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Andalgalornis Steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae)

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Andalgalornis Steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae) Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae) Claudia P. Tambussi1,2*, Ricardo de Mendoza1, Federico J. Degrange2,3, Mariana B. Picasso1 1 Divisio´n Paleontologı´a Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina, 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas CONICET, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra CICTERRA, Co´rdoba, Argentina Abstract Background: Andalgalornis steulleti from the upper Miocene–lower Pliocene (<6 million years ago) of Argentina is a medium-sized patagornithine phorusrhacid. It was a member of the predominantly South American radiation of ‘terror birds’ (Phorusrhacidae) that were apex predators throughout much of the Cenozoic. A previous biomechanical study suggests that the skull would be prepared to make sudden movements in the sagittal plane to subdue prey. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyze the flexion patterns of the neck of Andalgalornis based on the neck vertebrae morphology and biometrics. The transitional cervical vertebrae 5th and 9th clearly separate regions 1–2 and 2–3 respectively. Bifurcate neural spines are developed in the cervical vertebrae 7th to 12th suggesting the presence of a very intricate ligamentary system and of a very well developed epaxial musculature. The presence of the lig. elasticum interespinale is inferred. High neural spines of R3 suggest that this region concentrates the major stresses during downstrokes. Conclusions/Significance: The musculoskeletal system of Andalgalornis seems to be prepared (1) to support a particularly big head during normal stance, and (2) to help the neck (and the head) rising after the maximum ventroflexion during a strike. The study herein is the first interpretation of the potential performance of the neck of Andalgalornis in its entirety and we considered this an important starting point to understand and reconstruct the flexion pattern of other phorusrhacids from which the neck is unknown. Citation: Tambussi CP, de Mendoza R, Degrange FJ, Picasso MB (2012) Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae). PLoS ONE 7(5): e37701. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701 Editor: Alistair Robert Evans, Monash University, Australia Received December 1, 2011; Accepted April 23, 2012; Published May 25, 2012 Copyright: ß 2012 Tambussi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The study was funded in part by a grant from CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas) and Agencia Nacional de Promociones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas to CPT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding was received for this study. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Each vertebra articulates with the adjacent through a saddle- shaped region (articulatio intercorporalis in the sense of [10]) located at Neck length and neck posture are both relevant to give the the base of the vertebral body (corpus vertebrae) (Fig. 2) and two appropriate position of the head during all kinds of behaviors additional sliding surfaces located in the top (articulatio zygapophy- [1,2]. For activities such as mating or defense the neck has the sialis cranialis and caudalis) [8]. This morphology allows large ability to perform more complex movements [3] linked to the dorsoventral movements of the neck but prevents rotation, which cervical morphology. The head centre of gravity over the feet is is generally small. deeply correlated with the erect posture on land and also depends Boas [6] divided the cervical column of birds in three main on the movements of the neck. In normal stance birds (and all regions according to the dorsoventral bending: the most rostral is amniotes) maintain vertical its cervical column [4,5]. the region 1 in which ventral flexion is prevalent, region 2 in which Size, morphology and number of vertebrae are three important dorsal flexion prevails and region 3 in which both dorsal and variables involved in the motion of the neck [6,7,8]. Birds have ventral flexion are limited. The boundaries between these regions a highly variable number of cervical vertebrae (9–11 in some are given by transitional vertebrae that have a particular parrots, 23–25 in swans) but, whatever the number, their necks morphology. Knowing the vertebral morphology of each region look shorter or longer depending on the neck-folding (Fig. 1). All one can infer what kind of movements could be possible. birds have a flexible ‘‘S’’ shaped neck but the flexion capacity Andalgalornis steulleti (Kraglievich 1931), from the upper varies between them and for sure, the arrangement is a conse- Miocene–lower Pliocene (<6 million years ago) of Argentina, quence of an intricate system made by muscles, ligaments and was a medium-sized patagornithine phorusrhacid of about 40 kg complex articulations. As flexion increases, the distance between body mass, 1.4 m height, and 370 mm total skull length [11,12]. the head and the thorax will be shorter and, under these Together with the long legs, the atypical large skull with high and circumstances the external profile of the animal’s neck region narrow beak is a characteristic feature of all phorusrhacids [13]. shortens [9]. The Phorusrhacidae are often regarded as apex predators of the PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 May 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 5 | e37701 Andalgalornis Neck Flexibility Figure 1. Comparison between external neck guises in selected birds. 1 toucan, 2 owl, 3 eagle, 4 tinamous, 5 seagull, 6 seriema, 7 ibis, 8 egret, 9 greater rhea, 10 swan. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701.g001 South American Tertiary environments sharing this role with large of Andalgalornis is the most complete and well preserved known of now-extinct marsupials [14]. Popularly known as ‘‘terror birds’’ (a a terror bird. The study here is the first interpretation of the name applied at least to the giant forms) there are no close modern potential performance of the neck of Andalgalornis in its entirety and analogs which facilitate interpretations about their biology. we considered this an important starting point to understand and Here we analyze the flexion patterns of the neck of Andalgalornis reconstruct the entire neck of other phorusrhacids from which the based on the neck vertebrae morphology and biometrics. neck is unknown or severely damaged. Complete columns among phorusrhacids remains are scare and The vertebral morphology of Andalgalornis has not been in most cases in those specimens where the column is quite extensively described in the literature. In their original description complete, the vertebrae are severely damaged. So far, the column of the only complete column known for the species, Patterson and Figure 2. Features of the 5th cervical vertebrae in the seagull Larus sp. A, cranial view; B, lateral view; C, dorsal view. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701.g002 PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 2 May 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 5 | e37701 Andalgalornis Neck Flexibility Kraglievich [15] recognized the presence of 17 presynsacral of the neck that is capable of downward (ventral) flexion but only vertebrae (11 cervicals, 2 cervicodorsals and 4 dorsals) of which 13 slightly upward (dorsal) flexion is possible (see above and Table 1). form the neck. Their description is limited to the size comparison The atlas (first vertebra) of Andalgalornis is unknown. of the vertebral body and only in a few vertebrae did they also The second cervical vertebra, the axis, is badly deformed mainly compare the height of the neural spine. in the corpus. It appears to be long and ventrally rough with three We will dwell on the comparison between several extant birds of ridges, one central and two laterally placed [in Procariama simplex different size and habits in order to establish a correlation between Rovereto 1914 the corpus is smooth, and there is only one central cervical morphology and mode of life. Such anatomical analysis is ridge]. The zygapophyses cranialis are small. Viewed laterally, behind not available for any phorusrhacid, while it is a first requirement the zygapophysis, the ansa costotransversaria is located [absent in for any quantitative analysis in comparative, functional or P. simplex] with small processus costalis. The zygapophyses caudalis are ecological morphology. large, and ventrally concave. The facies articularis caudalis is dorsocaudally oblique [strongly dorsocranially oblique in Psilopterus Results Moreno and Mercerat 1891 sensu [17]. The processus spinosus is high, thick and has a wide posterior fossa for ligament insertion. Anatomical Description The corpus of cervical vertebra 3 is narrow and ventrally convex We use the term cervical vertebrae to mean the true cervical [flat in P. simplex]. The facies articularis cranialis is thin viewed (without ribs or with fused ribs) and the cervicodorsal vertebrae to cranially [broad in P. simplex] and extensive in the ventral region. refer to vertebrae with free ribs that do not contact with the The zygapophyses cranialis face craniodorsally and are slightly sternum [16]. Skeletal characters used in the descriptions are convex. The ansa costotransversaria is robust and craniocaudally shown in Figure 2 while Figure 3 exhibits the measurements and disposed, the tuberculum ansae is thick but slightly marked [absent in angles analyzed in this paper. Our treatment here follows the P. simplex]. The processus costalis is small. The facies articularis caudalis concept of regions defined by types of mobility, which are is proportionately smaller and widely dorsally directed. In dorsal separated by transitional vertebrae: fifth cervical vertebra and view, the general shape of the vertebra is trapezoidal, wider than ninth cervical vertebra in Andalgalornis.
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