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ART AMUSES 0F Sz-Ie ES'écategfial M9 ART AMUSES 0F sz-iE ES‘éCATEGfiAL M9 WLFESSSCfia‘lL fififimfififi 3% 3F {kflxafiPAPR Fiiékf CRE‘E'ECS MD ‘E‘riE fi‘EELUEfiCg-L W553i GREYISS MEL?» GEE READERS Thesis for the Degm of M. A. mam STATE ammsm PATR‘CIA A. DEMON l 9 7 6 aWWW\llWHNllflflllllUWI\lUIIHHHHHN ' L I B R A R Y « 3 1293 10474 Michigan State University . amomc av " mm: a SUNS' 300K BINDERY INC. 1 WHPIIT. IICIIQII RA . ,. , I 3'"- ‘f ;_./ kayofi": !- '3 :a'” , '15‘.‘.‘§§‘-‘; l 153““ ‘WM i g“; 6.6 "In! ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND OF NEWSPAPER FILM CRITICS AND THE INFLUENCE THESE CRITICS WIELD ON READERS BY Patricia A. Denton This study was designed to determine the news— paper movie critic's role and influence on readers. Its purpose was to evaluate from responses to a questionnaire three points deemed integral to the understanding of film criticism: (1) the film critic/reviewer's description of his job and its purpose, (2) the education, training, and newspaper experience of the newspaper critic/reviewer and (3) the influence critic/reviewers feel they have on their readers. The survey instrument was a mail questionnaire containing seventy-one items divided into five categories. A sample of journalists representing 150 daily newspapers was drawn. The list from which the sample was taken in- cluded all 496 motion picture, entertainment, and amusement editors listed in The 1974 Editor and Publisher Yearbook. Fifty-six critic/reviewers completed the questionnaire. Patricia A. Denton Analysis of responses indicated that a significant number of newspaper motion picture critics, many who work only part-time in that capacity, have been trained in film. Still further, there is a small but noticeable difference in the amount of influence those trained in film and those not trained in film feel they wield on their readers. Among critics with film training, the largest per- centage said they felt they had a moderate to strong influ- ence on their readers. The highest percentage of the respondents who had not been trained in film said they had little or no influence. The difference between a critic and a reviewer, a continuing point of controversy among some motion picture critics, was found to have been given little emphasis by the largest percentage of those surveyed. This study found that many, being only part-time writers on film, show little preference for either term. The survey also provided an educational profile that aspiring film critics might use as a guideline. The majority of the fifty-six respondents suggested a jour- nalism major and film minor as preparation for work as a film critic. Accepted by the faculty of the School of Journalism, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree. AN ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND OF NEWSPAPER FILM CRITICS AND THE INFLUENCE THESE CRITICS WIELD ON READERS BY Patricia A. Denton A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS School of Journalism 1976 " J ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A special note of gratitude is extended to several individuals who played important roles in the ultimate completion of this study. To those who provided inspiration, direction and general knowledge of research, Dr. George A. Hough, III, Joan Deppa, Dave Reddick, Carmen Scott Hardin, Mrs. Barbara McClain, and My Mother and Father I dedicate this work and offer my sincere appreciation for their time, efforts, and patience. Also, a special thanks is extended to those seventy-six neWSpaper film critics who took time to respond to the questionnaire. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS O O O O O O I O O O O O C O O C 0 LIST OF TABLES O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 INTRODUCTION 0 O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 PART I. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF FILM CRITICISM CHAPTER I. THE CRITIC/REVIEWER CONTROVERSY AND THE FUNCTIONS AND INFLUENCE OF FILM CRITICISM Criticism Defined Critic vs. Reviewer Controversy Function and Goal of Film Criticism The Power of the Film Critic Harris Poll Critic as Superstar? II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILM CRITICISM AS COMPARED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILM . 26 The Eight-Minute Beginnings: 1900-1910 The Silent Era: 1910—1928 Movies Become Vocal: 1928-1939 Under Citizen Kane's Shadow: The Forties Television Invades Hollywood: The Fifties The Influx of Independents and Youth: The Sixties Hollywood's Decline?: The Seventies PART II. A STUDY OF PRESENT DAY NEWSPAPER FILM CRITICS III. METHODOLOGY 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 53 IV. TABULATION OF RESPONSES . 59 iii CHAPTER Page V. COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES 91 VI. COMPARISON OF RESPONSES WITH THE STUDY'S HYPOTHESES 103 APPENDIX . 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Years newspaper film critics had held present position . 61 Film critics' previous experience on present newspaper . 63 Number of critics having had specific film training 0 O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O 0 65 Critics' majors in college . 66 Film critics' performance, directing and/or production experience . 68 Comparison of percentages of critics' responses to terms describing their actual position and the label under their by-line 7O Number of films critics reviewed a week . 71 Number of reviews critics wrote a week . 71 How soon critics wrote a review after seeing a film 0 I O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 0 73 10. Newspaper film critics' experiences with deadline pressure and review length restrictions . 74 11. Those who edited newspaper film critics' work 0 O O O I O O C O I I O O O O O O O 0 75 12. Kinds of articles critics had written besides reviews . 76 13. Percentage of newspaper film critics that read reviews in five national publications 77 14. Percentage of critics that ranked reasons persons attended movies in the following order 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 78 Table Page 15. Percentage of critics who designated a specific group as the one who most often read their reviews . 80 16. Amount of influence newspaper critics felt they had on their readers . 80 17. Frequency that readers communicated with newspaper film critics . 81 18. Amount of agreement with critics' views as was communicated to them by their readers . 82 19. Percentage of critics who felt pressure to refrain from using certain terms . 83 20. Percentage of critics choosing each statement as the best definition of a critic . 85 21. Percentage of critics choosing each statement as the best definition of a reviewer . 85 22. Percentage of critics choosing each statement as the best definition of criticism . 85 23. Newspaper critics' suggested schooling for aspiring critics . 86 24. Critics' choice-top 12 motion pictures . 88 25. Percentage of respondents in each age grouping 89 26. Percentage of respondents completing varied levels of education . 89 27. Percentage of respondents in varied salary levels 0 , O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 89 28. Definitions chosen by the respondents as the best for describing a critic and a reviewer. 94 29. Education recommended by critics with and without training . 96 30. Reason papers listing a motion picture or entertainment editor no longer used movie reviews; comparison in circulation . 98 vi INTRODUCTION As motion pictures have become an increasingly popular medium in the United States, a few of the more visible critics who write for New York publications and large circulation magazines, have been widely interviewed and reviewed themselves. Yet very little information has been gathered about those journalists who critique or review motion pictures in the daily newspapers throughout the country. The purpose of this study was to determine the role news- paper movie critic/reviewers, as a whole, have played in the growing interest in the cinema. The study, based on a mail questionnaire, was also designed to collect data on newspaper film critics' educa- tion, training in film, and journalistic experience. The questionnaire was sent to 150 newspaper motion picture, entertainment, and amusement editors, randomly selected from the 496 listed in The 1974 Editor and Pub— lisher Yearbook. Seventy-six, approximately 50 per cent, of those surveyed responded to the study, with fifty-six, 37.3 per cent, completing the seventy-one item question- naire. What is the movie critic/reviewer's function? Do his readers respond favorably or unfavorably to his reviews? Are movie critics really necessary? These are the questions that will be addressed in the study. PART I A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF FILM CRITICISM CHAPTER I THE CRITIC/REVIEWER CONTROVERSY AND THE FUNCTIONS AND INFLUENCE OF FILM CRITICISM It is the era of the critic as superstar. As the arts have expanded . a need has been created for more and more critics to write about them. Some of these critics . have become as famous as the artists they praise or pan. They are courted, quoted on marquees, turn up on TV talk shows . And yet, critics are also scorned and resented.l Arthur Cooper discloses in this statement, the crux of a problem which has impeded the growth and development of the motion picture critic/reviewer into a universally acknowledged, relevant and reliable source of information.
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