the the of of period period the the hook, hook, the the by by covered covered area area
the the in in competence competence his his for for circles circles scholarly scholarly in in high high stands stands he he Besides, Besides, audience. audience.
reading reading or or the listening listening the to to opaque opaque him him made made not not have have Strasbourg) Strasbourg) and and burgh burgh
(Edin aegrees aegrees doctoral doctoral Preus' Preus' way way Luther-like Luther-like true true In In understand. understand. not not did did
he he that that say say never never can can he he but but him, him, with with agree agree not not may may theology theology in in liberal liberal and and
"moderate" "moderate" so-called so-called The The meaning. meaning. his his miss miss can can Nobody Nobody delivers. delivers. he he which which
addresses addresses chapel chapel or or essays essays the the in in also also hut hut writing writing to to comes comes it it when when only only not not
gift, gift, singular singular this this has has Preus Preus Dr. Dr. wax. wax. of of ball ball everyone's everyone's not not is is them them in in
delights delights
and and understands understands person person average average the the that that way way a a such such in in faith faith Christian Christian the the of of
truths truths profound profound treat treat to to able able be be To To excellent. excellent. is is it it that that book book this this reading reading after after
agree agree to to have have will will clergy, clergy, or or lay lay theology, theology, Lutheran Lutheran of of student student serious serious The The
$L95. $L95. pages. pages. 94 94 1977. 1977. Louis, Louis, St. St. Concordia, Concordia, Preus. Preus. Robert Robert By By Concord. Concord. of of
Book Book the the of of Study Study A A CONCORD. CONCORD. OF OF THEOLOGY THEOLOGY THE THE INTO INTO GETTING GETTING
Klug Klug F. F. E. E.
Concord. Concord. of of Book Book the the in in
Confessions Confessions
the the of of survey survey historical historical short short fine, fine, a a being being besides besides study study group group for for also also value. value.
has has it it Thus Thus starters. starters. discussion discussion as as serve serve to to geared geared appendix, appendix, an an as as
questions questions
of of set set a a includes includes book book The The 86-87. 86-87. pages pages be be undoubtedly undoubtedly should should 146-148 146-148 pages pages
QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL 60 60 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA
princes princes were were not not only only secular secular lords, lords, but but also also spiritual spiritual guardians. guardians. II?, II?, turn turn
sibilities sibilities in in absence absence of of the the regular regular church church administrative administrative structures. structures. Medieval Medieval
debatable debatable point. point. The The Lutheran Lutheran princes princes assumed assumed certain certain episcopal episcopal respon
League League of of Smalkald. Smalkald. Commending Commending the the elector elector layman layman is is however however a a as as a a
the the Saxon Saxon Elector Elector John John Frederick, Frederick, who who provided provided the the political political backbone backbone for for the the
appear appear to to be be straining straining in in this this effort. effort. Frequently Frequently and and rightfully rightfully commended commended is is
At At every every point point the the author author involves involves the the lay lay audience. audience. Occasionally Occasionally he he does does
material material for for their their adult adult classes classes will will find find it it here. here.
questions questions accompany accompany each each of of the the chapters. chapters. Pastors Pastors looking looking for for innovative innovative
and and only only for for confessional confessional purposes. purposes. It It should should be be rescued rescued from from obscurity. obscurity. Study Study
Concord, Concord, the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles are are the the only only ones ones written written by by Luther Luther expressly expressly
Melanchthon's Melanchthon's Treatise. Treatise. Teigen Teigen explains explains that that in in the the documents documents of of the the Book Book of of
Apology, Apology, Luther's Luther's catechisms catechisms and and then then finally finally the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles with with
study study on on the the creeds creeds and and the the Formula Formula with with the the Augsburg Augsburg Confession, Confession, the the
Ordinarily Ordinarily one one would would expect expect that that Professor Professor Teigen Teigen would would have have followed followed his his
colleagues; colleagues; and and Bugenhagen Bugenhagen absolving absolving and and retaining retaining sins. sins.
celebrating celebrating the the Last Last Supper Supper with with His His apostles apostles along along with with Luther Luther and and his his
and and pointing pointing to to the the crucified crucified Christ; Christ; Melanchthon Melanchthon baptizing baptizing an an infant; infant; Christ Christ
of of the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles is is related related to to four four the painted painted panels: panels: Luther Luther preaching preaching
Lucas Lucas Cranach Cranach altar altar painting painting from from the the Wittenberg Wittenberg City City Church. Church. The The theology theology
Placed Placed alongside alongside the the chapters chapters on on the the means means of of grace· grace· and and confession confession is is the the
Church Church and and strongly strongly commends commends it it for for its its understanding understanding of of the the Natural Natural Law. Law.
Anti-Christ. Anti-Christ. The The author author hardly hardly negative negative in in handling handling the the is is Roman Roman Catholic Catholic
Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles and and relates relates it it "to "to Luther's Luther's judgement judgement that that the the papacy papacy is is the the
material. material. Professor Professor Teigen Teigen singles singles out out justification justification as as the the central central theme theme of of the the
the the Smalkaid Smalkaid Articles. Articles. The The first first two two chapters chapters present present introductory introductory hiatorical hiatorical
which which even even the the Formula Formula of of Concord Concord erroneously erroneously attributed attributed to to Luther Luther as as part part of of
discusses discusses Mellmchthon's Mellmchthon's Treatise Treatise on on the the Power Power and and Primacy Primacy of of the the Pope, Pope,
Eight Eight chapters chapters discuss discuss the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles and and a a final final and and ninth ninth chapter chapter
picture picture in in his his mind mind the the historical historical surroundings surroundings connected connected with with the the document. document.
photographs, photographs, illustrations, illustrations, and and paintings paintings of of the the period period so so that that the the reader reader can can
EcumenicaJ EcumenicaJ Creeds Creeds and and the the Form,ula Form,ula of of Concord. Concord. Eff_ectively Eff_ectively used used are are
designed designed for for congregational congregational use use as as are are his his first first two two study study guides guides on on the the
a a reality. reality. Teigen's Teigen's study study document document on on the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles is is speciffically speciffically
documents documents of of their their faith. faith. Here Here is is a a contribution contribution that that will will make make this this celebration celebration
generations generations to to get get their their congregations congregations acquainted acquainted with with these these foundation foundation
fashion, fashion, they they will will probably probably never never have have another another opportunity opportunity in in this this or or the the next next
If If Lutherans Lutherans fail fail to to mark mark the the 400th 400th anniversary anniversary of of the the confessions confessions in in proper proper
Minnesota. Minnesota. 26 26 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $1.00. $1.00.
Teigen. Teigen. Lutheran Lutheran Synod Synod Book Book Company, Company, Bethany Bethany Lutheran Lutheran College, College, Mankato, Mankato,
I I BELIEVE: BELIEVE: A A STUDY STUDY OF OF THE THE SMALKALD SMALKALD ARTICLES. ARTICLES. By By Bjarne Bjarne W. W.
E. E. F. F. Klug Klug
and and the the Book Book of of Concord, Concord, 1680. 1680.
CPH CPH during during these these 400th 400th anniversary· anniversary· years years of of the the Formula Formula Concord, Concord, 1677, 1677, of of
our our homes, homes, schools, schools, churches, churches, study study groups. groups. It It is is another another fitting fitting product product of of
are are appended appended at at the the end end of of the the book. book. The The book book can can be be put put to to multiple multiple use use in in
stands stands in in the the center center of of th~ th~ book. book. Discussion Discussion questions questions related related to to each each chapter chapter
God God by by believing believing His His Gospel. Gospel. (46) (46) The The great great article article on on Justification Justification rightly rightly
Word Word of of reconciliation reconciliation which which now now goes goes out out to to the the world world to to be be reconciled reconciled with with
reconciliation reconciliation with with sinners sinners as as a a result result of of Christ's Christ's atoning atoning sacrifice sacrifice preceded preceded the the
which which are are oft.en oft.en misunderstood misunderstood crystal crystal clear, clear, e.g., e.g., on on reconciliation, reconciliation, that that God's God's
back back of of the the book. book. In In addition addition Preus Preus takes takes special special P'1illS P'1illS to to make make certain certain things things
Theological Theological terms terms come come in in for for special special clarification, clarification, also also in in an an index index at at the the
our our Confessions Confessions is is all all about." about." (38f.) (38f.)
depravity depravity and and his his slavery slavery to to sin. sin. And And that's that's what what the the rest rest of of this this book book about about
But But I I would would want want to to tell tell every every unbeliever unbeliever about about God's God's remedy remedy for for his his spiritual spiritual
Book Book Reviews Reviews 61 61
Christ Christ ...... Luther Luther presented presented a a relationship relationship established established by by the the freely-given freely-given
believed believed that that God God gives gives this this salvation salvation to to those those who who receive receive the the gift gift of of faith faith in in
question question of of objective objective justification justification in in view view of of a a statement statement like like this: this: "Luther "Luther
documenting. documenting. is is unclear unclear to to It It me, me, however, however, just just where where Kolb Kolb stands stands on on the the
Majoristic Majoristic controversy controversy is is especially especially helpful. helpful. He He has has done done careful careful research research and and
with with each each assault assault with with Luther's Luther's kind kind of of competence. competence. Kolb's Kolb's chapter chapter on on the the
overali overali breadth breadth and and balance balance of of his his mentor, mentor, Luther, Luther, and and was was unable unable to to cope cope
theology theology free free from from the the pitfalls pitfalls of of synergism synergism in in any any way. way. But But he he lacked lacked the the
Through Through all, all, however, however, Amsdorf's Amsdorf's one one obsession obsession was was to to keep keep Lutheran Lutheran
error error did did not not make make the the first first right, right, of of course. course.
as as Mifor Mifor nad nad even even argued argued that that they they were were necessary necessary to to saivation. saivation. The The last last
against against George George Maior, Maior, argu_ing argu_ing _tha__tgood _tha__tgood works works were were detrimental detrimental to to salvation, salvation,
the the Majoristic Majoristic Controversy Controversy he he ended ended up up on on the the other other end end of of the the pendulum pendulum
with with Flacius Flacius in in defining defining original original sin sin as as part part of of man's man's essential essential being, being, and and in in
Strigel Strigel and and his his synergism. synergism. Amsdorf Amsdorf in in the the process process also also got got himself himself embroiled embroiled
with with Flacius Flacius against against the the Philippists, Philippists, and and supported supported Flacius Flacius against against the the wily wily
stuffed stuffed down down the the throats throats of of the the defeated defeated Lutheran Lutheran party party in in 1548. 1548. He He stood stood
forefront forefront opposing opposing the the notorious notorious Interims Interims (Augsburg (Augsburg and and Leipzig) Leipzig) which which were were
position, position, both both before before the the Reformer's Reformer's death death and and after. after. Amsdorf Amsdorf was was also also in in the the
power power of of the the human human will will in in conversion, conversion, Amsdorf Amsdorf firmly firmly upheld upheld Luther's Luther's
began began to to lean lean more more and and more more in in the the direction direction of of synergism synergism with with regard regard to to the the
showplaces showplaces in in reform reform of of the the churches churches and and the the schools. schools. When When Melanchthon Melanchthon
leading leading role role in in making making Magdeburg Magdeburg one one of of the the Reformation's Reformation's strongholds strongholds and and
debate, debate, Diet Diet of of Worms, Worms, Luther's Luther's "kidnapping," "kidnapping," and and so so on. on. He He played played a a
Luther. Luther. He He was was present present for for many many of of the the key key events events in in Luther's Luther's life-Leipzig life-Leipzig
states states Kolb, Kolb, was was no no great, great, original original thinker thinker but but an an extremely extremely loyal loyal supporter supporter of of
This This grandpa grandpa figure, figure, who who on on his his mother's mother's side side was was the the nephew nephew of of Staupitz, Staupitz,
both both points. points.
modern modern student student more more than than he he delivers." delivers." (16) (16) is is Kolb's Kolb's thesis thesis It It to to try try to to prove prove
than than he he apP,ears apP,ears to to deserve," deserve," but but "on "on the the other other hand, hand, he he seems seems to to promise promise the the
around around Luther) Luther) is is that that "modem "modem scholarship scholarship has has paid paid Amsdorf Amsdorf less less attention attention
Amsdorf Amsdorf (he (he was was the the one one nobleman nobleman in in the the inner inner circle circle of of Reformation Reformation figures figures
Luther's Luther's mantle mantle of of leadership leadership fell. fell. Kolb's Kolb's general general assessment assessment of of Nikolaus Nikolaus von von
Amsdorf, Amsdorf, rather rather than than Melanchthon, Melanchthon, should should have have been been the the one one on on whom whom
settlement· settlement· tiroughf tiroughf by by the the Formula Formula of of Concord, Concord, 1577. 1577. Some Some thought thought that that
the the troubled troubled era era after after Luther's Luther's death, death, dying dying (1565) (1565) a a few few years years before before the the
most most loyal loyal supporters supporters on on the the Wittenberg Wittenberg faculty, faculty, and and lived lived through through most most of of
Amsdorf Amsdorf was was born born the the same same year year as as Luther Luther (1483), (1483), stood stood by by him him as as one one his his
way way library library shelves. shelves. There There are are exceptions. exceptions. This This deserves deserves to to be be one one of of them. them.
tations, tations, like like old old gererals, gererals, do do not not die, die, they they just just fade fade away, away, on on dusty dusty out-of-the
It's It's been been said said before before but but probably probably bears bears repeating: repeating: Most Most doctoral doctoral disser
matorica) matorica) 296 296 pages. pages.
Netherlands, Netherlands, 1978. 1978. (Volume (Volume XXIV XXIV in in Bibliotheca Bibliotheca Humanistica Humanistica & & Refor
NIKOLAUS NIKOLAUS VON VON AMSDORF. AMSDORF. By By Robert Robert Kolb. Kolb. B. B. De De Graaf, Graaf, Nieuwkoop, Nieuwkoop,
David David P. P. Scaer Scaer
can can we we celebrate celebrate their their anniversary anniversary properly. properly. Discount Discount prices prices are are available. available.
some some readily readily usable usable material material for for the the people. people. Only Only by by studying studying the the confessions confessions
confessions confessions can can be be studied. studied. For For the the present, present, Professor Professor Teigen Teigen has has provided provided
Perhaps Perhaps before before the the end end of of 1980 1980 the the series series will will be be completed completed so so that that all all the the
own own practice. practice.
cannot cannot be be defended defended from from the the Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles or or Luther's Luther's other other writings writings and and
refused refused to to ordain ordain Lutheran Lutheran pastors, pastors, "Luther "Luther recommends recommends lay-ordination", lay-ordination",
of of Luther's Luther's Articles Articles at at Smalkald. Smalkald. Teigen's Teigen's assertion assertion that that because because the the bishops bishops
was was another another "layman" "layman" Philipp Philipp of of Hesse Hesse who who helped helped scuttle scuttle a a fuller fuller discussion discussion
signed signed at at Smalkald Smalkald not not by by the the laymen laymen but but by by the the pastors pastors and and theologians. theologians. It It
bishops bishops were were also also secular secular rulers. rulers. The The Smalkald Smalkald Articles Articles were were adopted adopted and and
62 62 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY QUARTERLY
if if he he helpful helpful been been have have would would it it but but Calvin, Calvin, of of aspect aspect this this with with uncomfortable uncomfortable
little little a a feel feel may may Boice Boice 216-8). 216-8). (p. (p. other other each each with with connection connection in in understood understood are are
concepts concepts two two The The love. love. of of section section the the into into creeps creeps Election Election mentioned. mentioned. nowhere nowhere
'predestination' 'predestination' found found reviewer reviewer This This Calvin. Calvin. with with beginning beginning Reformed, Reformed, the the
to to essential essential so so topics topics predestination predestination or or election election either either to to references references no no contains contains
volume volume first first the the of of index index subject subject The The ceremonies. ceremonies. or or law law the the through through salvation salvation
against against and and faith faith of of favor favor in in firmly firmly down down comes comes Boice Boice before before in in creeps creeps election election
the the of of matter matter the the saints, saints, Testament Testament Old Old the the of of salvation salvation the the of of matter matter the the
In In 217). 217). (p. (p. love love or or atonement atonement universal universal the the find find to to expect expect Don't Don't Calvinism. Calvinism. to to
commitment commitment s s Boice' Boice' escape escape never never can can reader reader The The laity. laity. the the to to presented presented be be not not
simply simply should should issues issues some some that that attitude attitude condesending condesending scholarly scholarly the the from from suffer suffer
not not does does He He redemption. redemption. of of concept concept Testament Testament New New the the for for works works background background
Testament Testament Old Old the the into into reader reader the the take take to to afraid afraid not not is is He He style. style. editorial editorial
popular popular the the in in writer writer a a and and sense sense classical classical the the in in theologian theologian a a both both is is Boice Boice
missing. missing. is is person person Christ's Christ's within within attributes attributes human human and and
divine divine of of interchange interchange the the of of matter matter entire entire The The atonement. atonement. universal universal not not though though
vicarious vicarious the the and and deity deity Christ's Christ's on on sections sections with with comfortable comfortable surprisingly, surprisingly,
be be will will Lutherans Lutherans work. work. and and person person Christ's Christ's and and grace, grace, and and law law sin, sin, covering covering
sections sections four four has has Boice Boice volume volume second second the the In In volume. volume. first first the the of of section section major major
fourth fourth the the forms forms Creation" Creation" "God's "God's resolve. resolve. they they than than problems problems more more present present
which which Trinity Trinity the the of of analogies analogies for for space space less less and and persons persons divine divine tii.e tii.e of of tributes tributes
at di_stinctive di_stinctive the the explain explain to to used used been been have have should should space space Some Some Reformed. Reformed.
the the with with lie lie loyalties loyalties whose whose author author any any in in expected expected is is this this but but Trinity, Trinity, the the does does
as as pages pages many many as as receives receives sovereignty sovereignty God's God's of of attribute attribute The The topic. topic. infrequent infrequent
an an not not is is documents documents Biblical Biblical the the of of collection collection the the as as edition, edition, second second a a in in added added
be be might might canonicity canonicity on on section section short short A A hermeneutics. hermeneutics. and and criticism criticism Biblical Biblical
on on topics topics with with along along inerrancy inerrancy and and inspiration inspiration of of topics topics traditional traditional the the treats treats
God," God," of of Word Word "The "The section, section, major major next next The The longest. longest. the the been been have have should should
section section this this questioned, questioned, is is existence existence God's God's which which in in crisis crisis religious religious present present the the
in in but but shortest, shortest, the the is is God," God," Knowing Knowing "O "O entitiled entitiled section, section, prolegomena prolegomena The The
glance. glance. first first at at reader reader lay lay the the off off frightened frightened have have might might which which titles titles dogmatical dogmatical
classical classical the the replace replace headings headings English English contemporary contemporary possible possible Wherever Wherever format. format.
and and style style his his for for not not but but theology theology his his for for Institutes Institutes Calvin's Calvin's to to committed committed is is
author author The The necessary. necessary. absolutely absolutely being being to to close close comes comes Boice Boice by by produced produced being being
books books of of type type the the centucy, centucy, twentieth twentieth the the beyond beyond survive survive to to going going is is theology theology
Reformation Reformation century century If If sixteenth sixteenth dogmatics. dogmatics. traditional traditional of of representation representation
to to a a methods methods exegetical exegetical comtemporary comtemporary of of evaluation evaluation from from ranging ranging publications publications
of of variety variety wide wide a a with with Christianity Christianity fundamentalist fundamentalist and and conservative conservative
to to provide provide obscurity obscurity from from arisen arisen has has Press Press InterVarsity InterVarsity years years recent recent In In Boice. Boice.
Montgomery Montgomery James James minister minister Presbyterian Presbyterian Philadelphia Philadelphia now now and and member member staff staff
Today Today Christianity Christianity time time one one by by faith faith Christian Christian the the of of perspective perspective Calvinistic Calvinistic
the the depicting depicting series series volume volume four four a a in in volumes volumes two two first first the the are are Here Here
each. each.
$6.26 $6.26 Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 272 272 and and pages pages 262 262 Illinois. Illinois. Grove, Grove, Downers Downers Press, Press, Varsity Varsity
Inter· Inter· II. II. I I & & Volume Volume Boice. Boice. Montgomery Montgomery James James By By Faith. Faith. Christian Christian the the
of of Foundations Foundations REDEEMER: REDEEMER: THE THE GOD GOD AND AND GOD GOD SOVEREIGN SOVEREIGN THE THE
Klug Klug F. F. E. E.
years. years. post-Reformation post-Reformation and and Reformation Reformation
the the of of story story the the in in links links missing missing in in fill fill public public reading reading English English the the help help
that that studies studies of of list list the the to to added added study study this this have have to to good good is is it it 1980, 1980, and and 1977 1977
Concord, Concord, of of Book Book and and Concord Concord of of Formula Formula the the of of period period anniversay anniversay this this In In
example. example. for for Galatians, Galatians, on on lectures lectures famous his his in in tent, tent,
con Gospel Gospel the the as as sacrifice sacrifice atoning atoning Christ's Christ's of of accompli accompli faith faith the the addressed addressed
Luther Luther which which with with precision precision crystal-clear crystal-clear the the is is Lacking Lacking alone."(18) alone."(18) Christ Christ
in in alone alone faith faith through through alone alone grace grace by by justification justification of of concept concept the the in in relationship relationship
that that summarized summarized He He faith. faith. of of gift gift the the through through God God gracious gracious a a of of mercy mercy
Reviews Reviews Book Book 63 63 64 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY had been open in stating that God in fact does not desire to save all men. The differences between tlie Lutheran and ~eformed simply do not have to do with the sacraments alone. The remaining two volumes in the series should demonstrate the cleavage even more clearly. What Lutherans need are popular dogmatic volumes in the style and theological erudition of Boice. Boice's volumes are destined to go through several printings and to be around for some time. David P. Scaer
LIBERATION AND CHANGE. By Gustavo Gutierrez and Richard Shaull. Edited and introduced by Ronald H. Stone. Knox, Atlanta, 1977. 200 pages. $4.95. in 1976 Pittsburgh Theological Seminary devoted its Schaff lectures to a dialogiie between Gustavo Gutierrez and Richard Shaull. The first is a Brazilian, widely known as one of the leaders in the theology of liberation movement; the second, an American, spent five years as a missionary in Brazil and has sympathetic leanings towards the same theology. There is evident convergence in the thinking of the two, even though Shaull says that he began his work as a critique of liberation theology. "The question of politics has now become a religious question," he avers in virtually full agreement with Gutierrez. (149) The important thing now, says Shaull, is that we tackle the cultural, social, economic, political contradictions that afflitt our society, that we be on guard lest past liberalism ends with a total backlash in convervatism, and that, as a.result, we find ourselves in more Vietnams and in still more bitter social, political upheavals. Much of this is the apocalyptic message which Gutierrez has been proclaiming in his native Brazil as the "saving gospel." For him political and social freedom is necessary for religious truth, "the underlying condition of access to truth." (6) He sympathizes with the old notion, propounded by Tertullian, Lactantius, and later by the Scholastics, that there is salvation for persons outside the Christian faith "who have lived according to the Word." (7) He likes to quote Augustine's principle, credere non potest nisi volens (to believe is a matter of the will), in order to stress the free character of the act of faith. Like with most synergists, whether Romanist or Protestant, the so called free decision of faith is of the very essence in his thinking. Gutierrez' chief target is the bourgeois class that grew out of the 18th century's revolutionary spirit and meanwhile transformed history, society, economics and politics with its ideology, an ideology which, according to the Brazilian advocate of revolutionary reform, was the exploitation of the poor and the toleration of evil towards the non-Christian. Salvation thus lies in liberation in tune with the people's needs of today, the freeing of the masses, the poor, from further exploitation. "That discovery, however, is only made in a revolutionary struggle which radically questions the existing social order and postulates the need for ·power for the common people in order to construct a truly equalitarian and free society." (76) That is the definition of liberation theology, "a theology of salvation incarnated in th!! concrete historical and political condition of today" (86), a "gospel read from the perspective of the poor and exploited classes· and with an understanding of the militancy which has been evident in their struggles for liberation, ... a Church which is born from the people, from a people who rip the Gospel from the hands of the powerful of this world." (93) Obviously none can discount the suffering, the hunger, the oppression presently endured by countless millions today. There is need for help and reform. But how? If we are to accept the message here offered it is to be by radical revolutionary action and uprisings in the name of Christianity. But the sword of the Spirit, the Word of God, by which Christ's disciples "conquered" the nations and transformed society, has never belonged with the cold steel of
their their as as stu it it carefully, carefully, rather rather Confessions Confessions Lutheran Lutheran the the and and Luther Luther studied studied has has personally personally Brinsmead Brinsmead relationship. relationship. right right a a into into sanctification sanctification and and justification justification place place to to seeks seeks which which view view a a for for stand stand group, group, SDA SDA the the within within others others few few a a with with he, he, that that stated stated be be must must it it fairness fairness In In Truth. Truth. Present Present Brinsmead's Brinsmead's in in writings, writings, Luther's Luther's on on based based articles, articles, numerous numerous the the for for reason reason the the part, part, in in least least at at derstand, derstand, un also also can can one one But But unconvincing. unconvincing. is is It It faith. faith. by by justification justification on on doctrine doctrine Luther's Luther's of of supporter supporter a a like like look look White White Mrs. Mrs. to to make make struggles struggles which which manual manual unpublished unpublished Brinsmead's Brinsmead's read read to to opportunity opportunity had had have have I I thing. thing. a a such such be be there there if if Adventist, Adventist, Lutheran-Seventh-day Lutheran-Seventh-day of of kind kind a a as as Brinsmead Brinsmead rehabilitating rehabilitating of of task task the the to to dedicated dedicated seems seems turn, turn, in in Paxton, Paxton, and and scholar; scholar; Adventist Adventist Australian Australian the the Brinsmead, Brinsmead, Robert Robert of of seems, seems, it it purpose, purpose, avowed avowed the the is is this this Nonetheless Nonetheless begins. begins. it it before before even even failure failure to to destined destined venture venture a a is is Scriptura, Scriptura, sola sola fide, fide, sola sola gratia, gratia, sola sola on on stance stance Reformation's Reformation's the the for for her her claim claim to to try try to to However, However, also. also. Miller Miller had had as as Bible, Bible, the the with with familiarity familiarity remarkable remarkable as as well well as as personality, personality, and and talent talent magnetic magnetic considerable considerable possessing possessing "prophetess," "prophetess," of of sort sort enigmatic enigmatic an an was was White White Mrs. Mrs. 1844. 1844. then then and and in in 1843, 1843, first first sanctuary, sanctuary, thto thto of of cleansing cleansing the the for for Christ Christ of of return return visible visible the the predict predict to to tried tried that that debacle debacle the the after after Miller Miller William William of of movement movement date-setting date-setting abortive abortive the the of of left left was was what what salvaging salvaging for for responsible responsible chiefly chiefly was was she she others, others, and and James, James, husband, husband, her her With With (1827-1915). (1827-1915). White White G. G. Ellen Ellen Mrs. Mrs. case case this this in in figure, figure, charismatic charismatic and and prophetic prophetic central central a a of of revelations revelations or or soundings soundings the the on on are are they they as as built built group, group, cultic cultic every every in in course course the the for for par par is is That That Adventism. Adventism. within within unanimity unanimity doctrinal doctrinal no no is is there there right, right, is is Paxton Paxton if if moment, moment, present present this this at at Apparently Apparently antinomianism." antinomianism." (155) (155) avoid avoid to to effort effort an an (in) (in) faith faith by by righteousness righteousness of of article article the the in in sanctification sanctification place place to to Adventism Adventism within within attempt attempt "the "the as as explains explains he he which which fact fact a a (148), (148), tification" tification" sanc and and justification justification means means faith faith by by righteousness righteousness that that "insist "insist Adventists Adventists most most that that conclusion conclusion his his to to correspond correspond to to seem seem not not do do ( ( 17), 17), evangelicals" evangelicals" most most do do as as fervently fervently as as alone alone faith faith through through grace grace by by salvation salvation in in believe believe Adventists Adventists "Seventh-day "Seventh-day that that words, words, introductory introductory His His cult? cult? Testament-ceremonial, Testament-ceremonial, Old Old Iegal1st1c, Iegal1st1c, a a as as than than rather rather churches churches of of _pale _pale Christian Christian the the within within classified classified be be to to therefore therefore evangelical-and evangelical-and all all after after are are Adventists Adventists Seventh-day Seventh-day that that prove prove ls ls to to movement. movement. it it Adventist Adventist Seventh-day Seventh-day the the on on this this like like book book a a writing writing in in Truth) Truth) Present Present of of editor editor Brinsmead, Brinsmead, Robert Robert with with collaborator collaborator (occasional (occasional Paxton Paxton Geoffrey Geoffrey of of purpose purpose ultimate ultimate the the about about wonder wonder rightly rightly may may One One · · $3.95. $3.95. pages. pages. 172 172 Paperback. Paperback. 1978. 1978. Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand Baker, Baker, Paxton. Paxton. J. J. Geoffrey Geoffrey By By ADVENTISM. ADVENTISM. OF OF SHAKING SHAKING THE THE Klug Klug F·. F·. E. E. Christ. Christ. in in peace peace and and sins sins of of forgiveness forgiveness of of Gospel Gospel the the proclaiming proclaiming by by society society changes changes and and war" war" "wages "wages God God measures. measures. political political and and social social radical radical by by not not heart, heart, man's man's transforming transforming by by so so does does it it but but changes, changes, revolutionary revolutionary work work may may Word Word The The revolution. revolution. not not and and here here key key is is Word Word The The 139) 139) 20, 20, (LW (LW scythes." scythes." into into spears spears their their and and plowshares plowshares into into swords swords their their beat beat will will they they for for war, war, of of tumult tumult the the and and violence violence and and arms arms with with themselves themselves defend defend to to Christians Christians My My allow allow not not shall shall "I "I Luther: Luther: to to according according say, say, to to pleasure pleasure Lord's Lord's the the is is It It foremost. foremost. and and first first doing doing be be to to needs needs church church the the what what or or now, now, and and most most needs needs world world the the what what for for answer answer the the has has Shaull, Shaull, nor nor Gutierrez, Gutierrez, Neither Neither need. need. in in man man the the helping helping in in good good earthly earthly no no of of are are they they that that minded minded heavenly heavenly so so be be not not ought ought Chl'istians Chl'istians though though earth, earth, heaven on on heaven a a promised promised never never has has God God condition. condition. whatever whatever free, free, or or bond bond poor, poor, or or rich rich sinner, sinner, every every for for is is earth earth this this of of poor poor the the for for Gospel Gospel saving saving The The flag. flag. Christian Christian the the to to theology theology liberation liberation hitch hitch to to try try to to past, past, the the in in needs needs their their and and masses masses the the of of church church the the of of neglect neglect the the gross gross how how matter matter no no travesty, travesty, a a is is It It other. other. any any to to than than Lenin's Lenin's to to closer closer come come to to appears appears thus thus preach preach they they "gospel" "gospel" The The may. may. it it that that suggest suggest to to seem seem authors authors the the though though even even power, power, of of sword sword the the Reviews Reviews 65 65 Book Book in in his his hymn hymn A A Millhtv Millhtv Fortress Fortress recognizes recognizes Christ Christ as as God's God's valiant valiant chamoion. chamoion. reformers. reformers. Each's Each's rendering rendering of of Psalm Psalm 46 46 might might demonstrate demonstrate the the point. point. Luther Luther impossible impossible for for this this reviewer reviewer to to avoid avoid making making a a comparison comparison between between the the two two Calvin; Calvin; (6) (6) Metrical Metrical Psalms; Psalms; (7) (7) Prose-Psalms Prose-Psalms adapted adapted from from Calvin. Calvin. It It is is Calvin's Calvin's Life; Life; (3) (3) Calvin Calvin on on Christian Christian Life; Life; (4) (4) Calvin Calvin in in Prayer; Prayer; (5) (5) Prayers Prayers of of chapters chapters lollow: lollow: The The Spiritual Spiritual Pilgrimage Pilgrimage (1) (1) of of Calvin; Calvin; (2) (2) The The Kernel Kernel of of reinforced reinforced by by this this picture. picture. After After a a historical historical introduction introduction by by the the editor editor seven seven reformer reformer of of Geneva. Geneva. The The picture picture of of Calvin Calvin standing standing in in awe awe before before God God is is liturgies, liturgies, and and homilies homilies to to give give us us an an inner inner spiritual spiritual picture picture of of the the soul soul ot ot the the Theological Theological Seminary Seminary has has isolated isolated selected selected sections sections from from Calvin's Calvin's Institutes. Institutes. sonality sonality impossible impossible to to retain retain with with bounds. bounds. Professor Professor Battles Battles of of the the Calvin Calvin Luther. Luther. The The former former was was more more careful careful and and precise precise and and the the latter latter was was a a per In In terms terms of of the the human human dimension, dimension, Calvin Calvin has has sufferAd sufferAd in in comparison comparison with with pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. $9.95. $9.95. by by Stanley, Stanley, Tagg. Tagg. Baker Baker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, Michigan, Michigan, 1978. 1978. 180 180 Spirituality Spirituality of of the the Reformer. Reformer. Translated Translated by by Ford Ford Lewis Lewis Battles. Battles. Music Music edited edited THE THE PIETY PIETY OF OF JOHN JOHN CALVIN: CALVIN: An An Anthology Anthology Illustrative Illustrative of of the the E. E. F. F. Klug Klug central central article article of of justification. justification. History History points points to to the the second. second. appears appears now now to to be be his his own own strong, strong, Luther-like Luther-like pronouncements, pronouncements, at at least least on on the the will will find find himself himself complied complied to to leave leave a a church church whose whose theology theology compromises compromises what what Adventists Adventists toward toward sound, sound, Luther-like Luther-like theology, theology, or or whether whether he he in in conscience conscience Brinsmead's Brinsmead's influence influence will will be be strong strong and and consistent consistent enough enough to to turn turn the the church church bodies' bodies' doctrinal doctrinal aberrations. aberrations. It It will will be be worth worth watching, watching, to to see see whether whether Scriptures. Scriptures. Such Such believers believers were were everywhere everywhere to to be be found, found, in in spite spite of of official official whose whose faith faith was was grounded, grounded, not not on. on. men, men, but.on but.on the the Word Word of of God, God, Holy Holy that that their their doctrine doctrine was was the the confession confession of of faith faith of of every every devout devout child child of of God God Adventists. Adventists. On On the the other other hand, hand, the the confessors confessors at at Augsburg, Augsburg, 1530, 1530, contended contended is, is, ot ot course, course, a a noteworthy noteworthy phenomenon phenomenon to to happening happening with with be be a a group group like like the the mead mead 's 's change change of of direction direction from from arch arch SDA SDA doctrine doctrine towards towards Luther's Luther's stance stance perhaps perhaps to to Adventists, Adventists, students students of of the the sects, sects, and and the the author author himself. himself. Brins exciting exciting as as an an Agatha Agatha Christie Christie mystery," mystery," as as the the eublishers eublishers claim, claim, except except It It is is a a good good book book all all right right for for the the purpose purpose delineated delineated above, above, but but hardly hardly "as "as rightly rightly notes, notes, it it resembles resembles Rome Rome so so very very much. much. article article of of works-righteousness works-righteousness and and perfectionism. perfectionism. On On both both counts, counts, as as Paxton Paxton teaching-voice teaching-voice authority authority of of the the church's church's administration administration and and also also on on the the central central is is true true that that Adventist Adventist theology theology is is being being shaken shaken somewhat, somewhat, both both on on the the faith faith now now going going on on in in the the Adventist Adventist community." community." That That it it is. is. It It apparently apparently also also "thoroughly "thoroughly documented documented account account of of the the terrific terrific tussle tussle over over justification justification by by The The publishers' publishers' back-cover back-cover summary summary describes describes Paxton's Paxton's work work as as a a religious religious odyssey odyssey all all the the way way back back to to Luther's Luther's Biblical Biblical stance. stance. Mrs. Mrs. White, White, or or Brinsmead, Brinsmead, or or for for that that matter matter Paxton Paxton have have completed completed their their evangelical evangelical ana ana conservative conservative bent. bent. I I persqnally persqnally remain remain unconvinced unconvinced that that either either e~e. e~e. Paxton Paxton meanwhile meanwhile is is an an Anglica11, Anglica11, also also an an Australian, Australian, of of a a strongly strongly To To this this day, day, he he apparently apparently remains remains within within Adventism's Adventism's fold, fold, though though on on the the of of righteousness righteousness which which is is imputed imputed unto unto faith. faith. Brinsmead Brinsmead shares shares that that opinion. opinion. toward toward legalism legalism and and perfectionism, perfectionism, striving striving rather rather to to uphold uphold the the forensic forensic sense sense Michigan. Michigan. Paxton's Paxton's argument argument is is that that at at this this time time she she was was resisting resisting the the move move troubled troubled period period was was Dr. Dr. H. H. J, J, Kellogg, Kellogg, of of corn corn flakes' flakes' fame fame in in Battle Battle Creek, Creek, apparently apparently by by disagreements disagreements within within her her fold. fold. Among Among the the leaders leaders during during this this question, question, etc. etc. Mrs. Mrs. White White herself herself left left America America for for Australia, Australia, 1891, 1891, "ticked "ticked off' off' right right from from the the start, start, on on Christology, Christology, soteriology, soteriology, eschatology, eschatology, the the authority authority Theological Theological rumblings rumblings and and disagreements disagreements have have been been a a part part of of SDA SDA history history higher higher stage stage in in the the salvation salvation process" process" for for most most SDAs, SDAs, Paxton Paxton admits. admits. (72) (72) according according to to legalistic legalistic demands, demands, or or perfectionism, perfectionism, still still are are to to be be seen seen "as "as the the writings writings show. show. But But when when all all is is said said and and done, done, sanctification, sanctification, or or good good works works CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 66 66 THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY QUARTERLY Book Reviews 67 In Calvin's rendition the Christological motif is simply missing. The kingdom is to be found here on earth. God is One who is strong in battles. Calvin can view God apart from Christ, something which Luther could never do. Hymns of the Reformed tradition including Calvin's center very little on Christ if at all and they stress the majestic, transcendental God, the God who has not yet revealed Himself mercifully in the person of Jesus Christ. Baker Book House is to be congratulated for its fine edition of The Piety of John Calvin. Those who want to broaden their understanding of Protestant worship life can make a sound in vestment. The musical renderings of chapter six are available for $1.95. Lutherans will however not feel comfortable with a stem Calvin as a spiritual guide. David P. Scaer TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION: A Mystic Cult of Self-intoxication. By Lit-sen Chang. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., Nutley, N. J., 1978. 92 pages. Paper. $2.95. The author, a former practitioner of T. M., Transcendental Meditation, sets forth its religious philosophy and method of this now popular form of eastern mysticism. Written in layman's terms, the pastor could easily put this book to use in teenage and adult religious discussion groups. In some places T. Ivl. has taken on epidemic proportions and several pastors might want to direct specific sermons to the problem. The dangers of T. M., as the suthor sees them, are its amoral attitude, its negation of the rational functions of the mind, and its inherent pantheism. How long T. M. will remain popular among Americans cannot be determined. It is however a religion in spite of the protestations of its advocates to the contrary. AutobiograJ)hical notations about the author's own spiritual pilgrimage with his strong emphasis on personal experience detract from this otherwise eminently usefu(booklet. David l>. Scaer BIO-BABEL: Can We Survive the New Biology?.By Allen R. Utke. John Knox Press, Atlanta, 1978. 247 pages. Cloth. $11.25. An accompanying letter from the publishers describes Bio-Babel as "must reading for all conscientious persons who are concerned about their own future, as well as the future of those who follow." The author, a professor of chemistry and a Lutheran layman, gives an up to date report of scientific advances in the hope of awakeniim ethical discussion among _Christians as the_y face a future that cannot even be imagined. The first part discusses biological advances in reproduction, physical modification, mental modification, prolongment of life, and creation of life. Man has been put in a position where he can control areas of life which before were off limits either through his own lack of knowledge or through assignment to providence. The possibility that man may live to 800 years, that senility can be avArled, that memory and intelligence can be increased, and that genetic controls can oe imposea, all boggle the mind. Imagination's realm is becoming incarnate into reality. Utke's purpose is to awaken the church's conscience, either individually or collectively, to provide some sort of ethical response. He may have awakened the church to the brave new world, but he has provided very few answers. This may not have been his goal. Even in the matter (?f abortion which has b_een the center of controversy for some time, the author gives no firm direction. If Utke has alerted us to the problems the church will be facing, he has performed an important service. The job left undone of providing the answers will be the more difficult. David P. Scaer ARCHIVES AND HISTORY: Minutes and Reports of the 13th Archivists' and Historians' Conference. Edited by August R. Suelflow. Dep_artment of 68 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY Archives and History, The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. 1976. 194 pages. Mimeographed. $3.60. This volume contains the proceedings of the thirteenth regular meeting of Missouri Synod archivists and historians. Contained here is a wide assortment of materials all the way from the devotions presented to the teclmfoal mechanics of searching through old church records. Two items should attract wide interest among Missouri Synod pastors. Jerreld K. Pfabe provides much of the background for current Missouri Synod attitudes to evolution in his carefully ilocumented "Theodore Graebner is sympathetic, appreciative, and still critical of a man whose knowledge of science was not that of a professional. Whatever Greebner's short comings may have been, his views and attitudes ere still standard today. A more personal essay is written by Ruth Fritz Meyer of her father in "Big John : Glimpses Into the Life and Work of Dr. John H. C. Fritz." "Dean Fritz" as he is generally known in the Missouri Synod set the tone for many preachers with his work on pastoral theology and his studies in homiletics. Mrs. Meyer does not cover the theological method of her father, but describes her father's home life and ministry. Dean Fritz's father was not a member of the Missouri Synod, but served many synods including what is now the LCA, ALC, and Wisconsin Synod. Many who have been influenced by Dean Fritz whether through his classroom teachings or his Pastoral Theology will take the opportunity to learn more about him. The LCMS is old enough to have a history which can now be divided up into periods. Only through understanding the roads on which we have traveled will we be able to make plans for the journey ahead of us. Archives and History helps us in this task. It can be ordered from the Con cordia Historical Institute. David P. Scaer THE PROMISE OF THE COMING DARK AGE. By L. S. Stavrianos. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. 1976. 211 pages. Cloth. $8.96. Summer vacation is supposed to be a time of leisure-reading. Usually it is. The summer 1978 turned up an exception. THE PROMISE OF THE COMING DARK AGE proved to be such a provocative volume that I read it quickly and immediately reviewed it for the CTQ. Historian L. S. Stavrianos is familiar to the academic community for his excellent work on "globalization," the process in which a planet of separate civilizations-as the West, India, China, Islam-underwent a process of amalgamation in the past five centuries to form today's world civilization. In this controversial book, however, Stavrianos turns his attention from the recent past to the near future. Instead of an interpretation of what has hap pened, he offers a projection of what will happen. Taking his cue from such writers as Jacques Barzun and Robert Heilbroner, who predict a Second Derk Age, Stavrianos immediately agrees. Four marks of such a Derk Age are evident, he contends: (1) economical imperialism, (2) ecological degradation_, (3) bureacratic ossification, and 14) a flight from reason. But Stavrianos goes beyond a lamentation for the death of Western Civilization to a celebration or what he regards the emerging new order. For Stavrianos there is much promise in the Coming Derk Age. Why? Because Derk Ages ere times of reconstruction as well as disin tegration. The initial Dark Age (411-100 AD) is interpreted by Stavrianos as a time of significant technological development and massive leaps in the cause of human li~erty. He concludes: "By the tenth century the Western European serf was enjoying a level of living significantly better than that of the proletarian during the height of Augustan Rome" (p. 6). Elites may suffer, the people will prosper through the collapse of ancient institutions-that seems to be his thesis. In t.he current Derk Age, Stavrianos has identified four hopeful signs for Studies, Studies, Theology Theology Today, Today, and and The The Scottish Scottish Journal Journal of of Theology, Theology, is is concerned concerned This This book, book, gleaned gleaned for for Hick's Hick's earlier earlier writings writings in in such such places places as as Religious Religious the the Rev. Rev. Mr. Mr. Hick Hick was was accused accused of of heresy. heresy. consistent consistent in in this this volume). volume). The The many many novelties novelties in in this this volume volume will will indicate indicate why why (The (The lower-case lower-case "c" "c" in in Christian Christian is is that that of of Dr. Dr. Hick. Hick. In In this this matter matter he he is is tradition. tradition. (p. (p. 183) 183) affirm affirm one one of of the the more more manifestly manifestly mythological mythological aspects aspects of of the the christian christian from from the the ministry ministry of of the the United United Presbyterian Presbyterian Church Church for for declining declining to to heresy heresy case, case, when when a a very very conservative conservative minority minority sought sought to to exclude exclude me me I I have have even, even, when when I I was was in in the the United United States, States, been been .involved .involved in in a a theologians. theologians. Hick Hick recounts recounts that: that: argumentation, argumentation, but but also also of of open open confrontation confrontation with with more more traditional traditional This This position position is is not not merely merely one one born born of of conscience conscience or or of of intellectual intellectual for for originality originality (p. (p. 183). 183). there there are are exciting exciting possibilities possibilities of of reconstruction reconstruction and and challenging challenging scope scope thought thought forms forms as as good, good, and and as as having having inaugurated inaugurated a a period period in in which which I I regard regard the the contemporary contemporary breaking breaking of of long-established long-established re11g1ous re11g1ous derived derived from from his his conviction conviction that that new new day day is is dawning dawning in in theology: theology: new new theologians theologians than than with with the the old old theologians" theologians" (p. (p. 183). 183). This This sympathy sympathy is is been been self-evident self-evident for for a a least least a a hundred hundred pages: pages: "I "I have have more more sympathy sympathy with with the the In In an an interesting interesting aside aside toward toward the the end· end· of of this this Volume Volume he he confesses confesses w.hat w.hat has has of of Love, Love, Arguments Arguments for for the the Existence Existence of of God, God, and and Christianity Christianity at at the the Centre. Centre. for for his his earlier earlier writings, writings, which which included included Faith Faith and and Knowledge, Knowledge, Evil Evil and and the the God God Perhaps Perhaps he he is is most most familiar familiar to to readers readers of of the the Concordia Concordia Theological Theological Quarterly Quarterly coming coming H.G. H.G. Wood Wood Professor Professor of of Theology Theology in in the the University University of of Bi,mingham. Bi,mingham. places places as as Cornell Cornell University University and and Princeton Princeton Theological Theological Seminary Seminary before before be John John Hick Hick was was educated educated at at Edinburgh Edinburgh and and Oxford Oxford and and then then taught taught at at such such $2.95. $2.95. backs backs (World (World Publishing Publishing Company), Company), Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, Ohio, 1977. 1977. 201 201 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. GOD GOD AND AND THE THE UNIVERSE UNIVERSE OF OF FAITHS. FAITHS. By By John John Hick. Hick. Fount Fount Paper C. C. George George Fry Fry Spiritual Spiritual Dark Dark Age. Age. proaching proaching 8 8 billion billion people, people, is is our our most most urgent urgent task, task, if if we we are are to to avoid avoid a a surely surely there there will will children children be be of of light? light? And And that that proclamation, proclamation, in in a a world world ap any any Age Age without without the the Word Word of of God God is is dark, dark, and and if if the the Word Word is is preached, preached, then then were were entering entering one!),? one!),? (2) (2) Could Could one one not not say say that that from from a a Christian Christian perspective, perspective, what what is is a a Dark Dark Age Age (after (after all, all, the the generations generations of of the the Renaissance Renaissance thought thought they they of of the the future. future. But But it it poses poses many many questions questions as as well: well: Who Who can can (1) (1) really really say say experience experience (except (except for for Liberation Liberation Theology), Theology), and and (4) (4) its its Radical Radical revisionist revisionist view view priorities priorities (and (and values), values), (3) (3) its its relegation relegation of of religion religion to to the the periphery periphery of of human human basically basically good, good, only only he he is is corrupted corrupted by by bad bad institutions), institutions), (2) (2) its its economic economic history history (based, (based, I I think, think, on on Jean Jean Jacques Jacques Rousseau, Rousseau, who who thought thought man man was was This This is is a a significant significant and and provocative provocative book book in in terms terms of of (1) (1) its its philosophy philosophy of of Soviet Soviet Union Union are are destined destined to to collapse. collapse. dominate dominate the the New New Dark Dark Age, Age, and and that that consumer consumer societies societies and and the the US US and and the the least least developed developed nations-Marxist nations-Marxist China China and and the the Third Third World-will World-will way"). way"). Because Because of of "the "the Law Law of of the the Retarding Retarding Lead," Lead," Stavrianos Stavrianos contends contends that that ordinary ordinary person person to to "pray, "pray, pay, pay, and and obey" obey" and and the the insistence insistence on on "doing "doing it it my my movement movement from from self-subordination self-subordination to to self-actualization self-actualization (the (the refusal refusal of of the the officials) officials) to to participatory participatory democracy democracy (direct (direct action action by by the the people); people); and and (4) (4) a a factories); factories); (3) (3) a a movement movement from from representative representative democracy democracy (the (the election election ol ol worker worker control control of of the the means means of of production; production; (that (that means means that that workers workers run run the the masses masses rather rather than than making making for for the the few; few; (2) (2) a a movement movement from from boss-control boss-control to to reversal reversal in in the the goals goals of of science, science, so so that that research research will will serve serve the the interests interests of of the the a a movement movement (1) (1) from from eristo-technology eristo-technology to to demo-technology, demo-technology, or or a a radical radical "the "the people" people" or or "the "the masses" masses" (industrial (industrial workers workers and and Third Third World World farmers): farmers): Book Book Reviews Reviews 69 69 of of "day "day or or day" day" "holy "holy specifically specifically a a of. of. place place the the take take to to intended intended is is Muslim Muslim Sunni Sunni for for dally dally times times five five prayer prayer of of notion notion the the reality, reality, In In when, when, "sabbath," "sabbath," a a has has Islam Islam that that statement statement the the (as (as Intrude Intrude fact fact of of errors errors 2000), 2000), by by Muslim, Muslim, not not Christian, Christian, as as Africa Africa Black Black see see now now misslologists misslologists most most for for Africa, Africa, Saharran Saharran sub in in Christianity Christianity of of expansion expansion rapid rapid the the of of reality reality the the with with reconcile reconcile to to hard hard find find I I statement statement a a Africa, Africa, Black Black In In Christianity's" Christianity's" as as swiftly swiftly as as times times ten ten least least "at "at Is Is growth growth Islam's Islam's that that one, one, this this or or event; event; the the of of evaluation evaluation that that accept accept would would who who historians historians few few of of know know I I - Moslem" Moslem" become become have have tless tless doub would would Europe Europe of of "all "all 1683 1683 in in Vienna Vienna at at victorious victorious been been had had Turks Turks the the if if that that assertion assertion the the (as (as appear appear interpretations interpretations questionable questionable Reformation), Reformation), the the for for reasons reasons theological theological the the to to given given is is attention attention little little sentence; sentence; one one in in passing passing in in mentioned mentioned only only are are Calvin Calvin John John and and Luther Luther (Martin (Martin occur occur Omissions Omissions assignment. assignment. impossible impossible an an is is itself, itself, in in that, that, Perhaps Perhaps Islam). Islam). and and Christianity, Christianity, (Judaism, (Judaism, West West the the of of faiths faiths the the to to II, II, Part Part in in and, and, Shinto) Shinto) and and Taoism, Taoism, Conducianism, Conducianism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Jainism, (Hinduism, (Hinduism, East East the the of of faiths faiths the to to I I Part Part in in attention attention major major giving giving existentialism, existentialism, to to animism animism from from experience experience religious religious humanity's humanity's survey survey to to narrative-analysis narrative-analysis of of pages pages 172 172 in in attempts attempts Voss Voss faiths. faiths. leading leading earth's earth's the the about about text text introductory introductory satisfactory satisfactory a a write write to to difficult difficult extremely extremely be be must must it it that that before, before, never never as as persuaded, persuaded, am am I I for, for, volume, volume, this this review review I I that that feelings feelings mixed mixed very very with with however, however, is, is, It It administrator. administrator. and and professor, professor, minister, minister, a a Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, of of University University the the and and York) York) (New (New Seminary Seminary Theological Theological Union Union of of graduate graduate a a Voss, Voss, Hermann Hermann Carl Carl by by MEANING MEANING FOR FOR SEARCH SEARCH OUR OUR WORLD: WORLD: THE THE OF OF RELIGIONS RELIGIONS LIVING LIVING read read and and received, received, requested, requested, I I that that expectancy expectancy of of sense sense a a with with therefore, therefore, was, was, It It religions. religions. major major world's world's the the of of study study one-volume one-volume good good a a for for need need the the recognized recognized long long have have academy academy the the and and parish parish the the both both in in us us of of Many Many $2.96. $2.96. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 192 192 1977. 1977. Ohio, Ohio, Cleveland, Cleveland, Company, Company, Publishing Publishing World World and and Collins Collins William William Voss. Voss. Hermann Hermann Carl Carl By By MEANING. MEANING. FOR FOR SEARCH SEARCH OUR OUR WORLD: WORLD: THE THE OF OF RELIGIONS RELIGIONS LIVING LIVING Fry Fry George George C. C. better. better. them them with with deal deal to to authors authors Evangelical Evangelical to to invitation invitation an an be be to to ought ought answer answer his his issues-and issues-and cutting cutting with with deals deals Hick Hick 140). 140). (p. (p. variously variously it it name name sages sages though though one, one, is is real real The The Trinity: Trinity: blessed blessed holy, holy, also also And And Atma, Atma, Param Param Krishna, Krishna, Allah, Allah, Jahweh, Jahweh, it it call call They They verse: verse: original original of of bit bit a a in in revived revived it it find find will will deism deism miss miss who who etc.; those those etc.; dhists, dhists, Bud Hindus, Hindus, Muslims, Muslims, among among needed needed not not is is and and folk folk less-developed less-developed among among effective effective only only is is evangelism evangelism that that find find will will missiologists missiologists temporarily); temporarily); there, there, still still is is purgatory purgatory of of kind kind a a but but empty; empty; be be ultimately ultimately will will hell hell that that and and grave; grave; the the after after something something in in believe believe can can we we us us assures assures (Hick (Hick end end the the is is death death that that view view recent recent the the from from dissents dissents who who one one find find will will pastors pastors persuaded); persuaded); be be to to fail fail ·1 ·1 Hippo, Hippo, of of Augustine Augustine to to opposition opposition in in Irenaeus, Irenaeus, St. St. of of footsteps footsteps the the in in follow follow to to claim claim Hick's Hick's of of spite spite (in (in Catholic Catholic or or Evangelical Evangelical them them of of few few modern, modern, and and ancient ancient opinions, opinions, of of a a pot-pourri pot-pourri find find will will theology theology philosophical philosophical of of Students Students true?). true?). are are religions religions all all unless unless Faiths, Faiths, Higher Higher all all in in present present be be to to seem seem Ultimate Ultimate the the of of "experiences" "experiences" valid valid when when true true be be religion religion one one can can how how community; community; multi-r~igious multi-r~igious and and multi-racial, multi-racial, multi-cultural, multi-cultural, _multi-national, _multi-national, a a in in living living while while him him on on dawned dawned (which (which religions" religions" world world different different the the of of claims claims truth truth conflicting conflicting "the "the (4) (4) and and coherent?" coherent?" of God God of concept concept judaic-christian judaic-christian the the "is "is (3) (3) character); character); develop develop to to opportunity opportunity the the have have might might persons persons that that order order in in necessary necessary is is (evil (evil evil" evil" of of problem problem grisly grisly and and ancient ancient "the "the (2) (2) section); section); this this in in "God-language" "God-language" of of problem problem the the with with deals deals also also Hick Hick contends; contends; he he terms, terms, naturalistic naturalistic purely purely in in explained explained be be can can universe universe (the (the nature" nature" of of workings workings the the explain explain to to order order in in God God to to refer refer not not need need one one that that fact fact the the of of view view in in belief belief theistic theistic of of non-coerciveness non-coerciveness "the "the (1) (1) four-fold: four-fold: are are thinking, thinking, his his in in issues, issues, The The times. times. our our in in Problem" Problem" Central Central "Theology's "Theology's as as regards regards author author the the what what with with QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 70 70 faithfully faithfully to to Holy Holy Scripture Scripture is is accounted accounted a a fanatic fanatic and and must must expect expect congregations, congregations, using using whatever whatever means means are are available. available. Anyone Anyone who who holds holds is is determined determined to to cause cause the the new new intellectual intellectual viewpoint viewpoint to to dominate dominate in in the the longer longer uppermost, uppermost, but but reason reason is is in in control, control, and and the the church church administration administration "Rationalistic "Rationalistic theology theology holds holds sway sway in in their their home home churches. churches. The The Bible Bible no no is is the the book book tells tells this this in in a a striking striking manner: manner: in in the the Missouri Missouri Synod Synod in in the the light light of of more more recent recent developments. developments. The The apron apron of of The The novel novel welcome welcome i& i& upon upon the the church church scene scene Uie Uie fa fa sevenfies sevenfies of of this this century century the the Selma Selma were were the the river river steamers, steamers, which which brought brought the the Saxons Saxons to to St. St. Louis. Louis. steamer steamer tugs tugs at at New New Orleans Orleans were were the the Tiger Tiger and and the the Hudson. Hudson. The The Dolly Dolly and and Republik, Republik, the the Johann Johann Georg, Georg, and and the the Copernikus Copernikus is is graphically graphically toid. toid. The The The The s_tory s_tory of of the the eight eight hundred hundred sailing sailing on on the the Olbers. Olbers. the the Amalia, Amalia, the the Horse Horse Prairie Prairie for for a a century, century, near near which which its its pastor, pastor, Stephan, Stephan, lies lies buried. buried. arm arm of of the the cross cross as as a a souvenir, souvenir, which which adorned adorned the the steeple steeple of of the the church church at at justice justice in in the the description description of of the the end end of of Stephan. Stephan. This This reviewer reviewer appreciates appreciates an an Martin Martin Stephan Stephan is is fully fully told. told. Perhaps Perhaps the the author author was was too too intent intent upon upon artistic artistic their their names. names. The The rationalist rationalist Landeskirche Landeskirche is is accurately accurately described. described. The The story story of of symbolic symbolic manner. manner. Not Not everything everything could could be be told. told. The The pastors pastors are are introduced introduced by by however, however, in in which which many many situations situations are are recreated recreated in in a a representative representative and and Paust Paust writes writes a a satisfactory satisfactory novel novel as as to to historical historical accuracy. accuracy. It It remains remains a a novel, novel, one one who who has has read read most most of of what what has has been been written written about about this this story, story, Ingerose Ingerose knowing knowing the the original original places places in in Germany, Germany, from from which which the the Saxons Saxons departed. departed. For For Ingerose Ingerose Paust Paust has has had had the the rare rare privilege privilege of of studying studying the the sources sources and and to to sacrifice sacrifice much much to to follow follow their their faith faith into into the the land land of of the the free. free. is is considered. considered. There There could could be be many many behind behind the the iron iron curtain curtain who who would would be be ready ready should should not not be be so so amazing, amazing, when when the the persecution persecution of of religion religion under· under· communism communism of of East East Germany Germany and and tells tells the the story story in in a a sympathetic sympathetic manner, manner, Perhaps Perhaps it it wnich wnich forms forms the the basis basis of of the the Missouri Missouri Synod. Synod. Amazingly, Amazingly, the the novel novel comes comes out out "Emigration "Emigration of of the the Eight Eight Hundred" Hundred" is is a a novel novel of of the the Saxon Saxon immigration, immigration, (East (East Germany). Germany). Verlagsanstalt, Verlagsanstalt, Berlin. Berlin. 1972. 1972. 2. 2. Auflage Auflage 1977. 1977. 366 366 pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. 6,80 6,80 Mark Mark AUSZUG AUSZUG DER DER ACHTHUNDERT. ACHTHUNDERT. By By . . lngerose lngerose Paust. Paust. Evangelische Evangelische C. C. George George Fry Fry Collins-World, Collins-World, this this is is not not a a text text of of that that stripe. stripe. Sorry. Sorry. wholeheartedly wholeheartedly to to my my readers. readers. In In spite spite of of the the many many fine fine titles titles coming coming from from I I wish wish I I could could find find a a book book on on the the history history of of religions religions that that I I could could recommend recommend Abrahamic Abrahamic Faiths. Faiths. the the East East Asian Asian religions, religions, and and weakest weakest in in its its narration narration and and interpretation interpretation of of the the This This book book is is strongest, strongest, in in my my opinion, opinion, in in its its succinct succinct and and helpful helpful surveys surveys of of ver:iions ver:iions from from as as many many philosophies philosophies and and faiths). faiths). What What of of religion religion as as mystery? mystery? tially tially of of ethics ethics - but but here here we we are are provided provided with with the the "Golden "Golden Rule" Rule" given given in in ten ten the the World World Religions Religions in in their their sense sense of of morality morality (as (as religion religion if if consisted consisted essen "emergence" "emergence" of of "religion" "religion" in in ancient ancient times), times), and and a a stress stress on on the the convergence convergence of of derstanding derstanding of of faith faith as as evolving evolving (with (with a a rather rather simplistic simplistic picture picture of of the the yet yet the the notion notion of of "revelation" "revelation" is is central central to to many many World World Faiths), Faiths), the- un experiencing), experiencing), a a human human enterprise enterprise rather rather than than God's God's revealing revealing (or (or disclosing; disclosing; emphasis emphasis on on religion religion as as essentially essentially man's man's searching searching (rather (rather than than discovering discovering or or than than the the Turkish Turkish occupation occupation of of Istanbul). Istanbul). Perhaps Perhaps most most disheartening disheartening is is the the today today date date the the Byzantine Byzantine influence influence on on the the European European Renascence much much Renascence earlier earlier West West that that served served as as a a major major influence influence in in the the Italian Italian Renaissance; Renaissance; historians historians that that the the Fall Fall of of Constantinople Constantinople triggered triggered an an exodus exodus of of Greek Greek schoiars schoiars to to the the such such would would be be blasphemy), blasphemy), historical historical inaccuracies inaccuracies creep creep in in (p. (p. 136, 136, the the teaching teaching would would any any Muslim, Muslim, let let alone alone an an Orthodox Orthodox one, one, describe describe Allah Allah as as Father, Father, for for 'Father, 'Father, and and thinks thinks of of him him as as 'love" 'love" ...... Surely Surely this this is is a a misprint; misprint; seldom seldom is is another another work work day), day), misprints misprints emerge emerge (as (as p. p. 148, 148, "A "A Moslem Moslem calls calls God God rest" rest" like like the the Jewish Jewish Saturday Saturday or or the the Christian Christian Sunday; Sunday; Friday, Friday, to to a a Muslim, Muslim, Book Book Reviews Reviews 71 71 semonizing. semonizing. of of art art the the in in course course good good a a pastor pastor and and student student the the gives gives and and homiletics homiletics of of field field the the covers covers each each pages pages 40-50 40-50 of of paperbacks paperbacks rune rune of of set set This This $16.50. $16.50. Paper. Paper. books. books. 9 9 1977. 1977. Louis, Louis, St. St. House. House. Publiship2 Publiship2 Conco.rdia Conco.rdia Editor. Editor. Series Series Kapfer, Kapfer, Richard Richard SERIES. SERIES. WORKSHOP WORKSHOP PREACHER'S PREACHER'S THE THE Eggold Eggold J. J. Henry Henry sector. sector. private private the the as as well well as as public public the the in in obedience obedience of of spheres spheres to to point point will will we we 3) 3) concreteness; concreteness; with with obedience obedience to to call call the the articulate articulate will will we we 2) 2) cause; cause; its its not not and and grace grace of of consequence consequence a a as as obedience obedience to to call call the the sound sound will will we we 1) 1) helpful: helpful: is is following following the the obedience obedience to to call call the the preaching preaching In In homecoming. homecoming. for for transciency transciency and and hope; hope; for for calls calls despair despair certitude, certitude, as as Gospel Gospel for for calls calls anxiety anxiety ciliation; ciliation; recon as as Gospel Gospel for for calls calls Alienation Alienation existence." existence." to to "antiphon "antiphon as as Gospel Gospel of of preaching preaching the the requires requires existence" existence" of of "mirror "mirror as as Law Law of of preaching preaching The The used. used. be be may may explained, explained, properly properly language language theological theological that that however, however, believe, believe, I I cultures. cultures. foreign foreign from from taken taken are are justification justification and and propitiation, propitiation, redemption, redemption, atonement, atonement, like like words words since since idiom, idiom, modem modem the the in in forgiveness forgiveness about about talk' talk' to to try try should should We We guilt. guilt. to to answers answers Forgiveness Forgiveness Gospel. Gospel. the the preach preach we we which which in in mode mode the the in in correlate correlate its's its's find find ~ust ~ust Law Law the the preach preach we we which which in in mode mode The The 26). 26). (p. (p. contradictory" contradictory" mutually mutually not not are are 'mirror 'mirror as as Law Law and and 'hammer' 'hammer' as as Law Law other. other. the the against against over over Law Law viewing viewing of of mode mode one one set set to to been been not not has has analysis analysis this this of of purpose purpose the the that that stated stated be be should should "It "It 29). 29). (p. (p. do" do" who who those those for for even even real real vividly vividly are are which which experience experience of of areas areas neglect neglect and and sinners sinners as as all all of of first first themselves themselves see see not not do do who who those those ~iss ~iss we we guilt, guilt, and and sin sin of of terms terms in in only only sermons sermons our our of of dimension dimension Law Law the the cast cast we we stands. stands. "If "If man man which which in in situation situation true true the the of of sciousness sciousness con the the as as conscience conscience the the much much so so not not is is Law Law of of target target The The expose. expose. to to as as accuse accuse to to much much so so not not is is Law Law of of speaks speaks Law Law of of preaching preaching the the terms, terms, Tillich's Tillich's Paul Paul in in existence, existence, of of mirror mirror As As help. help. for for out out cry cry men men makes makes and and guilt guilt l)roduces l)roduces It It conscience. conscience. the the is is target target Its Its accuses. accuses. Law Law the the hammer, hammer, As As existence. existence. of of mirror mirror and and judgment judgment of of hammer hammer as as both both preached preached to to is is be be Law Law The The 14). 14). (p. (p. us us upon upon lays lays act act redeeming redeeming God's God's which which gratitude gratitude of of obligations obligations the the and and Christ, Christ, through through God God by by behalf behalf our our on on wrought wrought redemption redemption the the wretchedness, wretchedness, and and sin sin man's man's include include must must sermon sermon the the of of substructure substructure the the that that suggests suggests author author the the Ott, Ott, Heinrich Heinrich Following Following situation. situation. that that help help to to intends intends volume volume This This experientially. experientially. deliver deliver to to able able was was it it than than theologically theologically preaching preaching for for more more claimed claimed have have we we that that maintains maintains author author The The - $3.50. $3.50. pages, pages, 95 95 Paper. Paper. 1978, 1978, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Press. Press. Fortress Fortress Jr. Jr. Stuemfle, Stuemfle, G. G. Herman Herman By By GOSPEL. GOSPEL. AND AND LAW LAW PREACHING PREACHING Studies Studies Practical Practical III. III. Stahlke Stahlke F. F. Otto Otto here. here. lectured lectured doctor doctor the the when when Hoffmann Hoffmann Gottfried Gottfried Frau Frau by by hospitality hospitality gift gift a a as as left left graciously graciously was was novel novel This This matters. matters. synodical synodical in in leader leader the the becomes becomes also also Walther Walther Stephan. Stephan. of of follower follower emigrating emigrating not not a a is is as as he he that that declares declares He He Stephan. Stephan. Martin Martin to to resistance resistance offering offering early early one one as as characterization characterization fine fine a a given given is is Walther Walther Ferdinand Ferdinand Carl Carl beginning." beginning." new new a a make make to to hope hope they they America America In In close. close. is is judgment judgment of of day day the the that that believe believe they they country, country, home home the the in in faith faith their their in in continue continue cannot cannot they they that that believe believe People People ...... court court to to taken taken are are Bible, Bible, the the uphold uphold who who pastors, pastors, the the pretences pretences false false Under Under forbidden. forbidden. are are classes classes Bible Bible measures. measures. repressive repressive QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 72 72 Book Reviews 73 In Book 1, "The Mighty Word," Alton Wedel declares: "The death and resurrection of our Lord-this is the Mighty Word: Power and Purpose of Preaching. This is the key that snaps the padlock of the Holy Scripture, opens minds to understand, and kindles flames of faith in opened hearts" (p. 16). In "Letting the Word Come Alive," W. A. Poovey pleads with the preacher to grasp the uniqueness of each text through a study of the text itself, the mood of the writer, the time when written, and the context. Don Deffner, "The Real Word for the Real World," analyzes modem man !JS he is reflected in modem literature to help the preacher become sensitive to human need. He advises: "Don't speculate about what your people's needs are, ask them" (p. 10). The author is on firm ground when he says: "We are ac cordingly driven back to the Gospels, there to discover who we are, and whose we are-whence we come and where we are going. And there we meet Him who is the Person we are to become, and the Power to be that new creation-our Blessed Lord Himself" (p. 28). In "The Lively Skeleton", Gerhard Aho surveys the various ways in which the preacher may cast his outline for greater variety in sermonic form. H. Gerard Knoche pleads for creativity in the writing of the sermon. "For preachers, creativity is seeing relationships between two Biblical texts, the Biblical text and life situations, theological ideas and secular ideas, that have not been seen before" (p. 12). / Writing on "The Sermon as Part of the Liturgy," Paul Bosch declares: "We insist on acting out our deepest instincts ritually-and we call that 'liturgy"' (p. 7). He pleads that in the service of worship we give some attention to all the arts as "languages" for communication. In his book on the delivery of the se,-mon, Paul Harms quotes Albert Mehrabian's formula to assess the emotional impact of any message: total impact equals 7 percent verbal, plus 38 percent vocal, plus 65 percent facial (p. 37). The author shows how the use of body language, control of the voice, eye contact, and the preacher's emotional response can help to foster a sense of communication between speaker and hearer. Eldon Weisheit discusses the use of visual aids-movies, filmstrips, overhead projector, slides, sound recordings, object lessons, and drama-not as a substitute for good preaching, but as an aid. · "Self-examination is a blessing, self-preoccupation is a curse," says Lowell Erdahl (p. 6). He proceeds to discuss ways in which the pastor can use his laity in helping both to prepare and and to evaluate his sermons. Feed-in groups reflect upon the text with the pastor-. Feedback groups meet to discuss the sermon after it has been preached. Erdahl offers four forms which may be distributed to the congregation for the purpose of evaluating the sermon. For getting fresh ideas for preaching, I recommend that you purchase the nine books. Henry J. Eggold "FOR EXAMPLE" ILLUSTRATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY PREACHING. By Richard Anderson and Donald L. Deffner. Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, 1978. 221 pages. Paper. $5.95. The over 400 documented sermon illustrations of this volume are taken from classic and contemporary literature, history, and human experience in the drama of life. Besides containing a subject index, the volume offers an index of suggested texts in the three-year lectionary cycle to which each illustration might be appropriate. Every reader will find some illustrations to which he responds and which he can use to put windows into his sermons. Henry J. Eggold Aho Aho Gerhard Gerhard sermons. sermons. Christ-exalting Christ-exalting down-to-earth, down-to-earth, clear, clear, are are These These vious. vious. ob is is orientation orientation Gospel Gospel the the trials trials in in them them encouraging encouraging or or living, living, Christian Christian in in tuem tuem guiding guiding sins, sins, their their of of hearers hearers the the convicting convicting is is he he Whether Whether Christ. Christ. to to glorifv glorifv preacher preacher Christian Christian a a as as obligation obligation his his of of conscious conscious is is author author The The (p. (p. 70). 70). again" again" come come shall shall Jesus Jesus when when day day the the for for longing longing and and looking looking sky, sky, the the on on eye eye one one have have to to are are we we but but heaven, heaven, in in foot foot one one have have to to only only not not are are "We "We again, again, 64) 64) (p. (p. " " Or Or ...... corruption corruption of of centuries centuries through through lost lost but but superscription, superscription, and and image image own own His His with with stamped stamped once once souis, souis, men's men's of of coins coins sin-crusted sin-crusted these these all all seeking seeking God God of of picture picture a a That's That's it. it. finds finds she she until until corner corner and and nook nook every every out out sweeps sweeps and and broom broom a a grabs grabs She She place. place. the the over over all all looks looks and and candle candle a a lights lights "She "She says: says: Hartner Hartner jargon. jargon. fr_om fr_om free free remarkably_ remarkably_ is is la~age la~age TJie TJie illustration. illustration. apt apt through through alive alive come come concepts concepts Other Other 77). 77). (p. (p. example example for for hope, hope, and and faith faith between between distinguishes distinguishes clearly clearly He He understandable. understandable. concepts concepts profound profound making making for for knack knack a a has has author author The The sermon. sermon. each each of of idea idea main main the the as as theme theme the the of of development development coherent coherent explicit, explicit, the the appreciated appreciated have have must must sermons sermons these these of of hearers hearers The The theme. theme. the the to to pointedly pointedly and and directly directly move move and and are are they they where where hearers hearers the the meet meet gernerally gernerally troductions troductions in The The preacher. preacher. the the by by argumentation argumentation labored labored w1tnout w1tnout for for speak speak itslt itslt to to allowed allowed is is text text The The unpretentiousness. unpretentiousness. and and naturalness naturalness ~heir ~heir in in refreshing refreshing are are they they loosely, loosely, quite quite organized organized are are sermons sermons the the of of many many Although Although services. services. specllll specllll fn fn and and radio, radio, on on churches, churches, in in sermons sermons these these delivered delivered Hartner Hartner Pastor Pastor of of 77. 77. age age the the at at in in 1976 1976 died died who who pastor pastor Synod Synod Church-Missouri Church-Missouri Lutheran Lutheran a a by by delivered delivered and and written written were were book book this this in in sermons sermons thirty-three thirty-three The The $6.60. $6.60. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 167 167 1978. 1978. Press Press Vantage Vantage D.D. D.D. Hartner, Hartner, George George Henry Henry By By TREASURE. TREASURE. PRICELESS PRICELESS OUR OUR QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL 74 74 CONCORDIA CONCORDIA THE THE LUTHERAN LUTHERAN HISTORICAL HISTORICAL CONFERENCE: CONFERENCE: Essays Essays and and Reports, Reports, Publishing Publishing Co., Co., Phillipsburg, Phillipsburg, New New Jersey, Jersey, 1978. 1978. 49 49 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $1.96. $1.96. THE THE POWER POWER OF OF ERROR. ERROR. By By Jay Jay E. E. Adams. Adams. Presbyterian Presbyterian and and Reformed Reformed Agape, Agape, Carol Carol Stream, Stream, Illinois, Illinois, 1978. 1978. 153 153 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. CHURCH CHURCH MUSIC MUSIC AND AND THE THE CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN FAITH. FAITH. By By Erik Erik Routley. Routley. Paper. Paper. $2.25. $2.25. LaHaye. LaHaye. Zondervan Zondervan Publishing Publishing House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1976. 1976. 315 315 pages. pages. THE THE ACT ACT OF OF MARRIAGE: MARRIAGE: The The Beauty Beauty of of Sexual Sexual Love. Love. By By Tim Tim and and Beverly Beverly House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 200 200 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $1.95. $1.95. Century Century Lessons Lessons for for Your Your Church. Church. By By Gene Gene A. A. Getz. Getz. Zondervan Zondervan Publishing Publishing A A PROFILE PROFILE FOR FOR A A CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN LIFE LIFE STYLE: STYLE: A A Study Study of of Titus Titus with with 20th Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1977. 1977. 88 88 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $2.95. $2.95. GOD GOD HAS HAS NOT NOT REJECTED REJECTED HIS HIS PEOPLE. PEOPLE. By By Richard Richard R. R. DeRidder. DeRidder. Baker Baker Chicago, Chicago, 1978. 1978. 127 127 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $2.95. $2.95. HOW HOW TO TO WITNESS WITNESS SUCCESSFULLY. SUCCESSFULLY. By By George George Sweeting. Sweeting. Moody Moody Press, Press, pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $2.96. $2.96. Arthur Arthur G. G. McPhee. McPhee. Zondervan Zondervan Publishing Publishing Co., Co., Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 139 139 FRIENDSHIP FRIENDSHIP EVANGELISM: EVANGELISM: The The Caring Caring Way Way to to Share Share Your Your Faith. Faith. By By $4.95. $4.95. Wallis, Wallis, Editor. Editor. Baker Baker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 228 228 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. A A COMPLETE COMPLETE SOURCE SOURCE BOOK BOOK FOR FOR THE THE LORD'S LORD'S SUPPER. SUPPER. By By Charles Charles L. L. Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 172 172 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. Delivery. Delivery. By By Dwight Dwight E. E. Stevenson Stevenson and and Charles Charles F. F. Diehl. Diehl. Baker Baker Book Book House, House, REACHING REACHING PEOPLE PEOPLE FROM FROM THE THE PULPIT: PULPIT: A A Guide Guide to to Effective Effective Sermon Sermon Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 83 83 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $2.96. $2.96. SCRIPTURAL SCRIPTURAL WORSHIP WORSHIP AIDS. AIDS. By By Leroy Leroy Koopman. Koopman. Baker Baker Book Book House, House, 1978. 1978. 192 192 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. Priorities. Priorities. By By Edward Edward R. R. Dayton. Dayton. Zondervan Zondervan Publishing Publishing Co., Co., Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, TOOLS TOOLS FOR FOR TIME TIME MANAGEMENT: MANAGEMENT: Christian Christian Perspectives Perspectives on on Managing Managing Shelly. Shelly. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, 1978. 1978. 178 178 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $4.96. $4.96. SPIRITUAL SPIRITUAL CARE: CARE: The The Nurse's Nurse's Role. Role. By By Sharon Sharon Fish Fish and and Judith Judith Allen Allen and and Reformed Reformed Publishing Publishing Co., Co., 1977. 1977. 162 162 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $4.96. $4.96. NURTURING NURTURING CHILDREN CHILDREN IN IN THE THE LORD. LORD. By By Jack Jack Fennema. Fennema. Presbyterian Presbyterian Publishing Publishing Co., Co., Phillipsburg, Phillipsburg, New New Jersey, Jersey, 1978. 1978. 241 241 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $5.00. $5.00. H. H. Skilton Skilton and and Curtiss Curtiss A. A. Ladley, Ladley, Editors. Editors. Presbyterian Presbyterian and and Reformed Reformed THE THE NEW NEW TESTAMENT TESTAMENT STUDENT STUDENT AND AND BIBLE BIBLE TRANSLATION. TRANSLATION. John John House, House, St. St. Louis, Louis, 1978. 1978. 83 83 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. CANDLES CANDLES IN IN THE THE NIGHT. NIGHT. By By Frederick Frederick A. A. Radtke. Radtke. Concordia Concordia Publishing Publishing Publishing Publishing House, House, St. St. Louis, Louis, 1978. 1978. 191 191 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.96. $3.96. AND AND GOD GOD GAVE GAVE WOMEN WOMEN TALENTS! TALENTS! By By Marlys Marlys Taege. Taege. Concordia Concordia Paper. Paper. $4.95. $4.95. and and Jerram Jerram Barrs. Barrs. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, 1978. 1978. 212 212 pages. pages. BEING BEING HUMAN: HUMAN: The The Nature Nature of of Spiritual Spiritual Experience. Experience. By By Ranald Ranald Macaulay Macaulay Peace. Peace. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, 1978. 1978. 91 91 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $2.26. $2.26. THE THE BOY BOY CHILD CHILD IS IS DYING: DYING: A A South South African African Experience. Experience. By By Judy Judy Boppell Boppell Publishing Publishing House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 188 188 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. THE THE LOST LOST ART ART OF OF DISCIPLE DISCIPLE MAKING. MAKING. By By Leray Leray Eims. Eims. Zondervan Zondervan 1974. 1974. 144 144 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. COMPETENT COMPETENT TO TO LEAD. LEAD. By By Kenneth Kenneth 0. 0. Gangel. Gangel. Moody Moody Press, Press, Chicago, Chicago, Press, Press, Chicago, Chicago, 1978. 1978. 238 238 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. $3.95. $3.95. UNDERSTANDING UNDERSTANDING SPIRITUAL SPIRITUAL GIFTS. GIFTS. By By Robert Robert L. L. Thomas. Thomas. Moody Moody Louis, Louis, 1978. 1978. 145 145 pages. pages. Paper. Paper. BLIND-AND BLIND-AND I I SEE! SEE! By By Robert Robert Weller. Weller. Concordia Concordia Publishing Publishing House, House, St. St. Books Books Received Received $12.60. $12.60. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 192 192 1978. 1978. Chicago, Chicago, Press, Press, Chicago Chicago of of University University The The Gustafson. Gustafson. M. M. James James By By prochement. prochement. Rap for for Prospects Prospects ETHICS: ETHICS: CATHOLIC CATHOLIC ROMAN ROMAN AND AND PROTESTANT PROTESTANT $3.96. $3.96. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 168 168 1978. 1978. Indiana, Indiana, Lake, Lake, Winona Winona Books, Books, BMH BMH Schneider. Schneider. N. N. Bernard Bernard By By YOU. YOU. AND AND SPIRIT SPIRIT HOLY HOLY THE THE $7.95. $7.95. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 216 216 1978. 1978. Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand House, House, Publishing Publishing Zondervan Zondervan Jr. Jr. MacArthur, MacArthur, F. F. John John By By Perspective. Perspective. Doctrinal Doctrinal CHARISMATICS:.A CHARISMATICS:.A THE THE $10.96. $10.96. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 192 192 1978. 1978. Atlanta, Atlanta, Press, Press, Knox Knox John John Peters. Peters. Ted Ted By By DIVINE. DIVINE. AND AND FUTURES-HUMAN FUTURES-HUMAN $6.95. $6.95. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 166 166 1978. 1978. Calif., Calif., Pasedena, Pasedena, South South Library, Library, Carey Carey William William Hoke. Hoke. E. E. Donald Donald by by Edited Edited FUTURE. FUTURE. THE THE FACE FACE EVANGELICALS EVANGELICALS $2.96. $2.96. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 121 121 1978. 1978. Jersey, Jersey, New New Nutley, Nutley, Co., Co., Publishing Publishing Reformed Reformed and and Presbyterian Presbyterian Wolfe. Wolfe. T. T. Samuel Samuel By By DOOYEWEERD. DOOYEWEERD. TO TO KEY KEY A A $2.95. $2.95. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 92 92 1978. 1978. Jersey, Jersey, New New Nutley, Nutley, Co., Co., Publishing Publishing Reformed Reformed and and Presbyterian Presbyterian Chang. Chang. Lit-sen Lit-sen By By Intoxication. Intoxication. Self Self of of Cult Cult Mystic Mystic A A MEDITATION: MEDITATION: TRANSCENDENTAL TRANSCENDENTAL 60¢ 60¢ Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 16 16 1977. 1977. Indiana, Indiana, Lake, Lake, Winona Winona Books, Books, BMH BMH Davis. Davis. J. J. John John By By EVANGELICAL. EVANGELICAL. THE THE AND AND EXORCISM EXORCISM DEMONS, DEMONS, $5.95. $5.95. Cloth. 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Cloth. pages. pages. 487 487 1978. 1978. Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand House, House, Publishing Publishing Zondervan Zondervan Boice. Boice. Montgomery Montgomery James James By By 17:26. 17:26. 13:1- John John 4, 4, Vol. Vol. Commentary, Commentary, Expositional Expositional An An JOHN: JOHN: OF OF GOSPEL GOSPEL THE THE $9.95. $9.95. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 1978. 478 478 1978. Chicago, Chicago, Press, Press, Moody Moody Benson. Benson. S. S. Warren Warren and and Zuck Zuck B. B. Roy Roy by by Edited Edited CHURCH. CHURCH. THE THE IN IN EDUCATION EDUCATION YOUTH YOUTH $5.96. $5.96. Cloth. Cloth. pages. pages. 122 122 1978. 1978. Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand House, House, Publishing Publishing Zondervan Zondervan Fabisch. Fabisch. Judith Judith By By ALONE. ALONE. WALK WALK TO TO READY READY NOT NOT $2.60. $2.60. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 69 69 1978. 1978. Jersey, Jersey, New New Phillipsburg, Phillipsburg, Co., Co., Publishing Publishing Reformed Reformed & & Presbyterian Presbyterian Adams. Adams. E. E. Jay Jay By By NEIGHBOR. NEIGHBOR. YOUR YOUR AND AND GOD GOD WITH WITH WEEKS WEEKS FOUR FOUR $2.95. $2.95. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 104 104 1977. 1977. J.ersey, J.ersey, New New Phillipsburg, Phillipsburg, Co., Co., Publishing Publishing Reformed Reformed and and Presbyterian Presbyterian Adams. Adams. Ja:y Ja:y By By Practices. Practices. and and Principles Principles of of potpourri potpourri A A COUNSELORS: COUNSELORS: CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN TO TO OF CONCERN CONCERN OF MATTERS MATTERS $1.96. $1.96. Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 47 47 1978. 1978. Rapids, Rapids, Grand Grand House, House, Book Book Baker Baker Gericke. Gericke. Paul Paul By By SYSTEM. SYSTEM. FILING FILING MINISTER'S MINISTER'S THE THE Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 204 204 1978. 1978. Helsinki, Helsinki, 11, 11, B B Luther-Agricola-Society Luther-Agricola-Society of of Publications Publications Kirjavainen. Kirjavainen. Heikki Heikki By By BELIEF. BELIEF. AND AND ASSENT ASSENT CERTAINTY, CERTAINTY, Paper. Paper. pages. pages. 206 206 1977. 1977. Louis, Louis, St. St. Institute, Institute, Hist.orical Hist.orical Concordia Concordia VI. VI. Vol Vol 1974, 1974, QUARTERLY QUARTERLY THEOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL CONCORDIA CONCORDIA 76 76 House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 162 162 Peper. Peper. $6.96. $6.96. HOMOSEXUALITY: HOMOSEXUALITY: A A Biblical Biblical View. View. By By Greg Greg L. L. Bahnsen. Bahnsen. Beker Beker Book Book Rapids, Rapids, 1977. 1977. pages. pages. 268 268 Peper. Peper. $4.96. $4.96. ARMAGEDDON ARMAGEDDON NOW! NOW! By By Dwight Dwight Wilson. Wilson. Beker Beker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Press, Press, Nashville, Nashville, 1977. 1977. pages. pages. 127 127 Peper. Peper. $3.95. $3.95. THE THE MIRACLES MIRACLES OF OF JESUS JESUS FOR FOR TODAY. TODAY. By By James James H. H. Beiley. Beiley. Abingdon Abingdon W. W. Weleskey. Weleskey. Abingdon Abingdon ~ess, ~ess, Nashville, Nashville, 1977. 1977. pages. pages. 160 160 Peper. Peper. $4.96. $4.96. CHRISTIANITY CHRISTIANITY FOR FOR PIOUS PIOUS SKEPTICS. SKEPTICS. By By James James B. B. Ashbrook Ashbrook end end Paul Paul $3.96. $3.96. David David Phypers. Phypers. InterVersity InterVersity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 208 208 Peper. Peper. THE THE WATER WATER THAT THAT DIVIDES: DIVIDES: The The Baptism Baptism Debate. Debate. By By Donald Donald Bridge Bridge end end pages. pages. 142 142 Peper. Peper. $4.95. $4.95. STAND STAND FAST FAST IN IN FAITH. FAITH. By By Wallace Wallace E. E. Fisher. Fisher. Abingdon, Abingdon, Nashville, Nashville, 1978. 1978. Illinois, Illinois, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 43 43 Peper. Peper. $1.26. $1.26. THE THE TRINITY. TRINITY. By By Robert Robert Crossley. Crossley. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, Peper. Peper. $3.96. $3.96. Biblical Biblical Monograph. Monograph. Beker Beker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 88 88 QUESTS QUESTS FOR FOR THE THE HISTORICAL HISTORICAL JESUS. JESUS. By By Fred Fred H. H. Klooster. Klooster. Beker Beker pages. pages. Cloth. Cloth. $9.96. $9.96. Music Music edited edited by by Stanley Stanley Tagg. Tagg. Beker Beker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. 180 180 Spirituality Spirituality of of the the Reformer. Reformer. Trans. Trans. end end edited edited by by Ford Ford Lewis Lewis Bettles. Bettles. THE THE PIETY PIETY OF OF JOHN JOHN CALVIN: CALVIN: An An Anthology Anthology Illustrative Illustrative of of the the Cloth. Cloth. $6.95. $6.95. By By 7. 7. D. D. A. A. Carson. Carson. Beker Beker Book Book House, House, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 167 167 THE THE SERMON SERMON ON ON THE THE MOUNT: MOUNT: An An Evangelical Evangelical Exposition Exposition of of Matthew Matthew 6- Knox Knox Press, Press, Atlante, Atlante, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 247 247 Cloth. Cloth. $11.96. $11.96. BIO-BABEL: BIO-BABEL: Can Can We We Survive Survive the the New New Biology? Biology? By By Allen Allen R. R. Utke. Utke. John John Publications, Publications, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, Michigan, Michigan, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 262 262 Cloth. Cloth. $6.96. $6.96. PERSON PERSON AND AND WORK WORK OF OF THE THE HOLY HOLY SPIRIT. SPIRIT. By By H.C.G. H.C.G. Moule. Moule. Kregel Kregel Publications, Publications, Grand Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 220 220 Cloth. Cloth. $6.96. $6.96. THE THE TRINITY TRINITY IN IN THE THE UNIVERSE. UNIVERSE. By By Nathan Nathan R. R. Wood. Wood. Kregel Kregel 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 252 252 Peper. Peper. $6.25. $6.25. James James Montgomery Montgomery Boice. Boice. lnterVarsity lnterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, Illinois, Illinois, GOD GOD THE THE REDEEMER. REDEEMER. Foundations Foundations of of the the Christian Christian Feith, Feith, Vol. Vol. II. II. By By pages. pages. 252 252 Peper. Peper. $5.25. $5.25. James James Montgomery Montgomery Boice. Boice. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, Illinois, Illinois, 1978. 1978. THE THE SOVEREIGN SOVEREIGN GOD. GOD. Foundations Foundations of of the the Christian Christian Feith, Feith, I. I. Vol. Vol. By By Illinoin, Illinoin, 1978. 1978. pages. pages. 67 67 Peper. Peper. $1.95. $1.95. GOD GOD INCARNATE. INCARNATE. By By George George Carey. Carey. InterVarsity InterVarsity Press, Press, Downers Downers Grove, Grove, B11oks B11oks Received Received 77 77