1 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections • Hebrew u Aramaic • Aramaic Targums [translations] • Hebrew u Greek • During the 5th and 6th centuries BC, Aramaic was - Septuagint [LXX] 250 BC tions were made of the Torah and the prophetic This is a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scrip- 4th Century BC Text of Samuel/Kings and also Jeremiah estab- lectionariesthe official language [portions of to the be Persian read in empire.worship]into Transla tures. It has a long and complex history, taking lished by the Qumran Palestinian text Aramaic. There are several. The Babylonian Targum, a.k.a. as Onkelos after its There is a Letter of Aristeas supposed author, is Palestinian in origin, but was ofover the a Egyptiancentury to court, come who to its records final form. that the taken to Babylonia where it became authoritative. LXX resulted from the initiative, a Greekof Ptolemy official II A long time afterwards, later than 9th century AD, it Philadelphus [285-246 BC]. He says that Jew- was returned to Palestine and ousted its rivals. It is ish scholars were sent from Jerusalem at the u literal in form and records rabbinic exegesis. request of the king. • Hebrew Greek • Aquila’s Version 130 AD A convert to Judaism from Pontus in Asia Minor, Aquila translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek • Greek texts harmonised • under the watchful eyes of Rabbi Akiba. Little has survived of this very literal and slavish text. Diatessaron 160-175 AD Fragments of it are found in Origen’s Hexapla. Tatian was a Syrian from Mesopotamia, who had studied with Justin Martyr at Rome. Justin often quoted a harmony of the Gospels. • Greek u Greek [revised] • • Hebrew u Greek • Tatian produced a harmony of the four Theodotion’s 190 AD Gospels, omitting very little he wove the four Symmachus’ Translation 190 AD Gospels into a single story. It became very Revision With elegant work, this man, of unknown origin made a popular, and was still being used in the 5th A revision of the Greek text of the translation of the Greek text of the Old Testament, making Century AD when Theodoret, bishop of Cyrus Old Testament was made by this use of the work of those who had gone before him. It is on the Euphrates in 423 AD states that there man. It is not clear which text largely lost, although Jerome made use of it in his Vulgate were many copies in his diocese. underlay his work. Was it the LXX and also there are fragments of it in Origen’s Hexapla. Tatian later became heretical, and many of his or some other? copies of the Diatessaron were destroyed. • Hebrew & Greek texts compared • Origen’s Hexapla 220-240 AD Origen of Alexandria, and later of Caesarea, began a textual-criti- cal study of the entire Old Testament in Hebrew and several Greek translations. His Hexapla, which must have taken many years, was lodged in the library of Pamphilus at Caesarea and consulted by many patristic scholars until the 7th Century AD when it was destroyed in the Islamic conquest. Today, only fragments remain. He had six versions: 1. The Hebrew text of the Old Testament 2. A Greek text in parallel to it 3. Aquila’s version 4. Symmachus’ Greek version 5. The LXX – Septuagint; edited on the basis of the Hebrew 6. Theodotion’s LXX translation DB 2010 2 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections th th Coptic Versions 390- Syriac Versions 4 to the 6 Century Latin Versions 4th to the 420 AD AD 6th Century AD The non Greek-speaking peasants Scholars dispute when and where the Bible was of Egypt, having become Christians, part of the NT. [1]Scholars Old Syriac recognise - a “Western” five different type Syriac of text versions of all or needed a translation of the Scrip- happening in North Africa around the date 175-200 Gothic Versions [2] Peshitta [common version] tures into their native tongue. These ADfirst where, translated at that into time, Latin. Carthage But most was would embracing think of it Armenian 450 AD translations were based on the Greek [3] Philoxenian Roman culture. When Ulfilas was called Bible and are similar to the Old Latin [4] Harclean Versions 450 to be the apostle to the Versions. [5] Palestinian Syriac [1] Old Latin versions – 3rd Century– a, b, c etc AD Goths, he translated Coptic is the late form of the Egyp- Circulated in North Africa and Europe, with dis- Generally regarded [1] Old Syriac – Syrc and Syra the Bible from Greek tian language; which until Christian tinctive versions for Italy, Gaul and Spain. We have as the most beautiful Is preserved today in two mss of the four Gospels; although times was written in hieroglyphs and the Gospels in 32 mutilated mss, 12 of the Acts, 4 of and accurate of all both of them have large omissions. reduced the spoken lan- their two derivatives – hieratic and Pauline letters and fragments of Revelation. the early translations into Gothic, having first [a] a 4th Century AD mss - Syrc edited by William guage into written form The Old Latin versions are designated in the ap- of the Bible, the Ar- and created the Gothic the language came to bewritten in Cureton in 1858 paratus by the lower case of the Latin alphabet menian version has alphabet. It is the earliest Greekdemotic uncials, script. with In the the first addition century, of [b] a 5th Century AD mss - Syra a palimpsest more mss extant than known literary work in a seven characters for the demotic discovered by Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis in St Catherine’s [i] African Old Latin 5th Century any other except the Germanic dialect. script. Monastery at the base of Sinai in 1892. [a] e - Codex Palatinus, 4 Gospels, strong Latin Vulgate. There His translation is very At the time of the Christian evange- In both cases the form of the text takes us back European emphasis are many still in the faithful to the original lism, the old Egyptian language had to the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd Century. [b] h –Fleury palimpsest, ¼ of the Acts libraries of the Soviet Greek text he used. It about 6 dialects in use throughout Cathoic epistles and Rev. Has many scribal errors. Union and there are was what would have Egypt. Two are important for the [2] Peshitta or the Syriac Vulgate[common version] - Syrp [c] k – Codex Bobbiensis, ½ of Matthew 1244 already cata- been about in Byzantium early versions of the Bible. Prepared about the 5th Century AD to replace the Old Syriac and Mark copies about 400 AD and taken to Irish logued. around 350 AD. Western [a] In Upper Egypt, from Thebes translations. It contains the whole NT excluding 2 Peter, monastery of Bobbio in North Italy. Agrees closely The earliest Arme- readings were introduced to the South – the Sahidic dialect. 2&3 John, Jude and Rev. The text of the Peshitta has been with quotations made by Cyprian of Carthage [AD nian version seems from Old Latin manu- About the 3rd Century AD, portionso 250]. Also contains the intermediate ending of the to have been revised scripts. f he NT were in this dialect and by the Peshitta dating from the 5th and 6th Centuries AD. Gospel of mark. prior to the 8th centu- There are about 6 mss 4th century the whole NT. [It agrees Intransmitted the Gospels with it is remarkable closer to the fidelity. Byzantine There style are of350 text, mss but of ry AD. In many cases all fairly complete still generally with the “Alexandrian” in the Acts to the Western. [ii] European Old Latin the text of Matthew extant. form of text, although in the Gospels [a] a – Codex Vercellensis, supposed to be [3] & [4] Philoxenian and/or Harclean versions – Syrph and and Acts there are many “Western” written by Eusebius, bp of Vercelli in 371. Next to k, Syrh readings. it is the most important Old Latin mss of the Gospels The Syriac version, made in 508 AD for Philoxenus, bp of [b] In the Lower Egypt, the delta [b] b – Codex Veronensis – the whole of Mabbug, was re-issued in 616 by Thomas of Harkel, bp of – the Bohairic dialect was used the 4 Gospels Mabbug. The issue here is, “are there two versions or just alongside Greek. NT texts appearing [c] c – Codex Colbertinus written in 12th one which was republished with marginal corrections?” century The Harclean critical apparatus of the Acts is the second the Alexandrian text. [d] d – Codex Bezae [D], is a Greek/Latin later than Sahidic, have an affinity to most important witness, after the Codex Bezae D[05], to Coptic lacks the passive voice in the bi-lingual text, 5th or 6th century. Since it the Western text. verb, and so there has to be the use occasionally agrees with readings of k of a circumlocution. The testimony of and a when all other authorities differ, it [5] Palestinian Syriac version – Syrpal these versions is, in some sense then, witnesses to a text around no later than This is a quite independent version from the other Syriac ambiguous. 250 AD. The construction of the genealogy of versions noted here. The translation into Christian Pales- tinian Syriac [Aramaic], from lectionaries which are dated [2] Latin Vulgate – post 320 AD 11th -12th Centuries takes us back to a text which is 5th translations were made in circum- See the history of this version stancesthese versions that are is hard also todifficult, get at. for the Century of the Caesarean Type.

DB 2010 3 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections Ethiopic Version 4th, th th Latin Vulgate [Vg] 405 AD - Jerome Other Ancient Versions 6 and7 century The textual variation and the colloquial nature of the Old After the rise of Islam, many books of the New Testa- AD Latin versions prompted Pope Damasus in 382 AD to ment were translated into Arabic from the Greek, Opinion differs as to whether remedy the situation. Syriac, the Coptic dialects and the Latin. th the translators made use of a Eusebius Hieronymus, a.k.a. Jerome [died 419/20] was the During the 13 Century AD, two revisions were made Greek or Syriac underlying text. outstanding scholar of the day, with a knowledge of Hebrew, of the Arabic versions in Alexandria. The tangled web It is a conglomerate text; and in Greek and Latin. of these versions remains. the Pauline epistles the version He produced three revisions of the Psalms Fragments of the Nubian and Sogdian versions were th frequently agrees with p 46 and [1] Based on the LXX; called the Roman Psalter and became edited at the beginning of the 12 Century. also shows contamination with the basis for the liturgical worship in Rome. Anglo-Saxon version was translated from the Vulgate. the Coptic and Arabic texts. [2] Based on the Hexaplaric LXX, was done in Palestine; th th A mixed text, probably Byzantine brought the Latin closer to the Hebrew. Became the Gallican are known; dating from the 11 to the 13 Century. Four complete mss and five fragmentary Gospels in complexion. The OT text has Psalter. This version was later adopted into the Vulgate. They include the famous Lindisfarne Gospels and the Hebrew Masoretic been studied more thoroughly [3] Based directly on the Hebrew Rushworth Gospels – Latin mss towards the end of the th Texts 600 AD than the NT sections. 7 century. The early work of Rabbi Hillel Two Gospel mss in Old Persian were published in the By 405 AD Jerome had finished the OT based on the Hebrew. th th c. 600 AD has not survived. 545 AD Codex Fuldensis has most of the Vg NT 17 and 18 centuries. Kirsopp Lake thought that one The earliest work that has 550 Cassiodorus, who founded 2 monastaries at Vivarium of them shoed Caesarean tendencies. was the Hebrew Bible codex on Benedictine lines, restored the Vg text. Slavonic Version 4th,6th the Cairo Prophets. It was th punctuated by Moses ben and7 century AD Asher in Tiberias in Palestine Cyril and Methodius, the apostles in 895 AD. to the Slavs, were the sons of a wealthy In 915 the Leningrad Codex - of the Later Prophets was not ing the Glagolitic alphabet, as well as the work of ben Asher, but theofficial. Cyrillic They alphabet. are credited with design th its Babylonian pointing was About the middle of the 9 century brought into accord with the 8th Century Codex Amiatinus they began translation of the Gospels Palestinian system. 801 Alcuin [735-804] of York, later advisor to Charlemagne into Old Bulgarian, commonly called The Aleppo Codex repro- and Abbot of Tours in 796, revised the Roman Lectionary in Old Slavonic. They used a Byzantine duced the Masoretic text of Gaul. He presented a copy of Vg to Charlemagne text. the OT in 380 folios of which Georgian Versions 9th 294 remain, was made by Solomon ben Buya’a and century AD The people of the Caucasian Mountains, punctuated by Aaron ben between the Black Sea and the Caspian Asher around 930 AD. Sea, have their own language. Like the Codex Reuchlina of the Armenian version, it is an important wit- Prophets was written in 1105 ness to the Ceasarean type of text. AD and represents the work Lanfranc, [1005-89] Prior of the Abbey at Bec in France, was Among the oldest known Gospel mss are of Moses ben David ben Naph- later conscecrated as the Archbishop of Canterbury 1070- the Adysh mss of AD 897 [Geo 1] and the tali, which was a a system 1089, used the Vg. Opiza mss of 913 [Geo 2A] and the T’bet more along the lines of Moses mss of 995 [Geo 2B]. ben Asher. Mishael ben Uzziel, brought together the ben Asher and the ben Naphtali streams sometime before 1050 AD. DB 2010 4 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections John Wycliffe 1329-84 Latin Vulgate [Vg] - Jerome With his disciples Nicolas of Hereford and J. Purvey he began to 1109-1134 Stephen Harding Abbot of Citeaux, translate theScriptures into English. emended the Vg text for the Abbey. 13th Century Dean Nicolus Manicoria Complutensian Polyglot His Bible was widely read, and we have 200 mss mostly copied between 1420-50. Roger bacon, corrected the readings with variants Stephanus - a family of 1456 First Printed Edition was the Mazarin Edition 1514-1517 Scholar-Printers working in Paris - [John Gutenburg] ed John Faust Erasmus 1515, 1516, 1519, 1527 and Geneva. ment came from the press as part of 1505 Vg is published with variants The famous Dutch humanist scholar was encouraged theThe Polyglot first printed Bible. Greek Planned New by Testa Cardinal [1] Robert Estienne [1503-1559] 1528 First Critical Text of Vg [Robert Stephanus of by his friend Johann Froben, who would have known primate of Spain, Francisco Ximenes de [a] Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Paris] about the impending publiction of the Polyglot. 1532 1532, 1540 Editions of Stephanus closely folowing Vg The text rests on about 6 miniscule mss. edition, was printed in the university [b] Latin Bibles 1528,32,40 of Jerome. From this debased form of the New Testament came townCisneros of Alcala [1437-1517] [Latin: Complutum] this magnificent and [c] Hebrew OT editions of 1539, it contained the Textus Receptus, which for over 400 years 1544-46 Stephanus - Hebrew OT editions of 1539, 1544-46 [1] Hebrew resisted all scholarly efforts to replace it for a more [d] Eusebuius’ Historica Ecclesias- [2] Aramiac accurate text. tica 1544 [3] Greek [e] Greek NT 1550 with critical ap- [4] Latin 1518 Aldine Press in Venice follows Erasmus 1515 paratus [“textus receptus”] Which Greek mss underlie the Polyglot? 1538 Venice Dependent on the Aldine text William Tyndale 1525 Beginning translating in 1523, and since the work could not be done in hostile England, his Theodore Beza 1565-1604 verbacular English translation was made in 9 editions GNT Cologne, Germany. Only four of the nine editions are inde- [2] Henri Estienne [1528-1598] Miles Coverdale 1535, 36 pendent editions [a] Thesaurus Linguae Graecae First complete English Bible printed in [1] 1565 1572 5 vols. either Zurich or Cologne. [2]1582 [3]1588-9 1590 Sixtine Edition [Pope Sixtus]- contained errors, Existing copies were called in and a revision took place Thomas Matthew ed. 1535 [4] 1598 Published with annotations of his own 1592 Clementine Edition [Pope Clement VIII] with Certainly the work of , a close John Rogers Latin version, as well as Jerome’s Vg, some 3000 corrections. It departs from Jerome in friend of Tyndale and Coverdale. these editions contain textual informa- Reims-Douai Bible 1582, many points. The Great Bible 1538-41 tion from Greek mss. 1609-10 Henrey VIII commanded there to be a single [a] Codex Bezae Gregory Martin, was the Professor Hebrew Bible in every parish church. [b] Codex Claromontanus at Douai. His NT appeared in 1582. Due to lack of funds the OT did not come until The Geneva Bible 1560 New Testament publised in 1569 by 1609 under the ed. of Thomas Worthing- Coverdale and John Knox, under John Calvin’s Tremellius.Beza was the first to collate the Syriac ton. Beza’s GNT differs little from Stephanus Geneva Bible, not printed until 1576 was 4th edition of 1551. He popularised the 1734 Vallarsi - produced an emended text muchinfluence, more published popular thana GNT the in Great 1557. Bible The and Textus Receptus. The AV 1611 made Bonaventure & 1889-1954 Critical edition published over these years; large use of [3] and [4] above. the work of John Wordsworth [d.1911] and H.J. White Abraham Elzevir 1624 [d.1934]. These two printers in Leiden publsied Bishop’sinfluenced Bible the AV 1611 1568 greatly. a small GNT mainly taken from Beza’s smaller 1565 edition. Geneva Bible’s popularity odious, commiss- DB 2010 sionedArchbisop this Matthew new version. Parker, finding the 5 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections Latin Vulgate The King James [AV] 1611 [Vg] - Jerome 1604 a conference of churchmen noted that the Johann Jakob Griesbach existing translations were corrupt. They called for a new translation - King James made it his project. [GNT] 1775 -1807 [1] The impact of the Hebrew set the style of the Laid the foundations for all the subsequent Karl Lachmann [GNT] 1831, 1842-50 work on the GNT. A pupil of Semmler’s at Halle, 1734 Vallarsi - pro- OT . Published a GNT which drew on its textual criticism of the Griesbach was professor at Univ. of Jena from duced an emended [2] The English of the NT turned out to be superior variant readings. He aimed at making a provisional edition 1775 till he died in 1812. He was devoted to the text to its Greek original. of the GNT NT quotations in the Greek Fathers. [1] Developed Semmler’s and Bengel’s grouping L.F. Constantin of mss in recensions. Tregelles 1854,1870 [2] Discerned three groups; Alexandrian, West- Samuel Prideaux Tregelles Tischendorf [GNT] ern and Byzantine recensions. fromed a design for a new critical apparatus which would 1841-72 [3] First time a scholar abandoned the TR and [1] Found the Codex Sinaiticus replace the textus receptus. He printed another one. [2] Made several editions of the collated many Greek texts and Codex Ephraemi [1843-5]; Codex produced “An Account of the B.F.Wescott&F.J.A.Hort [GNT] 1881 Amiatinus [1850] and the Codex Printed Text” in 1854. He fol- These two men produced the most noteworthy critical edition Claromontanus [1852] lowed it up with the publication of the GNT ever produced by British scholarship. After 28 years [3] Published GNT 8 editions be- of the GNT in 1870 work, they produced two volumes; a text of the GNT and an In- tween 1841-72 with full apparatus and variant readings. 1889-1954 Critical Revised Version [RV] 1881 of Lachmannn and Griesbach. They applied them rigourously. edition published A convocation of Canterbury in February [1]troduction Internal to evidence their methods. is of two They kinds: refined Intrinsic the criticalProbability, methods with Bernhard Weiss [GNT] 1894,1900 over these years; the 1870 reported respect to the author - what an author is likely to have written Discriminated among readings according to context. Drew work of John Word- [1] the need for revision of the AV. - and Transcriptional Probability, with respect to the copyists up lists of errors he noticed. sworth [d.1911] and [2] Other denominations were invited, the -what they have made him seem to write. RC’s declined. H.J. White [d.1934]. [2] Internal evidence of the Document looks for the trends that Eberhard Nestle [GNT] 1898, 1904 [3] Parallel companies in the USA to work each mss tends to support. First working in the LXX Nestle, turned to the NT, pub- with English Scholars [3] The relationship of several witnesses to each other. Mss lishing a GNT text in 1898; working from Tischendorf, [4] Only a revision was intended, not a new - Wescott and Hort, and Weiss. translation. worthy restoration of corrupted texts founded ion the study of In 1904 this text was adopted the BFBS in place of the Published May 17, 1881, and 3 days later theirhave ahistory” genealogy; and clearlytheir genealogy. shown by conflate readings. “trust Textus Receptus. It went through 9 editions. in USA. [4] Internal Evidence of Groups - allows us to compare the Eberhard died in 1913, but the successive German Over 30,000 changes made, of which more witness of each group of mss with the others. “Community of editions of the text - from the 10th on - have been con- than 5000 represent the changed underly- reading implies community of origin”. stantly revised by his son Erwin Nestle. ing text of the NT. The OT folllowed in 1885 Autograph and the Apochrypha in 1895 In 1927, the apparatuis was radically altered fo the 13th edition and noteworthy improvements made in Western Common ancestor of both the 17th edition in 1941. Alexandrian and Neutral American Standard Ver- D Old Lat Syrc Weymouth [WNT] 1903,1904 fam Q so far Alexandrian Neutral B A After many years of textual criticism study , R.F. sion [ASV] 1900 BL 33 Sah Boh As agreed, the preferred readings of the as known Weymouth, a Baptist headmaster of Mill Hill School American Revisers were published in an translated from the Greek and published the “New appendix of the RV. In 1900 the edition Testament in Modern Speech”. Each book had a Syrian A E F G H S V Y most miniscules which incorporated the American Revisers short introduction and footnotes to the text. preferences came out. He drew from Stephanus’ text and also from Tregelles. Textus Receptus Re-visited in 1924 and 1929 by Robertson. DB 2010 6 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections Alexander Souter [GNT] 1910, 1947 Reproduced the Greek Text using that of Edwin Palmer, H.F. von Soden [GNT] 1910,1913 who constructed the text which underlies RV of 1881. His work contains the results of a long study of the Palmer had taken Stephanus 3rd ed [1550]. Greek miniscules. [1] Prepared critical apparatus for Palmer’s text. Strong on [1] He invented a new set of signs [sigla] for the the evidence documented for the Latin Fathers. apparatus criticus. [2]It was not adopted by scholars who stayed with the Souter’s text is closest to the textus receptus than any other old system as it was revised by Caspar Gregory [1908]. used[2] The today. 1947 ed. benefitted from the Chester Beatty papyri von Soden’s work is a monument of broad research. Erwin Nestle-Kurt Aland [GNT] ed. 25, 26 [1960] ed. 29 Revised Standard Version [RSV] 1946,1952 Rudolf Kittel - These factors were telling in the USA towards a native American Ver- BFBS [GNT] Novum Testamentum Graece sion of the Bible. Biblia Hebraica 1904, 1958 [1] Based upon Tischendorf, WH and Bernhard 3rd ed. 1937, 7th ed. 1951 [1] The 1958 ed. takes Weiss. Where 2 of these three editions agree, then popularity Formerly based on the Masoretic text of Nestle’s text of 1904, it is the variant printed. [2][1] Ideaseveral of aunofficial non-literary translations modern renderinginto modern was speech desirable. had gained ben Chayyim, this edition goes back to ben and re-worked it with a [3] Maturing Hebraic scholarship in the USA Asher, through the large amount of material different apparatus by [4] In 1928 the copyright of the ASV came into the hands of some 40 assembled by Paul Kahle. G.L.Kirkpatrick aided by denominations. The 7th ed, 1951 took into account the Isaiah Erwin Nestle. [5] A thorough revision was proposed in 1937: it was the work of 32 mss of the Dead Sea Scrolls. scholars from universities of the USA [6] First translation to make use of the Dead Sea Scrolls of Isaiah. [7] A version for use in private and public worship. R.V.G. Tasker [GNT] 1964 An edition of the GNT which was used for K. Taylor - Living Bible New English Bible *[NEB] 1961,70 the NEB 1961 and was prepared by Tasker, a TLB 1971 member of the panel of translators. He cites 270 A paraphrase of the ASV 1901 with 1946. Protestant churches of the British Isles, with RC variant readings in an appendix. comparisons of other translations scholarsA completely as observers. new translation It abandoned was first biblical put forward English inand and KJV. archaisms New American UBS [GNT] 1966,1968,1975 Good News Bible * In 1966, after ten years work by Kurt Aland, Standard Bible 1966, 1976, TEV 2001 Jerusalem Bible 1973* Matthew Black, Allen Wikgren and Bruce Prepared by the American Bible A RC translation made by the School of Bib- NASB 1971 lical Studies in Jerusalem. It was translated Recognising the value of Society; and anglicised by the BFBS- of the GNT for the use of Bible Translators. The from the French according to Wansbrough. the ASV, and based upon Good News for Modern Man 1966. Metzger, five Bible Societies published an edition- on it, the Lockman Foun- Born out of the dynamic -equiva- lators. It was based in the NA 25. dation wanted to update lence thinking of Eugene Nida Thesection critical headings apparatus, reflect includes those used 1440 by sets the of trans the text to the Hebrew which expresses a transaltion as a variant readings chosen for their exegetical and Greek advances. ‘thought-for-thought’. NIV 1978 * Carlo Martino joined the team for the 2nd and NKJV 1979-1982 A very Protestant translation, arising 3rdsignificance. editions. from criticism with the RSV. The Published by Thomas Nelson. Conceived by Arthur In 1975, the 3rd corrected edition followed project started in 1965. 15 biblical Farstad and 68 persons, most of them Baptists. NA26 Scholars worked for ten years and Aimed at updating the vocabulary and style of the DB 2010 an international team of 100. This is New Jerusalem Bible 1985 KJV. a dynamic equivalence translation. a Roman Catholic edition edited by Henry Uses the texts of Biblica Hebraica 1967/77 and Published by Zondervan. Wansbrough, a monk of the Ampleforth Ab- also the ben Hayyim edition of 1524-25. bey in North Yorkshire. It is a free transla- tion 7 - Textual History - Some major movements and connections New Revised Standard Revised English Bible Version REB 1989 [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 NRSV 1989 [2] NA 27th edition A thorough revision of the RSV [3] Codex Bezae [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 [2] NA 27th edition A Dynamic equivalence style of It comes in three editions. NRSV, translation.[4] LXX influence It is an up date of the NRSV common, and a RC edition. NEB 1970

New Living Translation Complete Jewish Bible Holman Christian Standard NLT 1996 CJB 1998 [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 Bible HCSB 1999, 2004 The work of Dr. David Stern in English; [2] NA 27th edition [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 consisting of Old Testament Tanakh A revision to the Living Bible para- [2] NA 27th edition and includes his Jewish New Testa- phrase. Arthur Farstad and LifeWay Christian ment [JNT].[1] Syriac Peshitta resources - the publishing arm of the South- [2] NA 27th edition ern Baptist convention. It was originally A free translation with Yiddish and intended by Farstad to be revision of the Modern Jewish expressions KJV and NKJV; but after his death, Edwin Blum moved it to UBS 4 and NA 27

English Standard Version ESV 2001 [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 New English Translation- [2] NA 27th edition NET 2005 * [1] Biblica Hebraica 1966/77 A revision of the RSV 1971, standing in the [2] NA 27th edition stream[3] LXX ofinfluence the Tyndale 1525-6, RV 1881, This is a free, online English Translation, of ASV 1901. the dynamic equivalence type, sponsored J.I.Packer was the theological editor. by the Biblical Studies Foundation [www. Bible.org]. It is, like the NIV, a totally new translation. Conceieved at the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature [www.sbl- site.org] 1995 in Pennsylvania.

DB 2010