La Musique Populaire Coréenne Et Son Industrialisation : Entre Idoles Scintillantes Et Rigueur Néo-Productiviste

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La Musique Populaire Coréenne Et Son Industrialisation : Entre Idoles Scintillantes Et Rigueur Néo-Productiviste Faculté des sciences sociales et politiques Institut des sciences sociales La musique populaire coréenne et son industrialisation : entre idoles scintillantes et rigueur néo-productiviste Mémoire de maîtrise en science sociales Présenté par Roxane Bárbara Roduit Directeur - Marc Perrenoud Experte - Nicky Le Feuvre Session d’automne 2019 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Monsieur Marc Perrenoud d’avoir accepté d’être mon directeur pour ce mémoire. Sa disponibilité, ses conseils, sa confiance et sa bienveillance se sont avérés être de précieux soutiens durant les diverses phases d’élaboration de ce travail. Un grand merci également à Madame Nicky Le Feuvre d’avoir soutenu ma candidature pour mon premier séjour universitaire en Corée du Sud, et pour son rôle d’experte qui revêt ainsi une signification toute particulière. Je remercie en outre Grace Payer, ma chère traductrice providentielle qui a réalisé un travail exceptionnel autant par ses capacités d’adaptation et de résistance durant les entretiens, que par sa minutie dans ses traductions écrites. Je tiens aussi à remercier tous mes amis ou informateurs privilégiés d’avoir partagé avec moi leurs réflexions, ressentis et expériences de vie dans le pays qui se sont avérées essentielles à une compréhension plus fine de mon sujet d’étude. Je saisi d’ailleurs cette occasion pour remercier Park Min Jae sunbae, qui m’a permis d’entrer dans le monde des maisons de divertissement, normalement si hermétique, et d’y réaliser des entretiens. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance et ma gratitude envers Rosária Rodrigues, ma mère, qui m’a soutenue tout au long de mes études et a toujours cru en moi. Je remercie aussi Joowon Lim pour sa présence, sa compréhension et ses qualités de coach durant les dernières phases d’écriture de ce mémoire. Merci aussi à Pauline Mottet, Morgane Bally et Céline Wampler pour la relecture de ce mémoire. Finalement, je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui de près ou de loin auront rendu ce travail possible. Lausanne, août 2019 Contenu Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Rapport à l’objet ................................................................................................................... 1 La K-pop : d’une définition musicale… ................................................................................. 3 … A un « symbolisateur nodal » de la société sud-coréenne ............................................... 4 Posture théorique initiale et attitude pragmatique face aux données d’enquête .............. 6 Méthodologie ..................................................................................................................... 10 L’échantillonnage ............................................................................................................ 11 La question de la traduction dans des entretiens non directifs ..................................... 12 Contextes de réalisation des entretiens ......................................................................... 13 Immersion dans le pays et observations ........................................................................ 16 I) La musique populaire coréenne comme révélateur social, une mise en contexte analytique ..................................................................................................................... 17 Une musique « confucéenne » pour l’élite et « shamanique » pour le peuple durant la dynastie de Joseon .......................................................................................................... 21 La période coloniale japonaise et les débuts du Trot ..................................................... 23 Shows pour les bases américaines et modernisation dans l’après-guerre du Pacifique 25 La domination du trot et de la pop dans la musique populaire ..................................... 27 Instrumentalisation de la musique populaire ................................................................. 28 Rok et folk, une contreculture face au nationalisme, deux « cas négatifs » .................. 30 Retour sur la musique populaire avant le tournant démocratique : victoires et limites du régime nationaliste .................................................................................................... 33 Démocratie naissante et premier pas de la K-pop ......................................................... 35 II) Développement de la pop industrielle en Corée du Sud .............................................. 38 Transition d’une économie protectionniste à néolibérale ................................................. 40 La K-pop comme symbole de sécurité sociale et économique ...................................... 42 Arrivée des maisons de divertissements sur la scène musicale ..................................... 44 Des fabriques de stars fondées par des privés ............................................................... 46 Industrialisation de la musique populaire et stratégies de production ............................. 48 La sélection des trainees : centrée sur le marché, le visuel et la malléabilité................ 54 Formation des futures idoles .......................................................................................... 58 Optimisation de la rentabilité des idoles ........................................................................ 66 Externalisation de la « créativité » .................................................................................. 69 III) Espace socio-économique symbolique de la pop industrielle Coréenne ...................... 73 L’attrait pour une carrière d’idole à la lumière d’une société surcompétitive .................. 73 Entre quête identitaire et idolâtrie : la K-pop comme accès à la norme dominante ........ 78 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 89 Limites et ouvertures ..................................................................................................... 93 Liste de références bibliographiques .............................................................................. 95 Annexes ........................................................................................................................... I Introduction Rapport à l’objet Au-delà d’un travail concluant une maîtrise en sciences sociales, ce mémoire s’inscrit avant tout dans un projet de plusieurs années. En 2011, lors d’un voyage linguistique dans le nord de l’Angleterre, je me lie d’amitié avec plusieurs sud-coréens1. De ces liens découlent des situations de quiproquos liées à des normes culturelles différentes, mais aussi une grande curiosité et envie de mieux connaître ce pays et surtout de futures amitiés de longue date. En parallèle de cette expérience, je m’intéresse aux manwha (manga coréen) puis séries télévisées coréennes, accessibles sur internet. Ces médias me permettent d’avoir un premier accès, bien que particulier, à la Corée et sa culture. En 2012, j’intègre l’Université de Lausanne en sciences sociales et politiques dans le but de me former sur des questions d’altérité, de compréhension du monde social et de diversité. En parallèle, je continue à développer mon intérêt pour la Corée du Sud que ce soit au niveau politique, des enjeux sociétaux ou encore des normes et questions culturelles, que j’intègre le plus souvent possible dans mes travaux universitaires. Dès le début de mes études, je commence à organiser un échange universitaire en Corée du Sud, projet qui se concrétise et me permet de passer ma dernière année de Bachelor à étudier dans le pays. Ayant déjà pour objectif de réaliser un mémoire de master sur une sujet lié à la Corée, cette année d’immersion dans le pays s’avère donc une immense source d’informations. En outre, elle est l’occasion d’observations actives et de la rédaction d’un journal sur mes réflexions vis-à-vis de la société coréenne, mes propres expériences dans le pays, ou encore sur le retour de discussions avec des informateurs privilégiés. A la fin de cette année d’échange, certains enjeux ou thématiques présents dans ce mémoire ressortent déjà dans les grandes lignes. En 2018, je retourne finalement dans le pays pour matérialiser mon projet et effectuer un travail de terrain et de récolte de données pour mon mémoire de master. Le présent travail s’inscrit donc comme une forme de concrétisation académique de ma fascination pour ce pays et ses enjeux à travers notamment la théorisation et l’approfondissement de mes connaissances acquises tout au long de ces dernières années. 1 Les termes employés pour désigner des personnes sont pris au sens générique ; ils ont à la fois valeur d’un féminin et d’un masculin. Cela dans le seul but de ne pas alourdir ou porter préjudice à la clarté des propos tenus. 1 Les mois passés lors de mon deuxième séjour en Corée du Sud coïncident aussi avec mon implication dans le mouvement Me Too (나도) qui connait un essors significatif dans le pays dès les premiers mois de l’année 2018. C’est lors de discussions avec un groupe de réflexion constitué d’amies coréennes activistes et spécialistes des questions de genre que je découvre l’histoire de Jang Ja-yeon. Cette actrice s’est donné la mort en 2009, laissant derrière elle une lettre dénonçant les cas d’abus sexuels et physiques dont elle avait été victime. Elle y explique que son manager la forçait, sous peine de violences physiques, à avoir des
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