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The French Revolution Keep and Eye out for This… The French Revolution Keep and eye out for this… It means that there is important information that you should want to include in your notes Keep and eye out for this… Does it mean the rest of the stuff isn’t important? No!!! ! Some of the material we covered during Enlightenment and is fair- game to be on the Unit Exam What was the immediate impact of the French Revolution? ! ! ▪ The French Revolution introduced the struggles that would define modern Europe… and the world ! The French Revolution: Two Revolutions wrapped into one with a third revolution waiting in the wings ! ▪ 1st – 1789 – 91 ▪ 2nd – 1791 – 94 The significance of the French Revolution • Brought to forefront Enlightenment Ideas • Introduced Classical Liberalism The significance of the French Revolution ! • Brought to forefront Enlightenment Ideas ! • In other words, all the stuff Enlightened thinkers were arguing for became a reality. Why do revolution’s occur? Why do revolution’s occur? ! •Revolutions occur when pressure groups organized for reform •Class antagonisms (hostility) increase •Governments are short of money •Government is inefficient and the governed are impatient Anatomy of Revolution; compare to fever/flu, etc. Example: Examining the American Revolution ! Symptoms - Colonial Ideology for self-government; The Stamp Act Crisis – The Boston Massacre Delirium – Writing of the Declaration of Independence; Actual fighting between the Colonist and England Relapse - Peace Agreement Delirium Crisis Symptoms Relapse Lets look at the conditions that existed in France…. The citizenry of France: The Three Estates How France was organized 1st Estate 2nd Estate ? Estate French society was divided into three parts called ESTATES The citizenry of France: The Three Estates 3rd Estate 1st Estate 2nd Estate Who were the Three Estates? The citizenry of France: The Three Estates 1st Estate Clergy 3% of Population Own 10% of Land 2nd Estate Nobility 2% of Population Own 20-25% of Land 3rd Estate Bourgeoisie and Everyone else 95% of the Population Owned 40% of the land The 3rd Estate..who were they? ! The Third Estate (Bourgeoisie) – bankers, merchants, and manufacturers; wage earners and urban poor; Rural masses and peasantry, which made up the bulk of the people; the poorest members were city workers Stop &Think!!! ! Why was the 3rd Estate so important to France? If the 3rd Estate was so important and made up such a large part of the French population, what was their problem? What was their beef? Considering what you learned during the Enlightenment Lesson, what do you think was the “beef” or complaint of the 3rd Estate? Their Beef The Problem ! For the 3rd Estate, France was within a period of discontent •The third estate resents the privileges enjoyed by the 1st and 2nd Estates •Upward mobility extremely limited; limited to the nobles •Heavy Taxes •Low wages + high cost of living (bread, food,etc) = misery and discontent Interpreting Political Cartoons Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Enlightenment Thinking; Noble Privilege vs. Enlightenment ideas; Intellectual ideas; fueled by the American Revolution about liberty and equality influenced the upper classes ! •Absolutism: powerful King creates a powerful state Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: •World of Privilege •Privilege tax exemptions •Social – society is still organized based on feudal concepts; no longer matching reality……which causes resentments ! •Can you blame the 3rd Estate for being resentful??? This is you if you were a peasant in France How’s life treating u? Analyze the pic’s that follow and describe how you may feel Marie Antoinette Louis XVI Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! • Political • Bourgeoisie (3rd Estate) demands a say in government • Nobles and clergy, (obviously) want to retain or increase power Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Economic – Government unable to pay debt; a lot debt accrued from the American Revolution; 1780’s a series of bad harvests; rising food prices (particularly bread); rising unemployment; increase in poverty; Seven Years War; Noble Tax Exemptions Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution ! How the French Revolution Evolved: ! •Activism – development of the public sphere of political debate; people gathering in Parisian coffee houses debating the issues of the time The Beginnings of a Revolution ! Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! ! What were enlighten thinkers and why do you think they may have played a role within the French Revolution? ! ! ! Enlighten Thinkers….Remember this guys??? • New way of thinking about mankind and the environment. • Voltaire, Locke, Diderot, Montesquieu, Baccaria, and Rousseau The Beginnings of a Revolution ! Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! • Scientific Revolution inspiration. • Discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Newton • Revealed a universe that was infinite, yet governed by universal laws that could be discovered by the human intelligence. The Beginnings of a Revolution Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! • From the evils of 'despotism, feudalism, clericalism' the main people of the Revolution adapted the watchword of 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity', drawing on notions from the Philosophes and the Enlightenment. ! • Important documents of the Revolution • The Declaration of the Rights of Man • The Constitution of 1791 – we owe debt to Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau. The Beginnings of a Revolution Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent ! John Locke's central ideas were that of: •The human mind is blank at birth, as such, everyone is good. • “Life, Liberty, and Property” The Beginnings of a Revolution Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent de Montesquieu's central ideas were that of: •Separation of powers within the government •The government should be formed based on the area in which they operate. The Beginnings of a Revolution Enlightenment Thinkers: The Cause for Discontent Jean Jacques Rousseau: Sparked public opinion with his ability to imply the obvious. •Central Idea - Summed up in the first sentence of his most famous work, The Social Contract: "Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.“ ! •Plays on the feudal system, but places it more into a governmental role. Once rulers cease to protect the ruled, the social contract is broken and the governed are free to choose another set of governors or magistrates. This became the primary force behind the Declaration of Independence. Prelude to Revolution ! Pre-Revolution Politics and Economic Conditions of France • Wasteful government spending and an abuse of power • For several years, the government had covered its deficits with loans. • In 1783, the Parliament of Paris began to remonstrate (object) against such loans, saying that the deficit could be eliminated by curtailing expenditure. • Public opinion, fueled by publicity given to lavish court spending, seemed to share this view. Failure of Reform: The Gathering of the Estates General • In 1787, The Assembly of Notables was convened by Louis 16th • Louis wanted to raise taxes to stem the resulting economic problem • The Notables refused to approve Louis request. • Last time the Estates-General met - 1614 What Happens? What do they (Estates) want? ! •Both the Nobility and the Bourgeoisie want Liberal changes •A constitution •Individual Liberties •Limited Powers of the King •A representative body What was the problem with executing the grievances? ! •Voting; The 3rd Estate wants voting to go by number of individuals instead on Estates. •Traditionally, the Estates-General consisted of three estates with equal numbers of deputies—the clergy, the nobility, and the commons—each of which had a single vote. What was the problem with executing the grievances? ! •Under this arrangement, the nobility always dominated, since the clerical deputies included a majority of nobles. While leading nobles wished to retain this tradition of "voting by order," which would have ensured their continued dominance, many commoners reacted angrily…..Equal Representation The citizenry of France: The Three Estates 3rd Estate 1st Estate 2nd Estate In other words…. Outvote The 95% Stop and Think ! ! ! Fair or Unfair??? Abbe Sieyes – “What is the Third Estate? •Sieyes dropped the polite and even apologetic tone and forcefully pronounced the right of the Third Estate to be everything. •“What is the 3rd Estate? Everything” •“What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing” •“What it demand? To become something” Sieyes stirs the pot ! • Louis closes the hall where the Estates General were meeting after the comments of Abby Sieyes. • Louis is fearful of what the 3rd Estate is likely to do. • The Tennis Court Oath – in reaction to being shut out, the 3rd Estate gathers and – • Declares an Oath; Tennis Court Oath, June 20,1789; 1st and 3rd Estates • “We are the National Assembly” • “We will not dissolve this body until we have a new constitution” • “We represent France” The Tennis Court Oath The Tennis Court Oath The Tennis Court Oath ! •Third Estate meeting to discuss the reforms • A vote by head instead of by estate. • Locked-out • Believed that this attempt by Louis XVI to end their demands for reform and they were further incensed at the King's duplicity. • Moved their meeting to a nearby indoor tennis court. • Debated how the Third Estate could protect themselves from those in positions
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