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Home , Assembly of Notables, Equal opportunity, Estates General (France), French Revolution, Girondins, John Locke

The French Keep and eye out for this…

It means that there is important that you should want to include in your notes Keep and eye out for this…

Does it mean the rest of the stuff isn’t important? No!!! ! Some of the material we covered during Enlightenment and is fair- game to be on the Unit Exam What was the immediate impact of

the ? ! ! ▪ The French Revolution introduced the struggles that would define modern … and the world ! The French Revolution: Two wrapped into one with a third revolution waiting in the wings ! ▪ 1st – 1789 – 91 ▪ 2nd – 1791 – 94

The significance of the French Revolution • Brought to forefront Enlightenment • Introduced Classical The significance of the French

Revolution

!

• Brought to forefront Enlightenment Ideas !

• In other words, all the stuff Enlightened thinkers were arguing for became a . Why do revolution’s occur? Why do revolution’s occur?

! •Revolutions occur when pressure groups organized for reform •Class antagonisms (hostility) increase • are short of money • is inefficient and the governed are impatient Anatomy of Revolution; compare to fever/flu, etc. Example: Examining the ! Symptoms - Colonial for -government; The Stamp Act Crisis – The Massacre Delirium – Writing of the Declaration of Independence; Actual fighting between the Colonist and Relapse - Agreement Delirium

Crisis

Symptoms Relapse Lets look at the conditions that existed in …. The citizenry of France: The Three Estates

How France was organized

1st Estate 2nd Estate ? Estate

French was divided into three parts called ESTATES The citizenry of France: The Three Estates 3rd Estate

1st Estate 2nd Estate Who were the Three Estates? The citizenry of France: The Three Estates

1st Estate 3% of Population Own 10% of Land

2nd Estate 2% of Population Own 20-25% of Land

3rd Estate and Everyone else 95% of the Population Owned 40% of the land

The 3rd Estate..who were they? ! The Third Estate (Bourgeoisie) – bankers, merchants, and manufacturers; earners and urban poor; Rural masses and peasantry, which made up the bulk of the people; the poorest members were city workers Stop &Think!!! !

Why was the 3rd Estate so important to France? If the 3rd Estate was so important and made up such a large part of the French population, what was their problem?

What was their beef? Considering what you learned during the Enlightenment Lesson, what do you think was the “beef” or complaint of the 3rd Estate? Their Beef The Problem

! For the 3rd Estate, France was within a period of discontent •The third estate resents the privileges enjoyed by the 1st and 2nd Estates •Upward mobility extremely limited; limited to the nobles •Heavy •Low + high cost of living (bread, food,etc) = misery and discontent Interpreting Political Cartoons

Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Enlightenment Thinking; Noble Privilege vs. Enlightenment ideas; ideas; fueled by the American Revolution about and equality influenced the upper classes ! •Absolutism: powerful creates a powerful Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: •World of Privilege •Privilege exemptions •Social – society is still organized based on feudal ; no longer matching reality……which causes resentments ! •Can you blame the 3rd Estate for resentful??? This is you if you were a in France

How’s life treating u? Analyze the pic’s that follow and describe how you may feel

Louis XVI Long-Term Causes of the

French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! • Political • Bourgeoisie (3rd Estate) a say in government • Nobles and clergy, (obviously) want to retain or increase power Long-Term Causes of the

French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Economic – Government unable to pay debt; a debt accrued from the American Revolution; 1780’s a series of bad harvests; rising (particularly bread); rising ; increase in ; Seven Years ; Noble Tax Exemptions Long-Term Causes of the

French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Activism – development of the of political debate; people gathering in Parisian houses debating the issues of the The Beginnings of a Revolution ! Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! ! What were enlighten thinkers and why do you think they may have played a role within the French Revolution? ! ! ! Enlighten Thinkers….Remember this guys??? • New way of thinking about mankind and the environment. • , Locke, Diderot, , Baccaria, and Rousseau The Beginnings of a Revolution ! Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! • inspiration. • Discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Newton • Revealed a universe that was infinite, yet governed by that could be discovered by the human . The Beginnings of a Revolution

Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! • From the evils of ', , clericalism' the main people of the Revolution adapted the watchword of 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity', drawing on notions from the and the Enlightenment. ! • Important documents of the Revolution • The Declaration of the of Man • The of 1791 – we owe debt to Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau. The Beginnings of a Revolution

Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! 's central ideas were that of: •The human is blank at birth, as such, everyone is good. • “Life, Liberty, and ” The Beginnings of a Revolution

Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent de Montesquieu's central ideas were that of: • within the government •The government should be formed based on the area in which they operate. The Beginnings of a Revolution

Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent Jean Jacques Rousseau: Sparked with his ability to imply the obvious. •Central - Summed up in the first sentence of his most famous work, The : "Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.“ ! •Plays on the feudal system, but places it more into a governmental role. Once rulers cease to protect the ruled, is broken and the governed are another set of governors or magistrates. This became the primary force behind the Declaration of Independence. Prelude to Revolution ! Pre-Revolution and Economic Conditions of France • Wasteful government spending and an abuse of power • For several years, the government had covered its deficits with loans. • In 1783, the of began to remonstrate () against such loans, saying that the deficit could be eliminated by curtailing expenditure. • Public opinion, fueled by publicity given to lavish spending, seemed to share this view. Failure of Reform: The Gathering of General

• In 1787, The was convened by Louis

16th • Louis wanted to raise taxes to stem the resulting economic problem

• The Notables refused to approve Louis request. • Last time the Estates-General met - 1614 What Happens? What do they (Estates) want? ! •Both the Nobility and the Bourgeoisie want Liberal changes •A constitution • •Limited Powers of the King •A representative body What was the problem with executing

the grievances? ! •Voting; The 3rd Estate wants voting to go by number of instead on Estates. •Traditionally, the Estates-General consisted of three estates with equal numbers of deputies—the clergy, the nobility, and the —each of which had a single vote. What was the problem with executing

the grievances? ! •Under this arrangement, the nobility always dominated, since the clerical deputies included a majority of nobles. While leading nobles wished to retain this tradition of "voting by order," which would have ensured their continued dominance, many reacted angrily…..Equal Representation The citizenry of France: The Three Estates 3rd Estate

1st Estate 2nd Estate In other words….

Outvote

The 95%

Stop and Think ! ! ! Fair or Unfair??? Abbe Sieyes – “What is the Third Estate?

•Sieyes dropped the polite and even apologetic tone and forcefully pronounced the right of the Third Estate to be everything. •“What is the 3rd Estate? Everything” •“What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing” •“What it ? To become something” Sieyes stirs the pot ! • Louis closes the hall where the were meeting after the comments of Abby Sieyes. • Louis is fearful of what the 3rd Estate is likely to do. • The – in reaction to being shut out, the 3rd Estate gathers and – • Declares an Oath; Tennis Court Oath, ,1789; 1st and 3rd Estates • “We are the ” • “We not dissolve this body until we have a new constitution” • “We represent France” The Tennis Court Oath The Tennis Court Oath The Tennis Court Oath ! •Third Estate meeting to discuss the reforms • A vote by head instead of by estate.

• Locked-out • Believed that this attempt by Louis XVI to end their demands for reform and they were further incensed at the King's duplicity. • Moved their meeting to a nearby indoor tennis court. • Debated how the Third Estate could protect themselves from those in positions of authority • Oath of allegiance. The Tennis Court Oath ! • The proposed oath was to read that they would remain assembled until a constitution had been written, meeting wherever it was required and resisting pressures form the outside to disband. • The Tennis Court Oath was an assertion that the of the people did not reside with King, but in the people themselves, and their representatives. • It was the first assertion of authority by the Third Estate and it united virtually all its members to common action. • Its success can be seen by the fact that a scant one week later, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General for the purpose of writing a constitution In other words….

Dear Louie: rd ! The 3 Estate No problems here. U want to lock us out, no problem. We will write our own constitution without u.

1st step towards a full-blown revolution Need a new name…How about the National Assembly Stop and Think - What is going on within this picture?

1st and 2nd Estate

3rd Estate Stop and Think - What is going on within this picture?

1st and 2nd Estate

3rd Estate

The Nobility and Clergy look shocked as the Third Estate their chains. Houston, we’ve got a problem

Louis responds to the demands Louis responds to the demands ! •Sends an Army to Versailles •Takes sides with the Nobility 3rd Estates responds to Louie

•Mob is irate that Louis sides with the nobility

•They have weapons but no

•Gunpowder locate at the

•, 1789 –

•Bastille – an old armory also used as a prison (not

many though) Mobs storm the Bastille in 1789 And the French Revolution is birthed in Mob (3rd Estate reacts) ! •The attack is a symbolic attack on the King’s authority •The revolution spreads to the countryside •“The ” – peasant against their landlords •August 4, National Assembly ends feudal rights

•Popular pressure radicalizes the liberal revolution ! Houston, I still have a problem

Louis responds to the response ! Louis answer (final answer) to the

rebellion ! Louis forces the 1st and 2nd Estate to join the National Assembly, which officially marks the beginning of the revolution Game On ! ! !

“Time for a Revolution” - 3rd Estate “The Great Fear”

•Revolutionary fervor and widespread hysteria quickly swept the countryside.

•Revolting against years of exploitation, looted and burned the homes of tax collectors and landlords “The Great Fear”

•The agrarian insurrection hastened the growing exodus of nobles from the country ! •The National Constituent

Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, The “death certificate of the old order.” Never get the ladies mad…bad things will always follow Women of Paris on Versailles October 1789 Small Group Activity ! •Working cooperatively… • Refer to Notes Packet • Read and Interpret The Declaration of the and of Citizen • Answer the following: What does the document proclaim? What is the National Assembly’s commitment to replace the ancient régime? How does , of speech, and representative government fit into the equation? What is missing from the declaration? The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen Results of a Liberal Revolution ! •Declaration of the Rights of Man

•Individual Freedom

•Equality under the

•Representative Government

•Property Requirements; Exclusion of Women

Constitutional A Time for Reform, A Time for Change ! A new role for thRole of the

•e • In order to pay off the huge debt, the National Assembly decided to sell of much of the Church’s land. • Church now under state control…loss of immense power •New Constitution ended Papal authority A new Constitution: The Good, the Bad, and The Ugly ! • Completed in 1791 • • A new Legislative assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace. • Lawmakers would be elected by tax-paying male citizens – only about 50K in a country of 27M could qualify to run for the assembly • Forbade labor unions • Continued economic hardship A new Constitution: The Good, the Bad, and The Ugly ! • The Sans- – more radical and demanded a • During the fall of 1792, elections were held for a new Constitutional Convention • A that would not have to share power with an authority) that would rule France as an interim government while preparing a new, republican constitution.

• The and the enter the scene

•Sans-Culottes and alliance

Remember when I said: “Never get the ladies mad…bad things will always follow” ! Well, maybe not so bad… Declaration of the Rights of , 1791

• de Gouges states that the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen is not being applied to women. ! •She implies the vote for women, demands a national assembly of women ! • Stresses that men must yield rights to women, and emphasizes women's .“ ! • Charged with during the rule of the . ! • Arrested, tried, and executed by the . Her fate for speaking up for the women

Phase Two ! ! ! Things really get rolling now Second Revolution (1791-1794): Here we go again! ! •Radical Revolution •Violence •The Guillotine •Beheading of nobility •Beheading of the king and queen •As the Girondins stalled for time, a more radical faction developed • The Jacobins sought to accelerate the proceedings, arguing that as long as Louis lived, he called into question the of the Revolution • Jacobins attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested the king on Causes of Radicalization of Revolution (2nd Revolution) ! •Political Clubs •Jacobins •Sans-Culottes - It was one of the first working class groups that incorporated both a political stance and a social condition – The Working Class; they believed that they were the ‘true people of France” • •The emerging leaders of the new legislature, known as "Girondins" for the region in the southwest from which many had come, found it intolerable to have a threatening army of émigrés sitting just across the Causes of Radicalization of Revolution (2nd Revolution) •Louis 16th captured •War with and – the ultimate spark that caused the radical revolution •Counter-Revolution •Fear of external and internal threats •Influence of Marat •the Girondins rapidly led France into war in the spring of 1792, but this strategy backfired when French forces performed badly for most of that year and as a consequence France was invaded by Prussian and Austrian troops. Causes of Radicalization of Revolution (2nd Revolution) ! •1792, had begun to ally with sans-culottes • Overthrew the monarchy and the Girondin-led Legislative Assembly. • Sans-culotte fears of the plots of invisible, domestic enemies of the Revolution were further aroused by heated during the trial of Louis in January 1793 • The Mountain then assumed control of the National Convention. • Jacobins (left) wanted more liberal change such as rights for all male citizens • Loyalists (right) wanted to restore the monarchy

Anatomy and Highlights of the Second Revolution (1791-1794) •Citizen Army; radical change, which pushed Europe into the modern period, based on merit not privilege •Monarchy deposed; executed Louis, Jacobins promoted and accrued enough votes to execute Louis (very radical); the end of the constitutional monarchy •National Convention – dominated by the Jacobins and Robesperrire •Republican Government •Planned Anatomy and Highlights of the Second Revolution (1791-1794) • Secular National – outlawing Catholicism; worship heroes of the revolution..not God • The – 11K – 18K died and 300K imprisoned – because the Jacobins feared internal and external threats, thus, eliminate the enemy of the state • Abolition of – Radical and Egalitarian vision • De- campaign • Committee of Public Safety Small Group Activity ! •Working cooperatively… • Refer to Notes Packet • Read and Interpret The Terror Justified by Maximilian Robespierre • Answer the following: What Robespierre means when he argues that terror flows from virtue; how the use of terror relates to the of the revolution; how this speech might be interpreted as an Enlightenment attack on the Ancient Regime carried to its logical conclusion Maximilien de Robespierre

The Terror Small Group Activity ! •Working cooperatively… •Construct a timeline of the significant events of the French Revolution •Provide a description of each of the events. Include the who, what, where, when, and why • Must include at least ten significant events • Jigsaw – pair and share timeline with other groups

Example of how to construct and where you might want to start. 1787 -King Louis XVI calls the Estates General in response to mounting economic problems. One of his primary goals of the meeting was to raise taxes in effort to meet the country’s economic challenges. However, he faced a difficult and insurmountable problem: the Third Estate. The Estates General was set up in such a way that each Estate got the same number of members. In effect, this meant that the First and Second Estates, comprised almost unanimously of the nobility, could always outvote the Third Estate. The French Revolution Ends (Sort of): 's Rise

….to be continued during our unit on the Rise of Napoleon

The Enlightenment

“Age of ” Learning Objective

▪ Be able to define the Enlightenment and key vocabulary, and identify the historical roots of this time period. Key Vocabulary ▪ Enlightenment ! ▪ Age of Reason: ! ▪ Salons: ! ▪ : ! ▪ Reason: Key Vocabulary ⦿ Enlightenment: a period during the 1600s and

1700s in which educated Europeans changed

their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key

to human . Key Vocabulary ⦿Age of Reason: another name for the

Enlightenment Key Vocabulary ⦿ Salons: in France, a simple meeting of

to discuss ideas during the

Enlightenment Key Vocabulary ⦿ Philosopher: a scholar or thinker Key Vocabulary ⦿ Reason: Using logical thinking, not Roots of the Enlightenment ⦿The Enlightenment grew out of the

Renaissance, , and the

Scientific Revolution. Renaissance, literally means "rebirth" and is the period in European immediately following the

▪ A surge of interest in classical learning and values

▪ The discovery and exploration of new continents ▪ The substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy

▪ The decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce ▪ Invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder. Roots of the Enlightenment ⦿ What’s the same?: Like all of these other

movements, much Enlightenment thinking

challenged accepted beliefs. Roots of the Enlightenment ⦿ What’s new?: Enlightenment philosophers

wanted to use the ideas and reason of the

Scientific Revolution for problems in

government and society. Stop and Think

⦿ In what ways are the periods of the Renaissance,

Reformation, and Scientific Revolution similar to

the Enlightenment? ⦿ They are similar because they all challenged

accepted beliefs. Stop and Think

⦿ In what new areas did Enlightenment

philosophers want to use reason? ⦿ They wanted to use reason for problems in

government and society. Light out of the Darkness

⦿ A Frenchman, Bernard de Fontenelle, expressed this optimistic faith in reason and progress. In 1702, he wrote that the new century “will become more enlightened day by day, so that all previous centuries will be lost in darkness by comparison.” The Salons

⦿ In France, thinkers called philosophes (French for “philosophers”) championed the idea of reason in government. ⦿ Philosophers often gathered in informal meetings, called salons. There they exchanged and debated ideas for . ⦿ Many salons were organized by women. Gatherings like these helped to shape and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. Stop and Think

Describe the purpose of a . Why is this important?

⦿ Many of our own ideas about government, such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution got their ideas directly from the Enlightenment. ⦿ In fact, many of America’s founding fathers studied the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers during the American Revolution.

Left to right: , John , ⦿ Which of these was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment? A. The B. The C. The Catholic Church D. The American Revolution ⦿ Which of these was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment? ! ! ! D. The American Revolution What a !

⦿ Enlightenment thinkers rejected authority and upheld the freedom of individuals to think for themselves. ! ⦿ Rene Descartes: “I think, therefore I am.” Enlightenment and Government

⦿ Enlightenment thinkers criticized accepted ideas about government. Some questioned the medieval in the divine right of [the idea that God chose a country’s king, and that the king got his authority from God.] ⦿ Many Enlightenment thinkers stressed individual rights that governments must respect. ⦿ Enlightenment thinkers also felt that people should have a say in their government. ⦿ What old, medieval concept about government did Enlightenment thinkers reject? ⦿ ⦿ Name one they did believe about government: ⦿ Possible answers: Individual rights, people having a say in government. Enlightenment and Religion

⦿ Enlightenment thinkers believed humans were capable of discovering for themselves. ⦿ Many believed in an all powerful deity (or God), but not in a specific church or holy book. Some called themselves Deists [Dee-ists]. ⦿ Right and Wrong should be based on rational . ⦿ In what way was the Enlightenment similar to the Scientific Revolution? A. BOTH focused on government and society B. BOTH highly valued reason and observation. C. BOTH denied the of God. D. BOTH were unimportant. ⦿ In what way was the Enlightenment similar to the Scientific Revolution? ! B. BOTH highly valued reason and observation. ! ⦿ What is another name for Enlightenment? ⦿ Age of Reason ⦿ Where would people meet to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment? ⦿ A salon ⦿ What is the period during the 1600s and in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress? ⦿ The Enlightenment ⦿ The Enlightenment took the reason of the Scientific Revolution and used it for______⦿ Government Learning Objective

⦿ Students will be able to describe the ideas of major Enlightenment thinkers. ! ! ⦿ Fill out the chart as the presentation progresses.

⦿ Hobbes believed people are naturally selfish, cruel, and greedy. ⦿ In 1651, he published a book called . In this book, he wrote that people are driven by a restless desire for power. ⦿ Without laws, people would always be in conflict. ⦿ In such a “state of ”, life would be “nasty, brutish, and short.” ⦿ His idea: Governments were created to protect people from their own . Hobbes continued….

⦿ Later Enlightenment thinkers might not have agreed with Hobbes… ⦿ But, he was important because he was one of the first thinkers to apply reason to the problem of politics ⦿ His ideas may sound harsh, but it was based on his own observations of and reasoning. ⦿ Hobbes’ ideas are based on the idea that people are naturally selfish. Do you agree with this? Why or why not? ⦿ What does Hobbes mean when he said that if there was no government, life would be “nasty, brutish, and short.”? ⦿ Do you agree with this idea? Tell your partner why or why not. Be prepared to share your answer with the class. Add these to your vocabulary list

⦿ Social Contract: an agreement between people and their government, in which people give up some things in return for the benefit of having government. ⦿ Natural rights: rights that people have simply for being human. ⦿ : a list of basic rights a government must protect. ⦿ Constitutional Monarchy: a form of government in which the king’s power is limited by a basic set of laws, or Constitution. Think/Pair/Share

⦿ Look at the for natural rights. With your partner, list as many rights as you can think of on your whiteboards that you believe people have just for being human. John Locke: Social Contract and Natural Rights

⦿ He wrote Two of Government in 1690. ⦿ He believed the purpose of government was to protect people’s natural rights. He said government should protect,” his life, liberty, and property—against the injuries and attempts of other men.” ⦿ His idea: The true basis of government was a social contract between people and their government. If the government didn’t respect people’s rights, it could be overthrown. John Locke: Social Contract and Natural Rights

⦿ In exchange protection, people gave government the power to rule on their behalf. We call this idea the “.” ⦿ Lasting Impact: the idea that government could be overthrown if it failed to respect people’s rights had wide influence and was ultimately echoed in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke’s ideas in England

⦿ Locke was in favor of constitutional . This meant laws or a constitution limited the power of the monarchs (or kings). ⦿ In 1689, the English set down a new set of rules called the English Bill of Rights. This strengthened the power of the people and their representatives in Parliament (an English congress.) ⦿ The following ideas come from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights. Which most closely relates to the work of John Locke? ●A. speedy and public trial ●B. innocent until proven guilty ●C. life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ●D. and the press ⦿ The following ideas come from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights. Which most closely relates to the work of John Locke? ! ! ●C. life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ⦿ Approved in 1689, the new set of rights for Parliament and the English people were set down in the ! ●A. Magna Carta ●B. Orders of Parliament ●C. Laws of William & Mary ●D. English Bill of Rights ⦿ Approved in 1689, the new set of rights for Parliament and the English people were set down in the ! ! ! ! D. English Bill of Rights Montesquieu: Separation of Powers

⦿ Like Locke, Montesquieu was concerned with how to protect liberty from a bad government. ⦿ He Wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748. In this book, he described how governments should be organized. ⦿ His idea: The separation of powers: By dividing different powers among more than one branch of government, no one group in the government could grow too powerful. Montesquieu continued….

⦿ Each branch of government checked the other branches. When powers were not separated this way, Montesquieu warned, liberty was soon lost. He said: “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same …, there can be no liberty.” ⦿ Lasting Impact: He greatly influenced the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution. We now have a separate legislative (Congress), judicial (), and executive (President) branch. If Baron de Montesquieu were to visit the today, he might be most pleased to see the ! ●A. Bill of Rights. ●B. Three branches of government. ●C. Government-run tax system. ●D. Declaration of Independence. If Baron de Montesquieu were to visit the United States today, he might be most pleased to see the ! ! ●B. Three branches of government. ⦿ What is it called when the people give up certain powers in return for the benefits of government? ⦿ A social contract ⦿ What are rights that you have simply for being human? ⦿ Natural rights ⦿ What did Locke say these natural rights included? ⦿ Life, Liberty, Property ⦿ When we split the powers of government among three branches, what is this called? ⦿ Separation of Powers ⦿ Who came up with that idea? ⦿ Montesquieu ⦿ If the government becomes corrupt, what does Locke say to do? ⦿ Overthrow the government Voltaire: and free speech

⦿ Voltaire was an Enlightenment . ⦿ His most famous was , in which he poked fun at old religious ideas. ⦿ Voltaire was especially concerned with freedom of and expression. ⦿ His idea: He had a strong belief in religious tolerance and free speech. Tolerance means the acceptance of different beliefs and customs. Voltaire Continued…

⦿ Voltaire said, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” ⦿ Lasting Impact: Voltaire met Benjamin Franklin, and when the U.S. Bill of Rights was written, the ideas of and freedom of speech were added to our 1st amendment to the Constitution. ⦿ What does Voltaire mean when he says, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”? ⦿ Do you agree with Voltaire? Why or why not? ⦿ Which of the following statements would most likely have been made by Voltaire? A. "The king needs absolute power." B. "The government protects people's natural rights." C. "We should do away with the death penalty." D. "People must be free to speak their ." ⦿ Which of the following statements would most likely have been made by Voltaire? ! ! ! D. "People must be free to speak their minds." : The Rights of the Accused

⦿ In the Middle Ages, of criminals was common. The rack was often used, as well as devices like thumbscrews. ⦿ Beccaria, an Italian, wrote a book called On Crimes and Punishments in which he argued against brutal punishments. Beccaria continued….

⦿ His ideas: A person accused of a crime should receive a fair and speedy trial. Torture should never be used. Punishment (death sentences) should be done away with. ⦿ “For a punishment to be just it, should consist of only such gradations of intensity as to suffice to deter men from committing crimes.” This means that “punishment should fit the crime” and not be more than necessary to stop someone else from doing it again. ⦿ How were Beccaria’s ideas different from the usual ways of treating prisoners in the Middle Ages? ⦿ What does the phrase, “the punishment should fit the crime,” mean to you? ⦿ Do you think this is important? Why or why not? Beccaria’s impact

⦿ Beccaria’s ideas were adopted straight into our Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In fact our 8th amendment prevents “cruel and unusual punishment” for crimes, and our 6th amendment provides for a speedy trial. (The only exception is the Death Penalty, which we still have in the United States today.) ⦿ What did Voltaire want for the people? ⦿ Freedom of Religion and Speech ⦿ What types of punishments was Beccaria against? ⦿ Torture and excessive punishment ⦿ Where can we see examples of Voltaire’s ideas in America? ⦿ Bill of Rights, 1st ammendment ⦿ What idea of Beccaria’s did the U.S. NOT use? ⦿ Getting rid of the death penalty Learning Objective

⦿ Students will be able to describe how democratic and governments were influenced by the Enlightenment. Impact of the Enlightenment on Government

⦿ Modern views of government owe a great deal to Enlightenment thinkers. The Enlightenment influenced monarchs in Europe, especially "enlightened despots," and greatly affected revolutions in America and France. Enlightened Rule by Monarchs

⦿ Despot: a king or other ruler with absolute, unlimited power. ⦿ The Enlightenment did not change Europe overnight. Many countries still had kings. Some of them became “enlightened despots” by using enlightenment ideas in their countries. ⦿ Examples: Some kings ended the use of torture, started , and used religious tolerance. They wanted to keep the people happy without losing their power. The American and French Revolutions

⦿ Both America and France had revolutions overthrowing their kings. However, the revolution in France was much more violent. ⦿ The Enlightenment led to revolutions in which two countries? A. America and France B. France and Ireland C. England and D. America and ⦿ The Enlightenment led to revolutions in which two countries? A. America and France The Enlightenment in America

⦿ Enlightenment ideas had a major influence on the leaders of the American Revolution. English leaders in America shared with John Locke the traditions of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. ⦿ When the Americans rebelled in 1775, they pointed to the abuse of their rights by the English king. ⦿ The Declaration of Independence echoed Locke’s ideas on natural rights and the purpose of government. “We the People”

⦿ Other Enlightenment ideas can be seen in the U.S. Constitution. America’s basic law includes Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers. ⦿ The Bill of Rights protects the freedom of religion and speech championed by Voltaire. It also includes some of the rights supported by Beccaria, such as the right to a speedy trial. ⦿ Name two Enlightenment ideas that are included in our Declaration of Independence, Constitution or Bill of Rights. ⦿ Which Enlightenment idea do you think is the most important for us to follow in America today? Why do you think that? Enlightenment in France

⦿ In 1789, revolution broke out in France. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. This document talked about liberty and equality. It upheld the rights to own property, and freedom of speech and religion. Violence of the French Revolution

⦿ Soon, however, terrible violence erupted. Thousands of wealthy Frenchmen and members of the Royal were beheaded on the guillotine. ⦿ Guillotine: a machine that cut off people’s heads by dropping a sharp blade. ⦿ The bloody chaos brought a strange end to the Enlightenment dream based on reason. Learning Objective

⦿ Students will be able to list the contributions of women to the Enlightenment. Women of the Enlightenment

⦿ Several women, such as Madame Geoffrin, Abigail Adams, , and , worked to extend ideas of liberty and equality to women. ⦿ Once the ideas of the Enlightenment were expressed, women wanted these rights as well as men. ⦿ What was at the heart of women’s contributions to the Enlightenment? A. They wanted the abolition of slavery B. They wanted women to have the same rights as men C. They wanted women to be absolute ruler D. They wanted a separation of powers ⦿ What was at the heart of women’s contributions to the Enlightenment? ! B. They wanted women to have the same rights as men French Enlightenment Women

⦿ Madame Geoffrin used her home for many of the salon meetings in France. She not only hosted the meetings, but often directed the conversations and settled arguments. ⦿ Olympe de Gouges published the female version of the document of the French Revolution. She called it the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. She called for equality in all things. When she spoke out against the bloodshed of the French Revolution, they sent her to the guillotine. ⦿ Who were the two famous French women of the Enlightenment? Abigail Adams

⦿ Wife to , who was a leader of the American Revolution and later President. ⦿ She reminded John not to forget women in the Revolution. “Remember, all men would be tyrannts if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies, we are determined to start a rebellion…we will not hold ourselves bound to any Laws in which we have no voice.” Mary Wollstonecraft

⦿ An English writer. In 1792, she argued that women deserved the same rights and opportunities as men. ⦿ Wollstonecraft believed education was the key for women wanting equality and freedom. She inspired many later leaders of the women’s rights movement in America. ⦿ List the contributions of Mary Wollstonecraft.