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Building Back Better – As Guided by The SADR South Asia Disaster Report South Asian Disaster Report 2016 2016 Contact details: Duryog Nivaran W| www.duryognivaran.org E| [email protected] F| +92 51 285 4783 T| Chair: +919824051148 Regional Secretariat: Sri Lanka +94112829412/+94774391575 Country Coordinating points: Are we India +919824051148 Bangladesh +88029854374 Nepal +97714423639 Building Back Better? Pakistan +9251285 6623 Lessons from South Asia 1 South Asia Disaster Report 2016 Copyright 2016 @ Duryog Nivaran Secretariat (www.duryognivaran.org) Published by Duryog Nivaran Secretariat No 05, Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka T | + 94 – 11 – 2829412 F | + 94 – 11 – 2856188 W | www.duryognivaran.org Illustrations by - Amjad Miandad Cover, layout by - Minidu Abeysekera 2 South Asian Disaster Report 2016 Table of Contents Introduction to the Report 5 Before the Next Cyclone Comes: Is Bangladesh “Building Back Better”? 11 Indian Experience of Building Back Better: Lessons from Recent Disasters 37 Nepal Earthquake of 2015 – Are We Building Better 59 Recurring Monsoon Floods: Pakistan’s Experience of “Building Back Better” 87 Build Back Better and the Experience of Landslide Management in Sri Lanka 111 Protecting Cultural Heritage from Disasters: Recent Initiatives in South Asia 127 Building Back Better: Lessons from South Asia Conclusions 133 3 4 South Asian Disaster Report 2016 Introduction to the Report By Mihir R. Bhatt1, Kamran K. Durrani2, Ben Wisner3, Amjad Bhatti4, Muhammad Taher5, Karin Fernando6 1 Director, All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI), and Founder Member and current Chair of Duryog Nivaran. 2 Deputy Executive Director, Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI) Pakistan, and Member of Duryog Nivaran. 3 Visiting Professor, Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, UK and Technical and Editorial Advisor to Duryog NIvaran on past and the current SADR. 4 Technical Advisor to the Board of Trustees, Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI) Pakistan, Steering Committee Member of Duryog Nivaran 5 Research and Evaluation Consultant and Founder Member and currently a Steering Committee Member of Duryog Nivaran 6 Senior Research Professional, Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA) and Steering Committee Member of Duryog Nivaran 5 Introduction to the Report 6 South Asian Disaster Report 2016 outh Asia continues to be highly prone national and international development policy and to disasters. It has been agonized by practices. It stressed on the requirement of thinking a variety of natural disasters, including beyond mainstreaming and integration to actively Ssome major events that highlights the consider and adopt only those development policies extreme vulnerabilities of South Asian inhabitants. and infrastructural and non-structural projects that Devastation by recurring disasters, mostly in the increase disaster resilience of the poor people and form of floods and cyclones, adds insult to injury contribute in building back better. of those affected and still recovering from previous events. Over the last decade (2005-15), a total of “Build Back Better” (BBB) emerged as a theme and 481 events –were reported7 in South Asia claiming a framework during the multi-national recovery effort around 135,000 lives, causing heavy economic following the Indian Ocean Tsunami with the intention losses for developing South Asian economies. In of using a holistic approach towards reconstruction 2015, South Asia accounted for 64 per cent of and recovery where the physical, social, and economic total global fatalities that included 52 disasters and conditions of a community are collectively addressed the loss of 14,647 lives8 — over 60% of those lives to create overall improved resilience. In practice, being lost in a single event – the 7.6 magnitude however, BBB framework has been underpinned by earthquake that devastated Nepal in April. numerous challenges at the level of policy, planning, implementation and tracking. Thus South Asia is a region of the world that consistently registers the greatest numbers of The Sendai Framework of Action (UNISDR, 2016) lives and assets lost when natural hazards occur. lists sixteen prerequisites for recovery that leaves However, these countries also show a good people better off in a number of ways, reduces losses record in building resilience. And this capacity from the next hazard event, whatever it might be, and contradiction is its strength. The region offers and produces outside interventions that, at least, many ways of reducing risks spread across time “do no harm”. The sixteen are a mixture of general and space and communities. One of these ways and specific recommendations based on many of reducing risk is to build additional safety into years of experience with the recovery process. The the process of recovering from a disaster each recommendations also overlap and are somewhat time such tragedy strikes. The South Asian repetitive. They can be summarized under six themes. Disaster Report documents how citizens, citizen- • Government: adequate national scale laws, based organisations as well as government play regulations, codes, institutions, uniform risk and essential roles in Building Back Better (BBB) after vulnerability assessment procedures each disaster. Their efforts show that disasters • Economy: provision for economic measures are not only avoidable but also an opportunity to such as insurance and other risk sharing, public- build back better. private finance for construction/ re-construction of safe school, hospital and other essential What Does BBB Mean? infrastructure, support for business resilience (including tourism) and plans for recovery of lost While coping with the disasters, the need, or interrupted livelihoods importance and action for enhancing disaster • Ecology: conservation of natural ecosystem resilience of vulnerable populations has been including those that support cities, land the key subject of consideration by all DRR use planning and measures to reverse land stakeholders; international, regional, national degradation and local. The SADR 2008 highlighted the misperception of viewing disaster in isolation from 7 EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database. www.emdat.be - UniversitéCatholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium” 8 UNESCAP, 2015. Disasters in Asia and the Pacific: 2015 Year in Review – accessed on http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/ files/2015_Year%20in%20Review_final_PDF_1.pdf 7 Introduction to the Report • Human Settlement: in situ protection of human settlements and arrangements in advance to Approach and Structure of act as hosts if necessary to an influx of people the Report displaced from somewhere else, tailoring building and land use codes to be feasible in informal This report is not an evaluation, nor a review, settlements but a collaborative thinking on what works and • Safety Nets & Essential Services: attention to can work better in South Asia. It is a field based health care, maternal health care, food security, appreciation of BBB in real life and real time by nutrition and housing sympathetic friends of South Asia. Though at places BBB performance is audited and BBB • Vulnerable Groups: care of people with special processes are traced, the aim is to help the local needs such as those with chronic diseases. people, and all those who help them, to move on, fast and well. The SADR 2016 aims to analyze: The South Asian Disaster Report seeks to provide (1) How the BBB recommendations of Sendai an overview of the ways in which five countries Framework will hold up against the institutional, have begun to approach recovery with attention to resource, capacity aspects in the countries / these themes. Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan context of South Asia; (2) The capability, intent and Sri Lanka have regrettably had a large amount and interest of the existing mechanisms and of experience in rebuilding human settlements, systems of recovery and reconstruction to deliver institutions and livelihoods following cyclones, floods, on BBB principles and recommendations upheld earthquakes and tsunami and landslides. They have in the Sendai framework; (3) The role of capital, learned from these experiences, and much of this development agents and other interest groups in experience went into the synthesis the UNISDR is operationalising BBB; and (4) How meaningful the now calling BBB. The purpose of this report is to BBB recommendations are in relation to prevalent recognize and contribute to current discourse and institutional and policy, political interest scenarios experience sharing on BBB. in South Asia. BBB is a critical part of disaster recovery that has The case studies focusing on BBB cover the to address structural improvements as well as the Earthquake in Nepal in 2015, the Meeriyabedda underlying drivers that lead to the risk at the on-set. Landslide in Sri Lanka in 2014, the Uttarakhand However, a little over a decade of attempting to apply Floods, Cyclone Phailin and Cyclone Hudhud in the principles of BBB has shown numerous challenges India in 2013, Cyclone Sidre and Aila in Bangladesh and contradictions. In 2015, the Sendai Framework in 2007 and 2011, and the monsoon floods in in its Priority 4 recognised the critical importance of Pakistan in 2012 and 2013. It also looks across BBB and expressed its commitment to “enhancing the region at reducing risks to cultural heritage in disaster preparedness for effective response and to South Asia. “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation
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