„ Electronic device „ Converts data into information „ Modern computers are digital „ Two digits combine to make data „ Older computers were analog „ A range of values made data

„ Desktop computers „ The most common type of computer „ Sits on the desk or floor „ Performs a variety of tasks „ Workstations „ Specialized computers „ Optimized for science or graphics „ More powerful than a desktop „ Notebook computers „ Handheld computers „ Small portable computers „ Very small computers „ Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds „ Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) „ About 8 ½ by 11 inches „ Note taking or contact management „ Typically as powerful as a desktop „ Data can synchronize with a desktop „ Can include a docking station „ Smart phones „ Hybrid of cell phone and PDA „ Web surfing, e-mail access

„ Tablet computers „ Network servers „ Newest development in „ Centralized computer portable computers „ All other computers connect „ Input is through a pen „ Provides access to network resources „ Run specialized versions „ Multiple servers are called server farms of office products „ Often simply a powerful desktop „ Mainframes „ Supercomputers „ Used in large „ The most powerful computers made organizations computers made „ Handle large and complex „ Handle thousands calculations of users „ Process trillions of „ Users access through operations per second a terminal „ Found in research organizations

„ Minicomputers „ More impact than any other invention „ Called midrange computers „ Changed work and leisure activities „ Power between mainframe and desktop „ Used by all demographic groups „ Handle hundreds of users „ Computers are important because: „ Used in smaller organizations „ Provide information to users „ Users access through a terminal „ Information is critical to our society „ Managing information is difficult „ Computers at home „ Computers in government „ Many homes have multiple computers „ Necessary to track data for population „ Most American homes have Internet „ Police officers „ Tax calculation and collection „ Computers are used for „ „ Business „ Governments were the first computer users „ Entertainment „ Communication „ Education

„ Computers in education „ Computers in health care „ Computer literacy required at all levels „ Revolutionized health care „ Computers in small business „ New treatments possible „ Makes businesses more profitable „ Scheduling of patients has improved „ Allows owners to manage „ Delivery of medicine is safer „ Computers in industry „ Computers are used to design products „ Assembly lines are automated „ Hardware „ Mechanical devices in the computer „ Anything that can be touched „ Software „ Tell the computer what to do „ Also called a program „ Thousands of programs exist

„ Computer systems have four parts „ Data „ Hardware „ Pieces of information „ Software „ Computer organize and present data „ Data „ Users „ User „ People operating the computer „ Most important part „ Tell the computer what to do „ Steps followed to process data „ Processing devices „ Input „ Brains of the computer „ Processing „ Carries out instructions from the program „ Manipulate the data „ Output „ Most computers have several processors „ Storage „ Central Processing Unit (CPU) „ Secondary processors „ Processors made of silicon and copper

„ Computers use the same basic hardware „ Memory devices „ Hardware categorized into four types „ Stores data or programs „ Random Access Memory (RAM) „ Volatile „ Stores current data and programs „ More RAM results in a faster system „ Read Only Memory (ROM) „ Permanent storage of programs „ Holds the computer boot directions „ Input and output devices „ Tells the computer what to do „ Allows the user to interact „ Reason people purchase computers „ Input devices accept data „ Two types „ Keyboard, mouse „ System software „ Output devices deliver data „ Application software „ Monitor, printer, speaker „ Some devices are input and output „ Touch screens

„ Storage devices „ System software „ Hold data and programs permanently „ Most important software „ Different from RAM „ Operating system „ Magnetic storage „ Windows XP „ Floppy and hard drive „ Network operating system (OS) „ Uses a magnet to access data „ Windows Server 2003 „ Optical storage „ Utility „ CD and DVD drives „ Symantec AntiVirus „ Uses a laser to access data „ Application software „ Role depends on ability „ Accomplishes a specific task „ Setup the system „ Most common type of software „ Install software „ MS Word „ Mange files „ Covers most common uses of computers „ Maintain the system „ “Userless” computers „ Run with no user input „ Automated systems

„ Fact with no meaning on its own „ Stored using the binary number system „ Data can be organized into files „ The most common input device „ All modern computers have a variant „ Must be proficient with keyboard „ Allows users to select objects „ Skill is called keyboarding „ Pointer moved by the mouse „ Mechanical mouse „ Rubber ball determines direction and speed „ The ball often requires cleaning

„ How keyboard works „ Optical mouse „ Keyboard controller detects a key press „ Light shown onto mouse pad „ Controller sends a code to the CPU „ Reflection determines speed and direction „ Code represents the key pressed „ Requires little maintenance „ Controller notifies the operating system „ Operating system responds „ Controller repeats the letter if held „ Interacting with a mouse „ Mouse button configuration „ Actions involve pointing to an object „ Configured for a right-handed user „ Clicking selects the object „ Can be reconfigured „ Clicking and holding drags the object „ Between 1 and 6 buttons „ Releasing an object is a drop „ Extra buttons are configurable „ Right clicking activates the shortcut menu „ Modern mice include a scroll wheel

„ Benefits „ Trackballs „ Pointer positioning is fast „ Upside down mouse „ Menu interaction is easy „ Hand rests on the ball „ Users can draw electronically „ User moves the ball „ Uses little desk space „ Track pads „ Ergonomics „ Stationary pointing device „ Study of human and tool interaction „ Small plastic rectangle „ Concerned with physical interaction „ Finger moves across the pad „ Attempts to improve safety and comfort „ Pointer moves with the pointer „ Popular on laptops

„ Track point „ Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) „ Little joystick on the keyboard „ Caused by continuous misuse of the body „ Move pointer by moving the joystick „ Many professions suffer from RSI „ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome „ Carpal tunnel is a passage in the wrist „ Holds nerves and tendons „ Prolonged keyboarding swells tendons „ Techniques to avoid RSI „ Sit up straight „ Have a padded wrist support „ Keep your arms straight „ Keyboard properly „ Take frequent breaks

„ Office hardware suggestions „ Office chairs should have „ Adjustable armrests and height „ Armrests „ Lower back support „ Desks should have „ Have a keyboard tray „ Keep hands at keyboard height „ Place the monitor at eye level „ Pen based input „ Game controllers „ Tablet PCs, PDA „ Enhances gaming experience „ Pen used to „ Provide custom input to the game write data „ „ Pen used as „ Modern controllers offer feedback a pointer „ Joystick „ Handwriting recognition Handwriting recognition „ Game pad „ On screen keyboard

„ Touch screens „ Allows the computer to see input „ Sensors determine where „ Bar code readers finger points „ „ Sensors create an X,Y Converts bar codes to numbers coordinate „ UPC code „ Usually presents a menu „ Computer find number in a database to users „ Works by reflecting light „ Found in cramped or „ Amount of reflected light indicates number dirty environments „ Image scanners „ Microphones „ Converts printed media into electronic „ Used to record speech „ Reflects light off of the image „ Speech recognition „ Sensors read the intensity „ “Understands” human speech „ Allows dictation or control of computer „ Filters determine color depths „ Matches spoken sound to known phonemes „ Enters best match into document

„ Optical character recognition (OCR) „ Musical Instrument Digital Interface „ Converts scanned text into editable text „ MIDI „ Each letter is scanned „ Connects musical instruments to computer „ Letters are compared to known letters „ Digital recording or playback of music „ Best match is entered into document „ Musicians can produce professional results „ Rarely 100% accurate „ Digital cameras „ Most common output device „ Captures images electronically „ Connects to the video card „ No film is needed „ Categorized by color output „ Image is stored as a JPG file Image is stored as a JPG file „ Monochrome „ Memory cards store the images „ One color with black background „ Used in a variety of professions „ Grayscale „ Varying degrees of gray „ Color „ Display 4 to 16 million colors

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„ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) „ Most common type of monitor „ Electrons fired from the back „ Electrons excite phosphor to glow „ Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels „ Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit „ CRT color „ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) „ Phosphor dots arranged in triads „ Commonly found on laptops „ Red, green, and blue dots „ Desktop versions exist „ Three colors blend to make colors „ Solve the problems of CRT „ Varying the intensity creates new colors „ Fluorescent lights provide illumination

„ CRT drawbacks „ Passive matrix LCD „ Very large „ Pixels arranged in a grid „ Very heavy „ Pixels are activated indirectly „ Use a lot of electricity „ Row and column are activated „ Animation can be blurry „ Active matrix LCD „ Paper-white displays „ Each pixel is activated directly „ High contrast between fore and background „ Pixels have 4 transistors „ Electro-luminescent displays (ELD) „ One each for red, green, blue One each for red, green, blue „ Similar to LCD „ One for opaqueness „ Uses phosphor to produce light „ Transistors arranged in a thin film „ Plasma monitor „ Animation is crisp and clean „ Gas is excited to produce light

„ Drawbacks to LCD „ Monitors impacts user effectiveness „ More expensive than CRT „ Monitors should have „ Must sit directly in front of screen „ Crisp text „ Can be more fragile than CRT „ Clear graphics „ Adjustable controls „ Clear edges „ Size of monitor „ Refresh rate „ Measured in inches „ Number of time the screen is redrawn „ Measured diagonally „ Modern equipment sets this automatically „ Actual size „ Improper settings can cause eyestrain „ Distance from corner to corner „ Viewable size „ Useable portion of the screen

„ Resolution „ Dot pitch „ Number of pixels on the screen „ Distance between the same color dots „ Higher number creates sharper images „ Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm „ Higher number creates smaller images „ Smaller creates a finer picture „ Should be less than .22 „ Device between the CPU and monitor „ Electronic magnetic fields (EMF) „ Better cards result in better output „ Generated by all electronic devices „ Removes burden of drawing from CPU „ EMF may be detrimental to health „ Steps to avoid „ Have their own processor and RAM „ Keep the computer at arms length „ Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM „ Take frequent breaks „ Capable of rendering 3D images „ Use an LCD monitor

„ Eyestrain „ Replaced overhead and slide projectors „ Fatigue of the eyes „ Project image onto wall or screen „ Steps to avoid „ LCD projectors „ Choose a good monitor „ Most common type of projector „ Place the monitor 2 – 3 feet away „ Small LCD screen „ Center of screen below eye level „ Avoid reflected light „ Very bright light „ Require a darkened room „ Digital Light Projectors „ Sound card „ A series of mirrors control the display „ Device between the CPU and speakers „ May be used in a lighted room „ Converts digital sounds to analog „ Can be connected to several devices „ Modern cards support Dolby Surround Sound

„ Integral part of the computer experience „ Headphones and headsets „ Capable of recording and playback „ Replacement for speakers and microphones „ Offer privacy „ Does not annoy other people „ Outside noise is not a factor „ Headsets have speakers and a microphone „ Intel „ Leading manufacturer of processors „ Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor „ IBM PC powered by Intel 8086 „ Current processors „ Centrino „ Itanium „ Pentium IV „ Xeon

„ Architecture „ Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) „ Determines „ Main competitor to Intel „ Location of CPU parts „ Originally produced budget products „ Bit size „ Current products outperform Intel „ Number of registers „ Current processors „ Pipelines „ Sempron „ Main difference between CPUs „ Athlon FX 64 „ Athlon XP

82 „ Freescale „ Speed of processor „ A subsidiary of Motorola „ Size of cache „ Co-developed the Apple G4 PowerPC „ Number of registers „ Currently focuses on the Linux market „ Bit size „ Speed of Front side bus

„ IBM „ RISC processors „ Historically manufactured mainframes „ Reduced Instruction Set Computing „ Partnered with Apple to develop G5 „ Smaller instruction sets „ First consumer 64 bit chip „ May process data faster „ PowerPC and G5 „ Parallel Processing „ Multiple processors in a system „ Symmetric Multiple Processing „ Number of processors is a power of 2 „ Massively Parallel Processing „ Thousands of processors „ Mainframes and super computers

„ Standard computer ports „ Serial and parallel ports „ Keyboard and mouse ports „ Connect to printers or modems „ USB ports „ Parallel ports move bits simultaneously „ Parallel „ Made of 8 – 32 wires „ Internal busses are parallel „ Network „ Serial ports move one bit „ Modem „ Lower data flow than parallel „ Audio „ Requires control wires „ Serial „ UART converts from serial to parallel „ Video „ SCSI „ Small Computer System Interface „ Supports dozens of devices „ External devices daisy chain „ Fast hard drives and CD-ROMs

„ USB „ Universal Serial Bus „ Most popular external bus „ Supports up to 127 devices „ Hot swappable „ FireWire „ PC Cards „ IEEE 1384 „ Expansion bus for laptops „ Cameras and video equipment „ PCMCIA „ Hot swappable „ Hot swappable „ Port is very expensive „ Small card size „ Three types, I, II and III „ Type II is most common

„ Expansion slots and boards „ Plug and play „ Allows users to configure the machine „ New hardware detected automatically „ Slots allow the addition of new devices „ Prompts to install drivers „ Devices are stored on cards „ Non-technical users can install devices „ Computer must be off before inserting „ Storage terms „ Media is the material storing data „ Storage devices manage the media „ Magnetic devices use a magnet „ Optical devices use lasers „ Solid-state devices have physical switches

„ Store data when computer is off „ Most common form of storage „ Two processes „ Hard drives, floppy drives, tape „ Writing data „ All magnetic drives work the same „ Reading data Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Tape

„ Data storage and retrieval „ Data organization „ Media is covered with iron oxide „ Disks must be formatted before use „ Read/write head is a magnet „ Format draws tracks on the disk „ Magnet writes charges on the media „ Tracks is divided into sectors „ Positive charge is a 1 „ Amount of data a drive can read „ Negative charge is a 0 „ Magnet reads charges „ Drive converts charges into binary „ Diskettes „ Also known as floppy disks „ Read with a disk drive „ Mylar disk „ Spin at 300 RPM „ Takes .2 second to find data „ 3 ½ floppy disk holds 1.44 MB

„ Finding data on disk „ Hard disks „ Each track and sector is labeled „ Primary storage device in a computer „ Some are reserved „ 2 or more aluminum platters „ Listing of where files are stored „ Each platter has 2 sides „ File Allocation Table (FAT) „ Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM „ FAT32 „ Data found in 9.5 ms or less „ NTFS „ Drive capacity greater than 40 GB „ Data is organized in clusters „ Size of data the OS handles „ Tape drives „ Best used for „ Infrequently accessed data „ Back-up solutions „ Slow sequential access „ Capacity exceeds 200 GB

„ Removable high capacity disks „ CD-ROM „ Speed of hard disk „ Most software ships on a CD „ Portability of floppy disk „ Read using a laser „ Several variants have emerged „ Lands, binary 1, reflect data „ Pits scatter data „ High capacity floppy disk „ „ Stores up to 750 MB of data „ Written from the inside out „ Hot swappable hard disks „ CD speed is based on the original „ Provide GB of data „ Original CD read 150 Kbps „ Connect via USB „ A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps „ Standard CD holds 650 MB „ DVD-ROM „ CD Regrettable (CD-RW) „ Digital Video Disk „ Create a reusable CD „ Use both sides of the disk „ Cannot be read in all CD players „ Capacities can reach 18 GB „ Can reuse about 100 times „ DVD players can read CDs

„ CD Recordable (CD-R) „ Photo CD „ Create a data or audio CD „ Developed by Kodak „ Data cannot be changed „ Provides for photo storage „ Can continue adding until full „ Photos added to CD until full „ Original pictures cannot be changed „ DVD Recordable „ Data is stored physically „ Several different formats exist „ No magnets or laser „ None are standardized „ Very fast „ Allows home users to create DVDs „ Cannot be read in all players

„ DVD-RAM „ Flash memory „ Allow reusing of DVD media „ Found in cameras and USB drives „ Not standardized „ Combination of RAM and ROM „ Cannot be read in all players „ Long term updateable storage „ Smart cards „ Credit cards with a chip „ Chip stores data „ Eventually may be used for cash „ Hotels use for electronic keys

„ Solid-state disks „ Bitmapped images „ Large amount of SDRAM „ Most common image type „ Extremely fast „ Also called raster images „ Volatile storage „ Image is drawn using a pixel grid „ Require battery backups „ Each grid contains a color „ Most have hard disks copying data „ Color depth „ Number of usable colors „ Used to store drawings or photographs „ Resizing image can reduce quality „ File formats and compatibility „ Method for storing an image „ Each method has pros and cons „ Some formats are proprietary „ Graphic software can handle all formats

This image was drawn as a straight line.

„ Vector images „ Common bitmapped file formats „ Drawn using mathematical formulas „ BMP „ Formulas describe the line properties „ EMF „ CAD and animation software „ GIF „ Resizing image will not reduce quality „ JPG „ PICT „ PNG „ TIFF „ Vector file formats „ Digital cameras „ Most vector formats are proprietary „ Stores digitized images „ Two universal formats exist „ Uses long term storage „ DXF „ Image is usually a JPG file „ IGES

„ Scanners „ Digital video cameras „ Like a photocopier „ Stores full motion video „ Image is saved onto disk „ Uses long term storage „ Scanners import a variety of formats „ Movie can be transferred to DVD „ Clip art „ Draw programs „ Originally a book with images „ Create vector based images „ Now a CD with images „ Used when accuracy is critical „ Most office suites include a selection „ Objects have an outline and fill „ Additional clip art is online „ Both have line style and color „ Can fill using pictures „ Adobe Illustrator

„ Paint programs „ Photo-editing software „ Create bitmap images „ Modify and manipulate digital images „ Includes sophisticated tools „ Work at the pixel level „ Artists draw with several brushes „ Images can be enhanced „ Objects drawn become permanent „ Picture flaws can be repaired „ Windows Paint „ Pictures can be completely changed „ Photoshop and GIMP „ 3D modeling software „ Generates three dimensional images „ Image can be shaped on screen „ Image is animated frame by frame

„ Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) „ Computer generated imaging „ Generates vector files „ Generates photo realistic images „ Engineering and design fields „ Used for movies and television „ Drawings accurate to the millimeter „ Software eliminates tedious parts „ AutoCAD „ Medium „ Way of sharing information „ Voice, pictures, text „ More effective with multiple mediums „ Multimedia presents information with one medium

„ Interactivity „ Impact printers „ Users and program respond „ Generate output by striking the paper „ Users can control the content „ Uses an inked ribbon „ Main difference between TV and computer „ Non-impact printers „ Use methods other than force „ Tend to be quiet and fast „ Dot matrix printers „ Ink-jet printers „ Impact printer „ Non-impact printer „ Used to print to multi-sheet pages „ Inexpensive home printer „ Print head strikes inked ribbon „ Color output common using CMYK „ Line printers „ Cyan, magenta, yellow, black „ Band printers „ Sprays ink onto paper „ Speed measured in characters per second „ Speed measured in pages per minute „ Quality expressed as dots per inch „ Laser printer „ Determine what you need „ Non-impact printer „ Determine what you can spend „ Produces high quality documents „ Initial cost „ Color or black and white „ Cost of operating „ Print process „ Image quality „ Laser draws text on page „ Toner sticks to text „ Speed „ Toner melted to page „ Speed measured in pages per minute „ Quality expressed as dots per inch

„ All-in-one peripherals „ Special purpose printers „ Scanner, copier, printer and fax „ Used by a print shop „ Popular in home offices „ Output is professional grade „ Prices are very reasonable „ Prints to a variety of surfaces „ Photo printers „ Dye sublimation printers „ Produces film quality pictures „ Produces realistic output „ Prints very slow „ Very high quality „ Prints a variety of sizes „ Color is produced by evaporating ink „ Operation costs are high „ Output is very slow

„ Thermal wax printers „ Plotters „ Produces bold color output „ Large high quality blueprints „ Color generated by melting wax „ Older models draw with pens „ Colors do not bleed „ Operational costs are low „ Operation costs are low „ Output is very slow „ Output is slow