Initial Environmental Examination June 2021 NEPAL: Electricity Grid Modernization Project - Additional Financing Main Report - Part 3 of 4 This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 120 D. Socio-Economic Resources 162. This section provides as overview of the socioeconomic status and profile of the affected households. Field studies and discussions with households were conducted from 12 February 2021 to 26 March 2021 for new transmission line components and substations. Information presented here is based on preliminary assessments and consultations and discussion with affected households during survey jointly undertaken with social and environment team of NEA for the national IEEs. 163. The new transmission lines and substations are situated within the Lumbini, Bagmati and Gandaki provinces which are scattered from Mid-Western region to Central Region of the country. Within the three provinces there are four districts Banke (Lumbini Province), Kathmandu and Lalitpur (Bagmati Province) and Nawalparasi East District (Gandaki Province). As per Central Bureau of Statistics Census Survey 2011, total population of Lumbini Province, Bagmati Province and Gandaki Province comprises 4,499,272 (male (m) 47.6% and female (f) 52.4%), 5,529,452 (m 49.7% and f 50.3%) and 2,403,757 (m 45.4% and f 54.6%) people, respectively. Bagmati is the largest province by population (20.87% of Nepal’s total population) and Lumbini and Gandaki represent 16.98% and 9.07% of the country’s population. The male to female ratio among the three provinces is 91, 99 and 83 in Lumbini, Bagmati and Gandaki, respectively. Likewise, the average household size in Lumbini, Bagmati, and Gandaki is 5.08, 4.35 and 4.16 persons, respectively. The average household size in Lumbini is comparatively higher than the national average household size (4.8). The 15-59 years age group is referred to as the economically active population. Below 15 years and above 60 years is referred to as the dependent population. The economically active population in the provinces comprises 55.8% (Lumbini), 62.88% (Bagmati) and 56.88% (Gandaki). The economically active age group in Bagmati is almost equivalent to the economically active age group of the country’s population (56.96%). Major caste/ethnic groups are Brahman, Chhetri, Tamang, Magar, Gurung, Rai, Newar, Thakuri, Tharu, Dalits and others. (a) Demography Characteristics of Affected Households 164. Out of a total of 168 households (158 for Kohalpur-Nepalgunj transmission line, and 10 for Dumkibas substations losing land and structures) affected by the transmission lines and substation, household survey of 86 (72 from Kohalpur-Nepalgunj transmission line, 4 from Nepalgunj substation, and 10 from Dumkibas substation) available households was conducted. Since the Chobhar-Lagankhel underground transmission line will be constructed along the existing roadways household survey was not conducted. The total population of the surveyed households was 584 with 57.71% male and 42.29% female. The average household size was 6.8 which is comparatively higher than the national average of 4.848. Table 34 presents details of demography characteristics of surveyed households. 48 Government of Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Nepal Census Survey Report- 2011. Kathmandu 121 Table 34: Demography Characteristics of Affected Households 6 years Population by sex Sex 65 + - Ratio 5 Components 7 Total Below 1 years 1 years 6 M F Total 337 247 584 203 347 34 0.73 Percent 57.71 42,29 27.74 59.42 5.82 Source: Resettlement and Indigenous Peoples Plan, 2021. (b) Population Distribution by Age Group 165. The age-wise distribution of household members is given in Table 34. In terms of age distribution of the affected households, 59.42% fall within the age group of 17–65 years followed by 27.74% below 16 years whereas 5.82% are above 65 years and above. The population below 16 years of age among affected households is above the provinces average for this age group (23.1%)49. Similarly, 17–65 years of age among affected households is lower than the province average for the same age group for project affected provinces (71.1%). The population above 60 years and above is higher when compared with provincial average (5.8%). (c) Population Distribution by Caste and Ethnicity 166. Total 35 different caste and ethnic groups are affected. Out of total 86 surveyed households, major castes are Janjati 40 (49%) followed by Madheshi 34 (39.2%), Bhraman/Chettree 10 (8.9%) and Mulsalman 2 (2.9%). Details of caste/ethnicity of affected households are presented in Table 35. Table 35: Household distribution by caste and ethnicity Caste and Households Population Household Ethnicity size S. No Male Female Total 1 Braman, Chhetri, 10 35 17 52 5.2 Thakuri 2 Janajati 40 154 132 286 7.2 3 Madhesi 34 138 91 229 6.7 4 Muslim 2 10 7 19 8.5 Total 86 337 247 584 6.8 Source: Resettlement and Indigenous Peoples Plan, March 2021. 49 Footnote 51. 122 Caste along Kohalpur- Nepalgunj transmission line Percent of Total Tharu 20.78% Chhetree 19.02% Kami 9.79% Magar 8.10% Musalman 6.28% Brahman Hill 5.28% Yadav 4.41% Chamar/Harijan/Ram 3.53% Dalit Others 2.45% Thakuri 2.42% Terai Others 1.87% Damai/Dholi 1.83% Sanyasi/Dashnami 1.57% Kurmi 1.41% Kanu 1.14% Gurung 1.04% Marwadi 1.02% Dhobi 0.95% Gaderi/Bhedhar 0.79% Teli 0.65% Others 0.53% Haluwai 0.50% Newar 0.50% Chidimar 0.35% Kayastha 0.33% Mallaha 0.32% Kathbaniyan 0.30% Rajput 0.30% Brahman Tarai 0.29% 123 Caste along Kohalpur- Nepalgunj transmission line Percent of Total Hajam/Thakur 0.29% Kumal 0.25% Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi 0.21% Sarki 0.21% Lohar 0.20% Bangali 0.15% Baraee 0.11% Kumhar 0.10% Tamang 0.10% Chepang/Praja 0.10% Badhaee 0.07% Kahar 0.07% Kori 0.06% Kalwar 0.05% Majhi 0.05% Dhankar/Kharikar 0.04% Gaine 0.04% Kamar 0.04% Badi 0.03% Sonar 0.03% Gharti/Bhujel 0.03% Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011. (d) Indigenous People 167. Indigenous Peoples of Nepal are officially described as Indigenous Nationalities (Adivasi/Janajati). They make up for 35.81 percent of the country's total population (approximately 8.5 million out of the 26 million Nepalese). As per the 2011 census, Nepal has 126 castes and ethnic groups speaking as many as 123 languages. As many as 59 indigenous communities have been officially and legally recognized by the Nepal Government under the National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) Act-2002. They live across the country (Table 36) –18 of them are in the mountains, 23 in the hills, 7 in inner terai and 10 in terai. National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities50 has 50 NFDIN. 2005. 124 classified them into five broad categories based on the level of their socioeconomic development status or the degree of marginalization. Table 36: Indigenous Peoples and their Level of Marginalization Region Endangered Highly Marginalized Disadvantaged Advantaged Marginalized Mountain - Shiyar, Bhote, Dolpo, Bara Gaunle, Thakali Shingsawa Larke, Lhopa, Byansi (Lhomi), Mugali, (Sauka), Thudam Topkegola, Chhairotan, Walung Marphali Thakali, Sherpa, Tangbe, Tingaule Thakali Hill Bankariya, Baramu, Thami Bhujel, Dura, Chhantyal, Newar Hayu, (Thangmi), Pahari, Phree, Gurung(Tamu), Kusbadiya, Chepang Sunuwar, Jirel, Kusunda, Tamang Limbu (Yakthung), Lepcha, Surel Magar, Rai, Yakkha,Hyolmo Inner Raji, Majhi Bote, Darai, Kumal - - Terai Raute, Danuwar Terai Kisan, Meche Dhanuk Dhimal, - - (Rajbansi), Gangai, Jhangad, Rajbanshi, Santhal(Satar) Tajpuriya, Tharu Source: National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities, 2005. 168. Based on the socioeconomic survey of households, 40 households belong to different IP caste groups (Table 37). Among the indigenous peoples (IPs) of Nepal, out of total affected IPs under this project, the Tharu constitute 80%, Tamang represent 12.5% followed by Magar (2.5%), Gurung (2.5%) and Newar (2.5%). Details of IPs affected under this project are presented in Table 37. Likewise, 62.77% of the population are Terai Indigenous Groups, 0.94% from Inner Terai and 36.3% are of Hill Indigenous Group.51 51 Footnote 51. 125 Table 37: Indigenous Peoples population affected by project S. IPs Households Population % No Groups Male Female Total 1 Tharu 32 138 117 255 80 2 Tamang 5 12 10 22 3.04 3 Magar 1 2 1 3 7.09 4 Gurung 1 1 2 3 2.70 5 Newar 1 1 2 12 4.05 Total 40 154 132 286 Source: Resettlement and Indigenous Peoples Plan, March 2021. Indigenous Type Kohalpur- Nepalgunj transmission line Male Female Total Hill Indigenous Gurung 235 294 529 Magar 1844 2289 4133 Newar 120 135 255 Tamang 21 29 50 Gharti/Bhujel 6 7 13 Chepang/Praja 28 21 49 Inner Terai Indigenous Kumal 62 68 130 Majhi 10 18 28 Terai Indigenous Tharu 5154 5449 10603 Total 7480 8310 15790 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011. (e) Family Structure 169. Average size of the family in Nepal is 4.8 person which is 4.2 in Urban and 4.8 in Rural. There are 17.1% nuclear households (family size 1-2) in Nepal.