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Reinstatement of Eschatoporiini Blaisdell, 1906, a Unique Tribe Of A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 688: 151–149 (2017) Reinstatement of Eschatoporiini Blaisdell, 1906... 135 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.688.13575 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Reinstatement of Eschatoporiini Blaisdell, 1906, a unique tribe of blind cavernicolous Tenebrionidae from California, with a new species from Napa County (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Lagriinae) Rolf L. Aalbu1, Kojun Kanda2, Aaron D. Smith2 1 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA 2 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA Corresponding author: Aaron D. Smith ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Bouchard | Received 8 May 2017 | Accepted 6 July 2017 | Published 10 August 2017 http://zoobank.org/E626B02A-1648-4165-B7D2-033E7D8AAE02 Citation: Aalbu RL, Kanda K, Smith AD (2017) Reinstatement of Eschatoporiini Blaisdell, 1906, a unique tribe of blind cavernicolous Tenebrionidae from California, with a new species from Napa County (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Lagriinae). ZooKeys 688: 135–149. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.688.13575 Abstract The tribe Eschatoporini Blaisdell, 1906 is reinstated, based on molecular and morphological data, and the spelling corrected as Eschatoporiini. The tribe currently includes only the cave-dwelling genus Escha- toporis Blaisdell, 1906 from California, which is associated with underground aquifers. A second species of Eschatoporis is described from a cave in Napa County, California. The phylogenetic placement of Eschatoporiini within the Lagriinae is examined, and notes on the biology of Eschatoporis are provided. Keywords Eschatoporis, Blind, Subterranean, Cave, endemicity Introduction Historical background Blaisdell (1906) described Eschatoporis nunenmacheri, a new genus and species of blind tenebrionid collected from under a rock next to a spring. He compared this species to Eulabis Eschscholtz, 1829 and Cerenopus LeConte, 1851, at that time placed in the Copyright Rolf L. Aalbu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 136 Aalbu et al / ZooKeys 688: 135–149 (2017) Scaurini. Blaisdell suggested that the tribe be expanded to include Eschatoporis or that it be placed in a new tribe which he named Eschatoporini. Lacordaire (1859) placed Eula- bis, Centrioptera Mannerheim, 1843, and Cryptoglossa Solier, 1836 in his tribe Scaurides Billberg, 1820. Eulabis was placed in “Groupe III: Nyctoporides” (Lacordaire 1859: 131) while Centrioptera and Cryptoglossa were placed in “Groupe IV: Centrioptérides” along with Cerenopus (Lacordaire 1859: 135). This is perhaps why Gebien in both his catalogs (1910, 1937) placed Eschatoporis in the Cryptoglossini, which now includes the genera Cryptoglossa (= Centrioptera) and Asbolus LeConte, 1851 (= Cryptoglossa) see Aal- bu (1985, 2005). Despite LeConte’s removal of Cerenopus and Eulabis from the Crypto- glossini (LeConte 1862), subsequent catalogs listed Eschatoporis in the Cryptoglossini. Aalbu (1985: 50) moved Eschatoporis from the Cryptoglossini (subfamily Pimelii- nae) to the subfamily Lagriinae, based on morphological data (see discussion below), but placed it as incertae sedis within the lagriine tribal classification due to the lack of speci- mens to dissect at that time. Doyen (1994: 445–446) later tentatively placed Eschatoporis in the tribe Goniaderini (Lagriinae). This placement was accepted by Aalbu et al. (2002). Later, Aalbu (2005) placed Eschatoporis in the Laenini based on the lack of defensive gland reservoirs and the presence of multiple non-glandular spermathecal tubules. The place- ment of Eschatoporis in the Goniaderini by Aalbu and Smith (2014), as pointed out by Kanda (2016), was an accidental error. At that time, Eschatoporis should have remained in the Laenini as pointed out Matthews et al. (2010: 577). These errors, as well as the shuf- fling of Eschatoporis between various tribes, were recently summarized (Kanda 2016), and helped emphasize that a reevaluation of the placement of this genus was overdue. Over the past decade material belonging to a new species of Eschatoporis has been collected from a cave in Napa County, California; thus allowing for a representative of the genus to be sequenced and analyzed within the context of a large pre-existing molecular dataset for the Lagriinae (Kanda et al. 2015). This new species,Eschatoporis styx, is described below. Materials and methods For this study, material was borrowed from the following individuals and institutions. These persons (in parentheses) are gratefully acknowledged for loan of their materials: ADSC Aaron Smith Collection, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (Aaron D. Smith) CASC California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (Dave Ka- vanaugh). CDFA California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, CA, USA. (Andrew R. Cline) NSDA Nevada State Department of Agriculture, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. (Robert Bechtel) OSAC Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. (David R. Maddison) RLAC Rolf L. Aalbu Collection, El Dorado Hills, California, USA. (Rolf L. Aalbu) Reinstatement of Eschatoporiini Blaisdell, 1906... 137 Morphological methods Measurements were taken using digital calipers or an optical micrometer attached to a Leica MZ16 APO stereomicroscope. Images were taken using a Passport Imaging system (R. Larimer, www.visionarydigital.com). Montaged images were assembled us- ing Zerene Stacker (zerenesystems.com/stacker/) and backgrounds were cleaned up in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Internal structures were cleared with warm 10% KOH and stained with either Chlorazol Black E or Mercurochrome stains. Molecular methods DNA was extracted from a specimen of Eschatoporis styx sp. n. collected from the type locality (Clay Cave), using a Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit. Four gene frag- ments were amplified: 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S), arginine kinase (ArgK), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase domain of the rudimentary gene (CAD), and wing- less (wg). These gene fragments were previously sequenced for the Lagriinae sampled in Kanda et al. (2015). Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed on ei- ther an Eppendorf Mastercycler ProS or Mastercycler gradient Thermal Cycler us- ing Ex Taq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa) and basic protocols recommended by the manufacturers. Primer pairs and cycler profiles are described in Kanda et al. (2015). PCR products were cleaned, quantified, and sequenced at the University of Arizona’s Genomic and Technology Core Facility using a 3730 XL Applied Biosystems auto- matic sequencer. Assembly of multiple chromatograms of each gene fragment and initial base calls were made with Phred v. 0.020425.c (Green and Ewing 2002) and Phrap v. 0.990319 (Green 1999) as orchestrated by Mesquite’s Chromaseq v. 1.12 package (Maddison and Maddison 2014a, 2014b) with subsequent modifications by Chromaseq and manual inspection. Final sequences are available on GenBank (acces- sions MF370333‒MF370336). Sequences were incorporated into matrices from Kanda et al. (2015). The final -ma trix (http://insectbiodiversitylab.org/data/) includes 31 Lagriinae spanning all currently recognized tribes and five outgroup taxa from other subfamilies of Tenebrionidae. Ribosomal 28S gene fragments were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.130b (Katoh and Standley 2013) and the L-INS-i algorithm. ArgK sequences were manually aligned, asthere were no indels among our sampled taxa. CAD and wg were first translated to amino acid sequences, which were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.130b (Katoh and Stand- ley 2013) and the L-INS-i algorithm with default parameter values. The nucleotide sequences were then mapped onto the amino acid alignment using Mesquite (Maddi- son and Maddison 2014b). The 28S, CAD, andwg alignments contained regions with numerous indels. These poorly aligned regions were identified using the server version of Gblocks (Castresana 2000; Talavera and Castresana 2007) with all options for less stringent block selection chosen. For CAD and wg, the “Codon” option was selected to maintain the triplet codons in the alignment. 138 Aalbu et al / ZooKeys 688: 135–149 (2017) Phylogenetic analyses were performed on a concatenated dataset of all four genes using maximum likelihood (ML), Bayesian (MB), and parsimony (MP) methods. For ML and MB analyses, optimal dataset partitions and substitution models were identi- fied using the BIC implemented in PartitionFinder v.1.1.1 (Lanfear et al. 2012) from initial schemes based on genes and codon position. Two analyses were conducted, first restricting examined models to only those available in RAxML (ML) and then restrict- ing models to only those available in MrBayes (MB). The inferred optimal data parti- tion for ML analyses grouped first and second codon positions of all genes in the first partition, codon position three of ArgK and wg in the second partition, codon position three of CAD in the third partition, and 28S in the fourth partition. GTR+I+G was identified as the optimal substitution model for all partitions. The optimal partition- ing scheme for MB analyses was the same, but SYM+I+G was identified as the optimal substitution model for the fourth partition. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using RAxML v. 8.2.9 (Stamatakis 2014) implemented
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