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Narseh, König Der Könige Von Eran Und Aneran

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Narseh, König Der Könige Von Eran Und Aneran Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLVII, 2012 doi: 10.2143/IA.47.0.2141965 NARSEH, KÖNIG DER KÖNIGE VON ERAN UND ANERAN BY Ursula WEBER (Paderborn) Abstract: >Narseh, King of kings of Eran and Aneran<. Narseh, Sabuhr I’s youngest son, ruled the Sasanian Empire as its seventh king between 293 and 302 A. D. In contrast to his royal predecessors, Narseh did not ascend the throne as a crown prince, but was crowned king only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65 after the short 4-month reign of his grandnephew, Wahram III. According to the two big royal inscriptions of Naqs-i Rustam [SKZ] and Paikuli [NPi] (293), Narseh successively became viceroy of two politically important provinces before his investiture as sahan sah. At first, Sabuhr I appointed his youngest son as king of “Hind(estan), Sagestan and Turan up to the seashore”, an extensive area which consisted of three partial provinces. The exact date of his coronation and the duration of his viceroyalty are not known. It is quite clear, however, that Narseh, according to Sabuhr’s Res Gestae, was viceroy in the East in the year 262 A. D. When Hormezd I, Sabuhr I’s successor, passed away after a one-year rule (273), not Narseh but his oldest brother Wahram (I) seized the throne (ruled 273-276). The genealogy of Sabuhr’s inscription testifies to the fact that Wahram had not belonged to the inner circle of the royal family, that he had therefore not been considered heir presumptive, and that he had not been the object of pious endowments. Sabuhr I had even distanced himself from Wahram and had refused to call him “Our son”. Narseh’s later damnatio memoriae of his brother at Wahram I’s investiture relief makes it clear that he consequently looked at Wahram as an usurper. However, one may assume that Wahram I, after his investiture as sahan sah, compensated Narseh for his claim to the throne by mak- ing him viceroy of Armenia. The Paikuli inscription testifies to the fact that Narseh stayed in this office until 293 A. D. The regnal change from Wahram I to Wahram II (ruled 276-293) seems to have taken place without complications. Only after Wahram II’s death, when Wahnam, the son of Tatrus, had the kings’s son of the same name crowned without the knowledge of the nobility, an open fight for the throne broke out and threw the Sasanian Empire into crisis. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that a share of the nobility, not Narseh, was responsible for this civil war. These nobles considered Wahram III (293) not to be able to rule as king and to be Wahnam’s puppet, and they therefore asked Narseh to ascend his forefathers’ throne. In the end, the strife led to Wahram III’s abdication and Wahnam’s arrest. After his victory, Narseh called up a meeting of the nobility to offer an election of the king. He set great 94839_Iran_Antiq_47-2012_07.indd 153 12/04/12 08:40 154 URSULA WEBER store by not appearing as an usurper but by proving the legitimacy of his action. Only after a repeated questioning of the nobles and their unequivocal vote Narseh was ready to ascend the throne (293). In memory of the quarrel for the throne and his appointment as king Narseh had the Paikuli inscription set up. It is both his Res Gestae and a text to legitimise his rise to power as Sasanian king. Three years after his coronation tensions broke out between the Roman and the Sasanian Empire. These were caused by the question of the Roman fortresses on the Euphrates line, the strengthening of the Roman military presence in the East linked with it and the arrival of the Emperor Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius in Egypt and Syria. In the spring of 297, a first military confrontation in an area between Cal- linicum and Carrhae ended in a heavy defeat of Galerius. Assuming that his victory had been decisive and that fighting would come to an end Narseh withdrew to Arme- nia. However, Galerius planned to make up for his military defeat. After having recruited new troops he surprised Narseh in his camp at Satala and inflicted a crush- ing defeat on him. Galerius then took Narseh’s wives and children and a great num- ber of Persian nobles prisoner. In view of the disastrous defeat and the members of the royal family held in Roman captivity Narseh was forced to accept Rome’s dic- tated peace and to yield control of a number of territories on the borderline. Narseh’s authority should have been strongly undermined by these events and the defeat should have contributed to a gradual loss of the king’s xwarrah (divinely conferred charisma). Only after a peace treaty had been concluded, the Romans allowed the captives to return home. Narseh’s second personal crown, which has now been iden- tified as a lamella crown, may be proof of his recovery of the xwarrah. As far as his religious policy is concerned, Narseh, by supporting Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism), rather followd in his father’s footsteps. Both saw themselves as devout Mazda-worshippers and refrained from persecuting other religions. In con- trast to both kings of the Wahram family, who pursued an intolerant religious policy and fought against Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Mandaeans, Jainas and, above all, Manichaeans and Christians, those minorities witnessed religious tolerance in king Narseh’s time. Keywords: Iran, Sasanians, Narseh, King of kings, Paikuli inscription, Rock reliefs. Narseh, jüngster Sohn Sabuhrs I. (239/40[241/42?] - 270/72), regierte als siebter König des Sasanidenreiches in der Zeit von 293-302 n. Chr.1 Im Gegensatz zu seinen Vorgängern auf dem Sasanidenthron gelangte Narseh nicht als Kronprinz zur Herrschaft2, sondern wurde erst im fortgeschrit- 1 Die Texte der hier zitierten Autoren finden sich in U. Weber, Prosopographie des Sasanidenreiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (2002ff.), s. v. Narseh, König der Könige, unter der Internetadresse: http://www.uni-kiel.de/klassalt/projekte/sasaniden/index.html 2 Die Angaben zur Regierungszeit des Königs Narseh stimmen in den Quellen nicht überein und geben eine Dauer von 7, 8 und 9 Jahren an. - Agathias, Historiarum Libri Quinque 94839_Iran_Antiq_47-2012_07.indd 154 12/04/12 08:40 NARSEH, KÖNIG DER KÖNIGE VON ERAN UND ANERAN 155 tenen Alter3 von ca. 60-65 Jahren nach der sehr kurzen, viermonatigen Regierungszeit seines Großneffen, Wahrams III.4, zum König gekrönt. Die arabischsprachige Histoire Nestorienne aus dem 11. Jahrhundert ist die einzige Quelle, die Narseh als alten, aber weisen und intelligenten Mann bei seinem Regierungsantritt schildert. Die Angaben der Histoire Nestori- enne werden durch die Datierungen der Sabuhr- und Paikuli-Inschrift gestützt. Da Narseh nach der Überlieferung der Sabuhr-Inschrift im Jahre 262 n. Chr. als Vizekönig in Hind(estan), Sagestan und Turan bis ans Meeresufer herrschte5, aber erst im Jahre 293 den sasanidischen Königs- thron bestieg, ergibt sich eine Zeitspanne von 30 Jahren bis zu seinem Regierungsantritt. Dieser fiel nach dem Zeugnis der Histoire Nestorienne6 in das neunte Jahr der Regierung des Kaisers Diokletian (284-305 n. Chr.). (1967) IV,25,1 = 127 (7 Jahre und 5 Monate). – Synkellos, Ecloga Chronographica (1984) 678 = 441,10 (8 Jahre). – Theophanes, Chronographia 1(1883) 6,20 (8 Jahre). - ad-Dinawari [ed. V. Guirgass], Kitab al-aÌbar a†-†iwal 1(1888) 49,10-11 (7 Jahre). - Ibn Qutayba, Kitâb al-ma¨ârif (1960) 655,11-14 (9 Jahre). - al-Ja¨qubi, Historiae 1(1883) 182,14 (9 Jahre). – at- Tabari, Annales I (1881) 835,11-15 (9 Jahre); Th. Nöldeke, Tabari (1879) 50. – Repr. 1973; C. E. Bosworth, al-™abari (1999) 48. – Bel¨ami, Chronique de …Tabari 2(1958) 90 (7 Jahre). - Mas¨udi, Les Prairies d’or 1(1966) 295,2-3 = § 600; Übers. 1(1962) 224 = § 600 (7 oder 7 1 ⁄2 Jahre). - al-Masûdî, Kitâb at-tanbîh wa ˆl-ischrâf (1967) 100 (9 Jahre und 6 Monate). - Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi ˆl-Taˆrikh 1(1965) 391,4-7 (9 Jahre). – Eutychius, Annales (1906) 113,21- 22 (9 Jahre). – Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Syriacum (1890) S. 57, Z. 33-34 [58] (7 Jahre). – al- Maqdisi, Le livre de la création et de l’histoire III(1903) 163 (9 Jahre). – al-Tha¨âlibî, Histoire des rois des Perses (1900) 508 (9 Jahre). – Histoire Nestorienne (Chronique de Séert) Ière partie. Repr. (1971) 254f. (9 Jahre). - Firdousi, Le livre des rois. Ed. par J.-Mohl, V(1866) 417-419 (9 Jahre). – Repr. 1976. Der syrisch-sprachige Elias von Nisibis, Opus chronologicum (Text 96,20. - Übers. 47,11) setzt ebenfalls 9 Jahre der Königsherrschaft für Narseh an; diese Zahl läßt sich allein aus den von ihm überlieferten Jahreszahlen ermitteln: Annus 605… Eo regnavit [Warah]ran Segans[ah rex Per]sarum 4 [menses] et mortuus est et regnavit [post] eum [Na] rs[i]. …Annus 614. …Et eo regnavit Hurmizd rex Persarum. 3 Histoire Nestorienne (Chronique de Séert) I(1971) 254f.: C’était un vieillard intelli- gent et sage… 4 U. Weber, Wahram III., König der Könige von Eran und Aneran, in: IrAnt 45(2010) 353-394.. 5 Ph. Huyse, Die dreisprachige Inschrift Sabuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i Zardust (SKZ) 1(1999) 47, § 34: mpI 23/24: adur 1 Husraw-Narseh nam, pad er mazdesn Narseh, sah Hind, Sagestan ud Turestan ta draya damb; 47, § 34: paI 19: 1 adur ew Husraw-Narseh nam, pad er mazdezn Narseh sah Hind, Sagestan ud Turgestan yad o zreh zamb; 47, § 34: grI 42: kaì pure⁄on πn Xostrwnarsj kaloúmenon eîv t®n ˆArían masdaasnou Narsaíou basiléwv ˆIndíav Segistjn±v Tourjn±v ∏wv xeílouv ‡alássjv.
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