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A Discursive Study Par Sarnia Cbreim Service De École des Hautes Études Commerciales The Evolution of Organizational Identil: A Discursive Study Par Sarnia Cbreim Service de la direction et gestion des organisations Thèse présentée à l'École des Hautes Études Commerciales en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D) en Administration Avril, 2000 @Sarnia Chreim, 1000 National Library Bibliothèque nationaie 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington Ottawa ON K 1A ON4 Ottawa ON KtA ON4 Canada Canada Your fik Vorm nIbtmc8 Our lile Notre ret8rence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or efectronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Identification du jury Alain Chanlat École des HEC Président du Comité de surveillance : Jean-,Marie Toulouse École des HEC Membre du jury : Nicole Giroux Université de Montréal Examinateur externe : Karen Golden-Biddle University of Alberta Résumé La notion d'identité organinisationnelle a suscité beaucoup d'intérêt dans la littérature sur les organisations ces dernières années. Cet intérêt coïncide avec les changements qui se passent dans les organisations et autour de celles-ci. L'identité organisationnelle fournit une réponse a la question, « qui sommes nous ?» Plusieurs auteurs suggèrent que la réponse donnée à cette question indique ce qui est central, distinctif et persistant pour l'organisation (Albert et Whetten, 1985; Dunon et Dukench, 199 1 ; Scon et Lane, 2000). D'autres auteurs, par contre, ont indiqué que l'identité organisationnelle n'est pas forcément persistante; elle peut changer avec le temps (Gioia et Thomas, 1996; Fiol, Huff et Sarason, 1996). Ces derniers auteurs énumèrent les changements qui se passent dans les organisations. Lors des changements, les organisations tournent leur attention vers des questions ontologiques et les réponses données a ces questions ne démontrent pas toujours une compatibilité avec le passée, d'où la remise en question des notions de continuité et persistance dans l'identité. Cette étude vise a explorer le développement de l'identité dans un contexte de changement. Les questions àe recherche adoptées sont les suivantes : quels aspects de l'identité organisatio~ellesont remis en question dans un contexte de changement? Est-ce que l'identité évolue dans un contexte de changement ? et Comment? Quels sont les facteurs contextuels associés avec l'évolution? Le cadre théorique adopté dans cette étude met l'accent sur l'importance du discours des dirigeants dans l'élaboration de l'identité organisationnelle. En présentant l'identité aux auditoires, les dirigeants expriment et construisent l'identité de l'organisation (Scott et Lane, 2000). Comme macroacteurs (CalIon et Latour, 1985), ils possèdent plus de povoir que les autres groupes d'intérêt (stakeholders) dans Ia définition de cette identité, Ceci est surtout le cas dans un contexte de changement où Iës stakeholders accordent beaucoup d'attention au discours des dirigeants (Schweiger et DeNisi, 199 1). Cene recherche vise a étudier le développement de l'identité organisationnelle dans le discours des dirigeants. La littérature sur l'identité organisationnelle ne fournit pas de réponses claires à la question concernant la continuité ou le changement dans cette identité. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi d'effectuer une étude exploratoire qui utilise l'approche de la théorie ancrée (grounded-theo- approach) proposée par Glaser et Strauss (1 967) et Strauss et Corbin (1 990). Dans cette approche, la théorie émerge des données. Le chercheur part d'une question large qui définit le sujet d'intérêt mais qui ne vise pas a établir le lien entre une variable dépendante et une variable indépendante (Sbauss et Corbin, 1990). Cette approche est pertinente pour l'étude des domees qualitatives qui sont bien les données étudiées dans cette recherche. L'étude du discoun doit tenir compte de la richesse du contexte (Hanks, 1989), et cette richesse se cerne mieux a partir des données qualitatives (Miles and Huberman, 1994). Pour effecnier l'étude du développement de l'identité dans le discours, deux entreprises qui ont vécu des changements des dernières années ont été choisies comme sujets de recherche : la Banque Royale et la Banque de Montréal. Le discours identitaire de ces deux entreprises dans les rapports annuels des années 1985 à 1997 (inclusivement) a été tracé. Plus précisément une étude des ((thèmes identitaires » a été effectuée. L'étude suit le développement des « thèmes » dans le discours de ces entreprises, ainsi que le contexte dans lequel ce discours est énoncé. Les facteurs contextuels associés avec le développement de ces thèmes identitaires sont alon tracés. L'analyse des données démontre qu'il y a des aspects de l'identité organisatio~ellede ces deux entreprises qui évoluent avec le temps, et d'autres qui persistent. L'étude met en évidence qu'en general, l'identité dans le discours évolue de façon incrémentale avec le temps. D'une année à I'autre, on remarque des petits changements dans les thèmes identitaires mais l'agrégation de ces petits changements résulte en un changement de taille. Les thèmes centraux et la constellation qu'ils forment avec les aspects différents de l'organisation changent avec le temps. Les aspects distinctifs qui sont mis en évidence dans le discours changent eux aussi. Ces changements sont associés avec trois facteurs : 1) les acteurs - les dirigeants - qui intluencent les traits par lesquels les entreprises sont définies, 2) les chagements stratégiques entrepris par les organisations, et 3) le contexte externe, notamment la façon dont l'organisation est perçue- par les publics externes. D'autre part, la continuité dans l'identité est maintenue dans le discours par l'utilisation de mots clefs identititaires qui eux persistent même si le sens qu'on vient donner a ces mots-là change avec le temps. Une contribution majeure de cette étude est le fait de mettre en évidence les aspects de l'identité organisatio~ellequi changent avec le temps et ceux qui demeurent. Jusqu'a maintenant les chercheurs étaient divisés en deux écoles de pensée : ceux qui affirment la persitance de l'identité et ce qui affirment qu'elle change. Cette étude démontre qu'au lieu de faire des généralisations sur la persitance ou le changement de l'identité, il vaut mieux essayer de cerner les aspects de l'identité qui changent et ceux qui persistent avec le temps. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF -4BBREW.ATIO'iS 2. LITERATCRE REVIEW 7.1 What is organizational identity? 2 2 Identity in organizational theory 2 2.1 4lacro Irvel organizational identity 2.22 ldentity. social interaction. and communication 2.2.3 The roie of top managers in the eiaboration of identity 1.3 Centrality 2.3.1 Ccntrality and management discourse 2.4 Distinctiveness 2.41 Distinctiveness and management discoune 2.5 Tcmporâl continuity 1.5.1 Continuity. change and management discourse 1.6 Organizational identity. stntrgy and culture 1.6.1 Idrntity and cuiture 2.6.2 Idrntity and strategy 3. RESEACH QUESTIONS, CONCEPTS AND APPROACH 3.1 Research questions 3.2 Definition of organizational identity 3.3 Top management discourse 3.3.1 Written discourse 3 -3.2 Content 3.3.3 Context 3.4 Approach used 3. METHODOLOGY 4.1 Research questions and approach 4.2 The organizations 4.3 Research design 4.4 Cnits of analysis 4-41 Operationalizations of organizational identiv in the lirerature 4-42 Proposed measures of organizational identity 4.5 Sources of data 4.5.1 Annual reports 4.52 Other orçanizational and industrial information 4.6 Data analysis. presentation and discussion 1.6.1 Data coding 4-62 Presentation. anal ysis and discussion 4.7 Reliability and validity 1.7.1 Rrliability 1.7.2 Validity 5. DATA PRESEIITATION AND .ANALYSIS 5.1 Royal Bank 5.1.1 Historicd oveniew 5.1 .I ldcntity thernes 5.1 .?.ci Quality senrice to custorners 5.1 2.b Fre-and-income generating ûbility 5.1.2.c Bank-tinancial institution 5.l.l.d Luge 5.1 .Le Leader 5.2 Bank of 'lfontreal 5.2.1 Historical overview 5.2.2 ldentity themes 5.2.2.a First 5.3.2.b Oldest bank 5 2.2.~Innovative 5.2.2.d North .\mericm 5.2.2.e Comrnitment to stakeholders 6. DISCUSSION 6.1 Royal Bank 6.1.1 Quality service to customers 6.1 2. Fee-and-incorne generating ability 6.1.3 Bank-financial institution 6.1.4 Large 6.1.5 Leader 6.2 Bank of Montreal 6.3.1 First 6.2.2 Sorth Arnerican 6.2.3 Cornmitment to stakeholders 6.3 General discussion 6.3.1 Shifis in distinctitreness 6.3.2 Projected. realized and unrealized identity 6.3.3 Shifts in centrality 6.3.4 Continuity and change %CONCLUSION 7.1 Contributions 1.2 Limitations and future research directions 7.3 Conclusion 8. REFERESCES LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Quality srnrice to customers Table 2. Fre-and-income generating ability Table 3. Brink-FI Table 4. Large Table 5. Leader Table 6. First Table 7.
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