DOCSLIB.ORG

Felix Dzerzhinsky: a Biography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Felix Dzerzhinsky: a Biography Felix Dzerzhinsky: a biography Progress Publishers Moscow 1988 3 INTRODUCTION Chapter One 6 CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. EARLY CAREER AS A REVOLUTIONARY Chapter Two 19 PARTY WORK ON THE EVE OF AND DURING THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1899-1907) Chapter Three 35 THE YEARS OF REACTION AND THE NEW REVOLUTIONARY UPSURGE. PRISON AND EXILE (1907-February 1917) Chapter Four 41 FIGHTING FOR THE VICTORY OF THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION (MARCH- OCTOBER 1917) Chapter Five 51 PROTECTING THE REVOLUTION Chapter Six 61 WORK AS THE VECHEKA CHAIRMAN DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN ARMED INTERVENTION Chapter Seven 75 AT THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT FOR INTERNAL AFFAIRS Chapter Eight 83 AT THE CIVIL WAR FRONTS Chapter Nine 92 GUARDING THE SECURITY OF THE SOVIET STATE Chapter Ten 104 THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR FOR TRANSPORT Chapter Eleven 116 AT THE HELM OF SOCIALIST INDUSTRY Chapter Twelve 133 DZERZHINSKY: A POLITICAL FIGURE OF LENINIST TYPE 145 CONCLUSION 148 NOTABLE DATES IN DZERZHINSKY’S LIFE AND WORK 1877-1926 INTRODUCTION The Soviet people undertaking enormous effort in all areas of the work to build communism have already achieved great successes in developing productive forces, economic and social relations, socialist democracy, and culture, and in moulding the new man. The world’s first socialist country has entered the stage of developed socialism. The attainments scored by the Party and the people have been recorded in the updated edition of the CPSU Programme adopted by the 27th Party Congress. The historic achievements of the Soviet people in building a new society, their victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the country’s confident advance towards higher stages of social, economic and cultural progress, and the growth of the Soviet Union’s influence on the course of world development are inseparably linked with the Communist Party s activities. It is the inspirer and organiser of the creative endeavour of the people, Soviet society’s leading and guiding force. Today, the Party has advanced the strategy of accelerating the country’s socio-economic development which is aimed at accomplishing a qualitative change in all aspects of the Soviet people’s life. The impressive social and economic changes that have taken place in the country and the peaceful creative work of the Soviet people have embodied the dreams and truly heroic efforts or many generations of revolutionaries, above all, political figures and statesmen of the Leninist school who have entered the political arena in the revolutionary epoch. Felix Dzerzhinsky, one of the great revolutionaries, was a steadfast Communist, a staunch defender of the revolution, a fighter for a better future for his own country and people and the whole of mankind. He was a man to be feared by the enemies of the revolution, a man whose life was a never-ending struggle to realise the ideals of communism. Though short, his life was full and eventful. A convinced Bolshevik- Leninist[1], who had spent eleven years—a quarter of his life— in prison and exile, Dzerzhinsky helped govern the world’s first socialist state of workers and peasants. He was a truly popular hero who struck terror into the bourgeoisie. Fellow- Bolsheviks nick-named him “iron Felix”, paying tribute to his loyalty to the cause of revolution. Dzerzhinsky joined the ranks of fighters for the emancipation of the working class at the age of 17. His career as a revolutionary began in the working-class environment of Kaunas and Vilnius in Lithuania. Soon, he was a professional revolutionary, a leader of the working-class movement in the Northwest of the Russian Empire and in Poland. His dedicated work had done much to unite the Polish and Russian revolutionary movement, enhance internationalism among the Polish working class, bring the two fraternal proletarian parties closer together, and strengthen the Bolshevik Party. Dzerzhinsky was a consistent and firm Leninist. He became personally acquainted with Lenin in 1906 at the Fourth Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)[2] in Stockholm. But at a much earlier time he had “met” Lenin through his works. Dzerzhinsky thought highly of Lenin’s activities as an organiser of the Communist Party and the fact that he consistently championed a truly revolutionary strategy and tactics in the working-class movement. Dzerzhinsky was directly involved in the preparation and accomplishment of the October 1917 armed uprising in Petrograd. He was one of the members of the Party Centre directing it, and was personally in charge of key sectors of the revolutionary struggle which effectively foiled the counterrevolutionary plans of the bourgeoisie. After the revolution, Dzerzhinsky was appointed by the Party and by Lenin personally as head of the All- Russia Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Profiteering (Vecheka). Since its establishment, the Commission acted as an alert and capable guardian of the young Soviet 3 Republic, and it is as its head that Dzerzhinsky’s qualities as an organiser and staunch Bolshevik were most clearly revealed. Since March 1919, Dzerzhinsky had headed the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, alongside with the Extraordinary Commission, and actively participated in the creation of the Soviet state apparatus. He made an important contribution to the establishment and maintenance of revolutionary law and order throughout the country. In April 1921, Dzerzhinsky was also appointed head of the Commissariat for the Transport. He personally did a great deal to rehabilitate the country’s transport, and especially the railways, an essential condition for overcoming economic dislocation, famine and territorial isolation. Another responsible position held by Dzerzhinsky was that of Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. In that capacity, he made a great personal contribution to the implementation of Lenin’s ideas and the Party’s economic policy of the country’s industrialisation. He was directly involved in the establishment of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the aviation industry, and tractor- and agricultural machine-building. Dzerzhinsky stressed the importance of scientific research and was known for his efforts to promote science in the Soviet Union. From the very first days of the existence of the Soviet state, Dzerzhinsky was repeatedly elected a delegate to congresses of the Soviets, and to the All-Russia Central Executive Committee and the USSR Central Executive Committee (since 1924), the highest body of the country’s state authority. He was actively involved in solving various issues of state-building in the young republic, distinguished himself again as head of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee commission on the improvement of the condition of children. This work revealed his kindness and humanitarian qualities. Felix Dzerzhinsky’s career was fruitful, multifaceted and scrupulously honest. A Bolshevik of the Leninist school, he was in charge of key sectors of the Party’s political and organisational work. Needless to say, he invariably enjoyed the complete confidence of fellow Bolsheviks. Dzerzhinsky’s work as a state, public and economic leader was terminated unexpectedly. He died on July 20, 1926—a soldier killed in battle. The Party Central Committee and the Central Control Commission stated in an address to all Party members, the working people, and the Red Army and Navy: “In the torture-chambers of tsarist Russia and in Siberian exile, during the interminable years of penal servitude, in prison and during the years of freedom, in underground work and when holding government jobs, in the Extraordinary Commission and at the head of construction work—Felix Dzerzhinsky was forever in the line of fire...” * * * We offer the reader a scientific biography of Felix Dzerzhinsky, which, we believe, can give a complete and accurate idea or his life and versatile work. It is based on the works of Lenin, the documents of Party congresses and conferences, plenary meetings of the CPSU Central Committee, the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania and the Communist Party of Poland (1918-1938), and the writings of Dzerzhinsky (letters to relatives and Party comrades, a prison diary, reports on Party work, speeches at Party congresses and conferences and statements to the press, etc.). The authors have extensively researched archival documents, numerous memoirs devoted to him (in Russian and Polish), his earlier biographies (especially those written by his first biographers, many of whom knew him personally: Jakub Hanecki, Yu. Krasny, Felix Kon, Adolf Warski), and other works dealing with the various aspects of Felix Dzerzhinsky’s career. The book At the Time of Great Battles, written by Dzerzhinsky’s wife, Sofia, provided much useful information. It was published in the Soviet Union and was also published in the 4 Polish People’s Republic. It is valuable not only by virtue of the personal reminiscences of the one who probably stood closest to Dzerzhinsky, but also because of the wealth of facts it contains which describe the epoch and the people who worked side by side with this great man. The authors have also used extensive literature on the history of the CPSU, the USSR, and the international communist movement. The book contains a list of major landmarks in Dzerzhinsky’s career and name index. The biography was written by a team of authors, including Sejriyon Khromov (editor-in-chief), Hya Doroshenko, Sofia Dzerzhinskaya, Alexander Khatskevich, Vassily Korovin, Mikhail Kozichev, Isabella Mishakova, Velmira Nevolina, Alexander Solovyov, Alexei Velidov, Nina Vinogradova and Rozaliya Yermolayeva. Notes [1] Bolsheviks—followers of Lenin who received the majority (bolsbinstvo in Russian) vote at the elections to the leading Party bodies at the Second RSDLP Congress. Their opponents were called the Mensheviks (members of the menshinstvo, minority). [2] The name of the Communist Party of Russia and then of the Soviet Union between 1898 and 1917 . 5 Chapter One CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Lessons of the Last Romanovs: Neither Bolshevism Nor Tsarism
    Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 19, Number 43, October 30, 1992 The lessons of the last Romanovs: neither Bolshevism nor tsarism by Denise Henderson Cheka (secret police) of the Urals in 1917 and therefore responsible for the captive Romanovs, a "proletarian Jacob­ The LastTsar: The Life and Death of in." Lenin himself proclaimed: "At least a hundred Ra­ Nicholas II ped by Edward Radzinsky, trans. by Marian Schwartz manovs must have their heads chop off in order to unlearn their descendants of crimes." And Trotsky, speakinggeneral­ Doubleday, New York, 1992 ly, added, "We must put an end once and for all to the Papish­ 462 pages, hardbound, $25 Quaker babble about the sanctity of human life." The turning point for the 'ancien regime' The downfall of a regime usually leads to an outpouring of There is no doubt that both the secret way in which the memoirs, analysis, romance, and other sorts of history, and Romanovs were executed, without trial, and the fact that for the fall of the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty in 1915, when 70 years the Bolsheviks practiced state terrorism against the Nicholas II abdicated for himself and his son, has been no Soviet population, thereby making open discussion about exception. This year, Edward Radzinsky, a Russian play­ the ancien regime taboo, have contributed to the fascination wright and historian, who began his researches on Nicholas Russians and others have with the death of Nicholas II and II 20 years ago, has added The Last Tsar: The Lifeand Death his family.But more important than Radzinsky's description of Nicholas II to that literature.
    [Show full text]
  • (Re)Conceptualization of Memory in Ukraine After the Revolution of Dignity
    ARTICLES (Re)conceptualization of Memory in Ukraine 46 Csilla FEDINEC István CSERNICSKO after the Revolution of Dignity (Re)conceptualization of Memory in Ukraine after the Revolution of Dignity Csilla FEDINEC István CSERNICSKO Abstract In Ukraine, having arrived at a critical stage of its history, three areas can be highlighted at the level of legislation during the struggle for the way forward since the end of 2013: the language issue, the constitutional process, and the efforts to eliminate the Soviet legacy. The subject of our analysis is the four laws belonging to the 2015 legislative package on decommunization, with an outlook to the broader context, as well. The four laws in question decide about who are heroes and who are enemies in history; what Ukraine’s relationship is with World War II, as well as with the Communist and Nazi regimes. The laws point out firmly and excluding any further debate the primacy of the country’s independence over all else, and the protection of the ideal of independence by any means concerning both the past and the present. The laws prescribe impeachment as a sanction for denying their contents. This story – hot memory influenced by politics – will be summarized for the period of 2015–2016. Keywords Ukraine, "decommunization package", national memory, identity crises, democratic values Jan Assmann’s impactful concept of memory developed in the 1990s breaks up the unitary categories of history and memory, and offers a nuanced typology of the typical uses of the past today. Regarding the latter, Assmann distinguishes between ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ memory. Hot memory directly shapes our present lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate PDF of This Page
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/4397,Battle-of-Warsaw-1920.html 2021-10-01, 13:56 11.08.2020 Battle of Warsaw, 1920 We invite you to read an article by Mirosław Szumiło, D.Sc. on the Battle of Warsaw, 1920. The text is also available in French and Russian (see attached pdf files). The Battle of Warsaw was one of the most important moments of the Polish-Bolshevik war, one of the most decisive events in the history of Poland, Europe and the entire world. However, excluding Poland, this fact is almost completely unknown to the citizens of European countries. This phenomenon was noticed a decade after the battle had taken place by a British diplomat, Lord Edgar Vincent d’Abernon, a direct witness of the events. In his book of 1931 “The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920”, he claimed that in the contemporary history of civilisation there are, in fact, few events of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. There is also no other which has been more overlooked. To better understand the origin and importance of the battle of Warsaw, one needs to become acquainted with a short summary of the Polish-Bolshevik war and, first and foremost, to get to know the goals of both fighting sides. We ought to start with stating the obvious, namely, that the Bolshevik regime, led by Vladimir Lenin, was, from the very beginning, focused on expansion. Prof. Richard Pipes, a prolific American historian, stated: “the Bolsheviks took power not to change Russia, but to use it as a trampoline for world revolution”.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage, Cinema, and Identity by Kiun H
    Title Page Framing, Walking, and Reimagining Landscapes in a Post-Soviet St. Petersburg: Cultural Heritage, Cinema, and Identity by Kiun Hwang Undergraduate degree, Yonsei University, 2005 Master degree, Yonsei University, 2008 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Kiun Hwang It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by David Birnbaum, Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures Mrinalini Rajagopalan, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Department of History of Art & Architecture Vladimir Padunov, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures Dissertation Advisor: Nancy Condee, Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures ii Copyright © by Kiun Hwang 2019 Abstract iii Framing, Walking, and Reimagining Landscapes in a Post-Soviet St. Petersburg: Cultural Heritage, Cinema, and Identity Kiun Hwang, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2019 St. Petersburg’s image and identity have long been determined by its geographical location and socio-cultural foreignness. But St. Petersburg’s three centuries have matured its material authenticity, recognizable tableaux and unique urban narratives, chiefly the Petersburg Text. The three of these, intertwined in their formation and development, created a distinctive place-identity. The aura arising from this distinctiveness functioned as a marketable code not only for St. Petersburg’s heritage industry, but also for a future-oriented engagement with post-Soviet hypercapitalism. Reflecting on both up-to-date scholarship and the actual cityscapes themselves, my dissertation will focus on the imaginative landscapes in the historic center of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Pearson, the Sealed Train
    Michael Pearson, The Sealed Train The Sealed Train There is little doubt that his decision for the immediate leap into the second stage of revolution was made after leaving Switzerland ● Foreword and before arriving in Russia. ● Chapter 1 ● Chapter 2 ● Chapter 3 ● Arrange for train ● Get on train The ● Into Germany SEALED TRAIN ● Berlin big idea ● Chapter 8 ● Chapter 9 ● Chapter 10 Michael Pearson ● Chapter 11 ● Chapter 12 ● Chapter 13 ● Chapter 14 ● Chapter 15 ● Chapter 16 ● Chapter 17 Pearson, Michael ● Afterword The sealed train New York : Putnam, [1975] ISBN 0399112626 Lenin : The Compulsive Revolutionary ● German contact ● Lenin Realizes His Power ● The Sealed Car and the idea of Leninism ● Accusation Treason ● Armed Uprising http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/pearson/oktszocforr.html29.10.2005 19:24:19 Pearson, Sealed Train, Foreword Michael Pearson : The Sealed Train New York : Putnam, 1975, 320 p. ISBN : 0399112626 Foreword IN MARCH, 1917, Lenin was living in Zurich in poverty, the exiled head of a small extremist revolutionary party that had relatively little following even within Russia. Eight months later, he assumed the rule of 160,000,000 people occupying one-sixth of the inhabited surface of the world. The Sealed Train is the story of those thirty-four fantastic weeks. The train itself and the bizarre journey across Germany, then at war with Russia, are a vital and dramatic link in the story. For without the train, Lenin could not have reached St. Petersburg when he did, and if Lenin had not returned to Russia, the history of the world would have been very different. For not one of his comrades had the sense of timing, the strength of will, the mental agility, the subtle understanding of the ever-changing mood of the people and the sheer intellectual power of Lenin.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhuk Outcover.Indd
    The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Sergei I. Zhuk Number 1906 Popular Culture, Identity, and Soviet Youth in Dniepropetrovsk, 1959–84 The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 1906 Sergei I. Zhuk Popular Culture, Identity, and Soviet Youth in Dniepropetrovsk, 1959–84 Sergei I. Zhuk is Associate Professor of Russian and East European History at Ball State University. His paper is part of a new research project, “The West in the ‘Closed City’: Cultural Consumption, Identities, and Ideology of Late Socialism in Soviet Ukraine, 1964–84.” Formerly a Professor of American History at Dniepropetrovsk University in Ukraine, he completed his doctorate degree in Russian History at the Johns Hopkins University in 2002 and recently published Russia’s Lost Reformation: Peasants, Millennialism, and Radical Sects in Southern Russia and Ukraine, 1830–1917 (2004). No. 1906, June 2008 © 2008 by The Center for Russian and East European Studies, a program of the University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh ISSN 0889-275X Image from cover: Rock performance by Dniepriane near the main building of Dniepropetrovsk University, August 31, 1980. Photograph taken by author. The Carl Beck Papers Editors: William Chase, Bob Donnorummo, Ronald H. Linden Managing Editor: Eileen O’Malley Editorial Assistant: Vera Dorosh Sebulsky Submissions to The Carl Beck Papers are welcome. Manuscripts must be in English, double-spaced throughout, and between 40 and 90 pages in length. Acceptance is based on anonymous review. Mail submissions to: Editor, The Carl Beck Papers, Center for Russian and East European Studies, 4400 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Bolsheviks' Destruction of the Russian Constituent Assembly and the Making of the FIRST COMMUNI
    57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/SPS.2019-2.4 Pieter C. van DUin - ZUZana POLÁČKOvÁ1 Pieter C. van Duin, University of Leiden, Leiden, Holandské kráľovstvo Zuzana Poláčková, Historický ústav SAV, Bratislava THE BIG BANG OF COMMUNISM: THE BOLsheviKs’ DestrUCtiOn Of the rUssian COnstitUent assemBLy anD the maKing OF THE FIRST COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP (NOVEMBER 1917-JANUARY 1918) This essay examines the suppression by the Bolsheviks in January 1918 of Russia’s first democrati- cally elected parliament, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly, and the various steps taken and argu- ments used by them during the preceding weeks to achieve this goal. Although Lenin and his Bolshevik party had never intended to tolerate the emergence of the Constituent Assembly as a competing political institution to their so-called Soviet democracy, they had to take care to present their repressive interven- tion as a rational and inevitable act from a revolutionary point of view. This crucial historical episode reveals the true character of the communist movement and communist ideology, which developed into one of the most dangerous threats to European democracy. There were several socialist parties in Rus- sia who tried to fight the Bolsheviks and to present a democratic-socialist alternative, in particular the moderate (‘Right’) wing of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The last section of this essay pays some additional attention to Viktor Chernov, a leader of the democratic group of Socialist-Revolutionaries and the President of the Constituent Assembly. In 1921 he fled to Czechoslovakia, where he lived until 1929. Key words. Communism; Bolshevism; democracy; Russia; Socialist-Revolutionaries; Viktor Chernov The Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd on 7 November 1917 (25 October on the Old Russian calendar), known among faithful communists as the ‘Great October Revolution’, was shocking to most non-Bolsheviks and even to some Bolshevik party members themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of Stalin's Life
    Chronology of Stalin's Life ('Old Style' to February 1918) 1879 9 Dec Born in Gori. 1888 Sept Enters clerical elementary school in Gori. 1894 Sept Enters theological seminary in Tbilisi. 1899 May Expelled from seminary. 1900 Apr Addresses worker demonstration near Tbilisi. 1902 Apr Arrested in Batumi following worker demonstration of which he was an organizer. 1903 July-Aug Appearance of Lenin's Bolshevik faction at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Stalin not present). 1904 Jan Escapes from place of exile in Siberia and returns to underground revolutionary work in Transcaucasia. 1905 Revolution, reaching peak in Oct-Dec. threatens the survival of the tsarist government. Stalin marries Ekaterina Svanidze. Dec Attends Bolshevik conference. also attended by Lenin, in Tammerfors, Finland. 1906 Apr Attends 'Unity' congress of party in Stockholm. 1907 Mar Birth of first child, Yakov. Apr Publishes first substantial piece of writing, 'Anarchism or Socialism?' Apr-May Attends party congress in London. Jun Moves operations to Baku. Oct Death of his wife, Ekaterina. 1908 Mar Arrested in Baku. 317 318 Chronology of Stalin's Life 1909 June Escapes from place of exile, Solvychegodsk, returns to underground in Baku. 1910 Mar Arrested and jailed. Oct Returned to exile in Solvychegodsk. 1911 June Police permit his legal residence in Vologda. Sept Illegally goes to St Petersburg but is arrested and returned to Vologda. 1912 Jan Bolshevik conference in Prague at which Lenin attempts to establish his control of party; Stalin not present but soon after is co-opted to new Central Committee. Apr Illegally moves to St Petersburg, but is arrested there.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the Beginning of the ХХІ Century
    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE OF UKRAINE FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES AND PEDAGOGY Department of History and Political Sciences N. KRAVCHENKO History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ- the beginning of the ХХІ century Textbook for students of English-speaking groups Kyiv 2017 UDК 93/94 (477) BBК: 63.3 (4 Укр) К 77 Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine (Protocol № 3, on October 25, 2017). Reviewers: Kostylyeva Svitlana Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History of the National Technical University of Ukraine «Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»; Vyhovskyi Mykola Yuriiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of Historical Education of the National Pedagogical Drahomanov University Вilan Serhii Oleksiiovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Political Sciences of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Аristova Natalia Oleksandrivna, Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of English Philology of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine. Author: PhD, Associate Professor Nataliia Borysivna Kravchenko К 77 Kravchenko N. B. History of Ukrainian Statehood: ХХ - the beginning of the ХХІ century. Textbook for students of English-speaking groups. / Kravchenko N. B. – Куiv: Еditing and Publishing Division NUBiP of Ukraine, 2017. – 412 р. ISBN 978-617-7396-79-5 The textbook-reference covers the historical development of Ukraine Statehood in the ХХ- at the beginning of the ХХІ century. The composition contains materials for lectures, seminars and self-study. It has general provisions, scientific and reference materials - personalities, chronology, terminology, documents and manual - set of tests, projects and recommended literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man
    Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Spring 2019 Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man Sophie Y. Andarovna Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Intellectual History Commons, and the Russian Literature Commons Recommended Citation Andarovna, Sophie Y., "Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man" (2019). All Master's Theses. 1201. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1201 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLOOD, WATER AND MARS: SOVIET SCIENCE AND THE ALCHEMY FOR A NEW MAN __________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History ___________________________________ by Sophie Yennan Andarovna May 2019 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Sophie Yennan Andarovna Candidate for the degree of Master of Arts APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Roxanne Easley, Committee Chair ______________
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Infiltration of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs by Soviet Intelligence
    258 INTERNAL SECURITY REVIEW 20/19 Marek Świerczek Intelligence infiltration of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs by Soviet intelligence Introduction In 2009 a set of documents by L.F. Sockow1, entitled Секреты польской политики. Сборник документов was issued in Moscow. It contained selected materials from the SVR archive (Служба Внешней Разведки Российской Федерации, СВР2) that come from the INO GUGB NKVD (Иностранный отдел Главного управления государственной безопасности Народного комиссариата внутренних дел СССР, INO GUGB NKVD3) and that referred to the foreign politics of the Second Republic of Poland 1935‒1945. Both the editor of the work, i.e. the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and the set of documents with a clear-cut introduction by gen. Lev Filipovich Sockow leave no room for doubt about the propaganda nature of the work. And it was received exactly so by the Polish side. Polish historians and journalists tried to discredit the paper by proving that the thesis suggested there about the alleged politics of rapprochement between the Second Republic of Poland and Nazi Germans to establish that probable alliance against the USSR is in reality a manipulation. Probably it was only Władysław Bułhak who admitted that gen. Sockow’s work proves the thesis that the Soviets had an agent in the Polish MoFA. He developed a hypothesis that the documents of the Polish MoFA published in the set could have been the result of a disinformation operation carried out by the II Department of the Polish General Staff (further: II Department) against INO GUGB NKVD.4 Apart from the short discussion storm the work did not seriously change the way the intelligence infiltration of the state institutions of the II Republic of Poland by the Soviet intelligence.
    [Show full text]