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An Ideological Critique of Racial Inequality Coverage in Milwaukee Newspapers, 2010-2014 Enrique Brown Marquette University

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An Ideological Critique of Racial Inequality Coverage in Milwaukee Newspapers, 2010-2014 Enrique Brown Marquette University Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Slipping into Darkness: An Ideological Critique of Racial Inequality Coverage in Milwaukee Newspapers, 2010-2014 Enrique Brown Marquette University Recommended Citation Brown, Enrique, "Slipping into Darkness: An Ideological Critique of Racial Inequality Coverage in Milwaukee Newspapers, 2010-2014" (2015). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 295. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/295 SLIPPING INTO DARKNESS: AN IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE OF RACIAL INEQUALITY COVERAGE IN MILWAUKEE NEWSPAPERS, 2010-2014 by Rick Brown, B.A. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2015 ABSTRACT SLIPPING INTO DARKNESS: AN IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE OF RACIAL INEQUALITY COVERAGE IN MILWAUKEE NEWSPAPERS, 2010-2014 Rick Brown, B.A. Marquette University, 2015 This ideological critique assessed mainstream and African American newspaper coverage on racial inequalities such as racial segregation and infant mortality in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 2010 through 2014. Employing Cultural Studies, Critical Race Theory, and Class Theory, this textual research analyzed the texts of 405 reports, columns, and editorials from The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Milwaukee’s mainstream paper of record, and The Milwaukee Courier, the city’s premier African American newspaper. The study discovered important convergences in the Courier and Journal Sentinel’s portrayal of racial inequalities as indicators of a racially diseased city and nation. However, the research also revealed important differences in how the newspapers constructed the causes of and potential reforms to such disparities. These differences manifested in contradictory ideologies of racial stasis in the Journal Sentinel and racial vigilance in the Courier. Both of these ideologies emerged from coverage in which an avoidance of class discussion became a structuring absence. The divergences and convergences between these two ideologies were indicative of a simultaneous bridging and deepening of the fissures of the African American split image in U.S. news media. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rick Brown, B.A. For my mother. With immense thanks to Dr. Bonnie Brennen for her invaluable direction, mentoring, and patience, without which I would have been a lesser scholar and a weaker person. Further thanks to Dr. Ana Garner and Dr. Karen Slattery for their wonderful encouragement and guidance. And final thanks to Sharon McGowan, Edgar Mendez, and Robert Graf for showing me a Milwaukee beyond Wisconsin Avenue. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................i INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 3 The Impact of a Continuing Color Line ................................................................ 3 Milwaukee: A Singular and Segregated City ........................................................ 4 Racial Inequality Coverage in General and African American Milwaukee Newspapers: An Ideological Critique ................................................. 7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 9 A Cultural Studies Approach: Addressing Cultural Ideology and Hegemony........ 9 Critical Race Theory: Dissecting a Social Construct and Racial Rhetoric of Difference ...................................................................................................... 12 Theorizing Class: Key Concepts in the Taxonomy of Power and Production ...... 16 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 20 African Americans in the Mainstream Press: Primary Themes and Historic Narratives ............................................................................................. 20 Contemporary Constructs: Inferential Racism, News Myths, and Black “Difference” ............................................................................................. 23 Little Reported, Oft-Marginalized: Racial Inequalities in U.S. News .................. 26 A New “Post-Racial” Decade: Assimilation Narratives and Black Marginalization in Mainstream News in the Age of Obama ................................ 30 Splitting the African American Image: The Black Press ..................................... 33 A Brief Socioeconomic Portrait of Black Milwaukee: Evolution and Change ..... 35 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 39 Research Goals and Scholarly Aims ................................................................... 39 Research Materials and Design Choices ............................................................. 40 Collection, Sorting, and Formatting of Materials ................................................ 43 2 Ideological Critique: A Textual Approach to Implicit Assumptions .................... 45 ANALYSIS: VISIONS OF RACIAL DISEASE, VIGILANCE, AND STASIS ............. 48 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 48 “Ever-Raw Racial Sores:” Milwaukee and the United States as Racially Diseased ............................................................................................... 50 “It’s Not Like Milwaukee Is Doing Something Wrong:” Rhetorically Constructing the Causes of and Solutions to the City’s Inequality ...................... 57 “If It Sounds Like Racism and Acts Like Racism:” Institutional Indictments...... 63 “What Would MLK Do?” Racial Boosterism and Black Agency ........................ 70 “No Angels:” Inferential Racism and Rehabilitation of Victims of Racial Inequality ............................................................................................ 73 INTERPRETING A RACIAL DIVIDE: NEWS, RACE, AND MILWAUKEE ............. 79 A Structuring Absence: Avoiding Class and Constructing the Singularity of Black Poverty .............................................................................. 80 Bridging the Divide of the “Split Image:” Rejecting Post-Racialism ................... 83 Reinforcing the “Split Image:” Conflicting Visions of Accountability and Reform ........................................................................................................ 86 This Study: Four Years of Racial Inequality Coverage in Milwaukee Newspapers ........................................................................................................ 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 95 3 INTRODUCTION “I see the mighty city through a mist— The strident trains that speed the goaded mass, The poles and spires and towers vapor-kissed, The fortressed port through which the great ships pass, The tides, the wharves, the dens I contemplate, Are sweet like wanton loves because I hate.” — from “The White City” by Claude McKay The Impact of a Continuing Color Line In The Souls of Black Folk, W. E. B. Du Bois (1904) famously postulated that the “problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line” (vii). A century and a movement later, that line may have held firm in reality if not necessarily in discourse. Despite a shift in news and political discourse towards colorblind, “post-racial” narratives (Copes, 2013), the continuing reality of racial disparity persists in “generational conditions of concentrated poverty, unemployment, segregation, incarceration, inadequate education, and related ills, which have disproportionately afflicted African American, Latino, and non-white populations” (Ivery, 2011, xvi). Progress made by nonwhites after the 1960s has slowed and in some cases even regressed almost to pre- Civil Rights Movement states (Marable, 2011); indeed, today many African Americans “still live the same separate social lives that [they] did prior to Brown [v. Board of Education]” (Ivery, 2011, xvii). Structural inequalities of race continue to influence American society, fed by continuing racial discrimination at the root of an “urban crisis” (Marable, 2011). “Most major cities in America today remain largely segregated along lines of race and class,” according to Ivery (2011, xvii). As Andrew Grant-Thomas (2011) has noted, a “tight 4 relationship between race and place” bifurcates these cities into white and nonwhite neighborhoods, and their inhabitants’ access to civic, social, and economic opportunities can depend almost entirely upon the block in which they reside (p. 151). To Rothstein (2013), this is not an organic phenomenon, but the result of: a century-long pattern of racially motivated and racially explicit federal, state, and local policies of banking regulation, mortgage guarantees, public housing, law enforcement, planning and zoning, highway and school construction, and urban renewal. (para. 98) These policies have played a critical role in sustaining racial disparities (Poussaint, 2011). According to Ivery & Bassett (2011), “racial segregation—particularly in terms of residential housing and education—in [their] view and that of leading scholars, remains the fundamental cause sustaining urban crisis conditions in America” (p. 83). It affects black children, for whom being seven times likelier to grow up in
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