STATUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE IN – RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDED ACTION PLANS

DR. SAIM SURATMAN Deputy Director General National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)

STAKEHOLDER FORUM FOR INCORPORATING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES POLICY ACTION PLANS 27 OCTOBER 2014 PULLMAN HOTEL, PUTRAJAYA OUTLINE

 OVERVIEW

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

2 OUTLINE

 OVERVIEW

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3 OVERVIEW

Climate change resilience can be generally defined as the capacity for a socio-ecological system to: 1. absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external stresses imposed upon it by climate change and 2. adapt, reorganize, and evolve into more desirable configurations that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better prepared for future climate change impacts. or it is the ability to survive and recover from the effects of climate change.

From wikipedia and Rockefeller Foundation

4 Key Area of Probable OVERVIEW Vulnerabilities to Climate Change

FLOODS HYDROELECTRIC POWER RIVER FLOW An increase Changes in flow decrease clean Changes in river in extreme power generation flow impacts water weather will supply, water lead to higher quality, fisheries river flow, and recreation runoff and activities flooding

DROUGHTS Higher temperatures AGRICULTURE changes in Increase demand for precipitation will irrigation lead to droughts

HABITAT Warmer river DELTA LEVEES temperatures Sea level rise will stress cold-water threaten Delta levees GROUNDWATER species Lower water tables due to hydrologic WATER QUALITY changes and greater Salt water intrusion from demand cause some WATER USE rising sea levels will shallow wells to go dry Demand for affect the Delta and agriculture, urban & coastal aquifers environmental water will increase 5 OVERVIEW Facts about Malaysia: . Country: consist of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak; total land area – 330,000 km2 & bounded by a coastline 4800km; . Climate: characterized by uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall mainly due to maritime influence; . Rainfall distribution: affected by the seasonal wind flow pattern coupled with the local topographic features; . Annual rainfall: 2,000mm to 4,000mm; much influenced by two monsoon periods occur between November-March and May-September; . Annual rainfall volume: 320 billion m3 for Peninsular Malaysia; 194 billion m3 for Sabah, and 476 billion m3 for Sarawak; and more than 150 river system; . Groundwater resources: (safe yield per year) 14,700 million m3 in Peninsular Malaysia, 5,500 million m3 in Sarawak, and 3,300 million m3 in Sabah . Main water supply: 97% sourced from rivers and reservoirs 6 Observed Climate Change in Malaysia . Increased in ambient Temperature: . Mean Annual Maximum Temperature: Highest changes based on 61 years record (1951-2012) is 0.7°C per decade (Source: MMD)

. Rainfall . Increased rainfall intensity -> 1- hour rainfall intensity (2000-2007) increased by 17% compared to 1970s values (Source: JPS)

. “Extremely High Intensity” rainfall (540mm/day) . Dec 2013: Massive floods in & Kemaman . Flood damages ~ roads, bridges, slopes, schools, houses, agriculture (Source: NAHRIM)

7 OUTLINE

 OVERVIEW

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8 Regional Hydro-climate Change Studies

Peninsular Malaysia 2006: (2006) A regional hydrologic- atmospheric model of Peninsular Malaysia called ‘Regional Hydro-climate Model of Peninsular Malaysia (RegHCM-PM) was developed

East Malaysia 2010: (2010) A regional hydrologic- atmospheric model of East Malaysia called ‘Regional Hydro-climate Model of Sabah and Sarawak (RegHCM-SS) was developed;

9 LOCATION OF SELECTED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

MUDA [3,330km2] KELANTAN [11,900km2] PERAK Guillemard Bridge [7,770km2] Syed Omar

Jerangau Jam. Iskandar

SELANGOR DUNGUN [1,450km2] [1,480km2]

Rantau Panjang Jam. Sulaiman [19,000km2] KLANG [480km2] [1,130km2]

Rantau Panjang

10 DESIGNATED SUB-REGIONS OF SABAH AND SARAWAK

SABAH

SARAWAK “EXTENSION OF THE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIMES AND WATER RESOURCES OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA”

12 EXTENSION OF THE STUDY Regional Hydro climate Model (RegHCM-PM) 2006 : RegHCM-PM downscaled Canadian (~410km resolution) to fine spatial resolution (~9km) 2013/2014: revisit hydro-climate change projection for Peninsular Malaysia.  3 GCMs – MPI-ECHAM5, CCSM3 and MRI- CGCM2.3.2 GCMs Domain  15 Realizations , SRES A1B, B1, A2 and A1Fi 150 310km GRID  Downscaling GCMs (~150-310km) to watershed scale spatial resolution of 6km  Hourly time interval resolution

1ST Domain 54x54km GRID 2nd Domain 18x18km GRID 3rd Domain 6x6km GRID 13 LOCATION OF SELECTED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

GIS INTERPOLATI ON 6KM GRID

334 GROUND GEOSPATIAL MAP OF OBSERVATION GROUND OBSERVATION RAINFALL RAINFALL 6KM STATIONS RESOLUTION

14 LOCATION OF SELECTED DRAINAGE SYSTEM Muda Kelantan Sg. Muda di Jam. Syed Omar Sg. Kelantan di Jam. Guillemard (Stn. No. : 5606410) (Stn. No. : 5721442)

Dungun Sg. Dungun di Jam. Jerangau Perak (Stn. No. : 4832441) Sg. Kinta di Weir G di Tg. Tualang (Stn. No. : 4310401)

Selangor Sg. Selangor di Rantau Panjang Pahang (Stn. No. : 3414421) Sg. Pahang di Lubok Paku (Stn. No. : 3527410) Kelang Sg. Klang di Jambatan Sulaiman (Stn. No. : 3116430)

Linggi Sg. Liggi di Sua Betong Johor (Stn. No. : 2519421) Sg. Johor di Rantau Panjang (Stn. No. : 1737451) Sg. Muar di Buloh Kasap Sg. Lenik di Ladang Cha’ah (Stn. No. : 2527411) (Stn. No. : 2130401) . More extreme weather conditions in the future (2025-2050) may be expected since higher maximum and lower minimum rainfall are observed. . Increase in maximum monthly rainfall of up to 51% over Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu. . Decrease in minimum monthly rainfall from 32% to 61% for all over Peninsular Malaysia. 1-DAY MAX. PRECIPITATION

SG. KELANTAN

SG. KEMAMAN SG. KUANTAN

1-day Max. precip.(mm)

SG. JOHOR- Event on 3 December 2013 - Sg Kuantan Event on 3 December 2013 - Sg Kemaman 2006 & 2010 Study: Projected increase in mean surface temperature Kelantan PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Muda 2040 0.94oC 2070 2.02oC o Dungun 2100 2.72 C

Perak SABAH 2040-2050 2090-2100 Min. 1.36oc 2.31oC o o Pahang Mean 1.51 C 3.27 C o o Selangor Max. 2.22 C 4.01 C Klang Johor Linggi

Muar Batu Pahat

SABAH & SARAWAK 2040-2050 2090-2100 Min. 1.36oc 2.31oC Mean 1.51oC 3.27oC Max. 2.22oC 4.01oC SARAWAK 2040-2050 2090-2100 Min. 1.08oc 2.03oC Mean 1.23oC 3.10oC Max. 1.61oC 3.24oC

Projected changes in mean stream flows

Kelantan PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Muda 2010-2040 8.27 m3/s 2040-2070 22.36 m3/s 2070-2100 53.82 m3/s Dungun

Perak

KEDAMAIAN (WATER SUPPLY & FLOODS) Pahang 2040-2050 2090-2100 Selangor Low Flow(m3/s) 1.75/(3.40) 3.18/(3.40) High Flow(m3/s) 218.9/(100.8) 148.4/(100.80) * (3.40) simulated historical period 1980-2000 Klang WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY & FLOODS Johor Linggi

Muar

WATER SUPPLY Batu Pahat & FLOODS FLOODS

WATER SUPPLY

FLOODS

WATER SUPPLY FLOODS & FLOODS

SARAWAK R. (FLOODS) 2040-2050 2090-2100 Low Flow(m3/s) 2.91/(4.05) 6.16/(4.05) High Flow(m3/s) 89.42/(98.42) 133.91/(98.42) RegHCM-PM2 Simulated Average, Maximum and Minimum mean monthly discharge (cms) at selected watersheds, 1970-2000 and 2010-2100 periods

Higher Lower Projected extreme Rainfall events: Peninsular Malaysia 800 8 1000 10 800 746 8 900600 9 6 848 TERENGGANUKELANTANPERAKJOHOR 719 546 900700 537 9 7 700 7 800 PAHANG4807015 Ibu Bekalan1839196 JKR Spg. Mawai – Kuala 829 8 800500 Taiping 607 600 8 5 562105249300384513033 Ldg. G.Kg BrinchangMenerong Kerilla 579 600 462.6mm – 24691 Jan 2004 6 700600 442856545mm478.5mm .7mm – –7 Nov15 Nov 1980 1994 7 6 929mm – 19 Nov 1988 652

700 552 7

495

632 C)

°

500 387 5 C)

400 4

°

600 378 6

C)

C)

500 5 ° ° 600 6 C) 352 555349 ° 346 340 519 453 513328 426 326 495 399 318 390 312 500400 378 303402 5 4 500 451 447 362 5 Day Rain (mm) Rain Day 400 347 4

- 300 370 370 370 3

Day Rain (mm) Rain Day 276

- 268 270

Day Rain (mm) Rain Day 413 318 347 - Day (mm) Rain Day 310 340 410

- 255

Day Rain (mm) Rain Day 393

1 389 302 - 400 376 294 290 382 4 400300 367 234311 280 4 3 Max. 1 Max. 275 349270 356 356362 226 350 351 349 289 ( Rise Temp. Realtive

Max. 1 Max. 300 338260 344 332 331 3 Max. Max. 322 ( Rise Temp. Realtive Max. 1 Max. 267

313 312 ( Rise Temp. Realtive Max. 1 Max. 306 229 304 253 ( Temp.Rise Realtive 200 239 245 2( Rise Temp. Realtive 300 226 274 3 200 252 248261 245 2 194 204 200 182 2 131 202 200 126 131 131 2 200 2 100 88 1 100 68 76 69 1 54 5367 60 100100 68 43 1 1 100 55 56 26 39 22 1 1728 11 20 16 1128 11 30 49 17 244 20 32 19 3 22 23 19 15 15 12 1515 361 12 10 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 95 0 0 1 0 19 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 00 20250 20260 20270 20280 20290 20300 20310 20320 20334 20340 20410 20420 20433 20440 20450 20460 02047 02048 2049 02050 0 0 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 0 20252025 20262026 20272027 20282028 20292029 20302030 20312031 20322032Projection 20332033 20342034 Year 20412041 (2025 20422042 -2050) 20432043 20442044 20452045 20462046 20472047 2048 2049 2050 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032Projection 2033 2034 Year 2041 (2025 2042 -2050 2043) 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 ProjectionProjection Year Year (2025(2025 --2050)2050) Projection Year (2025 -2050) _____ Relative Temperature Rise 100-YEAR 1-DAY GREATEST RECORDED ------Frequency of Max 1D rainfall DESIGN RAINFALL MAX. 1-DAY RAIN exceeding 100yr ARI rainfall Max. 1 Day Rain (mm) Max. 1 Day Rain (mm) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0

0

2010 139 2040 242 185 172 2012 153

143

2042 ( KUCHING

135 (2010 KUCHING 212 127 207 2014 2044 320 189 298 233 2016 2046 183

214 Projected extremeRainfall 2018 230 2048 505 218 116 2050 185 2020 314 127

201 2040 2052 105 2022 176

Year 152 Year 129 2054 157 2024 236 203 152

- 309 2026 143 -

2056

2069 122 112 2039) 2058 163 2028 182 369 172 2060 153 2030 191 203 ) 163

2062 113 2032 199 143 341 2064 127 2034 107 107 243 2066 228 2036 382 180 266 2068 124 2038 238 131 237

Max.100 1 Day150 Rain200 250 (mm)300 350 50 0 PROJECTED PROJECTED HIGHEST RAINFALL HIGHEST RAINFALL RECORD

Locality:Bukit Peninjau,Miri

2070 142 Date: 21 Disember 1979 180 Date: Date: (2040 2048 2072 258 205 Total [areal]: 505mm Jumlah: 724mm 2074 280 (2070 KUCHING 195 2076 111 306 2078 140 -

149 2080 148 SARAWAK 139 2082 168

Year 203 2084 105 151

2086 123 - -

220 2069) 2099) 2088 257 213 2090 159

101

2092 106

279 2094 183 171 2096 162 256 2098 116 128 Projected extreme Rainfall - SABAH

Sandakan (2010 - 2039)

450

412 402

400 HIGHEST RAINFALL RECORD

350 Date: 8 Februari 1996

292

279

300

267

267

262 Locality: Bkt Garam,Sandakan

255

253

243

238

235

231

221 220

250 217

213

211

Jumlah: 475mm

200

195

194

190

185

200

167

165 155

Day Rain (mm) Rain Day

144

137

1 1 131 150 126 100 Max. Max. PROJECTED HIGHEST RAINFALL

50

Date: 2012,2032, 2077, 2078

0

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Total [areal]: 412, 415, 402mm Year

Sandakan (2040 - 2069) Sandakan (2070 - 2099)

350 325

450 415

303

402

300 278

400

256

329

242

350

232

226

225 225

250

220

220

219

218

214

203 202

201 300

189

252

187

184

245

182

240

178

178

176

234

200

228

169

250

210

208

207

147

146

194

188

139 187

138

179

133

177

174

173

171 170 150

200

161

158

151

151

140

137

131 130

150 117 100 111

100 Max. 1 Day Rain (mm) Rain Day 1 Max. 50 (mm) Rain 1 Day Max. 50

0 0

2052 2062 2070 2088 2098 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050 2054 2056 2058 2060 2064 2066 2068 2072 2074 2076 2078 2080 2082 2084 2086 2090 2092 2094 2096 2040 Year Year OUTLINE

 OVERVIEW

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

26 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES SECTOR

1) Water Resources 2) Agriculture 3) Forestry 4) Biodiversity 5) Public Health 6) Energy 7) Infrastructure 8) Socio-Economic

DROUGHT IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES SECTOR

Water excess (extreme rainfall, flows) . Increase in severity of floods . Increase in soil erosion -> scouring of drainage structures and sedimentation in rivers

Water shortage (drought) . Reduced inflows to reservoirs . Reduced stream-flows -> affect raw water abstraction . Reduced recharge of groundwater

Example of detailed results on the changes of the hydrologic regime and water resources due to Climate Changes – Sungai Selangor watershedsControl CCSM3 A1B CCSM3 A2 Ensemble of Basin-Average Annual PrecipitationCCSM3 B1 Simulations During Historical and Future ConditionsControl for SelangorCCSM3 A1FI Watershed CCSM3 A1B MRI A1B 16000 CCSM3 A2 MRI B1 ECHAM5 A1B1 Control run CCSM3 B1 CCSM3 A1FI ECHAM5 A1B2 (Ensemble avg.) 15 ProjectionEsCHAM5 A1B3 12000 MRI A1B MRI B1 ECHAM5 A2-1 Control ECHAM5 A1B1 ECHAM5 A2-2 CCSM3 A1B ECHAM5 A1B2 ECHAM5 A2-3 CCSM3 A2 8000 ECHAM5 A1B3 ECHAM5 B1-1 CCSM3 B1 ECHAM5 A2-1 ECHAM5 B1-2 CCSM3 A1FI ECHAM5 A2-2 ECHAM5 B1-3 MRI A1B ECHAM5 A2-3 4000 MRI B1 ECHAM5 B1-1 ECHAM5 A1B1 ECHAM5 B1-2 Precipitation (mm) Precipitation ECHAM5 A1B2 ECHAM5 B1-3 0 ECHAM5 A1B3 ECHAM5 A2-1 1980 ECHAM5 A2-2 2010 2040 2070 2100 ECHAM5 A2-3

ECHAM5 B1-1 5000 EECnHsAeMm5 Bb1l-e2 Average (control run) Ensemble Average (15 projections) ECHAM5 B1-3 10-yr Mov. Avg. 10-yr Mov. Avg. 4000 Confidence band (95 %)

3000

2000 Precipitation (mm) Precipitation 1000 1980 2010 2040 2070 2100 Control Ensemble of Annual Mean Flow Simulations duringCCSM3 A1B Historical and CCSM3 A2 CCSM3 B1 Future Periods at Outlet Cofontro l Sg. SelangorCCS MWatershed3 A1FI CCSM3 A1B MRI A1B 1200 CCSM3 A2 MRI B1 ECHAM5 A1B1 Control run CCSM3 B1 CCSM3 A1FI ECHAM5 A1B2

(Ensemble avg.) 15 ProjectionsECHAM5 A1B3

) MRI A1B MRI B1 ECHAM5 A2-1 Control 800 ECHAM5 A1B1 ECHAM5 A2-2

cms CCSM3 A1B ECHAM5 A1B2 ECHAM5 A2-3 CCSM3 A2 ECHAM5 A1B3 ECHAM5 B1-1 CCSM3 B1 ECHAM5 A2-1 ECHAM5 B1-2 CCSM3 A1FI ECHAM5 A2-2 ECHAM5 B1-3 400 MRI A1B Flow ( Flow ECHAM5 A2-3 MRI B1 ECHAM5 B1-1 ECHAM5 A1B1 ECHAM5 B1-2 ECHAM5 A1B2 ECHAM5 B1-3 0 ECHAM5 A1B3 ECHAM5 A2-1 1980 ECHAM5 A2-2 2010 2040 2070 2100 ECHAM5 A2-3

250

) ECHAM5 B1-1 EEnCsHeAmM5b Ble1 -A2 verage (control run) Ensemble Average (15 projections) ECHAM5 B1-3 10-yr Mov. Avg. cms 200 10-yr Mov. Avg. Confidence band (95 %)

150 Flow ( Flow 100

50

1980 2010 2040 2070 2100 Mean Monthly Flow (Selangor Watershed)

160 Early 21st century (2010-2040)

120

80

)

40 cms 160 Mid 21st century (2040-2070) Historical (1970 - 2000)

120 Projected

80 95 % confidence band

40

160 st

Mean Monthly Monthly Mean Flow ( End of 21 century (2070-2100)

120

80

40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES SECTOR

Change in Water Quality Water excess (extreme 12 Oct 2012 rainfall, flows) • Increase in pollution: litters, nutrients and sediments 12 Oct 2012 Water shortage (drought) • Concentrated pollutant level in streams

Impacts of Sea Level Rise

Results* IPCC (AR4 from SLR Study 2010 2007) Source: NAHRIM (2010). Malaysia Global Tide gauge 0.2 – 4.4 (1984-2010) 1.2 – 2.2 * Satellite Altimetry 2.73 – 7.0 (1993-2010) 2.4 - 3.8 *

SLR Rates (mm/year)

National Hydraulics Research Institute Of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Results from SLR Study 2010 Source: NAHRIM (2010).

Projection on Sea Level Rise at 2100 for Malaysia

Sea Level Note Rise

Projection 0.25m – 0.52m Maximum SLR – Northeast and West coast of 2100 (2.5 - 5.2 Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan & Kedah) (Peninsular mm/yr) Malaysia) Projection 0.43m – 1.06m 1. Maximum SLR– North & East coast of Sabah. 2100 (Sabah (4.3 – 10.6 2. Inundation at low lying area and & Sarawak) mm/yr) rivermouth/estuaries in Southwest coast of Sarawak (Meradong, located between Batang Igan & Batang Rajang). 3. Inundation at low lying area and rivermouth/estuaries in East coast of Sabah (Tawau, Semporna, Lahad Datu, Sandakan & Kudat). National Hydraulics Research Institute Of Malaysia (NAHRIM)

Results from SLR Study 2010 Source: NAHRIM (2010).

Satellite altimetry locations

0.373 – Projections of SLR at 2100 (in meter)

National Hydraulics Research Institute Of Malaysia (NAHRIM)  Change in diffuse recharge due to change in rainfall,  Change in river recharge due to change in river stage,  Temperature affects on evapotranspiration.

2) Change in Discharge

 Increase in demand for extraction,  Due to changes in river stage.

3) Change in Storage

 Due to change in recharge,  Due to change in extraction,  Due to sea level rise leads to saline intrusion.

Contamination to soil Impact: and groundwater (1) Damage to infrastructure

(2) Degradation of Encroachment of agricultural areas water into Further (3) Contamination of underground encroachment of surface water systems (septic tidal waters into (4) Loss of tanks, landfills/open estuaries and coastal biodiversity dumps, drainage) river systems

Extension of coastal inundation area Rising of water table

Impact: (1) Degrades the Movement of Saltwater – quality of water Freshwater Interface resources landward and upward (2) Reduces the quantity of water available for Groundwater salinization consumption (domestic, industrial and agriculture) OUTLINE

 OVERVIEW

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

38 Ongoing Adaptation studies (2014):

1. Study on vulnerability and adaptation of climate change impact on floods in selected river basins.

2. Impact of climate changes on water resources for selected plantation areas in Malaysia for Paddy, Rubber and Oil Palm.

3. Study on vulnerability, adaptation and assessment for water resources and dam storage capacity under climate change impacts scenario.

39 Adaptations in Water Resources Sector TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR WATER AND COASTAL RESOURCES ADAPTATION NAHRIM Technical Guide No.2 :

NAHRIM Technical Guide The Design Guide for No.1 : Rainwater Harvesting Estimation of Future Systems for appropriate Design Rainstorm under application and installation the Climate Change of RWS Scenario in Peninsular Malaysia. for Policy makers, planners Nahrim sea level rise and implementing agencies study: in program planning, design and development of related Information and inundation infrastructure sectors of maps effects of sea level rise water, energy and for the relevant agencies in agriculture, particularly in planning coastal development the development of plans, such as the control of engineering practices, coastal structures (breakwater, disaster risk management bund, groin, etc.), roads, and security of supply of coastal development platform water, energy and food level and design of ports and jetties Rainwater Harvesting Systems

. Use of rainwater as a source of water supply to Tunku Abdul

5000m2 of rainwater catchment Rahman Zoo area Negara. Oil & grease trap . 500m3 storage for the daily supply of 30m3.

500m3 underground water . Rainwater tank Filter sump harvested from the roof, and the parking lot stand the catchment area of 5000m2.

Pump system to pump rainwater to lake through a water feature NAHRIM INTELLIGENT FLOOD WALL (NFLOW) – Floods

20 cm

Lid and break-water of Stainless steel

Flood level

Floating wall

12 cm 100 cm

Azobe Support blocks

180 cm

Lid 38 cm • NFLOW is an automatic finishing touch with stones Closing level 80 cm 50 cm Filling pit Grass or pavement 185 cm flood wall. It operates by Filling pipe Concrete basin 105 cm

Drainingpipe with Checkvalve sand itself during the rise of the

Foundation

80 cm 60 cm flood water. River • During flood, the flood wall will rise automatically and when the flood recedes the wall will lower down by itself. Study on Economic of Climate Change for Malaysia Analysis on economic of adaptation to climate change in the water resources sector:

1) Floods – Development Region (Pulai, river basins)

2) Droughts - water supply:- Kedah and Muda river basins, MADA irrigation area. ANALYSIS OUTCOME: WATER RESOURCES SECTOR FLOOD MAPS– SG KEDAH

Area for flood depth (km2) Time 0.01 - 0.5 - horizon >1.2 m Sum 0.5 m 1.2 m Baseline 50.50 41.55 35.57 127.62 2020 51.24 43.91 37.92 133.06 2030 51.01 45.18 39.90 136.10 2040 50.51 46.86 42.00 139.36 2050 49.13 49.17 44.20 142.50 2060 48.16 50.00 46.95 145.10

ARI = annual recurrence interval ANALYSIS OUTCOME: WATER RESOURCES SECTOR FLOOD MAPS– SG SKUDAI

Area for flood depth (km2) Time 0.01 - 0.5 - horizon >1.2 m Sum 0.5 m 1.2 m Baseline 1.83 2.88 4.31 9.02 2020 1.83 2.88 4.25 8.95 2030 1.74 2.97 4.96 9.68 2040 1.59 2.90 5.72 10.21 2050 1.55 2.78 6.69 11.01 2060 1.51 2.63 7.82 11.96 COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX

CVI Coastal Area Vulnerability Rank 5 Very High 6 areas (Teriang River Mouth; LKIM Aquaculture Farm; Kuah Town; Beringin Viilage until Penarak Village; Kilim River Mouth; and Tg. Rhu Beach).

4 High 9 areas (Teriang River Mouth until Melaka River Mouth ; Melaka River Mouth; Meritus Pelangi Beach & Spa Resort; Kuah Town; Dataran Lang; Kuah Jetty & Marina; TNB Power Station Apau Village; and Pasir Tengkorak Beach) . 3 Moderate 6 areas (area beside Chenang River; Meritus Pelangi Beach & Spa Resort, Chenang; Kuah Town; Kuah area; Bella Vista Resort; and Teluk Yu Public Park) 2 Low 4 areas (Langkawi Sheraton Beach Resort, Kuala Teriang; Chenang River Mouth; Temoyang River Mouth; and Bella Vista Beach)

1 Very Low 1 area (Temoyang River Mouth) Coastal Vulnerability Index Very High High Moderate Low Very Low R&D On Groundwater (Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts)

1) Bank infiltration (BI): A case study for alluvial river bank

2) Study on the effectiveness of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) technique for the groundwater resources management in Pulau Tioman

OUTLINE

 INTRODUCTION

 NAHRIM CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER R&D

 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 ADAPTATION MEASURES

 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Addressing climate change requires a dual approach which integrates 1. mitigation – actions aimed at reducing the sources or enhancing the sinks of greenhouse gases – and 2. adaptation or resilience building – dealing with the residual impacts of and opportunities presented by climate change.

51 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The hydro-climate data over Peninsular Malaysia (PM) for the 21st century, generated by NAHRIM RegHCM- PM2, (hourly intervals at the scale of hill slopes of 11 selected watersheds for 1440 years) provides significant opportunity to the National Stake- holders to re-evaluate the PM’s water resources and its existing and planned hydraulic structures under the hydro-climate conditions of the next 90 years of the 21st century with respect to: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A: Floods:

. The capacities of the existing and planned dam spillways . The capacities of the existing and planned flood levees . The flood operation rules for the existing and planned dams . Delineation of flood zones for the important urban and industrial areas under various return period flood magnitudes (peaks and volumes) during the 21st century; DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION B. Droughts/Water Supply • Evaluation of existing/planned dam reservoir capacities, and revising their dimensions, if necessary; • Development of the operation rules of existing/ planned dams • In order to meet the specified water demands during the 21st century: • utilise the hydro-climate conditions at the particular drainage areas of the specified dams, already simulated by this study at 11 selected watersheds of PM. • Dam operation studies that can be performed by means of the projected dam inflows (already simulated by this study) can determine the necessary reservoir capacities in order to meet the critical water demands during future droughts with their quantified risks. RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE

. Officially launched by the Honorable Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia in August 2010; National Policy on . Established for ensuring climate-resilience Climate Change development to fulfill national aspiration for (NPCC) sustainability . Policy objectives:  mainstreaming climate change through wise management of resources and enhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened economic competitiveness and improved quality of life;  integration of responses into national policies, plans and programs to strengthen the resilience of development from arising and potential impacts of climate change;  strengthening of institutional and implementation capacity to better harness Ministry of Natural opportunities to reduce negative impacts of Resources & climate change. - Green technology shall be a Environment Malaysia driver to accelerate the national economy and promote sustainable development;