INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
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lA in lreland o Shetfield cutlers'marks o rural engineering works Cornish promotions o Greenwich marsh o Welsh sheepwash o regional news It's all a bit different ouer there, or is it?
AIA Michael Coulter that element of variation from the 'expected' norm. There are two main legislative orders under which INDUSTRIAL This paper discusses aspects of the work of the the built heritage is recorded and/or protected. The Enironment and Heritage Sewiceof Nofthern lreland, Planning Order (Nodhern lreland) Order 1991 includes ARCHAEOLOG focusing on the legislation, organisations and provisions for listing buildings and establishing NEWS 101 structures in Nl, to provide some clarrfication of the Conservation Areas, much as in Brjtain, except that similantres and differences between the 'situations' these are duties of the Department, rather than Summer L997 in Nl and the rest of the UK. councils, although they are consultees. lt is also worth noting that provisions for listing were only introduced Northern lreland has a very rich and diverse industrial to Nl in the early 1970s, very much later than in the AIA OFFICERS heritage. This includes the earliest summit level canal rest of the UK. in the British lsles, the largest dry dock in the world, The Historical Monuments and Archaeological President the only intact beetling mills in the UK, and the only Objects (Northern lreland) Order 1995 - we like Hilary MalauYs traditional mill In snappy titles replaced and extended the provisions Y Felin Tynygraig, Ystrad Meurig, Dyfed SY25 6AE spade still operating in lreland, - addition, there are extensive remains of the linen of the Historical Nrlonuments Act (Northern lreland) Vice-President industry plus 1971 . One of the major changes was the provision John Cromplon scattered throughout the six counties, Dept of Science, Technology and Working Life, Royal remainsfrom coal, lead, iron and bauxite mining, glass of Scheduled Monument Consent, Until the new Museum ol Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHI 1JF and pottery manufacture, and the production of kelp. Order was established, the Department was only
Vice-President (Fund Raising) The remains of the Belfast Rope Works, in its day the entitled to six months' notice by an owner of intention Dr Michael Hanison largest in the world, were demolished only recently. to alter, remove or destroy a scheduled site or feature. 6 Moor Green Lane, Moseley, Birmingham 813 8ND Most of the legislation, organisations and In other words, we were given the oppodunity to Treasurer structures involved in the industrial heritage in make a record of the site before it was altered or Michael Messenger Northern lreland are modelled on British parallels, but destroyed. In some instances it was possible, through 1'g Lake Road East, Roath Park, Carditf CF2 5NQ nearly all have variations which are peculiar to Nl. In negotiation or acquisition, to arrange its survival. In Secretary the past, most of the parallels were drawn from comparison to this relative weakness, the present Amber Patrick provision 4 Gratton Road, Cheltenham GL50 2BS English practice, but Wales and Scotland have been Order and the former Act have a strong for much more appropriate in recent years. There are the licensing of any, and all, archaeological lA Review Editors provision is Peler Neaverson and Dr Marilyn Palmer also signiflcant parallels with the Republic of lreland. excavations in Nl, This very useful without Department ol History, The University, Leicester LEI 7RH Some of the major differences are precedence in Britain, Two other noteworthy is pre- lA News Editor . the absence of a Royal Commission on differences are that national signiflcance not a Dr Peler Stanier Ancient and Historical Monuments of Northern requisite for scheduling in Nl and, unlike the rest of 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8LF lreland the UK, it is the Department and not the Secretary of Conference Secrelary . the absence of County Sites and Monuments State which is responsible for carrying out the duties David Alderton Records (SMRs), although there is a central described in the Order. 48 Quay Street, Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY SIVR which is arguably the equivalent of a The organisation for which I work, the Atfiliated Societies Liaison Olficer National Monuments Record Environment and Heritage Service, has no direct Gordon Knowles . the absence of County Conservation Officers parallels in the UK. Created on 1st April 1 996 as an 7 ftuirrels Green, Great Bookham, Leatherhead, Surrey KT23 3LE r the relative dearth of volunteers/voluntary agency within the Department of the Environment for Nofthern lreland (DOENI), it comprises three limbs: Membership Secretary organisations in the built heritage sector Prof David Penen . the absence, or acute shortage, of tourists, Environmental Protection, Natural Heritage and Built 33 St Margarels Road, Brockley, London SE4 1YL money, big firms/sponsors Heritage. Sales Officer . the 'Troubles' The EHS was put together in a very short Roger Ford It is easier to identify these major differences than it timescale. Throughout a very hectic period of Barn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth, Shropshire is identify major reorganisation and metamorphosis, our aims have WV15 6AF to the similarities, most of which have
Publicity Oflicer Bill Firth 49 Woodstock Avenue, London NWl l 9RG
Fieldwork and Recording Award Oflicer Victoria Beauchamo Division of Adult Continuing Education, University of Sheftield, 196-8 West Street, Shefiield 51 4ET
Honorary Vice-Presidents Prol Angus Buchanan Sir Neil Cossons John Hume Stuart B. Smith
Council Members N. Beagrie Dr R. J. M. Cail M. Coulter D, Cranstone D. Eve (cGopted) S. Gould J. Powell P. Sillitoe S. Warburton C. Whittaker (coopted) N. Wrighl (co.opled) T. & M. Yoward (co.opled)
COVER PICTURE
Visitors atVictory Shaft, GeevorTin Mine (see pp 12-13) P hoto : Trevithick Tr ust Wiper blade and beetles in Tildare Beetling Mill, Co. Antiln Photo: N.l. Envkonment and Herikge Service
2 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOL)GY NEws 101 remained constant. They are to protect and conserve the natural and built environment and to promote its appreciation for the benefit of present and future generations. ln support of these aims, the agency s objectives are to implement the Departments responsibilities for: . controlling the pollution of air, water and land . conserving nature and the countryside and nrntaetinn cnaaiaa . protecting, recording and conserving historic monuments and buildings r promoting awareness and appreciation of the environment and heritage So, in relation to the built heritage, we provide the services of a Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Northern lreland, and the equivalent of a Cadw or Historic Scotland, plus some of the services of Unified Councils. Then we have the additional duties equivalent to English Nature and pad of a National Rivers Authority, etc. restorction is lhis llour mill of 1792 at Ballydugan, Co. Photo: N,l, Envronment and Herttage Service I am responsible for recording the Architectural Currently under Down and the Industrial Heritage (lH) throughout the six counties, and the management of the Monuments counties. McOutcheon combined documentary estimate there are about 13,000 individual sites and and Buildings Record. In practice, my duties are rather research and field recording. The latter was canied features listed in total. Additional information, such more widespread, beyond recording, into out at a particularly important time, when most of as sites repofts, record photographs and drawings, preservation. My professional background is in the major and traditional industries were still is also stored, architecture, architectural conservation, and operational, and before 'The Troubles'. About 20,000 The Greater Belfast Industrial Archaeology recording, I am not a qualified IndustrialArchaeologist, black and white photographs form a valuable Suruey (GBIAS) followed a short time later and went nor ls any member of my very small team - but we historical record/resource for research, and the one step fudher than the IAR by including a rapid do enjoy the lH work, impressive resulting publication, The lndustrial field survey to establish the presence or absence of The immediate fore-runner of the EHS was the Archaeology of Northern lreland, has been of the mapped features. The file on extant features Environment Seryice, created in the eady 1990s. The considerable benelit to the work of the Service. includes a brief descriotion and at least one built heritage section of these organisations had as Unfortunately, the collection lacks an inventory and photograph of the site. There are approximately 1 ,100 their fore-runner the Historic Monuments and many of the record photographs are not fully identified sites identified on the rnaps, and about 450 of these Buildings Branch of the DOENI, which in turn and are awkward to retrieve from storage. We plan nave remarns. stemmed from the Listed Buildings section of the to remedy this situation in time. The IAR and GBIAS are now combined under DOE, established in the late 1960s (in anticipation of The next major phase of contract work, in the the Industrial Heritage Record (lHR). This in turn forms the Planning Order and associated listing legislation), mid-1980s, involved the establishment of a sites part of the Monuments and Buildings Record (or and the Archaeological Survey (Ancient Monuments) inventory - the Industrial Archaeological Record (lAR). MBR), which is held by EHS. The MBR is a publicly dating from the 1950s. Prior to that, the Government This map-based record was derived from information accessible record which is divided into Archaeology of Northern lreland was guided by an Ancient on industrial sites marked on the various editions of (the SMR), Buildings (including Listed Buildings), Monuments Advisory Council established in 1926, the O.S. six-inch maps of the six counties, but Industry Historic Gardens and Maritime (including the shorlly after the partition of lreland. Back in the 1 930s, excluding Belfast. Certain features, e.g. roads, were Inter-TidalZone). Although there are various subjects they took the enlightened step of taking the omitted from the outset, and the inclusion of limeklns and titles involved, the medium to long-term plan, Ballycopeland Windmill into state care. was abandoned at an early stage, because they were and a fundamental part of our strategy for The original Archaeological Survey team, absorbing too much of the available resources. computerisation, is to produce a 'seamless' record consisting of two professionals, was responsible for Nevertheless, some 7,500 sites have been identified, of the built heritage of the six counties. the upkeep of monuments plus the survey of sites and the Record is capable of expansion. A system of Some aspects of the SMR have already been and structures throughout Nl. They maintained an sub-numbering identifles related features, so that we computerised, and the sites are loaded into'Maps In admirable balance of archaeological and architectural Action', a computer package which superimposes recording but when preparations were being made their location over background O,S. maps at a variety for the publishing in 1966 ot An Archaeological Survey of scales. The well-structured IHR is ideal for of Co. Down, it was recognised that the industrial computerisation, but the Buildings Record is a heritage was losing out, and so a separate study was different matter, This has much more information than initiated. This work was undedaken under contract the lHR, but is less well organised and will require as has the majority of our lH recording since that time. considerably more work before it can be E.R.R. Green's The lndustrial Archaeology of computerised. The MBR is located within the offices County Down (1963) was a pioneering work in the of EHS:Built Heritage, at 5-33 HillStreet, Belfast BT1 field of industrial archaeology. Focused on a limited 2LA. lt is open on week-days (except public holidays). number of industries, it omitted some of the sites I 01232 543004. even in those industries which were covered. Today, Field survey, mostly pre-ceasefire, saw a this and the associated archaeological survey of Co. systematic field survey on Rathlin lsland (in-house), Down remain the only county survey volumes plus large sections of the Co. Antrim coast and glens produced for Nl. From a position of early leaders in (contract), adding considerably to the holding of field the field, Nl has now slipped back a long way. information within the lHR. Other areas with less Ballycopeland Windmiil, built in 1784, is the only working In the mid to late 1960s, a further survey was windmill in Northern lreland extensive field coverage are located in parts of undertaken (by W.A. McCutcheon) across all six Photo: N.l. Environment and Heritaoe Service Counties Armagh and Down, and Belfast City.
INDIJSTBIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 3 Elsewhere, coverage is limited to some particularly deliberate policy to retain them. However, with the important sites, most of which have been threatened advent of the ceasefire, and the availability of by change. substantial funds of grant aid from various national Some of our efforts have been directed at and international sources, there is now a considerable recording lighthouses, and in particular those which pressure for development, which is leading to rapid are being de-manned. We have made some progress change and the need to record and influence the towards a survey of limekilns by establishing the nature of the develooments. overall numbers and distribution shown on the lst A malor effort is being directed at recording, edition O.S. six-inch maps, in five of the six counties evaluating and protecting our heritage of canals. so far. Co. Tyrone has an impressive total of well over These continue to be the focus of proposals for 5,000, with almost 400 marked on one map sheet! rewatering, and there are applications for large sums In Co. Armagh, the survey and research has been of grant aid from Millennium and Lottery funds, the taken a stage further by analysing the distribution of EU and lFl. I am pleased to report that our efforts limekilns and geology, and some field recording has seem to be bearing fruit and I am (reasonably) been undertaken in a pilot area. Also, we are in the convinced that any approved schemes will be process of re-visiting, and re-evaluating, about 400 heritage-based, and will seek to retain the vast of the most imoortant lH sites and features - all majority of the locks, bridges and reaches on these identifled from a list produced by Dr McOutcheon. historic watenruays. The work in Co. Armagh is complete, Counties Antrim In the future, we plan to 'plug the holes' in our and Down are in progress, and Counties Tyrone, existing records, and it is agency policy to ensure One of lhree bays of hotizontal rctoils at flrc Canid Rural Engineering: Hunts Atlas Works Tony Crosby ln the Rolt Memorial Lecture of 1994 flndustrial Archaeology Review, Spnng 1 996, 1 5 1 - 1 64), Edwin Coursetoakthetheme of engineuing works in rural ams Hemenilond in passing, Hunts of EalsColne, Essex. Althought this firm has been closed since 1988, most of the structures stillstand and are under threat of demolition for residential development. The site has been surueyed by Essex County Council(The Atlas lronworks, Earls Colne, Essex - Industrial Buildings Reporl, 1994) and the Hunt family is the subject of a recent publication (Burton-Hopkins, PJ. Hunt for Machinery, Halstead & Distict Hlst Soc, 1ees). Robert Hunt, a Cambridgeshire millwright, travelled through Essex repairing wind and water mills and 1825 Earls miles west of settled in at Colne, 9 Atlas Work: machine shop gables with one ol the many date stones Photo: Tony Crosby Colchester. Here, he started a millwright's business on a site adjacent to that which eventually became Why Hunt chose to set up business in Earls Colne Colne Valley & Halstead Railway, whereas previously the Atlas Works [L 855286). When precisely Hunt is not known. Certainly, there would have been great Colchester had been the nearest station. Extension began ironworking and moved to the present site is need for his skills in this agricultural area. Other and development of Earls Colne station and goods personal yard unclear, but by 1 851 the business had developed to reasons may have been - he manied in was lacilitated by Hunts, it being less than a the point where he was exhibiting implements at 1 825. Earls Colne did not have the advantage of being mile from the works. The railway brought in the raw major agricultural shows and won a medal at the on the coast or a navigable river, but coal and iron materials: iron from Kettering and Staffordshire; coal Great Exhibition. By the late 1860s, major were well-established imports through the Essex from Newcastle and South Wales: limestone from redevleopment of the Atlas Works site was taking coastal ports, proceeding via rivers and roads to Derbyshire. lt also took the finished products outward, place. The business continued on the same supply the blacksmiths and the increasing number the 1907 price list boasting of good rail links with expanding site until sold in the early 1980s and finally of foundries in the county, which in turn supplied London docks and Hanvich for exoorts. closed in 1988, after over 120 years of continuous agriculture with its implements. However, in 1860 the Robert Hunt died in 1855 and the business was oroduction on the same site. village gained railway access with the opening of the then run by three of his sons. Following the death of 4 INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 his two brothers, Reuben Hunt took sole charge in In 1883, the office block was built, probably 1867. There followed a period of great expansion, replacing an earlier, smaller building. A water tower Hunts business was founded upon, initially, the was constructed in 1885 and in the following year a repair of farmers' equipment and the design and multi-purpose block of buildings including stables, manufacture of implements. The medal won at the storage, canteen, gate house and atwo-storey block Great Exhibition was for a clover-seed drawer and which contained a hay loft, were begun. The products obviously developed along these lines, as construction of the actual foundry building began in the Ordnance Survey first edition 6-inch map of 1 881 1889 and continued through until 1911 in various refers to the site as 'Atlas lron Works (Agricultural stages. The machine shop, foundry multi-purpose lmplements)'. In 1870, Reuben Hunt bought up the block and office were all built around a court-yard patents on food preparation equipment from an used as a storage area and lit by a cast-iron gas lpswich firm - patents for chaff cutters, pulpers, turnip lantern manufactured by the Thomas Bank lron Co., cutters, grinding mills, etc, There was already an London. The first carpenters shop was also buift exoort market for these oroducts and Hunts during this period. continued with this trade. In 1886, they began to Around the turn of the century not only was the make pulleys, shafting and other transmission gear, foundry being extended, but also a brass foundry and within 20 years this had become the larger the power house and timber sheds were built. The portion of the business both at home and abroad. carpenters shop and office block were also extended, Power at the Atlas Works at the beginning of the by which time the major component buildings of the The watet tower adjacent to the machine shop twentieth century was both steam and gas. The works were in olace. Aoart from the modernisation Photo: Tony Crosby machine shop and smithy were steam-powered, of equipment and power plant already mentioned, there being a boiler house with two Galloway boilers much of the twentieth century saw little change other feeding a 28 h.p. Ransome horizontal steam engine than the extension of the machine shop, until the in the engine house. Elsewhere, there was a Paisley 1970s. This was when the pattern store, loading As well as housing - including bungalows for water-gas making plant which produced gas for the shed, dust extractor olant and covered warehouse detired workers - Hunts also funded work on a 16 h.p. Stockport gas engine which powered the were built. number of public buildings in the village, such as the wood-turning equipment. Gas also powered two Attracting and retaining a workforce, which grammar school, village hall and the extension to the Crossley engines, one of which drove the Studevant increased from single figures in 1850 to 20 in 1860, Baptist Chaoel next to the works site. Mention has fan to produce the draught for the cupolas and the 49 in 1870 and 127 in 1880, became a major issue. already been made of the help given to develop the other drove the foundry equipment. Diesel eventually Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century railway facilities and Hunts were also party to the replaced steam in the 1 930s and as late as the 1 970s the estimated mde working population of the village development of the village gas works in 1864. the cupolas were replaced by modern electric never rose above 580. The orovision of workers' All the mdn component buildings of the Atlas furnaces. housing was one solution and began in 1872 with Works remain, including a number from the two major Using maps, illustrations from company the building of 12 cottages opposite the works, building phases. These include the multi-purpose publications and Hunts' propensity to put date-stones followed by a further ten in 1876. As the works went block (listed Grade ll), the offices, the machine shop and cast-iron plaques on their buildings, it is possible through a further phase of development in the 1 880s (Grade ll) currently undergoing urgent maintenance '1890 to trace much of the develooment of the site since and the workforce rose to 200 by and over work, with its five identical three-arched gables with c.1869. lhis was the date when what became the 300 by 1905, fudher house building took place recesses for the doors, cast-iron windows and machine shop was begun, to be extended in the early adjacent to the works and elsewhere in the village different coloured bricks to accentuate these features, 1870s and in 1896. In here would originally have been dudng the last decade ofthe nineteenth century The and the foundry, all still around the court-yard. housed all the major processes undertaken on the period 1905-1912 saw the provision of semi- Adjacent to the machine shop remains the water site as it was the only substantial building until the detached villas for management staff, the design and tower, also listed Grade ll. The external integrity of all 1880s. This decade witnessed considerable layout of which was much influenced by these buildings is intact and hopefully most of them, expansion in response to the diversification in product developments at Bournville, Port Sunlight and the plus the power house, can be saved as an example range and the damands from home and abroad. Garden Citv Movement. of a very successful engineering works in a rural area. 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Having identified the elements making up the marks, we have a standard system to indicate their Joan Unwin Sheffield marks comprise three different kinds arrangement. The assumption is that the marks are of elements - letters, numbers and symbols and the read top to bottom or left to right, and words such The Cutlers' Company in Sheffield has mark books marks generally have one or more ofthese, ananged as 'above'; 'in' and 'by' and 'reversed' and 'invefted', of 1624-1878which uebeing analysed atthe DMsbn horizontally or vertically. The symbols have been have been found to be sufficient. This simple system of Adult Continuing Education, A descriptive system identilled and given a descriptive term, such as crovvn, allows us to enter the description of a man's mark, has been developed for the thousands of marks so bunch of grapes or diamond. There are many which along with his apprenticeship and freedom data. The they can be entued into a simpb database and then are not easy to describe, for example, geometric database can then sort, order and identify the marks, incorporated into a large database of the Cutlers' designs or some which are so poorly executed that and from this we can analyse changes over time. Conpany apprenticeships and freedoms. Analysis it is not clear what is represented, Also many of the The following are general observations resulting shows changes overtime inthe style of narkswhich symbols have variants: crosses and arrows, lor from our preliminary analysis. The earlier the mark, could be useful for indicating possible dates. The instance, have more than 20 different styles. Some the more likely it is to have just one element, usually results also show the different forms of marks used variations are so minute that they would not be a symbol. Obviously as more freemen were listed, by the vaious crafts. noticed when struck on the blade. Approximately 120 there was a greater variety of marks, with the symbols have been identified and the majority have necessity to have more than one element, two and In lan Goodall's descriotion of the Sandal Castle been given descriptive names, Some occur only three elements being the most common. Rarely are excavations (Mayes, P & Butler, L.A.S., SandalCast/e once, but others are very common, such as, hearts, there more than four elements. Words become Excavations, 1964-1973,1983, 243), there is a diamonds and crosses. One, increasingly common after the 1720s, with drawing of a sickle and the marks stamped on it. however, is found throughout the placenames, names from the classics and latterly the The sickle has been dated on stylistic grounds to recorded period, with hardly any freeman's own name. c.1645. From our research into the Hallamshire variation. This has been called a Certain crafts appear to have favoured particular Cutlers' Company mark books, we chamberstick since it resembles symbols and styles of marks, Scissorsmiths' and can add signiflcant information to this a candle holder and lighted candle. lt is more likely to cutlers'marks were very similar. Filesmiths, as noted entry, The mark was registered in be a stylised crown, or even a fleur-de-lys, but it above, frequently used the chamberstlcksymbol and 1636 by Robert Staniforth. He was seems to be so soecific to Sheffield and was so almost all their marks had two or three elements. the son of William, a shearsmith from common among some crafts (30 per cent of Sickle- and shearsmiths were very fond of the heart Litfield in the parish of Eckington, Derbyshire and was filesmiths' marks have it), that we are happy to symbol, usually with their initials inside, One can apprenticed first to his father in 1631, then later the continue using this term. speculate on the reasons for these craft preferences. same year to William Cowley of Norton, also in Letters were used in marks with increasing The research into the marks of Sheffield Derbyshire. Norton and Eckington are parishes to the frequency. In the seventeenth century letters were craftsmen will result in a database which can be south of Sheffield, but within the 'six miles round' usually the initials of the freemen, but in the eighteenth interrogated at different levels. lt can be used to claimed by the Cutlers' Company as part of their century more words were used as marks, although identify a mark's owner, whose apprenticeship and jurisdiction. During his working life of over 40 years, neither names of freemen themselves nor words freedom record will give the earliest date of an Robert Staniforth took six local boys as apprentices implying quality were allowed. Use of personal names artefact. By searching for the apprentices whom the between the years 1641 and 1676. So the Sandal gradually crept in during the later eighteenth century freemen took on, it is possible to suggest the length Castle sickle could have been made between 1636 Numbers were originally the least common element of the working life of a craftsman, with the proviso and some time after 1 676. How it got to Sandal Castle in marks. lf they occuned, they were usually single that many may have worked for longer. Our research makes for interesting speculation. figures with another element (a symbol or a letter), demonstrates how this documentary evidence, when This example shows that the Cutlers' Company but occasionally year dates were used. However, in computerised, can be used to expand the records of marks can assist in dating artefacts, 1 791 the Cutlers' Company's rules of admission were archaeological record. provided that a reasonably clear maker's mark can be seen. The Cutlers' Companys record of marks is unique in Britain (the London mark books having been destroyed) and form a continuous series from 1 624 James Barber to 1878, to which may be added some mid- G George Turner Ford D sixteenthth century marks listed in the manorial court records. The Cutlers' Company in Hallamshire was incorporated tn 1624, and controlled the crafts of Robert Brownell \r- knife-making (the cutlers) and the making of scissors, n ./P William Bartrum shears and sickles. The flesmiths, awlbladesmiths and scythesmiths joined the Company in the latter r- it part of the seventeenth century and their marks are -- Hugh Goddard also recorded. The mark books list the freemen's Ralph Hydes names and dates and contain approximately 14,000 =, marks, made up of : $ Thomas Brownell Cutlers 1624-1791 7,420 A Scissorsmiths 1624-1791 1,218 WS William Staniforth Shear/sicklesmiths 1624-1791 426 Richard Gillatt Awlbladesmiths 1676-1728 44 q Scythesmiths 1681 -1 728 97 Filesmiths 1682-1791 830 Willm Leake All crafts 1791-1878 4,000 approx x TOTAL 14,035 Cutlers'mark Coutesy: Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire 6 INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 PHOTO FEATURE Fire damaged maltings Floor maltings have always been subject to fires which damaged or destroyed them. There was always plenty to catch fire: the timber lloors and bins in the storage areas; kiln furnaces where the fire burnt all night, not to mention the grain itself! Even today, maltings can easily be damaged by fire whether started by vandals or by other accident - after all, there is often as much timber in the building as when it was a working maltings. Here are just some which have been damaged or destroyed by fire. Amber Patrick Newark, Spitals Lane, Baird's, north side before damaged by fie ln December 1992 (this Baird's, after the fire malthouse replaced one destroyed by fire exactly 90 yearc eailieil) Newark, Spitals Lane, Peach's, soulh side before deslruction by lire on 5 November 1995 Stowmarket. prior to the fire which occurred on New Year's Eve 1995 Derby, Surrey Street, the undamaged patt from the south east on I December 1996, nine days after lhe fie Derby, Surrey Street, fire damaged roof section undergoing demolition INDUSTBIAL AHCHAEOLOGY NEW9 101 7 AIA NEWS Threatened Sites comments within a soecific oeriod of concerning the former Cheddar Lane Treasurer apologises lor any time, usually 14,21 28 which Pumping inconvenience has and for Casework or days, Station, Cambridge, and the this caused, can prove a tight time schedule. One s other was concerning the brewery and leaving the money with you for an extra With Bill Thompsons death in April response does not always have to be two maltings at Boroughbridge, North month! 1996, the AIA lost not only a valued received within that time, but it is Yorkshire. Michael Messenger, Hon Treasurer member but also the Council member essential to contact the local authority We will be continuing to receive who dealt with threatened industrial and advise them that reoresentations applications via the CBA and hopefully New job for Neil sites. I agreed to take on this work on are likely to be made. as the name of the AIA becomes better Council member Neil Beagrie, formerly a temporary basis. Between April 1 February known we 996 and will be contacted directly by head the archive at The majority of the work is Listed of archaeological 1997, the CBA has notified us of 63 local authorites for advice on relevant joined Building RCHME, has the Executive of and Conservation Area variety industrial applications on a of aoolications. Humanities Data Consent Aoolications referred to the the Arts and Service sites and buildings. These ranged from Amber Patick AIA British for UK Universities based at Kings by the Council for demolition housing the the of hoist at be Archaeology. The CBA receives these College London, where he will Goat Maltings at Burton on Trent, the Industrial Archaeology and apolications from local authorities as resoonsible for collections removal of internal partitions at Ebley part of the planning process and Review standards development. The Executive Mill, Stroud, Gloucestershire, repairs to f f or because they have Statutory Consultee We greatly regret that volume XIX unds distributed services the brewery chimney at Archaeology, History the Oxford Text Status. The AIA does not have this (which should have been included with Brockhampton, Gloucestershire, to the Archive, Performing Afts and Visual status. However, that does not mean this mailing)has been delayed because complete demdition Woodlands Mill, of Arts located in York, Essex, Oxford, we cannot make valid comments. The of production As you will Barrows Lane, Steeton, Keighley, West difficulties. Glasgow and Surrey respectively. main oroblem for us is that the AIA does Editorial Yorkshire. know, the AIA Council and not receive the full application which Sometimes, the AIA is contacted Board for lndustrial Archaeology can include extensive plans of the site Beview lavoured move from bi- directly by local authorities and on two a a or building(s) as well as other reports. annual issue an annual volume in a occasions we have made responses. to The application usually asks for larger format with increased number One was to Cambridge City Council an of pages. This will enable us to deal more successfully with the increasingly large numbers of drawings we are receiving now that more material ls coming in from archaeological units and other professional bodies undertaking large-scale suruey work. The journal will be produced in a near-A4 size, with a two and a half column format which will enable large drawings to be included in the correct orientation Neil Beagrie rather than sideways; the smaller column will be used for captions, etc. lndustrial Archaeology Review volume XIX will be mailed as soon as oossible. Peter Neaverson and Marilyn Palmer, joint Edibrs 1997 subscriptions and your direct debits Due to a small oversight by Lloyds Bank, direct debits for the annual 1 997 A NEW LOTTEBY INITIATIVE HELPS INDUSTBIAL ABCHAEOLOGY subscriptions were not processed until Congratulations, Mr Smith, did you know that the new Mid-Week Lotlery Prizes are now being early February instead of January. The paid in kind in an exciting new initiative to help conserve our industrial heritage? NOTICEBOARD Barley screen wants a Help the dictionary The editors are concerned that a material from sources of this kind. with great deal of the research which has very encouraging results. home Work is now in progress on a complete you revision English been and is being done on manuscript lf are aware of any sources A good home is wanted for a large of the Oxford Dictionary, most sources such as wills, inventories, which you think might provide useful Boby (of Bury St Edmunds) barley and one of the imoortant asDects of this is the accounts, letters, and diaries, and material. olease contact the Call for screen, installed in the 1950s in a improvement range which is subsequently published, is not Research Materials, Oxford English malthouse in Dorset. lf you are of the of the quotation evidence which illustrates the being brought to their attention. The Dictionary, Oxford University Press, interested, please contact me urgently. history period of greatest interest to us is that Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 Amber Patrick, 4 Gratton Road, and development of words. Often the existing quotation evidence from about 1500 to 1900, but earlier 6Df either by letter or by fax on 01 865 Cheltenham GL50 2BS can be antedated or postdated, or new and later evidence will also be 267810, or by e-mail to welcome. A team researchers has [email protected]. evidence ofthe changing use of a word of can be found. started work recently on extracting 8 INDUSTHIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATION FOR II\TDUSTRIAL Books Received GLIAS News/etter (London) 162, 163, ARCHAEOLOGY 164,166. AI\IIYUAL CONFERENCE The following books have been GSIA Journal (Gloucestershire) 1 995, I\IEWCASTLE TTPON TYI{E received for review in lndustrial Historic Farm Buildings Group 5-12 September 1997 Archaeology Reiew: Newsletter 23. Along the Cam and the Great Ouse Hr'story, lssue 26, 1996 To be held at the Coach Lane Campus of the with Briscoe Snelsoo by Peter Snelson lndustial Heritage 1 41 1, 1 412, 1 413. University of Northumbria (Cambridgeshire Libraries Publications) Journal of the Society for lndustrial British Mining Memoirs, No. 57, Archnbgy (USA)2112. 5 SEPTEMBER (NMRS, 1996) Journal of the Trevithbk SocieU 23. PRE-CONFERENCE SEMINAR in and Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain Journal of the Welsh Mrlls Soctety 11. on the theme of cunent research and thinking IA and lreland, by William O'Brien (Shire, problems of identification and protection of urban industrial Leicestershire Historian 41 4. 1 995) sites. Papers have been called for. Anyone still wishing to Leicestershire lndustrial History Society Exploing Cornwall's Tramway Trails, by submit a short paper must contact immediately: Dr M. Palmer, Bulletin 15. Bob Acton Landfall Books). Department of History and Archaeology, The University, The Mundhng Stlck (Lion Salt Works) Newpoft Transporter Bndge, by Falcon Leicester LEI 7RH. 0l16 2522821. ZlJ. t Hildred (Newport CBC, 1996) Newsletter of the Scottish lndustrial Swveying Historic Buildings, by David 5.7 SEPTEMBER Heritage Socrbr! /ssue 34, 35, 36. Watt and Peter Swallow (Donhead AI\IIUAL CONFERENCE Nottinghamshire lndustial Archaeology Publishing, 1996) at the Newcastle Discovery Centre and University of Society Journal 20/2, 21 /1, 21 12 2Ah Century Defences in Bntain: an Northumbria, including lectures, field visits, AGM and Panel for Histoncal Engineeing Works introductory guide, ed. by Bernard Rolt Memorial Lecture. News/etter 69. Lowry (CBA, 1995). Somerset lndustrial Archaeological 7-I2 SEPTEMBER Society Bulletin 70,71 ,72. POST-CONFERENCE PROGRAMME Local Society and other Suffolk lndustrial Archaeology Society of lectwes and field visits including lead mining, periodicals received Newsletter 52,53, 54, 55. glass industry, coastal shipping trade, ports, railways Surrey lndustrial History Group and bridges and a trip on the Tyne. Abstracts will aooear in lndustrial Newsletter 89, 90, 91, 92. Archaeology Review. Sussex lndustrial Archanlogy Society All are welcome Berkshire lndusti al Archanlogy Group News/efter 89, 90, 91. For details and a booking form, contact Newsbtter 29, 30, 31, 32. Trevithick Society Newsletter 94. David Alderton, 48 Quay Street, Halesworth, Suffolk IPl9 8EY. Conservatron Bulletin 29. Yorkshire History Quaftely 211. TETTERS Readers are encouraged to write to the Edibr with their views on matters raised in lA News, the 'Comment' feature or other current issues. l.A. Recordings work, it is maintained entirely by man whose personal style and were worked throughout the country voluntary efforl. One of our pages is a originality of thought enlivened and Usually these mines were associated I would like to express my sadness at collection of links to other lA web sites benefitted many AIA conferences. lt did with a mining complex, including mills, the death of Walter Minchinton (/A around the world. These sites are little to convey his relationship with a ovens and processing tanks. News 10Q and would like to add a increasing daily in number and in the subject which triggered and sustained Up to now, we know the location mention of his excellent A Guide to relevance of their content. Some are his life's work of persuading a reluctant of three of these complexes. One was lndustrial Archaeology Sites rn Bitain, positively exciting! world to appreciate the crucial part a hydraulic complex for mining silver. published by Paladin in 1984. This The URL of l.A. Recordings web played by technology in shaping the Another had a blast furnace for iron, gazetteer has been a vade mecumtor pages development of our civilization. and the last one may have been many people like myself, travelling is http://www. iarecord,dernon.co,uk Julia Elton another hydraulic complex for mining around Britain wishing to know what Peter 27 Malfreld Avmue, and processing gold and silver. the principal sites of lA interest are in a Eggleston LA. Recordings London W4 lPN lf any reader knows of anyone given area. I hope that it is still in print. interested in working at a complex like On the subject of internet PO Box 476, Telbrd ShropshireTFT 4RB these with his or her own resources, or resources for lA (Noticeboard, lA News lA in HOndUraS where we can get financial aid to 1001, the first site on the World Wide I have been working with the Instituto develop a mapping project, please Web that had lA as its mdn subject was Jean Gimpel Hondureno de Antropologia e Historia send me the information. In any case, I l.A. Recordings. This first appeared in I was sorry that you published such an (IHAH) since 1994, and I want to help would like to open a continuing 1995, when a search for the subject inadequate obituary of Jean Gimpel in to develop Industrial Archaeology in conesoondence with the AlA, 'lndustrial Archaeology' on the web the last /A News. lt failed either to Honduras. Pastor R. G6mez returned only our pages and details of emphasise that he was one of the most Honduras is a small country. lnstituto Hondurefio de Antropologla two American university lA coursesl passionate supporters from early days Nevertheless, it has some interesting e Historia The site is extensive and well of the Industrial Archaeology industrial sites. From the sixteenth to Dirxcion'Villa Roy' illustrated but image sizes have been movement, promoting its cause the beginning of the twentieth century Teguclgalpa, D.C. keot small to maintain soeed of access. internationally almost until the day he mining was Honduras' primary Honduras As with the rest of l.A. Recordinqs died, or to give any kind of picture of a economic resource and manv mines INDI,JSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 9 NEWS An eighteenth-century construction types at the end of the twentieth century and to study the pump from filter viability of preserving them. Somerset House The Museum of London Archaeology Ganals create iobs Service was commissioned by It is believed that over 5,000 jobs will Campbell Reith Hill structural engineers granlie be created as the local economy is to undertake an archaeological watergate regenerated alongside two canals as a wall watching brief on works within the result of recent grants. The Heritage South Wing of Somerset House, Lottery Fund grant of e25m to the London WC2. A series of twenty-one Kennet & Avon Canal is to improve pits engineering test - many up to 5.5 access and 'trigger a leisure boom' metres in were excavated as depth - along the watenruay, while the Millenium part proposal river of a to refurbish the South Commsision has granted el4.8m to Wing gallery, a-- silts as a the Huddersfield Narrow Canalto reoair 'New' The construction of and re-open the 3%-mile Standedge Somerset House commenced in 1776, Tunnel. lt is intended to re-link the canal under the direction of the architect with the rest of the system. William Chambers. lt was the largest 0 lm building operation canied out at public Bertha's new berth expense in the Georgian period, The Drawing: Jeanette Van Der Post, MUS After 27 years, the Exeter Maritime South Wing was constructed out into Museum has been closed because of the Thames beyond the odgind Tudor Textile Gorrection mounting debts. river wall and included a central declining visitors and With reference to the adicle on the The collection has been split in two, the watergate which gave access to the Highams Textile Archive (/A News 100, ethnic vessels going to Lowestoft, Terrace from the river, and allowed page 11), the 'Oldham and Rochdale Suffolk, and the historical and leisure barges to sail directly into the building. Archives Seruice' does not exist. This craft to Bristol Docks. Among the latter A softwood box, 0.46 metres in have read 'Oldham and is Bertha, Brunel's curious steam- height by 0.26 metres wide, was should Employers' powered drag boat built for dredging observed protruding from the section Rochdale Textile Association'. The Editor apologises for at Bridgwater in 1844. of a test pit adjacent to the watergate any confusion caused. arch, The west face of this box ( the only face that could be fully exposed) Bark Endeauour Galls was constructed using two vedical lndustrial chimneys Now visiting ports around Britain is the boards held in place by two bevelled The pump filtet, discoveted under difficult Too late for the Diary page, we have reolica shio HM Bark Endeavour.fhe test pit at cross{imbers nailed horizontally across conditions, 5.51 metes down a received notification of a Conference original ship was launched in 1764 as Somerset House them. Nine holes, 16mm in diameter on Industrial Chimneys on 8-9 May the collier Earl of Pembroke, but after Photo: Museum of London Archaeology (three-quafters of an inch), had been bervEe 1997, at the Museu de la Ciencia i de nearly four years of plying the east bored through the vertical timbers in a la Tdchnica de Catalunya, Area de coast she was bought by the Royal regular design, 0.10 metres from the Victoria Street, London EC4V 4AB. Conservacio, Documentacio i Estudis, Navy for Capt James Cook's first I would like to thank Chris Ellmers base. Afragment of the cut line (conteK Rambla d'Egara 270, 08221 - exoedition. The transformation of the 128) for the original sump hole was of the Museum of Docklands for his Tenassa, Barcelona, Spain. The dm of shio into a vessel of exploration observed, cutting into river silts below aovrce. the conference is to bring together included conversion of the cavernous (129), However, the depth of the pit - Steve Chew researchers working on the study of coal-holds into space for nearly 100 5.51 metres from ground level in a 1.20 industrial chimneys, to carry out a men, assorted livestock and two years' metre square shaft - and Health and Manx tram sheds contemporary analysis, to compile all provisions. Drawings made of the ship Safety regulations, made detailed demolished existing information about these during her refit became the key investigation extremely difficult. This Concern has been exoressed over the feature is interpreted as a filter box of demolition and replacement of the eighteenth-century pump an Derby Castle depot running sheds of mechanism, one of many that would the Manx Electric Railway. Although have been required during the they had no pretensions of beauty, they constructron of this part of Somerset must have been the oldest operating House. When it is considered that the electric raiWay running sheds in the basal level of the watergate adjacent world. Nevertheless, the lsle of Man to the pump filter was at a height of - Railways considered this old upper 0,87 metres OD, and best estimates shed had been poorly maintained for of the mean high tide level of the many years and fell far short of Health Thames in this oeriod was circa 3.40 and Safety regulations. So a decision metres OD, the enormity of the was made to demolish and then pumping operation becomes apparent. construct a new building designed to Archaeological work is ongoing, be in keeping with the sunounding with the potential for further fieldwork railway environment and matching the during 1997. The site archive, together already refurbished lower shed, There with the flnds and samples, is held by are plans to salvage some of the doors the Museum of London Archaeology and material for other uses. Service. Walker House. 87 Queen JOhn L. TOvnSend The upper tram sheds on the Manx Electric Railway Photo: J. L. Townsend IO INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAE)L)GY NEW9 101 NEWS documents for the replica's along the River Lifiey in hertalk'Dublin's coincide with a possible period of News from the construction. To the builders' credit, the Docklands'. The investment by the new owners. Disappearing Millenium marsh National Maritime Museum has since industrial heritage of Cok City was then The sheeowash consists of two A great deal of publicity has been given hailed her as the best museum- described by Colin Rynne (Director of enclosures of inegular shape, closed to the oolluted nature of the site on standard replica sailing ship in the the newly-established Cork Butter off by a straight section of wall. This which the Greenwich Millenium world. Museum), and Mary Sleman followed leaves three openings; one for the Exhibition dome is to be buitt. This is HM Bak Endeavour left with the post-medieval archaeology of larger gathering pen, one into the an area ofgreat interest to the industrial Freemantle on 29 October 1996 and rural County Cork. smaller holding pen and one into the archaeologist bnt what remains is being berthed in March at Greenwich prior The Office of Public Works in wash oool. The random construction quickly destroyed. to her British tour. She will be calling at Dublin instigated an Architectural is largely of gathered field stones, set Greenwich was a major industrial Great Yarmouth, Boston, Whitby, Inventory of lreland in 1990. Gerald dry and forming a substantial wall area from Tudor times. The earliest sites Edinburgh, Inverness, Greenock, Browner told us about the work of this which may have been 4 teel (1.22 involved armaments and, of course, Liverpool, Fishguard, Falmouth, survey, which began with a pilot study metres) in height. Much of the wall is maritime trades. This early industry was Plymouth, Weymouth, Brighton, St at Carlow town in 1991 , and 24 towns nowtumbled, giving an uneven surface mainly around the mouth of the Helier and St Malo. She returns to have been covered. Fred Hamond to most of the floor and now colonised Ravensbourne-Deptford Creek, as it Plymouth in October prior to sailing to (author of the latest book on lA in by bracken. The entrance to the wash flows into the Thames. To the east, the America, Northern lreland) covered north-east pool is built up from the gravel stream peninsula known as Greenwich marsh lrene Ducker Antrim. Paul Duffy showed examples bed using long flat stones giving a was a desolate area partly covered at of his research into the origin and defined step. Hurdles would probably high tide. lt began to be industrialised Marconi collection saved develooment of mills, industrial and be used to close off the openings as in the late seventeenth century when engineering sites in County Galway. requrreo, The electronics firm GEC-Marconi has, gunpowder good the Government depot thanKully, abandoned plans to auction Ronald Cox gave an overuiew of It is situated by a stream of was built there. This eventually closed, off the historic Marconi Collection of the nature and extent of lrish civil quality water, the main flow emanating following petitions from wonied locals, artefacts from the earliest days of engineering heritage and the problems from the col between Mod Hebog and and the site was sold in 1803. radio.The sale could have fetched up of dealing with the large number of Bryn Banog, collecting several feeder The gunpowder depot was on the to 13m and the collection would masonry bridges. The final paper was streams along its course. All originate peninsula's west bank - not part of the inevitably have been broken up. presented by William Dick on how along a spring line at a height of 1,100 Millenium site and where a great deal Protestors after the sale was information technology can be utilised feet (335 metres) beneath the Hebog of industry is still busily and messily at announced included Marconi's not just to assist in lA but also as a scarp. The stream retains a good flow wok. Great influence has been exerted daughter, Elettra. The collection has resourceful and comprehensive tool even in times of extreme drought. At by the ground landlord for most of this been given to the Science Museum, revealing latent information which might the wash site it has been widened and pool. area, a seventeenth-century charity items will be displayed in othenrvise be missed, orobtaining data deepened to form the but called Morden College. A wdk along Chelmsford, with papers going to the that would take too long to collate and It is considered that the 'dippers' the riverside reveals site after site of Essex county archives. discover if using conventional methods. worked from opposite sides ofthe bank great interest perhaps the best known His oractical demonstrations were as the water would be too cold for - is where the Atlantic cable was made. rmoresstve. standing, even at the height of summer. First lrish Gonference There are jetties and causeways, each It was a good conference with a The washed sheeo would be able to The Industrial Heritage Association of built and adaoted for successive varied and interesting mix of topics and scramble from the oool via the shallow lreland (lHAl)was formed in late 1996 specific uses. Buildings have been the lHAl should be congratulated for down stream portion. as a joint north-south venture. A adapted by various owners, leaving organising it so soon afterthe formation A sheeofold with a small attached conference at Dublin was speedily many signs of previous functions. of this new body to appear on the lA yard is situated a short distance to the organised to survey industrial Bessemer and Maudslay are only two scene. south but has no access to the stream. archaeology activity throughout the of the famous industrialists who had Alan Bift Being of a similar style of construction island. sites here. The established west bank and condition, it is possiblethatthetwo The conference commenced with river walkway is not supposed to be A Wales were contemporary Kenneth Mawhinney tracing the lA sheepwash in under any threat, but there are many Peter Huohes surveys carried out in the Republic A sheeowash was noted at Cwm local calls for it to be 'tidied up' so during the 1 970s by the state Ystradllyn (SH 566454) whilst recording deoartment An Foras Forbartha. in the area. Precise details were not Comac Scally followed with a review taken, it being thought that such of the work done in Northern lreland. vernacular structures would have little He mentioned that Green's book fte interest elsewhere. lt therefore provides lndustrial Archaeology of County Down a contrast with the oolite construction of 1963 was the first regional lA book of the Cutsdean wash described in the to be published in Great Britain, well Gloucestershire sheepwash article in /A preceeding the famous David & Charles News 100. series. Later, in 1980, this was followed The date of construction is by McOutcheon's comprehensive tome unknown. lt was not shown on the first published by HMSO. McCutcheon was edition 1-inch O.S. map surveyed given a governmenffunded Research c.1883, but was marked on the 6-inch Fellowship in Industrial Archaeology at map of 1887. lt is sited upon lands Queen's University, Belfast. From this which were the property of Cefn Bifor appointment an Industrial Record of (SH 561446) and this may provide a Northern lreland was started.ffor more more accurate date. The farm and land details, see Michael Coulter's paper were purchased along with the elsewhere in this issuel adlacent slate quany, suggesting a time A Dubliner, Mary McMahon, gave soan between 1855 and 1865. a comprehensive survey of changes Afthough by no means certain, it would The slpepwash at CwmYstradllyn Photo: P M. HWh6 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 I I NEWS visitors will have somewhere 'nice' to New for '1 997, the leaflet 'Welcome walk on theirwayto 'Royal Greenwich'. to West Cornwall's Industrial Past' now Hopefully, all character will not be lost includes the Geological Museum at the in the orocess. Camborne School of Mines, the The actual 'Millenium' site consists Pendeen Lighthouse (near Geevor) and of three areas. The southern end Tolgus Tin near Redruth, around 'Rivenvay' is probably of most The Trevithick Trust, under the interest to the historian. A row of leadershio of Chief Executive Stuart cottages and a pub are the only original Smith, manages a network of sites on buildings to be kept because local behalf of other bodies, such as the conservationists have won an National Trust. These include the argument against their demolition. The Levant beam engine, now working in Ceylon Place cottages were built in steam thanks to the hard work by 1801 -3 for workers at a large and very volunteers from the Trevithick Society interesting tide mill. I suspect they are who still man the site. The first phase some of the oldest existing workers' of new developments undedaken in housing in London. A famous accident partnership with Kerrier District Council took place during the tide mill's at Taylor's Shaft at Pool has just seen a construction in 1803 when the boiler new slate roof put on the compressor of a steam engine, designed by Richard house. lt will now be fitted out as an Trevithick, exploded. The mill was taken exhibition area, visitor information point, over in the 1840s by Frank Hills and shoo and introduction to West became oart of one of his chemical Cornwall's attractions. This scheme works; it was here that he made attracted ERDF and SRB funding and sulphuric acid with material recovered National Heritage Lottery Funding is through the oxide process of gas Stark fnme: George Livesey's East Greenwich holder no. 1 of 1886 still remains and is the being sought for the next phase. A lift gasholder purification. In this century there have world's first to have lour lifts Photo: R. J. M. Caff is being installed in Taylor's Engine been two successive electric oower House to allow disabled visitors to stations on the site, result in cheap gas, a more than fair London lA Society is doing its best to ascend all three floors. The engine South of the cottages are some dealforthe customer, and workers who tell people what happened there, and house complex, for long rather isolated buildings which were part of the had every welfare facility and a share hopes to put together a book about down a side lane, will become the Redpath Brown canteen and are still in management. industry on Greenwich marsh which will Cornwall Industrial Heritage Centre. A used by Greenwich Yacht Club. lt is Two jetties, both of great interest, be ready for the exhibition - thanks to relationshio has been established with understood that this is all to be cleared. remain on site but are to be destroyed. many AIA members who have already the adjacent Safeways supermad 12 INDUSTBIAL AR)HAE)L)GY NEws 101 NEWS site overlooking the Atlantic, proof stage when he died on 5 March maintenance work is a constant 1 997. problem but the site has been made Edwina Alcock ready during the winter months for the 1997 season. lmprovements include a Mary Tucker (1921-97) new cafe and the creation of two Mary Tucker, wife and constant classrooms for educational purposes. companion of the late Professor A new access allows visitors to enter Gordon Tucker, died in February after an older, eighteenth-century adit level. a short illness. Always to be found at The Levant beam engine is a shofi walk the side of Gordon during lA activities, away. Mary herself was a keen and Within sight of the Levant engine accomolished industrial historian and and Geevor Mine, is the Pendeen was a skilled documentary researcher Watch Lighthouse. Here, the Trevithick contributing greatly to Gordon's work. Trust has ananged with Trinity House Born in 1921, one of three to administer the opening of the daughters, she trained as a teacher and lighthouse to the public, with tours by manied Gordon in 1945. As a wife, the Keeper and volunteers of the light mother and grandmother she was the as well as the engine room that foundation of the family home and provides power for the largest suwiving Visitors about to enter the newly opened eighleenth-centwy adit level at Geevor Tin Mine staunchly supported Gordon in his Photo : Trevithick Tru st fog signal in Britain. chosen career. They were both founder Another site managed by the Trust members of the Midland Wind and news of all the Trust's is the Museum of Submarine Uo{o-date OBITUARIES Water Mills Group, Until last year Mary quarterly Telegraphy at Porthcurno (see /A News activities are contained in a was the Membership Secretary but Heritage Lottery newsletter issued to members (who 9Q. In February the John R. Harris (1923-97) contributed also in many ways to the Fund announced their award of have free access to the sites). For Professor John Harris was already a successful running of the Group. 1500,000 to Cable & Wireless, allowing further information, the Trevithick Trust Those privileged to accompany 'Chygarth', distinguished economic historian when the enthusiastic members of the 'PK can be contacted at field work will he became a founder member, and first the couple during Trust' to continue the 01.2m pro1ect to 5 Beacon Terrace, Camborne, chairman of the North Western Society remember the strategic stops for improve the museum. TRl4 7BU, t/Fax 01209 612142 or for Industrial Archaeology in May 1964. refreshment, tea or coffee and an Geevor Tin Mine, Pendeen, Penzance He was also a long-standing member endless variety of Mary's home made TR19 7EW t 01736 788662 or Fax her family of the AlA, cakes and biscuitsl lt was 01736 786059. John Harris was heavily involved however that was her abounding love in the background work with the and pleasure and by them she will Time Team discovers lA lronbridge Institute and its accreditation indeed be sorely missed. popular Viewers of the Channel 4 with the University of Birmingham. Stan Coates television series llme Team were Long after taking up his Chair in treated in January to the intrepid Birmingham and becoming an Denis Bradbury (1 913-96) archaeologists' first foray into the world international figure, he still found time Denis Bradbury died on 10 December of lA, trying to trace foundations of to come back to Merseyside to talk to 1996. He had a remarkable record of Matthew Boulton's famous Latchet societies like the Merseyside Industrial service to what is now the South works and mint. Their task was Heritage Society and St Helens Yorkshire Industrial History Society somewhat hampered by buried fuel Historical Society. since its pioneering early days. He patios tanks, concrete floors, and back The history of St Helens which he joined the newly formed Society for the Using the tesl set underground at furthcurno gardens in a built-up area of had written with Theo Barker, A Preservation of Old Sheffield Tools in inthe1940s Photo:TrevithickTrust Birmingham, Merseyside Town in the lndustrial 1935, first held office in 1938 and Revolution, was recognised as setting served continuously on the Society's entirely new standards in the research Council from 1943 until his death. For and writing of local history and this had 40 years he was Hon Treasurer. In '1985-87 been followed by The Copper Kng, a he was President and in 1995 remarkable story of one of the greatest the Society made him a presentation industrial success stories in British to mark 60 years as a member. history, that of Thomas Williams of He was a modest man, but his Anglesey. Just as important, he contributions to discussions were apt showed that the Newcomen engine and effective, and we valued his store was far more widely used than anyone of memories. By profession he was a had imagined, investigated locomotive fuel technologist, working with steel building in Lancashire, and untangled comoanies and in the Second Worid the politics of the Leeds & Liverpool War with the Ministry of Fuel and Power. Canal. Industrial History was only one of A true son of St Helens, he carried his interests. Above all he enloyed out extensive research in the history of travel, and he had been to many far glassmaking, and it was his work on corners of the wodd, from the Himalaya French glassmaking which steered him to Peru; in his late 70s, he casually into his last great project, an enormous revealed that he had just visited Taylor's Engine House with re+oofing of the conpressor house undet way tight), viewed lrom volume on industrial espionage. This Spitzbergen. the car pail Photo: Peter Stanier last work was comoleted and at final Derek Bavliss INDUSTHIAL ABCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 I3 REGIONAL NEWS North West England eouioment is avaihbb to do the same are still being dug out and used as low steam bus garage is unique in London job, but McTays have chosen to retain walls around the pit, for decoration. All and there are no listed examples in The Wirral Peninsula, Merseyside, has the original skill of craftsmen in their over the site flat-topped walls are being England, the developer is not interested a wealth of industrial archaeological shipbuilding. This has resulted in the built, paftly for use as seats for visitors, in realising its historical potential. After sites and the following are just a few of established traditions of the industry and partly for the use of sun-seeking the garage is demolished, it is hoped the latest develooments, old helping produce a thoroughly butterflies. Plans are being made to that its domed clock will be retained McTay Marine, at Bromborough, to modern product. incorporate the discovery into the and placed on one of the new are keeping alive the shipbuilding The new tram system begins at nalure reserve. buildings. For further information, tradition of Merseyside. Tiny by firm, the contact John Beasley ofThe Peckham comparison with Cammell Lairds, Woodside Mersey Ferry Termlnus, from A Birkenhead engineering Fulton group are use the former Society, 0181 693 9412. McTays have been busy building where the new Hong Kong-built trams to t at Ellesmere Port Pad of Shortlands water pumping amongst other things, tugs, patrol travel to the Egerton Bridge, one ofthe lighthouse complex Here for This will station near Bromley, Kent, may be boats, ferries and landing craft. famous Mersey bascule bridges. their new headouarters. be the fully-restored machine house can the final phase of a l30m project for adapted for housing. A flat here, within Cunently, they are building a second visited and a video history of Ellesmere Port. Ellesmere light was walking distance of Bromley South Thames Bubbler for the Thames Water be Birkenhead and its unique dock system originally built in 1836, but replaced by railway station and the centre of Utilities Commission. This is a hic{ec The bridge can be the Shropshire Union Canal in 1881 , Bromley itself, would be an attractive state-of-the-art oxygenation vessel can be seen. opened by prior arrangement for group Edwrna Alcock proposition for young commuters, The which is being used to bring life back visitors. first well at Shodlands was sunk in to the non{idal areas of the Thames. So, how does all this hi-tec At New Ferry near Birkenhead, a Greater London 1 868 by the Kent Watenryorks Co and Butterfly Park and Nature Reserye is a second was added in 1873, Both shipbuilding qualify for a mention in /A The winter months during murky being created, virtually on the site of wells were pumped by Cornish Bull News? Although the designs and weather and poor light seem to be a the old Birkenhead Town Station (on engines rather than the more usual products are ultramodern, their oooular time for demolition and site the line from Woodside to Chester), beam engine anangement. Athird well production includes some longer clearance. In the spring when it .1 where there are remains of railway sunk in 910 was worked by an standing features. becomes brighter and easier to see sidings, water tanks, a derelict station inverted-vertical triple-ex0ansion The shipyard itself has to be things in the distance, it is striking what house and a water treatment works. engine. The buildings are architecturally reached by little more than a country is no longer there. In general, a good Water was oumoed from a bore hole attractive.With the Ring Main now lane which heads for the River Mersey, deal of redevelopment is still going on near the road to the water tank, where supplying much of London's water, a but leads to the office block and elderly in the more central parts of London, heavy lime staining on the soil is visible number of other pumping station sites shipbuilding shed, which was once the mostly involving the building of private as the result of the very hard water are likely to become available for Cammell Laird submarine building shed nousrng. leaking into it. Water was treated at the nousrng. (a new shed is about to be built). At the east end of Moreland Street works (only a base and scraps of iron To the west of Surbiton at Seething McTays have to train their men in the ECl , the last remnants of the Finsbury platform remain), then pumped to Wells, the large area of filter beds, traditional skills of their industry and do Distillery have almost disappeared. This Birkenhead Central Station for use in reservoirs and associated water so with an apprentice scheme in which area is being developed for housing the engines. pumping stations by the river is well parents of the young men are and the whole character of the distnct Whilst attempting to introduce a under way towards redevelopment for encouraged to show an interest. including that around the canal basins new species of buttedly to the park, housing of various kinds. Some of the It is perhaps the mould loft where to the north east is changing markedly. helpers were digging out what they watenrvorks buildings will be retained. it really feels as if you have taken a step It is beginning to resemble parts of the thought to be old ponds, but were in The Chelsea and Lambeth Companies back in time. Here, skilled craftsmen lsle of Dogs but of course is much fact old clay pits dating back to the set up here in 1852 to obtain cleaner produce plywood templates for the handier for the City, within walking early 1800s. Among the artefacts found water than they had been getting from various ships by using the patterns distance, so the new accommodation were hand-made bricks, bottles and the Thames in London itself (they were chiselled out on the floor of their should be rather more saleable. At the tools. The old clay pits are thought to obliged to move by new legislation). workshoo. Beneath ones feet lie the west end of Moreland Street, the have been a family business, involving Two sets of pumping stations were plans for a variety of vessels which can former Gordon's gin distillery still awaits women and children. The clay was dug erected alongside the Portsmouth be adapted for speciic requirements. new users - probably a conversion for out on site, moulded and fired by Boad, with coal barged in along the To the uninitiated, the series of lines and offices. different family members. The bricks river. The Lambeth Co had the group curves is like trying to piece together a At Bromley-by-Bow, the Grade ll are slightly wider and flatter than of buildings to the west, with the jig-saw puzzle without knowing what listed gasholders on the site of the normal, and rather crude in f nish. Many the oicture looks like. Comouter-aided former lmperial Gaslight & Coke Co's works now have most of the upper parts of the cast iron guiding columns removed. They used to be the second most impressive set of gasholders in Greater London after those at St Pancras, but in their present painfully emasculated form have certainly lost their position in the league table. In Nunhead Lane SE15, a garage was built in 191 1 forthe National Steam Car Co Ltd to accommodate its steam buses. Ooerations continued here until 1919, when the high price of paraffin fuel made the vehicles uneconomic. Later, motor buses were operated from the garage, but it is now disused and Time is running out for the former stean bus ripe for redevelopment. Although this garage, Nunhead Lane, SEl5 Mould loft with plywood tenplates at the McTay Marine Shipyard Photo: Edwina Alcock Photo: R. J. M. Can I4 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 REGIONAL NEWS off Cringle Street SW8. The oldest part seryice and broken up about 70 years area is at present quiet, awaiting the of the englne house was the location ago, but the surviving building retains great storm of redevelopment which is of the first purpose-built Cornish engine numerous features relating to the likely to start here shortly. Under the to be erected anywhere for watenruorks sequence of Cornish engine installation River Thames between Rotherhithe pumping, This 68-inch engine was and is in an attractive Georgian style. and Wapping, work is progressing on joined in 1 840 by one of 64 inches, and The retention of the Battersea water the Brunel Thames Tunnel which is due a massive 112-inch engine was added pumping station building could well to reopen for rail traffic soon. A new in 1 858. The application of the Cornish become a controversial issue reinforced concrete lining is now engine to watenryorks pumping was a conflicting with the re-use of the Power essentially completed and will prevent significant innovation in the mid- Station itself. the previous seepage of water into the nineteenth century. The steam engines Back towards the centre of tunnel through the Brunels' porous at Battersea were withdrawn from London, the Kings Cross-St Pancras nineteeth-century brickwork. Robeft Can One of the Shortlands pumping station buildings, near Bromley, Kent Photo:B J M Caft Chelsea Waterworks Co having the eastern buildings, Much of the Chelsea pumping station site is now covered with recent development for university housing accommodation, but a gfuw6-9r,r*.rr,r,g, number of the Lambeth buildings survive and some will most likely be retained. MILL No. 3, NEW LANARK MILLS, LANARK MLI | 9DB New developments are being put TEL:01555 666066 FAX:01555 665738 fonrvard for the redevelopment and re- NORTH OF ENGLAND OFFICE: TEUFAX: 0t942 810263 use of Battersea Power Station. The area was once a wateMorks belonging CONSUUTANTS AND CONTRACTORS IN THE to the Southwark and Vauxhall Co with RESTORATION OF HISTORIC MACHINERY an extensive estate of reservoirs and filter beds. An important survival from We can undertake a range of approaches covering rescue, this period is a massive beam engine restoration, replication and displaq of angthing from a simple set ol house, listed Grade ll, originally dating blacksmith's bellows to a water-wheel or a steam enaine. from 1840. This is situated right to the east ofthe proposed development area REGIONAL CORRESPONDENTS Please support your Regional Region 5: NORTH WEST Region 10: GREATER LONDON ADVER,TISE Correspondent by sending relevant ENGLAND Dr F.J,M, Can, 127 Queens Drive, IN IA I\TEWS materialwhich may be of interest to our Lancashire, Merseyside, Greater London N4 2BB Manchester and Cheshire readers. Region 11: HOME COUNTIES IA N€ws now takeB Mrs Edwina Alcock, 5 Friars Walk, Berkshire, advertlsing. The Region 1: SCOTLAND Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Formby, Merseyside 137 4EU Buckinghanshire and Hertfordshire publication reachee a wido Dr Miles Oglethorpe, Royal Commission Region 6: WALES Phil Morris, 71 Van Diemans Road, readership through dlrect on the Ancient and Historical subscriptions, circulation Stephen Grenter, 16 Ffordd Trem-y-Foel, Stanford in the Vale. Oxon. 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Derbyshtre, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Avon, Gloucestershire, Wear, Durham and Cleveland procoede oontribute to Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Wiltshire and Dorset All Fred Brook, Hartland, Redburn, the costs of the Newslett€r Nofthamptonshire Mike Bone, Sunnyside, Avon Close, Hexham, Norlhumberland NE47 7EA arrd the work of the Stuart Warburton, 48 James Street, Keynsham, Bristol BSlB 1LQ Region 4:YORKSHIRE AND Associstion whicb is a Coalville, Leicestershire LE6 3BW WEST HUMBERSIDE Region 14: SOUTH Registered Charity. Inserts Region EAST ANGLIA ENGLAND may be rna,iled with IA North, South and West Yorkshire and 9: Canbridgeshire, Nofolk, Suffolk and Devon and Cornwall News at a charge of €25. Humberside Essex John Stengelhofen, Withy Garden, Derek Bayliss, 30 Muskoka Avenue, For further detaile, David Aldefton, 48 Quay Street, Loggans Road, Copperhouse, Hayle, Bents Green, Sheffield S1 1 7RL contact the Editor. Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY Cornwall IR27 4PL INDUSTRIAL ABCHAEOLOGY NEWS 101 I5 DIARY 1O May 1997 conditions on the Odra River. Details theme of 'water wool and mining' in 1l October 1997 EMIAC 53 and applications from Fundacja and around Somerset. Further details WATERWAYS HISTORY at New Mills School, Church Lane, New Otwartego Muzeum Techniki, 50-421 from the Booking Secretary Dillington CONFEBENCE Mills, Derbyshire. East Midland lA Wroclaw. ul. Na Grobli 14l16. Poland. House, llminster TA19 gDI at the Manchester Conference Centre, UMIST. Sackvbille Street, Manchester. Conference on transoort and industries 8 lfu 0481 07 1 134-36-7 1 4. a u460 52427 around New Mills Details from M. A conference to encourage new 9-lO July 1997 2O-26 July 1997 Sissons, 1 Far Coton, Market research themes, stimulate debate and METROPOLITAN RIVER XXTH INTERNATIONAL Bosworth, Nuneaton CVl3 OPJ encourage a positive move foruard in CROSSINGS: BRIDGES & CONGRESS OF HISTORY the research and promotion of 14 June 1997 TUNNELS OF SCIENCE waterways history. For details and EASTERN REGION IA at the Institute of Historical Research, at Liege, Belgium, on the theme of booking form, send SAE to Paul Sillitoe, CONFERENCE London University. Conference on the 'Science, Technology and Industry'. 2 Oaken Clough Tenace, Limehurst, at Stretham Village Hall near Ely, on the theme of river crossings in London and Information from Prof. R. Halleux, Ashton-under-Lyne, OL7 9NY theme of fen drainage with an elsewhere in the Old and New Worlds, Universite de Liege, Centre d'Histoire afternoon tour of Stretham Old Engine from antiquity to the late twentieth des Sciences et des Techniques, 1 5 av. 18 October 1997 and the Cambridge brick and tile century. Papers have been called. des Tilleuls, 8-4000, Lidge Belgium. KNIGHTS OF THE ROAD works. Details from Brenda Taylor, Details from Olwen Myhill, Centre for A 32 (0)41 66 94 79, Fax 32 (O)41 66 at the Museum of British Road Transport, Lane, Hales Street, Crown House, Horsham St Faiths, Metropolitan History, Room 351 , 95 47. St Agnes NR1 Coventry a symposium on the History Nonvich 0 3JJ. t 01 603 89791 2. Senate House, Univeristy of London, 5-12 September 1997 Transport. Details from 22-29 June 1997 Malet Street, London WCl E 7HU, AIA ANNUAL of Road Freight lOTH TICCIH 8 0171 636 0272.ert240:Fax0171 CONFERENCE I997 Dr Corinne Mulley, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of CONFERENCE ON 436 2183; E-mail o-myhill@sas ac.uk. in Newcastle upon Tyne, with pre- Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne MARITIME t l -t 4 July 1997 conference seminar, conference NEl 7RU. TECHNOLOGIES MUD AND WATER: NAMHO weekend and following programme. at Thessaloniki in Greece. For CONFERENCE'97 Details from David Alderton, 48 Quay information, contact Conference at St Elphion's School, Darley Dale, nr Street, Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY. Secretariat, The Greek Section of Matlock, Derbyshire. Mining history 6-8 October 1997 AIA TICCIH Institute of Neohellenic conference, with lectures and visits, ttllNlNc - ENERGETICS - Research, 48 Vassileos Constantinou hosted by the Peak District Mines INDUSTRY INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY 1{EWS Avenue, I 1635 Athens. t (30 1) 721 Historical Society. Details from John in Wroclaw. lnternational scientific (formedy AIA Bulletin ISSN 0309-0051) 0554, Fax (30 1\724 6212. Thorpe, The Old Bakehouse, Cobden conference devoted to the oroblems tssN 1 354-1 455 Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3JR. 25 June - 4 July 1997 of protecting technical monuments o1 01629 582521. Editor: Dr Peter Stanier 4TH ODRA STUDY t water power. Details and applications VOYAGE from Fundacja Otwartego Muzeum l3-19 July 1997 Published by the Association for lndus' Summer school of industrial Techniki, Wroclaw, Na Grobli INDUSTRIAL HISTORY IN 50-421 ul. trial Archaeology Contributions should archaeology from Wroclaw to Kozle THE WESTCOUNTRY 14l16. Poland. be sent to the Editor, Dr Peter Stanier, and back, exact itinerary variable at llminster, a study week combining 7 ltax 048107 1 I 34-36-7 1 4. 49 Ereach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset according to water and navigation lectures and guided field visits on the SP7 8LF. News and press releases may be sent to the Editor or the appropriate AIA Regional Correspondents. The Edi' tor may be telephoned on 01747 854707. Final copy dates are as follows: 30 March for May mailing 30 June for August mailing 30 September for November mailing 30 December for February mailing The AIA was established in 1973 to promote the study ol lndustrial Archaeology and encourage inproved standards of recording, research, conservation and publication. lt ains to assist and suppoft regional and specialist sun/ey groups and bodies involved in the preservation of industrial monuments, to represent the interests of lndustrial Archaeology at national level, to hold conferences and seminars and to publish the results of research The AIA publishes an annual Review and quarterly News bulletin Further details may be obtained from the Membership Secretary, Association for lndustrial Archaeology, The Whaiage, lronbridge, Telford, Shropshire TFB 7AW, Ensland. t 01952 433522 The views exoressed in this bulletin are not necessarily those of the Association for Industrial Archaeology l6 @ Association for Industrial Archaeology, May 1997 Typeset by TBC Eleclronic Pubhshing, Shaftesbury, Dorset