*!('' Jl ,^ SPACE ARCTIC OCEAN 4J!ITARCJICA /f: '''/if'"' ^/.. -»-" -^^ Ji: y"7.-\ '/!;' •y^^r^^ f s^i NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN LIBRARY OF WELLESLEY COLLEGE PURCHASED FROM LIBRARY FUNDS tf" OC^AN ^ .^^^bu nVft "^u^ '?»--• i \-\ ^ 'i '^ -,^ m-t^^ OPE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN ^' •'-^ :^m- . ^ ':> ^# ^. ^fJ^, .^. .•f i: .#' INDIAN OCEAN .JiOVTH AMERICA SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN EXPLORING SPACE WITH A CAMERA Nearly one hill hemisphere ot the Earth is revealed approximately 2 nautical miles wide and extending in this picture, showing South America, much of from hori/on to horizon. Using very carefid scrutiniz- North America, and ]3arts ot Africa, Europe, ami ing techniques, features as small as 2 nautical miles Greenland. It was taken on November 18, 1967, by on a side can be seen. As evidenced here, color makes ATS-III, which was stationed over the Ec|iiator at it easier to distinguish between clouds, dry land, green approximately 47° W. "This picture," explains vegetation, and bodies of water. A particidar example Leonard Jaffk, Director, Space Applications Pro- is the clarity witli which Lake Titicaca (a tiny dark grams, NASA, "is actually made up of 2400 horizontal sjjot) can be obser\ed at the bend in the west coast lines, with each line encompassing a swath of Earth of South America." NASA SP-168 EXPLORING SPACE WITH A CAMERA COMPILED AND EDITED BY EDGAR M. CORTRIGHT Scientific ami Technical Informittion Division OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1968 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washingtnti, DC. veloped the ability to propel his cameras and instruments, and then himself, beyond the Earth's atmosphere. With this publication, they become a part of NASA's flow of reports to the American public on some of the grow- ing returns from its investment in the exploration of space. As such, I hope this book can find its way into many American homes, for it is a part of a record of achievement of which our country can be proud. Photographs from space tell only part of man's reach through the air and on into space. Cameras cannot show the data gathered by many kinds of scientific sensors. They also fail to reflect—except inferentially—the im- mense impact that our air and space efforts have had on broad areas of life on Earth. And yet, through joining our efforts in aeronautics and space, we have made great strides in the advance of many technological areas. In 1958 we could scarcely put 100 pounds into Earth orbit; now the Saturn V can orbit 140 tons. At the beginning of the decade our lunar probes were failing; now we have reconnoitered the Moon with automated space- craft and man is almost ready to follow. Ten years ago the utility of space was a gleam in the eyes of enthusiasts; now we have global weather analysis, communications satellites that link continents together, and geodetic and navigational satellites at the service of the whole world. To do all this, public officials, legislators, scientists, engineers, technicians, and managers have had to tackle and solve new, complex, and demanding problems. Our nation's reach into the space environment is the most complex of the large non-military imdertakings that man has yet attempted. Our country's policy is to do it for peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind. As this pictorial report portrays, all mankind has new material to use in moving rapidly to develop new concepts of the reality of the Earth, of the solar system, and of the dynamics and phenomena which con- trol so much of our lives here on Earth. These remarkable photographs cannot reflect all, but they certainly show much of the results we have achieved. James E. Webb, Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration VI CONTENTS Introduction IX Rangers Bring the Moon Up Close 46 First Soft Landings on the Moon 50 SECTION ONE Footprints in the Lunar Soil 52 ABOVE THE ATMOSPHERE 3 Surveyor I Takes a Look ArouJid 56 Prelude to Progress 4 A Far Mou7itain. a Near Crater 58 The Clouds Draw a Map 6 The Long Lunar Night Descends 60 A Satellite Discovers a Hurricane . Self-Por traits of a Star Performer 62 and Begi77s to Saxie Lives 8 After the Sun Went Down 64 Ice Is Tracked . and a Cold Line Opens 10 Hop, Skip, and Jump 65 480 Pictures in 24 Hours Girdle the Globe 12 Putting Man's Hands on the Moon 66 Latest Pictures Are Broadcast 14 Relating Surveyor III to Its Surroundings 68 In-Depth Research 15 Surveyor V Lands and Slides 70 Night Temperatures and Clouds 16 Investigating What the Moon Is Made 72 Europe Times In 18 of Surveyor VI Checks Out More Than Men See 20 Another Lajiding Site for Apollo 74 The Curls in Clouds 21 Lessons in the Lunar Soil 76 Help for Cartographers 22 Surveyor VII Examines Tycho's Highlands 78 Every Day's Weather Everywhere Spotting Tiuo Laser Beams From Earth 80 Becomes a Matter of Record 23 Recording Details Lunar Highlands Alma's 9-Day Whirl 24 of 81 Surveyor VII Repairs Itself . Weather Pictures for the Asking 26 and Photographs a Hard Day's Work 82 Characteristics of Churning Air 28 Man's First Look at Earth From the Moon Daily Global Weather Coverage 30 . and an Oblique View of the Fast Service for Airmen 32 Moon Itself 84 Six Disturbances Seen Simultaneously 33 Orbital Tours Bring Surprises 86 A Day Passes a Stationary Photographer 34 Orbiter II Takes the "Picture of the Year" Storms Are Photographed Ancient Lava Flows and a Rock Field 90 From Their Cradles Until They Die 36 Orbiters Help Find a Place for Men To Lan d 92 SECTION TWO The Spot Where Ranger VIII Crashed 94 TO THE MOON AND BEYOND 41 Orbiter III Locates Surveyor I The Moon That Man Had . and Peers Into Tsiolkovsky 96 Never Seen Before 44 'The Moon's Face Grows More Familiar 98 VII Stories in the Moon's Scars 105 Some Studies in Rocks and Rilles Orbiter IV Maps the Moon's Near Side A Crater as Big as New York State Moon "Dtmes" Against a Crater Wall Orbiter V Photographs the Nearly Full Earth A Closer Look at Copernicus Lunar Tales in Tracks atid Troughs The Intricate Structure of Tycho Penetrating Views of Aristarchtis Schroter's Valley and Some Sinuous Rilles The Moon's Pale Self and Distant Views Earth's First Close Views of Mars SECTION THREE MAN'S VENTURES INTO SPACE From Cameras Held by Men A New Art Germinates Men Stepped Out in 1965 A Variety of Shores Rendezvous at 17 000 mph INTRODUCTION This is a collection of some. But new pictures of new sights still drew the best photographs taken from space during the excited clusters of men and the exclamations: first decade of space exploration. The reader may "Look! There's the whole Earth!" miss the familiar pictures of launch pads, rockets, "Look! The back of the Moon doesn't have and tracking antennas. Here he will find instead flat plains like the front!" views seen through the eyes of cameras in the eerie "Look! The Moon's surface looks like a World " solitude of space—orbiting hundreds or thousands War I battlefield! of miles above the Earth's surface, swooping low "Gemini VI and VII are almost touching!" over heretofore unseen mountains and craters of "Moon dirt looks just like my garden dirt, and the Moon, resting gently on the lunar plains, and the rocks just like those on Earth!" gliding silently past the red planet Mars. Some- "Look! Mars looks like the Moon!" times the cameras were pointed by men. Some- Perhaps the reader can imagine some of the times they were pointed by machines with excitement these pictures generated when they computer brains, gyroscopic senses, star-seeking were first seen by those of us in the space program. eyes, and servomechanism muscles powered by It wasn't all a series of exultant "Looks!" Dis- solar energy. The men brought their films back heartening failures had preceded the Ranger VI with them. The machines radioed their pictures mission, but after a fine launch, smooth midcourse back to an Earth to which they would never re- correction, and precise 2i/^-day voyage, all prob- turn. In both cases, they recorded views never lems seemed to have been solved. Then in the before seen by men. last minutes before lunar impact, the cameras These historic pictures depict, far better than failed to turn on. Nor will we easily forget the words, man's determined assault on the secrets of thruster malfunction on Gemini VIII that almost space. Some of the early pictures seem almost brought tragedy. But perseverance prevailed and amateurish, taken by untried and relatively primi- more than 90 percent of space missions attempted tive equipment. But at the time they seemed in 1967 were successful. Browning once wrote, wondrously exciting, and men of the space pro- "Ah, but a man's reach should exceed his grasp, or gram would cluster about a freshly received pic- what's a heaven for." ture and say to each other almost incredulously, This book is based on a lecture that I gave on "Look! There's England and it's just like the November 16, 1966, at the annual banquet of the maps!" Washington Society of Engineers. The lecture As the years counted down, one problem after was subsequently repeated many times, usually another was encoimtered and solved, and one drawing advice to write a book based on the pic- objective after another achieved. "The difficult tures.