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Berichte Und Kleine Mitteilungen 42 Erdkunde Band XII M. G. on the Water Resources of Trans jedoch nirgends ein andersartiger, rezenter For Ionides, Report ? jo rdan and their Development, London 1939. mungstypus von ihnen ab. F. Jager, Trockengrenzen in Algerien, P. M. Erg.heft 223, Gotha 1936. Literatur E. Kaiser, Die Diamantenwiiste Siidwest-Afrikas, Ber W. Behrmann, Beobachtungen am Rande der Wiiste, lin 1926. G. Z. 38 S. 321 399 ff. (1932) ff, H. Kellersohn, Die Landwirtschaft im Irak, Erdkunde am W. Behrmann, Kalk-Krusten in Palastina und Nord VII (1953), S. 276 ff. 66 S. 126?132. rande der Sahara, Natur und Volk (1936) G. zur von Knetsch, Beitrag Kenntnis Krustenbildungen, Birot-Dresch, La Mediterranee et le Moyen Orient, Zschr. deutsche Geol. Gesellschaft 89 (1937), S. 177 ff. 2. Band, Coll. Orbis, Paris 1956. G. Knetsch, Beobachtungen in der libyschen Sahara, E. Blanck, Krustenboden, in: Handbuch der Bodenlehre Geol. Rundschau 38 (1950), S. 40 ff. Band III, 1930. H. Das in den H. Bobek, Klima und Landschaft Irans in vor- und friih Mensching, Quartar Gebirgen Marokkos, P. M. Erganzungsheft 256, Gotha 1955. geschichtlicher Zeit, Geogr. Jahresbericht aus Osterreich H. Die XXV (1953/54). Mortensen, Wiistenboden, in: Handbuch der Bodenlehre Band 1930. H. Boesch, Das Klima des Nahen Ostens, Vierteljahres III, H. schr. der Nat. Forsch. Ges, in Zurich 86 (1941), S. 8 ff. Mortensen, Das Gesetz der Wustenbildung, Univer H. Boesch, Beitrage zur Morphologie des Nahen Ostens, sitas 5,Heft 7 (1950), S. 801 ff. Helvetiae XLII S. 23 ff. Eclog. Geol. (1949) M. Pfannenstiel, Die Entstehung der agyptischen Oasen H. A new of Boyko, plant-geographical subdivision depressionen (Das Quartar der Levante Teil II), Akademie an Israel (as example for South west-Asia), Vegetatio der Wiss. u. der Liter, in Mainz, Math.-Natwiss. Klasse, V?VI (1954), S. 309 ff. Jahrgang 1953 Nr. 7. Bericht iiber und Eiszeit /. Budel, klima-morpholog. C. Rathjens sen., Lofi in Tripolitanien, Zschr. Ges. Erd VI Forschungen in Nieder-Afrika, Erdkunde (1952), kunde Berlin 1928, S. 211 ff. S. 104 ff. Rathjens-Wissmann, Vorislamische Altertiimer, Abh. der Budel, Sinai ... als fiir die klima /. Beispiel allgemeine Hamburger Univers. aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, tische Mortensen-Festschrift, Bremen Wustenmorphologie, Hamburg 1932. S. 63 ff. 1954, C. im und Kli Rathjens jun., Physisch-geogr. Beobachtungen /. Budel, Reliefgenerationen plio-pleistozaner nordwestindischen Erdkunde XI im Erdkunde XI Trockengebiet, (1957) mawandel Hoggar-Gebirge, (1955), S. 49 ff. S. 100 ff. C. Troll, Bericht iiber erdwissenschaftliche K. W. Butzer, Late Glacial and Postglacial Climatic Forschung, lahrb. der Akad. der Wiss. und der Liter. Mainz 1956, Variations in the Near East, Erdkunde XI (1957), S. 21 ff. ... S. 57 ff. R. Capot-Rey, Recherches recentes en Morphologie K. Wiche, und Stu Desertique, in: La Geogr. Franc, au milieu du XXe siecle, Klimamorphologische talgeschichtliche M.' Paris 1953. dien im Goungebiet, Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Wien 95 (1953), S. 4 ff. R. Coque, Morphologie et croute dans le Sud-Tunisien, M. A of Western Ann. Geogr. 1955 No. 345 (September 1955). Zohary, Vegetation Map Palestine, of vol. No. 1. Febr. S. 1 ff. Feinbrun-Zohary, A geobotanical Survey of Transjordan, Journ. Ecology 34, 1947, Bull, of the Research Council of Israel Vol. 5 D (1955) The World's Oil Fields: The Eastern Hemisphere No. 1. (The Science of Petroleum VI, Teil 1), London 1953. E. Guest, Notes on plants and plant products with their Government of Iraq, Ministry of Economics, Statistical colloquial names in Iraq, Baghdad 1933. Abstract 1955, Baghdad 1956. BERICHTE UND KLEINE MITTEILUNGEN DAS ZIEL DER GROSSEN REISE ALEXANDER studied at Jena and Humboldt collaborated with them and planned to accompany them to the West Indies in order to VON HUMBOLDTS commence his investigations there. He then prepared Hanno Beck himself extremely thoroughly for his journey, particularly by means of published material and generally by inten sified scientific studies and in the use The aim of Alexander von Humboldt's great expedition frequent practice of best at to the surveying instruments his disposal. Before Summary: The introduction to this paper is devoted 1799 this kind of preparation was without a parallel. the importance of a stage of preparation in the history of In 1797 Humboldt the to travel. From the middle of the 18th century onwards the spent months of August Octo ber in Vienna in Nikolaus and Franz Boos value of a thorough preparation became increasingly where, Jacquin he to know two of the most Austrian West recognized; the voyages of Bougainville, Cook and Ma got important Indies travellers. It was then that Humboldt realised that laspina were as equally well prepared as the travels of the three Austrian which had been sent to the Carsten Niebuhr, Peter Simon Pallas and Samuel Georg expeditions West Indies the from to Gmelin. Humboldt in his youth was well acquainted with during period 1755?88, mainly to enrich the collection of the botanical of expeditions, but so far it has not been possible establish plant gardens had been the most under whether he had any well-defined aim for his journey for Schonbrunn, amongst important in the of travel. In the botanical which he carried out thorough preparations. Thus the takings history gardens of Schonbrunn he was able to a number of question which is posed in this paper is first and foremost: study great West Indian "Did Humboldt have a particular aim for which he pre plants. a pared himself accordingly?" These facts show that Humboldt had clear aim for his was During 1796?97 Humboldt made the acquaintance of journey, which suggested by the brothers Keutscb, the brothers Keutsch, medical students from the then and further influenced by the facilities for study in Vienna, Danish island of St. Thomas in the West Indies. They then the largest German metropolis. Only his preparations Berichte und kleine Mitteilungen 43 in general and, in particular in respect of the aims of his Der junge Alexander von Humboldt hat die Ge travel to the West Indies, explain why the beginning of schichtedieser Reisen gekannt: Bougainville lernte er his in 1799 is such an landmark great journey important kennen, ja, erware 1798 beinahe unter ihm in the of travel. personlich history Teilnehmer einer franzosischen Siidpolfahrt gewor den. Cooks Fahrten waren ihm durch die Er 1. Die der in der Geschichte James Stufe Vorbereitung Reinholds und vor allem der Reisen zahlungen Johann Georg Forsters, den Teilnehmern an der zweiten Reise und miissen nach Entdeckungs- Forschungsreisen (1772?75) des beruhmten englischen Seemannes, zu und unter Vorbereitung, Durchfuhrung Auswertung einem der Erlebnisse seiner ge Die Geschichte der nachhaltigsten Jugend sucht und gewiirdigt werden1). worden. An Alessandro wurde er z. B. Reisen kann wie seit den ersten die Malaspina zeigen, Anfangen wieder erinnert, als er 1799 verliefi, und die Stufe der immer wurde. Das Europa Vorbereitung wichtiger ?Pizarro" ihm am Gefangnis des vom Schicksal ge Bewufitsein, dafi in der Preparation der halbe Erfolg schlagenen Italieners vorbeitrug. Ebenso stark be steckte, istEntdeckern und Forschern durch den Gang eindruckten Humboldt die Taten der Land der historischen grofien Entwicklung zwangslaufig einge reisenden: Er kannte vor allem die Orient-Expedition scharft worden. Damit war das A'benteurertum auf Carsten Niebuhrs (1761?67), die als erste moderne die Dauer vom und den geo Erfolg ausgeschlossen, Forschungsreise uberhaupt gelten kann, James Bruces graphisch geschulten Reisenden fiel die Aufgabe zu, Suche nach den und das die letzten auszufiihren und ihre Nilquellen (1768?73) grofite Entdeckungen gei und vorzuglich vorbereitete Reiseunternehmen des stige und raumliche Erschliefiung einzuleiten und je 18. die der russischen zu Jahrhunderts, Expeditionen weils fiir ihre Zeit vollenden. Die Kategorie der Akademie unter von P. S. ist von (1768?74) Beteiligung Vorbereitung ausschlaggebender Bedeutung; Pallas, S. G. Gmelin, Guldenstedt, ihre ist eine der Lepechin, Georgi zusammenhangende Erforschung und Talk; noch nie war bis dahin ein so Teil der Geschichte der denn grofier wichtigsten Aufgaben Reisen, der Erdoberflache erforscht wor In zusammenhangend wir tappen hier noch sehr imDunkeln. voller Klar den. Schliefilichwaren Humboldt Zusammen heit erkennen wir die umfassende der Pre einige Bedeutung hange der osterreichischenReisegeschichte bewufit, die bei den drei Seeleuten, deren paration grofien nachfolgend erlautert werden sollen. Dafi auch bei staatliche Expeditionen der klassischen Landreise diesen Forschern die den erst A. v. Humboldts namlich bei Louis Vorbereitung Erfolg vorangingen, hatte, wufite er wie seine mit Antoine de Cook verbiirgt Zeitgenossen, Bougainville (1766?69), James denen er von fruhester an die und Alessandro Jugend Entwicklung (1768?71, 1772?75, 1776?79) der Reisen hatte. Waren diese Unternehmun Cooks Verdienste wird nie verfolgt Malaspina (1789?94). gen nicht geographisch ebenso wertvoll, fiir die mand schmalern wollen und aus Forsters Wer ja, Georg weitere Entfaltung der Wissenschaften ken konnen was die geographischen noch wir Heutigen entnehmen, bedeutsamer als die Schiffsreisen?Humboldt ist sehr Personlichkeit dieses Mannes einem der begabtesten stark von ihnen angeregt worden und das bedeutete. Doch erscheint es verfolgte Geographen ungerecht, Ideal einer Landreise, fiirwelche die Seefahrt nur not dafi Bougainville und Malaspina so sehr hinter ihm wendige Zwischenstation war4. zuriickstehen. Cook konnte als erwahlter
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