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UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8914656 The cultural dimension of external dependence: An inquiry into the internal cultural consequences of external dependence in Iran Khosravi Katooli, Moosalreza, Ph.D. The American University, 1988 Copyright ©1989 by Khosravi Katooli, Moosalreza. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE CULTURAL DIMENSION OF EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE: AN INQUIRY INTO THE INTERNAL CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE IN IRAN By Moosalreza Khosravi Katooli submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Signatures of Committee : Chairman: ^ < Dean of the College 19 September 1988_____ Date 1988 The American University , Washington, D C. 20016 \/ol, \ THE AMÈRICA1I UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE CULTURAL DIMENSION OF EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE: AN INQUIRY INTO THE INTERNAL CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE IN IRAN BY Moosalreza Khosravi Katooli ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to investigate the cultural consequences of Iran's dependent relationship with the Western Capitalist countries. The "dependency" paradigm is used as the theoret ical framework, and the historical analysis is applied to examine the general condition of Iran during the nine teenth and twentieth centuries and to find out what factors were responsible for Iran's dependency. The study argues that the commercial penetration of Iran by the European rival forces, beginning in the late sixteenth century, led to the early incorporation of the Iranian economy into the emerging world Capitalist system. The intensification of Colonial rivalry for the domination of the Iranian market by the late nineteenth century tramsformed the pre-Capitalist structure of Iran into a dependent Capitalism. 11 According to the study, in addition to the penetration of foreign capital, the absolute arbitrary power of the Iranian kings was a major obstacle to the economic development of Iran. The study maintains that Western domination of the Iranian society also affected the Iranian culture through market structure. The early cultural penetration of Iran, beginning in the nineteenth century, was facilitated and accelerated during the period between 1925 to 1978 by Western-oriented policies of the Iranian regimes. This was due to the fact that the increased influence of foreign capital forced the Iranian ruling class to adopt certain directions and policies for social reforms to change the traditional structure of the society. These policies facilitated the cultural penetration of the country, through the massive importation of Western consumer goods and cultural products. Factors such as education, mass media communication, and printed publica tions played a crucial role in the course of Western cultural penetration into Iran. The result was cultural polarization of the country : a minority among the upper and upper-middle classes became westernized and alienated from the indigenous culture and the majority who rejected Western culture and opposed the regime's westernization policies. Ill This study maintains that the Iranian revolution of 1979, with religious characteristics, symbolized the response of the Iranian people to the Western domination, especially its cultural hegemony over the Iranian society. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There is no doubt that the completion of this research could not have been possible without the inspiration, encouragement, criticism, intellectual comments, and advice of my family, my dissertation committee members, and my friends. First of all, I thank my wife, Farideh, and my son, Meisam, for their admirable patience, encouragement, understanding, and emotional support, without which I certainly could not tolerate the hardship of the work. I use the opportunity to express special gratitude to my major professor. Dr. Jurg K. Siegenthaler, whose guidance and encouragement in the course of the research were extremely helpful. His diligent review of my dissertation, as well as his intellectual instructions, comments, and advice resulted in the enrichment and successful completion of the project. Professor Siegen thaler, as a knowledgeable instructor, and as my academic advisor during the years of my studies in the Department of Sociology, has always been one of the major sources of help and encouragement for me. I always have regarded him as the best friendly professor in the department. I also express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ken C. Kusterer in sociology and Dr. Bahman Bakhtiari in political science, who, as the other committee members of my dissertation, offered considerable help through their intellectual and constructive comments, advice, and emotional support. I also thank my friends for their encouragement and suggestions during the hard time of this study. Additional thanks goes to Mrs. Laurie Smith for her editing of the drafts. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 The P r o b l e m ............................... 7 2. TWO OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT ............................ 23 Modernization Theory ...................... 23 The psychological approach .............. 24 The ideal type a p p r o a c h ................ 27 Stages of economic g r o w t h .............. 29 The diffusionist approach .............. 31 Critique of modernization theory ........ 33 Dependency Theory ........................ 34 Definition of dependency ................ 38 Common features of the dependency model. 39 Review of the leading proponents of dependency theory...................... 40 Wallerstein and the world system theory. 45 Samir A m i n ............................... 50 Arghiri Emmanuel ........................ 54 General critique of dependency theory . 55 3. COLONIAL AND NEO-COLONIAL PATTERNS OF DOMINATION................................... 62 Colonial Patterns of Domination .......... 62 Economic aspects of Colonial domination. 62 Cultural aspects of Colonial domination. 65 Neo-Colonial Patterns of Domination .... 72 Economic aspects of neo-Colonialism . 75 MNCs as an effective means of domination.......................... 79 Trade control as a form of domination 82 Foreign aid as a mechanism of domination.......................... 89 Cultural aspects of neo-Colonialism . 93 Characteristics of educational institutions ........................ 96 vii Mass media as a method of cultural d o m i n a n c e ............................. 108 The United States state ideological w a r f a r e ............................... 131 4. THE CASE OF I R A N .............................. 133 The Early Incorporation of the Iranian Economy into the Emerging Global Capitalist System ................... 134 Iran in the Nineteenth Century............... 138 Iran and traditional world power r i v a l r y ................................. 139 Overall impact of the imperialist penetration on I r a n ..................... 149 Iraoi in the Twentieth C e n t u r y ............... 157 The Constitutional R e v o l u t i o n ............. 158 The rise of the Reza S h a h ................. 168 Reza Shah's modernization programs and secular reforms ...................... 175 Reza Shah's economic policy and the rise of state capitalism................. 187 Conclusion................................... 206 5. WORLD WAR II AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MORE DEPENDENCY..................................... 210 World War II and I r a n ....................... 210 Iran's Postwar Problems and United States Penetration ...................... 219 The Shah's White R e v o l u t i o n ................. 254 S u m m a r y ..................................... 282 6. MODERNIZATION