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I. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs at Global and Regional Levels

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I. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs at Global and Regional Levels I. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs at Global and Regional Levels. It was estimated that in 2016, 275 million people all over the world have taken a drug at least once in their lifetime (approximately 5.6% of the world population at the age 15-64 years). This population consisted of 192 million marihuana users, 34 million users of prescribed amphetamine and stimulant East Nusa Tenggara/NTT, 21 million ecstasy users, 19 million opiate users, and 18 million cocaine addicts. Among these drug abusers 31 million are extremely in need of treatment, as they suffer from severe drug abuse problems. Based on WHO data at least 450 people died from drug abuse in 2015. Opioids are still the main destructive factor causing approx. 76% of death cases among victims of drug abuse. There are 11 million injecting drug abusers in the world; 1.3 million among them are HIV carriers; 5.5 million have Hepatitis C, and 1 million have both, HIV and hepatitis C. a. The Latest Trend 1) Compared to the previous years the total production of herbal based Narcotics has reached its highest record this year. The global production of opium has increased rapidly 65% from the production in 2016, reaching a total of 10,500 tons in 2017. The largest opium production of 9,000 tons was produced by Afghanistan. An increase of 87% from the previous year. Cultvation area of opium poppy increased 37% in 2017. Nearly 420,000 Ha of opium poppy cultivation was discovered, 75% of which was found in Afghanistan. From 2015 to 2016 overall seizures of opiates increased almost 50%. The largest seizure occurred in Afghanistan. Global seizures of heroin reached 91 tons. Approx. 1,410 tons cocaine was produced in 2016, showing an increase of 25% from the year before. 866 tons of cocaine was produced in Columbia. In 2016 the areal of coca cultivation consists of 213,000 Ha, almost 69% was located in Columbia. Journal of Data Center of Research, Data and Information Year 2018 1 2) Misuse of prescribed medicines becomes the principal threat in the world. Misuse of prescribed medicines containing opioids has become most alarming. In North America fentanyl mixed with heroin and other medicines has caused many death cases. The main apprehension in Europe is heroin, but also the abuse of methadone, buprenorphine and fentanyl. In West and North Africa, and Middle East the main threat is the abuse of tramadol and prescribed medicines containing opioids. Approx. 60 States have reported the misuse of benzodiazepines as their main drug abuse problem. 3) Kratom emerged as a popular herbal based NPS In some of the States it is very easy to buy a Kratom contained product. People in the United States who consume opioids take Kratom to get a relaxing effect like opium. In 2016, 500 tons of Kratom was prevented into the country that was three times the total of the the year before. b. Drug Market Development 1) Marihuana remains the most abused drug in the world. It is estimated that 192 million people in the world abused marihuana at least once in the year 2016. Total seizures of drugs are as follows: Marihuana 6,313 tons (leaves/resin) ; Opium 658 tons; Shabu 158 tons; Heroin & Morfine 156 tons; Pharmaceutical opioids 87 tons; Amphetamines 70 tons; 22 tons of NPS, and Ecstasy 14 tons. 2) Africa and Asia have become the center of cocaine trafficking and consumption. Death cases related to cocaine abuse in the United States have increased to more than 10,000 in the year 2016. The largest increase of cocaine seizures occurred in Asia and Africa, three times the seizures in the previous year; particularly in South Asia total seizures increased 10 times. In Africa seizures of cocaine increased twice the total of the previous year, and ten times in North Africa. 3) A wider spread occurred in the Trafficking and abuse of synthetic drugs, while the shabu market is increasingly flourishing. East And South- East Asia, including North America remain the 2 main trafficking regions of shabu in the world. In the United States shabu is the second serious threat next to Heroin. Based on a qualitative evaluation on the trend of consumption, production and total seizures a conclusion was made that the shabu market in East and South-East Asia, and in Oceania, has expanded. During several years amphetamines have dominated the drug market in the Middle East, Central and West Europe. However, the increase in seizures lately in North Africa and Central America indicates also an increase in other regions. Journal of Data Center of Research, Data and Information Year 2018 2 4) Growth and Development of new drug types A total of 803 NPS was reported in the period 2009 – 2017, although the overall seizures of NPS in 2016 indicated a decrease. c. Susceptibility of Particular Groups 1) Several States can not yet afford to provide adequate treatment and health services to drug abusers/addicts. Only 1 from 6 drug addicts received drug treatment in 2016. Injecting drug abusers have the highest risk, and only 79 States implement the needle program and opioid substitution therapy. From incoming data only 34 States provide a program in HIV testing. 2) Trend of Drug abuse and the highest consequence belong to the younger generation Based on a survey conducted on the general population drug abuse among the younger generation ranks higher than in the group of an older age. The earlier age (12-14 years) till the later age (15-17 years) have a tremendously high risk in the start of drug abuse, and the highest escalation of drug abuse occurs among the youth in the group of 18-25 years. Marihuana is the most abused drug. Ecstasy, shabu, cocaine, ketamine, LSD, and GBH are frequently abused by the youth in big cities while street children tend to abuse inhalants. 3) Attention is needed on the group of older age In most of the western countries, a rapid escalation of drug abuse is seen in particular in the age group of 40 and above, particularly among those who at their younger age have ever consumed drugs. Rehabilitation services for older aged people need special treatment, but only a few of these programs accommodate those special needs. There is an increasingly escalation in the death rate among the older age people (50 years and above) due to drug abuse, and 75% is caused by the abuse of opioids. 4) There is a distinct pattern of Drug abuse among women. Women abuse more opioids and sedatives. Depression and anxiety as a result of their childhood trauma, discrimination, family problems, etc. are the main causes women take drugs to calm themselves down. They are more susceptible being affected to HIV, Hepatitis C and other contagious diseases, one-fifth (1/5) of the total world injecting drug abusers are women. Journal of Data Center of Research, Data and Information Year 2018 3 II. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking At National Level. Based on a research conducted by the National Narcotics Board (BNN) in collaboration with the Center of Health Research, University of Indonesia, in 2017 entitled National Survey on the Prevalence of Drug Abuse, the projection rate of drug abusers in Indonesia has reached 1.77%, or a total of 3,367,154 in the age group of 10-59 years have ever used drugs in the past year (current users). Based on 2017 survey on drug abuse among workers, the Prevalence Rate of Drug Abuse for the past year (current users) among workers, from 2009, 2012, and 2017 has decreased from 4.7 (2012) to 2.9 (2017). Drug abuse for male workers from 2009 to 2017 has significantly decreased. However for female workers, in 2009 to 2012 has increased althoug in 2017 has significantly decreased. Based on data from the BNN Deputy of Rehabilitation 18,077 drug abusers have received Therapy and Rehabilitation throughout Indonesia in the year 2017. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia reported 9,280 AIDS cases, the majority of cases in the age group of 30-39 years (3,294 cases) or 35.49%,followed by 30,49% in age group 20-29 years (2,830 cases). Based on classification of cases the year 2017 indicates an overall increasing trend of drug abuse, with the highest increase in cases of psychotropic substances (137.14%), from 1,540 cases in 2016 to 3,652 cases in 2017. As regard the classification of drug suspects in 2017, an escalation of 135.85% is seen in the trend of suspects related to narcotics and psychotropic substances with the highest increase in cases of psychotropic substances, from 1,771 suspects in 2016 to 4,177 in 2017. In relation with marihuana seizures in 2017 the highest percentage of increase occurred in marihuana herbs discovered in the year 2016 with a percentage of 990.93%. From 13.89 tons maarihuana herbs discovered in 2016 to 151.53 tons in 2017. However, seizures of marihuana trees went down to 90.63%; from a seizure of 2,196,418 trees in 2016 to 205,708 in 2017. In the group of narcotics the highest increase in percentage is seen in seizures of ecstasy 83.25%, from 1,694,970 tablets seized in 2016 to 3,106,009 in 2017; followed by shabu seizures with an increase of 183.34%, from 2,631.07 kg in 2016 to 7,454.78 kg in 2017. Journal of Data Center of Research, Data and Information Year 2018 4 I. Survey on Drug Abuse Among Workers, 2017.
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