DOCSLIB.ORG

Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Edited by Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis and Monica Slavin Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Fungi www.mdpi.com/journal/jof Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Special Issue Editors Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis Monica Slavin MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center USA Monica Slavin Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Australia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ jof/special issues/ICHS2018) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-716-2 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-717-9 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis and Monica Slavin. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts” ................... ix Nathan P. Wiederhold and Connie F. C. Gibas From the Clinical Mycology Laboratory: New Species and Changes in Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 138, doi:10.3390/jof4040138 ..................... 1 Thomas F. Patterson and J. Peter Donnelly New Concepts in Diagnostics for Invasive Mycoses: Non-Culture-Based Methodologies Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 9, doi:10.3390/jof5010009 ...................... 16 Robin Patel A Moldy Application of MALDI: MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry for Fungal Identification Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 4, doi:10.3390/jof5010004 ...................... 26 Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli, Mahmoud Ghannoum and Jacques F. Meis Antifungal Resistance: Specific Focus on Multidrug Resistance in Candida auris and Secondary Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 129, doi:10.3390/jof4040129 ..................... 42 Marta Stanzani and Russell E. Lewis Development and Applications of Prognostic Risk Models in the Management of Invasive Mold Disease Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 141, doi:10.3390/jof4040141 ..................... 55 Thomas J. Walsh, Aspasia Katragkou, Tempe Chen, Christine M. Salvatore and Emmanuel Roilides Invasive Candidiasis in Infants and Children: Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 11, doi:10.3390/jof5010011 ...................... 74 Savvas Papachristou, Elias Iosifidis and Emmanuel Roilides Invasive Aspergillosis in Pediatric Leukemia Patients: Prevention and Treatment Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 14, doi:10.3390/jof5010014 ...................... 83 Chris D. Lauruschkat, Hermann Einsele and Juergen Loeffler Immunomodulation as a Therapy for Aspergillus Infection: Current Status and Future Perspectives Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 137, doi:10.3390/jof4040137 .....................104 Flavio Queiroz-Telles, Renata Buccheri and Gil Benard Sporotrichosis In Immunocompromised Hosts Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 8, doi:10.3390/jof5010008 ......................121 Jo˜aoN. de Almeida Jr., Paula M. Pe¸canhaand Arnaldo L. Colombo Paracoccidioidomycosis in Immunocompromised Patients: A Literature Review Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2019, 5, 2, doi:10.3390/jof5010002 ......................144 v Sarah Delli`ere, Romain Guery, Sophie Candon, Blandine Rammaert, Claire Aguilar, Fanny Lanternier, Lucienne Chatenoud and Olivier Lortholary Understanding Pathogenesis and Care Challenges of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Fungal Infections Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 139, doi:10.3390/jof4040139 .....................156 Nikolaos Spernovasilis and Diamantis P. Kofteridis Pre-Existing Liver Disease and Toxicity of Antifungals Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 133, doi:10.3390/jof4040133 .....................178 vi About the Special Issue Editors Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis is the Texas 4000 Distinguished Endowed Professor and Deputy Head in the Division of Internal Medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX. Dr. Kontoyiannis has authored over 550 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has given over 330 lectures in international conferences and institutions in US and abroad. He is considered a leading mycology expert worldwide with an H index of 98 and over 42,000 citations. His research group is credited for many and sustained contributions to clinical, translational and experimental mycology. He has been the recipient of many national and international awards and was the president elect of Immunocompromised Host Society (2016–2018). Monica Slavin is Director of the Department of Infectious Diseases at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and a National Health and Medical Research Council funded Centre of Research Excellence in Infections in cancer. She is Professor, in the Department of Medicine, the University of Melbourne. Her research focuses on identifying risk factors, improving early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infection, particularly fungal infection in hematology and transplant patients. She was a founding member of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Mycoses Interest Group and is the current president of the International Immunocompromised Host Society. vii Preface to ”Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts” First convened in 1980, the International Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) symposium is the premier, international, multi-disciplinary forum for scientific and clinical exchange to improve understanding and management of infections in an immunocompromised host. Since its inception, mycology has been a key theme throughout the bi-annual meetings. The recent meeting in June 2018 in Athens, Greece similarly had a cutting edge mycology program delivered by leading international experts addressing current and future innovations in mycology. Worldwide deaths from Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus infections are estimated to exceed 1.4 million annually with individual patient mortality rates in excess of 30%. Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) are occurring in expanding populations at risk such as those with liver disease and receiving novel treatments such as biologics and small molecule protein kinase inhibitors, providing insight into fungal pathogenesis. Outbreaks occurring in healthcare or after natural disasters are increasingly identified and require specialized investigation. The emerging global problem of antifungal resistance has prompted an increasing focus on antifungal drug discovery as well as optimizing PK/PD of antifungals, and on fungal biofilms that may select resistance. Approaches such as harnessing the mycobiome and immunotherapy may offer new options for managing IFD. The development and integration of improved diagnostic tests for IFD including MALDI-TOF, nucleic acid and biomarker detection, and immunogenetic assays offers promise for implementing more precise individual risk profiles and early intervention to prevent or treat IFD. At a population level, these tests offer important antifungal stewardship tools to support the judicious use of antifungals. In this unique supplement, we have compiled several state-of-the-art topics that are based on lectures delivered by eminent mycology experts during the 37th ICHS meeting. We hope that the esteemed audience of the Journal of Fungi will enjoy and appreciate the ever-evolving and complex field of fungal infections in vulnerable hosts. Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Monica Slavin Special Issue Editors ix Journal of Fungi Review From the Clinical Mycology Laboratory: New Species and Changes in Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature Nathan P. Wiederhold * and Connie F. C. Gibas Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2018; Accepted: 13 December 2018; Published: 16 December 2018 Abstract: Fungal taxonomy is the branch of mycology by which we classify and group fungi based on similarities or differences. Historically, this was done by morphologic characteristics and other phenotypic traits. However, with the advent of the molecular age in mycology, phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences has replaced these classic means for grouping related species. This, along with the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system, has led to a marked increase in the number of new species and reclassification of known species. Although these evaluations and changes are necessary to move the field forward, there is concern among medical mycologists that the rapidity by which fungal nomenclature is changing could cause confusion in the clinical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution and Application of Inteins in Candida Species: a Review
    fmicb-07-01585 October 6, 2016 Time: 13:7 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector REVIEW published: 10 October 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01585 Evolution and Application of Inteins in Candida species: A Review José A. L. Fernandes1†, Tâmara H. R. Prandini2†, Maria da Conceição A. Castro1, Thales D. Arantes1,3, Juliana Giacobino2, Eduardo Bagagli2 and Raquel C. Theodoro1* 1 Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil, 3 Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Inteins are invasive intervening sequences that perform an autocatalytic splicing from their host proteins. Among eukaryotes, these elements are present in many fungal species, including those considered opportunistic or primary pathogens, such as Candida spp. Here we reviewed and updated the list of Candida species containing inteins in the genes VMA, THRRS and GLT1 and pointed out the importance of these elements as molecular markers for molecular epidemiological researches and species- specific diagnosis, since the presence, as well as the size of these inteins, is polymorphic Edited by: among the different species. Although absent in Candida albicans, these elements are Joshua D. Nosanchuk, present in different sizes, in some environmental Candida spp. and also in most of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA non-albicans Candida spp. considered emergent opportunistic pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Infections from Human and Animal Contact
    Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 4 4-25-2017 Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner Follow this and additional works at: https://aurora.org/jpcrr Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Baumgardner DJ. Fungal infections from human and animal contact. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2017;4:78-89. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1418 Published quarterly by Midwest-based health system Advocate Aurora Health and indexed in PubMed Central, the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews (JPCRR) is an open access, peer-reviewed medical journal focused on disseminating scholarly works devoted to improving patient-centered care practices, health outcomes, and the patient experience. REVIEW Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner, MD Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI Abstract Fungal infections in humans resulting from human or animal contact are relatively uncommon, but they include a significant proportion of dermatophyte infections. Some of the most commonly encountered diseases of the integument are dermatomycoses. Human or animal contact may be the source of all types of tinea infections, occasional candidal infections, and some other types of superficial or deep fungal infections. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of anthropophilic dermatophyte infections primarily found in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • First Case of Candida Auris Colonization in a Preterm, Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Newborn After Vaginal Delivery
    Journal of Fungi Case Report First Case of Candida auris Colonization in a Preterm, Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Newborn after Vaginal Delivery Alessio Mesini 1 , Carolina Saffioti 1 , Marcello Mariani 1, Angelo Florio 2, Chiara Medici 1, Andrea Moscatelli 1 and Elio Castagnola 1,* 1 Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Largo G. Gaslini, 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.); carolinasaffi[email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16128 Genova, Italy; angelofl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-010-5636-2428 Abstract: Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant, difficult-to-eradicate pathogen that can colonize patients and health-care environments and cause severe infections and nosocomial outbreaks, espe- cially in intensive care units. We observed an extremely low-birth-weight (800 g), preterm neonate born from vaginal delivery from a C. auris colonized mother, who was colonized by C. auris within a few hours after birth. We could not discriminate whether the colonization route was the birth canal or the intensive care unit environment. The infant died on her third day of life because of complications related to prematurity, without signs or symptoms of infections. In contexts with high rates of C.auris colonization, antifungal prophylaxis in low-birth-weight, preterm neonates with micafungin should be considered over fluconazole due to the C. auris resistance profile, at least until Citation: Mesini, A.; Saffioti, C.; its presence is excluded.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Diversity and Evolution in the Budding Yeasts (Saccharomycotina)
    | YEASTBOOK GENOME ORGANIZATION AND INTEGRITY Genome Diversity and Evolution in the Budding Yeasts (Saccharomycotina) Bernard A. Dujon*,†,1 and Edward J. Louis‡,§ *Department Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3525, 75724-CEDEX15 Paris, France, †University Pierre and Marie Curie UFR927, 75005 Paris, France, ‡Centre for Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits, and xDepartment of Genetics, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1157-3608 (E.J.L.) ABSTRACT Considerable progress in our understanding of yeast genomes and their evolution has been made over the last decade with the sequencing, analysis, and comparisons of numerous species, strains, or isolates of diverse origins. The role played by yeasts in natural environments as well as in artificial manufactures, combined with the importance of some species as model experimental systems sustained this effort. At the same time, their enormous evolutionary diversity (there are yeast species in every subphylum of Dikarya) sparked curiosity but necessitated further efforts to obtain appropriate reference genomes. Today, yeast genomes have been very informative about basic mechanisms of evolution, speciation, hybridization, domestication, as well as about the molecular machineries underlying them. They are also irreplaceable to investigate in detail the complex relationship between genotypes and phenotypes with both theoretical and practical implications. This review examines these questions at two distinct levels offered by the broad evolutionary range of yeasts: inside the best-studied Saccharomyces species complex, and across the entire and diversified subphylum of Saccharomycotina. While obviously revealing evolutionary histories at different scales, data converge to a remarkably coherent picture in which one can estimate the relative importance of intrinsic genome dynamics, including gene birth and loss, vs.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2
    NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2 page 2 Deep dermatophytosis page 4 Deep dermatophytosis: A case report page 5 Fereydounia khargensis: A new and uncommon opportunistic yeast from Malaysia page 6 Itraconazole: A quick guide for clinicians Visit us at AFWGonline.com and sign up for updates Editors’ welcome Dr Mitzi M Chua Dr Ariya Chindamporn Adult Infectious Disease Specialist Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Microbiology Department of Microbiology & Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Cebu Institute of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Cebu City, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand This year we celebrate the 8th year of AFWG: 8 years of pursuing excellence in medical mycology throughout the region; 8 years of sharing expertise and encouraging like-minded professionals to join us in our mission. We are happy to once again share some educational articles from our experts and keep you updated on our activities through this issue. Deep dermatophytosis may be a rare skin infection, but late diagnosis or ineffective treatment may lead to mortality in some cases. This issue of the AFWG newsletter focuses on this fungal infection that usually occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Dr Pei-Lun Sun takes us through the basics of deep dermatophytosis, presenting data from published studies, and emphasizes the importance of treating superficial tinea infections before starting immunosuppressive treatment. Dr Ruojun Wang and Professor Ruoyu Li share a case of deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. In this issue, we also feature a new fungus, Fereydounia khargensis, first discovered in 2014. Ms Ratna Mohd Tap and Dr Fairuz Amran present 2 cases of F. khargensis and show how PCR sequencing is crucial to correct identification of this uncommon yeast.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Mycology
    INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Candida Auris, a Multi-Drug Resistant Yeast, Has Been Reported to Cause
    Background: Candida auris , a multi-drug resistant yeast, has been reported to cause cutaneous and invasive infections with high mortality. Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR) is aware of the numerous outbreaks of C. auris reported globally and from India. Since 2009, the infection has been reported globally from many countries within a short period of time [1-18]. The whole genome sequence analysis of the isolates collected from different geographical locations showed minimal difference among the isolatessuggesting simultaneous emergence of C. auris infection at multiple geographical location, rather than spread from one place to another [14]. The isolation of fungus from patients’ environment, hands of healthcare workers, and from skin and mucosa of the hospitalized patients indicate the agent is nosocomially spreading. C. auris forms non-dispersible cell aggregates and persists for longer time in environment in addition to its thermotolerant and salt tolerant properties. It has the ability to adhere to polymeric surfaces forming biofilms and resist the activity of antifungal drugs. The yeast is misidentified by common phenotypic automated systems as C. haemulonii, C. famata, C. sake, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorulaglutinis, C. lusitaniae, C.guilliermondii or C. parapsilosis. [18, 19]. Definite confirmation of the species can be done by either MALDI-TOF with upgraded database or DNA sequencing, which are not frequently available in diagnostic laboratories.The high drug resistance and mortality (33-72%) are other challenges associated with C. auris candidemia. [11,18,19] Unlike other Candida species, the fungus acquires rapid resistance to azoles, polyene and even echinocandin. C. auris infection has been reported from many hospitals across this country since 2011 [2, 3, 10].
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Fertility and Uni-Directional Mating-Type Switching in Ceratocystis Coerulescens, a Filamentous Ascomycete
    Curr Genet (1997) 32: 52–59 © Springer-Verlag 1997 ORIGINAL PAPER T. C. Harrington · D. L. McNew Self-fertility and uni-directional mating-type switching in Ceratocystis coerulescens, a filamentous ascomycete Received: 6 July 1996 / 25 March 1997 Abstract Individual perithecia from selfings of most some filamentous ascomycetes. Although a switch in the Ceratocystis species produce both self-fertile and self- expression of mating-type is seen in these fungi, it is not sterile progeny, apparently due to uni-directional mating- clear if a physical movement of mating-type genes is in- type switching. In C. coerulescens, male-only mutants of volved. It is also not clear if the expressed mating-types otherwise hermaphroditic and self-fertile strains were self- of the respective self-fertile and self-sterile progeny are sterile and were used in crossings to demonstrate that this homologs of the mating-type genes in other strictly heter- species has two mating-types. Only MAT-2 strains are othallic species of ascomycetes. capable of selfing, and half of the progeny from a MAT-2 Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Chromocrea spinulosa show selfing are MAT-1. Male-only, MAT-2 mutants are self- a 1:1 segregation of self-fertile and self-sterile progeny in sterile and cross only with MAT-1 strains. Similarly, self- perithecia from selfings or crosses (Mathieson 1952; Uhm fertile strains generally cross with only MAT-1 strains. and Fujii 1983a, b). In tetrad analyses of selfings or crosses, MAT-1 strains only cross with MAT-2 strains and never self. half of the ascospores in an ascus are large and give rise to It is hypothesized that the switch in mating-type during self-fertile colonies, and the other ascospores are small and selfing is associated with a deletion of the MAT-2 gene.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism Regulation and Pathways in the Aspergillus Genus
    THE EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM REGULATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS By Abigail Lind Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical Informatics August 11, 2017 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Antonis Rokas, Ph.D. Tony Capra, Ph.D. Patrick Abbot, Ph.D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D. Qi Liu, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and encouraged me during my years working towards this dissertation. First, I want to thank my advisor, Antonis Rokas, for his support for the past five years. His consistent optimism encouraged me to overcome obstacles, and his scientific insight helped me place my work in a broader scientific context. My committee members, Patrick Abbot, Tony Capra, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Qi Liu have also provided support and encouragement. I have been lucky to work with great people in the Rokas lab who helped me develop ideas, suggested new approaches to problems, and provided constant support. In particular, I want to thank Jen Wisecaver for her mentorship, brilliant suggestions on how to visualize and present my work, and for always being available to talk about science. I also want to thank Xiaofan Zhou for always providing a new perspective on solving a problem. Much of my research at Vanderbilt was only possible with the help of great collaborators. I have had the privilege of working with many great labs, and I want to thank Ana Calvo, Nancy Keller, Gustavo Goldman, Fernando Rodrigues, and members of all of their labs for making the research in my dissertation possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Antifungals for Onychomycosis & Systemic Infections
    Clinical Policy: Infectious Disease Agents: Antifungals for Onychomycosis & Systemic Infections Reference Number: OH.PHAR.PPA.70 Effective Date: 01/01/2020 Last Review Date: N/A Coding Implications Line of Business: Medicaid Revision Log See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal information. Description: INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS: AGENTS FOR ONYCHOMYCOSIS NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” GRIFULVIN®V tablets (griseofulvin, microsize) ITRACONAZOLE (generic of Sporanox®) GRISEOFULVIN suspension (generic of LAMISIL Granules (terbinafine) Grifulvin®V) ONMEL® (itraconazole) GRIS-PEG® (griseofulvin, ultramicrosize) SPORANOX® 100mg/10ml oral solution TERBINAFINE (generic of Lamisil®) (itraconazole) INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS: AGENTS FOR SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” FLUCONAZOLE (generic of Diflucan®) CRESEMBA® (isavuconazonium) FLUCONAZOLE suspension (generic of ITRACONAZOLE capsules (generic of Diflucan®) Sporanox®) FLUCYTOSINE (generic of Ancobon®) NOXAFIL® (posaconazole) KETOCONAZOLE (generic of Nizoral®) ORAVIG® (miconazole) SPORANOX® 100mg/10ml oral solution (itraconazole) VORICONAZOLE (generic of Vfend®) TOLSURA (itraconazole) FDA Approved Indication(s): Antifungals are indicated for the treatment of: • aspergillosis • blastomycosis • bone and joint infections • candidemia • candidiasis • candidiasis prophylaxis • candiduria • cryptococcal meningitis • cryptococcosis • cystitis Page 1 of 9 CLINICAL POLICY Infectious Disease Agents:
    [Show full text]
  • Heterothallism and Potential Hybridization Events Inferred For
    Du et al. IMA Fungus (2020) 11:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-0027-1 IMA Fungus RESEARCH Open Access Heterothallism and potential hybridization events inferred for twenty-two yellow morel species Xi-Hui Du1* , Dongmei Wu2, Heng Kang3*, Hanchen Wang1, Nan Xu1, Tingting Li1 and Keliang Chen1 Abstract Mating-type genes are central to sexual reproduction in ascomycete fungi and result in the establishment of reproductive barriers. Together with hybridization, they both play important roles in the evolution of fungi. Recently, potential hybridization events and MAT genes were separately found in the Elata Clade of Morchella. Herein, we characterized the MAT1–1-1 and MAT1–2-1 genes of twenty-two species in the Esculenta Clade, another main group in the genus Morchella, and proved heterothallism to be the predominant mating strategy among the twenty-two species tested. Ascospores of these species were multi-nuclear and had many mitochondrial nucleoids. The number of ascospore nuclei might be positively related with the species distribution range. Phylogenetic analyses of MAT1–1-1, MAT1–2-1, intergenic spacer (IGS), and partial histone acetyltransferase ELP3 (F1) were performed and compared with the species phylogeny framework derived from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a) to evaluate their species delimitation ability and investigate potential hybridization events. Conflicting topologies among these genes genealogies and the species phylogeny were revealed and hybridization events were detected between several species. Different evolutionary patterns were suggested for MAT genes between the Esculenta and the Elata Clades. Complex evolutionary trajectories of MAT1–1-1, MAT1–2-1, F1 andIGSintheEsculentaCladewerehighlighted.Thesefindings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of hybridization and gene transfer in Morchella andespeciallyfortheappearanceofreproductivemodesduring its evolutionary process.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of an Emerging Thermotolerant Medically Important Fungus, Lichtheimia Ramosa from Soil
    Vol. 14(6), pp. 237-241, June, 2020 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2020.9358 Article Number: CC08E2B63961 ISSN: 1996-0808 Copyright ©2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of Microbiology Research http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Full Length Research Paper Isolation of an emerging thermotolerant medically important Fungus, Lichtheimia ramosa from soil Imade Yolanda Nsa*, Rukayat Odunayo Kareem, Olubunmi Temitope Aina and Busayo Tosin Akinyemi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Received 12 May, 2020; Accepted 8 June, 2020 Lichtheimia ramosa, a ubiquitous clinically important mould was isolated during a screen for thermotolerant fungi obtained from soil on a freshly burnt field in Ikorodu, Lagos State. In the laboratory, as expected it grew more luxuriantly on Potato Dextrose Agar than on size limiting Rose Bengal Agar. The isolate had mycelia with a white cottony appearance on both media. It was then identified based on morphological appearance, microscopy and by fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing. This might be the first report of molecular identification of L. ramosa isolate from soil in Lagos, as previously documented information could not be obtained. Key words: Soil, thermotolerant, Lichtheimia ramosa, Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). INTRODUCTION Zygomycetes of the order Mucorales are thermotolerant L. ramosa is abundant in soil, decaying plant debris and moulds that are ubiquitous in nature (Nagao et al., 2005). foodstuff and is one of the causative agents of The genus Lichtheimia (syn. Mycocladus, Absidia) mucormycosis in humans (Barret et al., 1999). belongs to the Zygomycete class and includes Mucormycosis is an opportunistic invasive infection saprotrophic microorganisms that can be isolated from caused by Lichtheimia, Mucor, and Rhizopus of the order decomposing soil and plant material (Alastruey-Izquierdo Mucorales.
    [Show full text]