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Wittgensteinian Thomism MARCO DAMONTE AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC LABEL, ITS EVIDENCE, ITS MISUNDERSTANDING AND ITS FUTURE: WITTGENSTEINIAN THOMISM ABSTRACT: The aim of my paper is to explain the label Wittgensteinian Thomism and to show its relevance in the history of contemporary philosophy. I will proceed through three steps. First of all, I will take the birth of this label into consideration. In the second step I will study in detail Wittgenstein’s references to Aquinas. The fact that Wittgenstein possessed the first two volumes of the Summa Theologica is well-known, but the influence that Aquinas had on Wittgenstein must be clarified. I will conclude distinguishing two different levels in the use of the label Wittgensteinian Thomism: it can be appreciated as an historiographical or as a theoretical tool. SOMMARIO: Lo scopo del presente articolo è quello di spiegare la definizione di Wittgensteinian Thomism e di mostrare la sua rilevanza nella storia della filosofia contemporanea. Procederò attraverso tre passaggi. Innanzitutto, prenderò in considerazione la nascita di questa etichetta. Nella seconda parte del lavoro studierò in dettaglio i riferimenti di Wittgenstein all’Aquinate. Il fatto che Wittgenstein possedesse i primi due volumi della Summa Theologica è ben noto, ma si deve approfondire l’influenza dell’Aquinate sul pensiero di Wittgenstein. Concluderò distinguendo due diversi livelli nell’uso linguistico del Wittgensteinian Thomism: come strumento storiografico oppure teorico. KEYWORDS: Wittgenstein; Aquinas; Analogy; Being; Kenny For the first time in 1992, during some conferences held at the ‘Maritain Center’ (Notre Dame University), thanks to John Haldane a new label appeared in contemporary philosophical historiography. He proposed Analytical Thomism as a label not to indicate “a movement of pious ARTICLES - LPh 6, 2018 ISSN 2283-7833 http://lexicon.cnr.it/ Marco Damonte exegesis, but to suggest how it is possible to deploy the methods and ideas of twentieth-century philosophy – of the sort dominant within the English-speaking world – in connection with the broad framework of ideas introduced and developed by Aquinas”.1 This current is usually divided into two sub-currents: the first is the Wittgensteinian Thomism2 and the second is the Geach-Fregean Thomism,3 as Roger Pouivet in 1997 and Giovanni Ventimiglia in 2012 dubbed them respectively. It is possible to trace the origins of these two sub-currents: the Geach-Fregean Thomism originated in a conference held by Peter Geach at the ‘Aristotelian Society’ (London) in May 19554 and the Wittgensteinian Thomism arose in a conference delivered by Anthony Kenny at the ‘Socratic Club’ (Oxford) in May 1958.5 Despite the common reference to Aquinas, these two approaches6 are quite independent for the following reasons: (1) some authors are engaged in both projects, but a lot of scholars belong only to one of them; (2) they take different themes into consideration: Wittgensteinian Thomism has to do with epistemology, philosophy of mind and philosophy of theology, while Geach-Fregean Thomism is involved in metaphysics, ontology and natural theology; (3) the appreciation of Aquinas is quite different: in Wittgensteinian Thomism his contribution is esteemed, while in Geach-Fregean Thomism his thought is criticized and there are also those who consider Geach-Fregean Thomism impossible and misleading.7 Kenny’s researches are a specimen of this dichotomy. In his 1 J. Haldane, “Analytical Thomism. A Prefatory Note”, The Monist, 80, 1997, p. 486. A previous formulation can be found in Id., “Thomism, analytical”, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 875. For a general approach see M. Micheletti, Tomismo analitico, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2007. 2 See R. Pouivet, After Wittgenstein, St. Thomas, Indiana, St. Augustine’s Press, 2006 (ed. or. Après Wittgenstein, saint Thomas, Paris, Puf, 1997). 3 See G. Ventimiglia, To be o esse? La questione dell’essere nel tomismo analitico, Roma, Carocci, 2012. 4 See “Form and Existence”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 55, 1954-5, p. 251- 271; reprinted in Id., God and the Soul, London, Routledge-Kegan Paul, 1969, p. 42-64. 5 See A. Kenny, “Aquinas and Wittgenstein”, The Downside Review, 77, 1959, p. 217-235. This was Kenny’s first philosophical publication: see A. Kenny, A Path from Rome, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 141. 6 Really, another relevant approach in the analytic field has to be mentioned: it is formed by Norman Kretzmann’s and Eleonore Stump’s interpretations that are characterized by an exegetic claim. 7 See F. Kerr, “Un thomisme analytique?”, Revues des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 92, 2008, p. 556-573; B.J. Shanley, “On Analytical Thomism”, The Thomist, 62, 1999, p. 125-137 (it. tr. “Tomismo analitico”, Divus Thomas, 24, 1999, p. 79-91); J.F.X. Knasas, “Haldane’s Analytic Thomism and Aquinas’s Actus essendi”, 200 An Historiographic Label: Wittgensteinian Thomism brief monograph on Aquinas, he concludes the last chapter on Aquinas’s philosophy of mind with this appreciation: “Aquinas’s doctrine of the intentional existence of forms remains one of the most interesting contributions ever made to the philosophical problem of the nature of thought”. On the contrary, Kenny’s opinion at the end of the previous chapter on Aquinas’s philosophy of being is expressed thus: “even the most sympathetic treatment of these doctrines cannot wholly succeed in acquitting them of the charge of sophistry and illusion”.8 The discrepancy between these two judgements is confirmed in the following Kenny monographs on Aquinas. The first consider the study of Aquinas necessary to contribute to themes as mind, perception, imagination, intellect, appetite, will, freedom, sense, universals of thought, knowledge of particulars, self-knowledge, soul, relationship between mind and body;9 the second, published almost ten years later, ends with a list of twelve different senses of the verb to be considered incoherent.10 I propose to pay attention to Wittgensteinian Thomism not only because of its relevance, but, first of all, because it has a textual ground. Following the diachronic development of the parallelism between Aquinas and Wittgenstein, the pioneers that must be quoted are Cornelius Ernst (1924-1977) who taught Fergus Kerr “that what Thomas meant by saying that the soul is the form of the body is pretty much what Wittgenstein meant by saying that the human body is the best picture of the human soul”11 and the eclectic Dominician Herbert McCabe (1926-2001) “who learnt how to address both Thomas’s questions and Wittgenstein’s within a single enquiry”.12 Pouivet follows Gilbert Ryle, Geach, Elizabeth Anscombe and Kenny and he associates Aquinas and Wittgenstein with in C. Paterson, M. S. Pugh (eds.), Analytical Thomism. Traditions in Dialogue, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, p. 233-251; M. Pérez de Laborda, Tomismo analitico, in F. Labastida, J.A. Mercado (eds.), Philosophica: Enciclopedia filosofica on line, 2007 (http://www.philosophica.info/archivo/2007/voces/tomismo_analitico/Tomismo_ Analitico.html) e S. Theron, “The Resistance of Thomism to Analytical and Other Patronage”, The Monist, 80, 1997, p. 611-618 (repr. in Paterson-Pugh, Analytical Thomism, p. 225-232). 8 A. Kenny, Aquinas, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 80 and 60. 9 See Id., Aquinas on Mind, London, Routledge, 1993. 10 See Id., Aquinas on Being, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2002. 11 F. Kerr, After Aquinas. Versions of Thomism, Oxford, Blackwell, 2002, p. 21. 12 See H. McCabe, God Still Matters. Foreword by Alasdair MacIntyre. Edited and introduced by Brian Davies, London, Continuum, 2002, p. VIII; Id., God Matters, London, Continuum, 2005 (or. ed. 1987), and Id., On Aquinas. Edited by Brian Davies. Foreword by Anthony Kenny, London, Continuum, 2008. 201 Marco Damonte regard to externalism in epistemology, conception of mental acts in philosophical anthropology, intentionality in philosophy of language, will and freedom in moral philosophy. For these reasons he suggests that there is a theoretic common ground between Aquinas and Wittgenstein and that it is reasonable to speak of a current, that he is the first to name Wittgensteinian Thomism. Pouivet’s book is heavily indebted to Kenny’s and Geach’s works, but I think it can be considered a primary source from an historical point of view not only because Pouivet is the first to introduce the label Wittgensteinian Thomism, but above all because he is the first to have identified a tendency in contemporary thought common to different scholars that cannot be reduced to extemporaneous or occasional comparisons between Aquinas and Wittgenstein. In his words: the way of being Thomistic advanced by Geach, Anscombe, and Kenny is entirely different. It is no longer a question of criticizing modern thought in the name of a Christian tradition ridiculed by Enlightenment rationalism, as the neo-scholastics tended to do; nor is it even an attempt to return medieval philosophy to its rightful place in universities and other institutions of higher learning, as the historians of medieval philosophy have often proposed. Instead, it is an effort to understand St. Thomas in light of the possible reinterpretations of the Summa Theologica made available to us by Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. This approach is neither ideological nor historical, but philosophical, in the sense that, after Wittgenstein we need the illuminating insights of the Summa Theologica; we need the conceptual
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