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Telephony Basic Information and Terms

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Telephony Basic Information and Terms Telephony Basic Information and Terms 1. Switching Information 2. Carrier Information 3. Telephone Information 4. Switchboard Plug 5. SxS "Local Call" Overview 6. SxS "Local Call" Details 7. SxS "SD" Numbers 8. Links o Did Alexander Graham Bell plagiarize the solution for a telephone transmitter from Elisha Gray? It seems so. Switching Information Name Description Operator • totally manual Plug Board • when you went off-hook, a light bulb associated with your jack was lit. Sometimes there would also be an associated buzzer because, in the very early days (or in rural locations), these plug boards were sometimes installed in the front of a house where the operator lived and the operator wasn't always sitting at the plug board. • the operator plugged into your jack to find out what you wanted • you instructed the operator to connect to so-and-so (if she was bored, she usually listened in on your call) • when you were finished, you went back on hook and she pulled out your plug when she noticed that the light was out Panel • tip and ring wipers move up and down a contact panel on brass 1 rods • you've got to see it in order to believe it Drop • an early Step by Step system with no "line finder" Relay • when a customer went off-hook, a relay latch dropped to provide them dial-tone etc. • when they went back on-hook, they could not make another call until a telephone office attendant manually restored the latch SxS • Step by Step • a telephone switch associated with the first "dial" systems • Click SxS Details for more information • most of these systems never supported touch-tone phones, but they did support digi-pulse phones. • North American average installed life: 40 years • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_switch 5XB • Number 5 Cross Bar (for local switching; Number 4 was for toll- tandem use) • a telephone switch employing a huge matrix of connected crossbar switches (which are also matrices of contacts) • typically, each crossbar switch was composed of twenty vertical paths "in" and ten horizontal paths "out". If you wanted a more orthogonal matrix, you could stack (electrically speaking) a second one on top of the first making it 20h x 20v. • To close a set of contacts, one of ten select magnets operated one of five horizontal bars either up or down (the center position was neutral) which moved a metal enabler spring into position. This action was followed by the operation of one of twenty vertical hold magnets which forced the metal spring to close three, or more, contacts. Now the select magnet is released (to set up the next connection) while the hold magnet maintains the existing connection until the customer disconnects. 2 • the crossbar switches were controlled by an electro-mechanical computer known as a marker (named because they " marked out a path " through the central office) • most of these systems supported both touch-tone and dial phones • North American average installed life: 20 years • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar Computeri • SP1 (S-P-One) zed Circuit o Stored Program 1 Switching, Analog o a cross bar telephone switch manufactured by Northern Circuits Electric (Nortel) with a computerized front-end rather than an electro-mechanical front end (anyone remember markers?). These machines employed a mini-crossbar technology to complete the analog circuit. o North American average installed life: 10 years • 1ESS o a.k.a. ESS 1, No. 1 ESS o ESS = Electronic Switching System o developed by AT&T o electronic switching but analog circuits Computeri • DMS-100 zed Circuit o An all-electronic telephone switch manufactured by Switching, Northern Electric (Nortel) Digital Circuits o North American average installed life: ?? years (many installed in 1980 are still running in 2009 because there were many in-place upgrades) o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex_System • DMS-200 o A toll (long distance) version of DMS-100 • DMS-10 o A small community version of DMS-100 3 • DMS-1 o A 256-1-256 line concentrator • 5ESS o a.k.a. ESS 5, No. 5 ESS o ESS = Electronic Switching System o full digital switch o run by the UNIX operating system PBX • Private Branch Exchange - a small telephone switch associated with a business • SL1 (S-L-One) is the PBX version of SP1 CO • Central Office (a.k.a. telephone exchange, telephone switch) • usually serves between 10,000 and 100,000 lines CDO • Community Dial Office • a rural telephone exchange • usually serves between 100 and 2,000 lines VoIP • Voice over Internet Protocol • An packet based communications technology that rides on the internet • Note that most analog technologies employ circuit switching while VoIP is based upon packet switching • In the 1960's the Americans (ARPA + DARPA) funded research which resulted in a self-healing packet network which could survive natural disasters or a nuclear attack. ARPAnet merged with NSFnet to become the Internet. Since circuit switching was based upon common control solutions (telephone switches), problems would occur whenever the switch became incapacitated. In a properly designed packet network the intelligence is moved into the network's routers. When the network detects an internal problem, it just routes the packets around the obstacle. Carrier Information (only a few common technologies are listed) 4 Na Description me L1 • analog carrier used between switching centers N1 N2 • N carrier employed vacuum tubes • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-carrier T1 • supports 24 channels - each one capable of passing 64 kb/s (8 kb/s per voice channel) • popular in North America • 24 * 64000 * (193 / 192) = 1.544 Mb/s • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier E1 • European version of T1 • supports 32 channels each capable of passing 64 kb/s OC1 • fiber based • SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) lines capable of sending 51.840 Mb/s • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking ATM • although not usually thought of as carrier technology, this may change with VoIP • A synchronous T ransfer M ode • LANE (LAN Emulation) is an ATM technology designed to make LANs (local area networks) more dependable • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode • This technology was designed to make up for the short comings of LANs. For some reason, network equipment manufacturers would rather sell you MPLS (multi protocol label switching) LAN • although not usually thought of as carrier technology, this may change with VoIP • Local Area Network • Ethernet, Token Ring, etc. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network 5 • works OK sending email and web pages but not a serious contender until technologies like ATM are employed o for example, when packet delays cause VoIP problems on an Ethernet, installing an additional second path or increasing the speed of the existing path is not the answer ; you can replace hubs with switches and even add MLPS based solutions but these are just tweaks to a technology that was designed to live with packet delays Telephone Information Name Description Tip • Name of an analog telephone wire. Usually measures ground when on-hook. • Gets its name from the tip conductor of a manual operator's three conductor plug (tip of the plug) • Usually a GREEN wire in the home of a single party customer • click: plug diagram Ring • Name of an analog telephone wire. Usually measures -48 Volts when on-hook • Gets its name from the ring conductor of a manual operator's three conductor plug (a small ring of metal) • Usually a RED wire in the home of a single party customer • Also receives the 80 Volt AC (20 Hz) ringing signal on a single party line • click: plug diagram Sleeve • Name of an analog telephone wire used for supervision in non- electronic systems • Gets its name from the sleeve (third) conductor of a manual operator's three conductor plug (a long metal sleeve) • click: plug diagram • battery (-48 volts) signifies "line idle" 6 • ground (0 volts) signifies "line busy" Wall • Green (tip #1) Wires • Red (ring #1) • Yellow (tip #2 or spare) • Black (ring #2 or ground) Single • Tip Wire (green) Party Phone • Ring Wire (red) Wiring • Ground (black) - not required but should be connected for safety • Bell Wire (yellow) - not used • Note: only two wires, tip + ring, actually connect back to the telephone exchange Two • Most phones come pre-wired for single party operation. Party Internally, the BELL will usually be wired across the TIP and Phone RING terminals. When converting a phone to party line use Wiring (very rare this side of y2k), this internal BELL wiring must be moved to the BLACK and YELLOW terminals. o When a RING party is alerted to an incoming call, ringing signal will be applied across the RING wire and GROUND. o When a TIP party is alerted to an incoming call, ringing signal will be applied across the TIP wire and GROUND. • Ring Customer o Tip Wire (green) o Ring Wire (red) o Ground (black) - mandatory o Bell (yellow) - connect to Ring Wire • Tip Customer o Tip Wire (green) o Ring Wire (red) 7 o Ground (black) - mandatory o Bell (yellow) - connect to Tip Wire o If the touch-tone keypad does not work, reverse the tip and ring wires to the phone (some electronic phones may never work in party-line situations) • Note: only two wires, tip + ring, actually connect back to the telephone exchange. The BELL return path is made through ground (a.k.a. earth) On • An open circuit - no DC electricity is flowing. (but an AC Hook connection exists for ringing the BELL) • Typical Ring: -48 volts (battery) • Typical Tip: 0 volts (ground) Off • A closed circuit - DC electricity is flowing. Hook • Typical Ring: -30 volts to -35 volts • Typical Tip: -15 volts to -20 volts • Lowest Current: 15 mA • Typical Current: 40 mA Pulse • when you use a rotary dial the signal the number "9", the DC Signalin path of the telephone is interrupted 9 times.
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