Representations of Polynesian Men in the NFL
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Heads & Shoulders: Representations of Polynesian Men in the NFL 2 Heads & Shoulders: Representations of Polynesian Men in the NFL A PORTFOLIO PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF PACIFIC AND ASIAN STUDIES, CENTER FOR PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMET OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES By Christine F. Manarpaac May 2014 Project Committee: Terence Wesley-Smith, Chairperson Vilsoni Hereniko, Jaimey Hamilton Faris 3 We Verify that we have read this portfolio project and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a portfolio project for the degree of Masters of Arts in Pacific Islands Studies. PROJECT COMMITTEE _____________________________ Terence Wesley-Smith, Chairperson _____________________________ Vilsoni Hereniko _____________________________ Jaimey Hamilton Faris 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 7 Preface: Genesis of a Topic .................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction: Guide to Reading ........................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1 Background: Football in Oceania ................................................................................ 19 Beginning of Football in Oceania ................................................................................. 19 The Power of Football Marketing ................................................................................. 20 Polynesian Presence in the NFL ................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2 Domestication of the Polynesian Body .................................................................... 26 Football’s Modern Warriors ......................................................................................... 26 Colonialism in American Football ................................................................................ 28 Sports for the Good of the People ................................................................................. 30 Self-Representation and Indigenous Rights .................................................................. 37 Representing (Alternative) Realities ............................................................................. 39 Invoking Smallness ....................................................................................................... 41 The Reality of Post-Concussion Issues ......................................................................... 48 Chapter 3 Polynesian Masculinity: Representations in News and Advertising ........... 50 Football and the Warrior Ideal ...................................................................................... 50 The Polynesian Manly Man .......................................................................................... 53 The Many Faces of Troy Polamalu ............................................................................... 54 Conclusion: Beyond Representation .............................................................................................. 73 Epilogue ...................................................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 79 List of Polynesians on 2013 Roster .............................................................................. 79 References .................................................................................................................................................. 81 5 List of Arts Piece 1: Free-search [Black ink on paper] ........................................................................ 11 Piece 2: Mind Maze 1/100 [Black ink on paper] .............................................................. 12 Piece 3: On Average [Watercolor crayons and black ink on paper] ................................. 22 Piece 4: Chances Are [Watercolor crayons on paper] ...................................................... 24 Piece 5: Self-Sustaining [Pastels on paper] ..................................................................... 38 Piece 6: Expanding Oceania [Pastels on paper] ................................................................ 43 Piece 7: In Flow [Pastels on paper] ................................................................................... 44 Piece 8: Land, Sea, Sky [Pastels and color pencil on paper] ............................................ 45 Piece 9: Wanderlust [Watercolor crayons and black ink on paper] .................................. 46 Piece 10: All About the Hair? [Pencil and oil pastels on paper] ...................................... 57 Piece 11: Beauty and Beast [Pencil and oil pastels on paper] .......................................... 59 Piece 12: Tutu Troy [Oil pastels on paper] ....................................................................... 61 Piece 13: Blue Troy [Pastels on paper] ............................................................................. 63 Piece 14: Red Troy [Pastels on paper] ............................................................................. 65 Piece 15: Romance Novel Troy [Oil pastels on paper] ..................................................... 68 Piece 16: Comic Book Troy [Pastels on paper] ............................................................... 71 Piece 17: Epic Travelers [Watercolor crayons and black ink on paper] ........................... 75 6 Acknowledgements I truly appreciate all of my committee members that have dedicated their precious time and energy to shape, inform and critique my work. My deepest gratitude goes out to all of you; without your assistance and attention, this project would not have been possible. Terence Wesley-Smith, your tutelage and guidance always anchored me in the program no matter how far adrift I felt. Your immense support will never be forgotten. Vilsoni Hereniko, your commitment to creative expressions of scholarship has supported me from the start. You have illuminated the path. Jaimey Hamilton-Faris, for jumping on board and taking an interest in my project. You have been a wealth of knowledge and generous in your willingness to share. Thank you Coco for your tremendous spirit in welcoming and caring for all students throughout the Pacific Islands Studies program and beyond. My sincerest thanks goes to Misa Maruyama, my sounding board and inspiration to always do my very best and then do even more. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Malte Heinemann, you have helped me carve out the creative, temporal and physical space to fulfill my dream. Finally, thank you to my family, Mom, Dad, Mal, Terence, Blossom, James and Jeremiah, for staying by my side through this journey. Although we may not be near, you are never far from my heart. And to my friends that have believed in me all along. 7 Preface: Genesis of a Topic Sometimes it is the things we find most puzzling that urge us to make sense out of them. The following is a conversation I had with a classmate named Jay. He insisted I try and explain my interest in the representation of Polynesian men in the National Football League (NFL). His curiosity was valid, though it would require more than I could explain in a few words. Jay: Can I ask you what your family background is? Christine: My mother was born in the Philippines and moved to Hawaiʻi in the 1960s. My father was the only child born to Filipino immigrants who came to Hawaiʻi to work on the sugar cane plantations. Jay: Are you a Pacific Islander? Christine: No. Jay: That’s cool. Do you like football? Christine: Not particularly. Well, not really at all. 8 Jay: What? If you don’t like football and you’re not a Pacific Islander, how did you come to study Polynesian representation in the NFL? I mean, it’s cool and all, but I’m just curious what your interests are here [in this subject area]. Below is an explanation for my interest in football. It is a nuanced response to my friend’s question, a response I am able to provide now, but not then. Football is not a sport I have an affinity for like tennis, which I played for over ten years. And yet, football was a staple of my childhood that made me feel alienated from my brothers. My preadolescent childhood was spent in futile attempts to emulate my three brothers. Although I was the youngest, I wanted to go where they went, wear their clothes, weight train, and hang out with them and their friends. All the boys had favorite teams and players, watched games on Sundays and Mondays during the season, and played football at school with their friends at recess. When it came to football I knew my place, and it was outside. “You no can! You one girl!” They would shove me aside and speak their secret language and play their exclusive “boys only” game. Football was a common language between them and their friends. And I wanted in. The other neighborhood girls were on the sidelines as well, so we created our own world that did not depend on or even acknowledge football. We rode bikes through the streets, picked wild mangoes, and orchestrated grand mud fights by carrying buckets of water into uninhabited lands nearby—life without football