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Population Management 2000, Version 1.213 11:37:10 PM, 8/2/2016 Draft for review by Institutional Representatives. Please return comments by October 14, 2016 Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator and International Studbook Keeper Peter Siminski, The Living Desert ([email protected]) Adjunct Population Advisor Edward Spevak, Ph.D., Saint Louis Zoo ([email protected]) September 10, 2016 Executive Summary Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) SSP The Canid Taxon Advisory Group has currently designated a target population of 300 specimens for this species. The current population is 251 (129.122) individuals distributed among 51 institutions. One institution will be joining the SSP in the coming year. When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, reproduction may be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower birth weights, smaller litter sizes, and greater neonatal mortality. The current gene diversity of this population is 83.07%. This population is descended from seven founders, with no foreseeable additional founders, the population had historically been maintained as three separate lineages. Each lineage was founded with two to three individuals and they were maintained separately for a couple of decades or more before being combined in the mid 1990’s. Because of the historic management of the species much of the existing genetic variability had been lost within lineages. The combining of the lineages within the SSP has helped to preserve a greater proportion of gene diversity. However, currently this population could maintain only 75% gene diversity for 72 years and would be expected to maintain 70.22% after 100 years. Increasing the founder representation from the under- represented lineages and increasing the carrying capacity of the captive population could extend gene diversity retention. Demography Current Population Size (N) 251 (129.122) Specimens Excluded from Analyses 29 (7.22) Target Population Size 300 Mean Generation Time (T, in years) 5.9 Projected Population Growth Rate 1.018 Genetics Current Potential Number of Founders 7 7 (0 additional) Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) 2.95 4.53 Gene Diversity (GD) Retained (%) 83.07 88.95 Population Mean Kinship (MK) 0.1693 Mean Inbreeding (F) 0.1304 % Pedigree Known 99.8 Ne/N .1774 Years to 90% Below Gene Diversity at 100 years from Present 70.22 As with most managed populations, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree. In addition to these genetic criteria, the SSP also considered other factors such as social group needs, age, health, and reproductive status when making pairings and transfers. Due to space constraints it is important to identify additional holding institutions and to work closely with the federal governments of Mexico and the U.S.A. to expand the recovery and reintroduction areas and identify additional sites for reintroduction. Summary Actions 2016-2017: The SSP has recommended 31 breeding pairs plus an additional pair for release in Mexico and recommends the transfer of 42 animals for the next breeding season. Recommendations contained in this master plan supersede those made by earlier plans. This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is 2 voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Description of Population Status 6 Introduction 6 Managed Population 6 Demography 6 Genetics 7 Reintroduction 8 Management Strategy and Goals 9 Recommendations Summary Recommendations 11 MEXICAN FACILITIES 21 CANANEA - Grupo Mexico 21 CAYETANO – Reserva "San Cayetano” 22 CHILPANCI - Zoológico Zoochilpan 22 COATEPEC - UMA Coatepec Harinas 23 EL TECUAN – Rancho El Tecuán 23 GUADALJR – Zoológico de Guadalajara 23 JU ARAGON – Zoológico de San Juan de Aragón 24 LEON – Zoológico de León 24 LOS COYOTE - Zoológico Los Coyotes 25 MEXICOCTY – Zoológico "Alfonso L. Herrera" del Bosque de Chapultepec 25 MONTERREY – Parque Zoológico “La Pastora” 26 OCOTAL – Parque “El Ocotal” 26 PUEBLA – Africam Safari 27 SALTILLO – Museo del Desierto 27 SONORA EC – Centro Ecológico de Sonora (CEDES) 28 TAMATAN Z – Zoológico de Tamatán 29 TOLUCA – Zoológico de Zacango 29 PRE-RELEASE FACILITIES FOR MEXICO 30 LA MESA – Rancho La Mesa 30 MICHILIA – Reserva “La Michilia”, Instituto de Ecología A. C. 30 FREE RANGING IN THE WILD MEXICO SM OCCID 31 U.S. FACILITIES 33 ALAMEDA – Alameda Park Zoo 33 ASDM TUSC – Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 33 BATTLE CR – Binder Park Zoo 33 BISMARCK – Dakota Zoo 34 BRIDGEPRT – Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo 34 CARLSBAD – Living Desert Zoo and Gardens State Park 34 CHICAGOBR – Brookfield Zoo 35 CINCINNAT – Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 35 CLEVELAND – Cleveland Metroparks Zoo 36 COLO SPRG – Cheyenne Mountain Zoo 36 COLUMBUS – Columbus Zoo and Aquarium 37 DICKERSON – Dickerson Park Zoo 38 DIVIDE – Colorado Wolf and Wildlife Center 38 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is 3 voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. EL PASO – El Paso Zoo 39 EVANSVLLE – Mesker Park Zoo & Botanical Garden 39 FOSSILRIM – Fossil Rim Wildlife Center 39 JULIAN – California Wolf Center 40 LVZOO – Lehigh Valley Zoo 41 NYWOLF – Wolf Conservation Center 41 OKLAHOMA – Oklahoma City Zoo 42 PALM DES – The Living Desert 42 PHOENIX – The Phoenix Zoo 42 PRESCOTT – Heritage Park Zoo 43 RIO GRAND – Albuquerque Biological Park 43 SAGINAW 43 SAN FRAN 44 SEDGWICK – Sedgwick County Zoo 44 STONEHAM – Stone Memorial Zoo 45 SWREF – Southwest Wildlife Conservation Center 45 UTICA – Utica Zoo 46 WCSRC – Endangered Wolf Center 46 WINDOW RO – Navajo Nation Zoo and Botanical Park 47 WSC MN – Wildlife Science Center 47 PRE-RELEASE FACILITIES FOR THE U.S.A. 48 LADDER RH – Ladder Ranch 48 USFWS MGW – Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge 49 WOLFHAVEN – Wolf Haven International 50 FREE RANGING IN THE WILD U.S.A. BLUE FREE 51 Appendices 1. Assumptions in the Analytical Studbook 52 2. Summary of Data Exports 52 3. Individuals Excluded from the Analytical Population 53 4. Life Tables 54 5. Ordered Mean Kinships 55 6. Founder Representation per Animal 61 7. Demographic Data Graphs 68 8. Definitions 69 9. Mexican Wolf Gamete Collection and Genome Bank 72 10. Mexican Wolf Gamete Bank Inventory 74 11. Reproductive Health Surveillance Program 80 12. Directory of Institutional Representatives 83 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is 4 voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. SPECIES COORDINATOR/INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK KEEPER D. Peter Siminski The Living Desert 47900 Portola Avenue Palm Desert, CA 92260-6156 Phone 760-346-5694, ext 2103 Fax 760-568-9685 [email protected] Report and Analyses prepared by: Edward M. Spevak, St Louis Zoo [email protected] Cover art: Engraving with original hand color from Jardine's Naturalist Library (1884) This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is 5 voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION STATUS Introduction: Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the captive Mexican Wolf SSP population was performed during the Mexican Wolf SSP master planning meeting held on August 1-3, 2016 at Chico Hot Springs, Montana. Recommendations contained in this master plan supersede those made by earlier plans. The last Breeding and Transfer Plans for this species were completed July 16-17, 2015 at the Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City, Mexico. Master plan analyses of the International Mexican Wolf Studbook (current to 22 July 2016) were performed using SPARKS 1.64, PM2000 1.213 and PMx 1.2.20130302. Managed Population: The current population size is 251 (TAG recommended size = 300) distributed among 51 institutions excluding twenty nine (29) animals that were reproductively compromised (e.g., cryptorchidism, castration, neutering, etc.), leaving the managed population at 222. Demography: The Mexican wolf has a history of successful breeding in North America since the 1960s. Wolves can live up to 16-19 years of age. The oldest wolf currently in the population is 16 years of age. Over the period 01 January 1991 – 1 August 2016 the Mexican wolf population has shown growth rates capable of achieving up to 11%-14% annually. The potential for growth in this population can actually be much greater than this as many of the wolves have not been in breeding situations and breeding has been curtailed in the past due to space limitations. The population is currently below its carrying capacity of 300 Mexican wolves as determined in the Canid TAG Regional Collection Plan and growth rates can be increased ( i.e., λ > 1.00). Figure 1. Census of Mexican wolves in the SSP. Figure 2. Age structure of Mexican wolf SSP captive population (does not include released or neutered animals). The age structure of the population does not approximate a stable distribution (Figure 2). The reduction in breeding for the population to
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