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Building Community Resilience: Learning from the Canterbury Earthquakes

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Building Community Resilience: Learning from the Canterbury Earthquakes Building Community Resilience: Learning from the Canterbury earthquakes Final Report to Health Research Council and Canterbury Medical Research Foundation March 2013 Authors: Louise Thornley, Jude Ball, Louise Signal, Keri Lawson-Te Aho, Emma Rawson Mihi He mihi tuatahi ki te Wairua Tapu. Nāna te tīmatanga me te whakamutunga o ngā mea katoa. He mihi hoki tēnei ki ngā mate. Haere, haere, haere atu rā ki te wairua maha o te Atua me ngā Tīpuna kua wehe atu ki te pō. Te hunga ora ki te hunga ora. Te hunga mate ki te hunga mate. Ngā mihi nui ki ngā mana whenua o Ngāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe me Waitaha hōkī. Ki ngā tāua, pōua, whānau, rangatira e manaaki ana te rōpū mahi rangahau nei. No reira, tēnā koutou katoa. Tēnā koutou katoa ngā tāngata e noho ana kei Ōtautahi. Tēnā koutou ngā whānau o Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Irakehu, Ngāti Wheke me ngā hapū o Ngāi Tahu. Tēnā koutou Ngā Hau e Whā. He mihi aroha tenei ki te mamae o te whenua me ngā whānau, ngā hapū, ngā iwi, ngā tāngata katoa e noho ana ki Ōtautahi. Mā te Atua koutou e manaaki e tiaki i ngā wa katoa. Photo: ‘185 Empty Chairs’ memorial art installation by artist Pete Majendie – a tribute to the 185 people who lost their lives in the February 2011 earthquake. Cover photo: Christchurch’s Sumner beach, June 2012, showing earthquake damage and shipping containers to protect the road from further rock fall. Acknowledgements The Canterbury earthquakes have had, and continue to have, a huge impact on all who live in the region. The researchers gratefully acknowledge all the people who took part in this research. We thank the participants for giving their time during a very difficult period, and for sharing their views and experiences. Their reflections and insights have directly informed the potential learning from this research. We acknowledge and thank the local community coordinators who assisted with recruitment of participants. Thanks to our research advisory group for valuable input and advice, and to the Health Research Council of New Zealand and Canterbury Medical Research Foundation for funding the research. Thanks also to Frith Williams for editing. Contents 1 Summary ......................................................................................1 2 Introduction .................................................................................5 3 Research methods ........................................................................9 4 Findings ...................................................................................... 17 5 Discussion ................................................................................... 33 6 Implications and recommendations ............................................ 42 7 Conclusion .................................................................................. 49 8 References .................................................................................. 50 9 Glossary and acronyms ............................................................... 55 Appendix 1: Lyttelton Case Study Report .......................................... 58 Appendix 2: Shirley Case Study Report ............................................. 77 Appendix 3: Inner City East Case Study Report .................................. 91 Appendix 4: Marae Communities Case Study Report ...................... 111 Appendix 5: Migrant/Refugee Communities Case Study Report ...... 126 Appendix 6: Community House Case Study Report ......................... 140 Appendix 7: Research question schedule ........................................ 152 1 Summary Community participation is vital in disaster planning, response, and recovery. Around the globe, disaster experts agree on the need to increase the resilience of communities. But limited research exists into what increases a community’s ability to adapt after a disaster, especially from the perspective of post- disaster communities themselves. Christchurch, New Zealand’s second-largest city, was hit by a series of devastating earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. The Health Research Council of New Zealand and Canterbury Medical Research Foundation funded this research as one of five projects studying the health implications of the earthquakes. Canterbury District Health Board (Community and Public Health), Mental Health Foundation, University of Otago, and Quigley and Watts Ltd carried out the research. Ethical approval was given by the Department of Public Health, University of Otago Human Ethics Committee. 1.1 Research purpose The project gathered information from six affected Canterbury communities to understand what helped (and hindered) their resilience. The overall aim was to inform action, by communities and authorities, to better prepare communities for future adverse events. 1.2 Case-study communities Communities are groups of people linked by a common bond. The six case studies focused on: Lyttelton Shirley Inner City East marae communities1 migrant and refugee communities Christchurch Community House (a workplace community). These diverse communities were selected on advice from local experts and included some of the hardest hit communities in Canterbury. The fieldwork for this research project took place from May to July 2012, 15-17 months after the destructive February 2011 earthquake. 1.3 Research participants More than 90 community leaders and residents took part in the research, through focus-group discussions and interviews. Participants ranged in age from 21 to 79 years and were ethnically diverse: New Zealand European – 55% Māori (indigenous New Zealanders) – 32% Other ethnic groups – 13%2 1 A marae is a Māori meeting place or cultural community centre where Māori culture is celebrated, Māori language is spoken, and iwi (tribal) obligations are met. The marae is a wāhi tapu – a sacred place where iwi and Māori culture can flourish. 2 These population-group percentages are approximate. Several participants identified as more than one ethnicity (e.g. Māori and NZ European, or Māori and Samoan). 1 Most Māori participants identified as Ngāi Tahu, the largest South Island iwi (tribe). 1.4 Key findings Our research identified four common influences on community resilience: pre-existing community connectedness3 and community infrastructure4 community participation in disaster response and recovery community engagement in official decision-making, and external support from organisations and authorities outside the community. 1.4.1 Community connectedness and infrastructure The research found that strong pre-existing community connectedness and infrastructure (e.g. local organisations, marae, and leaders) were critical in helping communities adapt after the disaster. Differences in community responses and outcomes between the six case studies can be attributed largely to differences in community connectedness and infrastructure before the earthquakes. Communities that identified their own needs and solutions were well placed to adapt. After the earthquakes, opportunities to connect with others were vital – through organised community events (e.g. concerts, anniversaries, and festivals) in community-based venues. Community connectedness was hindered in communities where most venues were closed because of earthquake damage. 1.4.2 Community participation in disaster response and recovery In the case-study communities, community-based responses to the earthquakes included informal, spontaneous support and organised responses led by community and iwi (tribal) organisations. Most organised responses were initiated by existing community groups or leaders, but some new initiatives emerged, such as the creative arts project Gap Filler and the youth-led Student Volunteer Army. The pre-existing marae network was a key hub for recovery support, for both Māori and non-Māori. Participants emphasised the importance of cultural practices and values in assisting recovery and adaptation. For example, core Ngāi Tahu/Māori values of manaakitanga (caring and hospitality, e.g. on marae) and kotahitanga (the iwi acting in one accord to support the people of Christchurch, regardless of race, culture or ethnic identification). Effects of community responses on well-being Community-based support – both informal and organised – enhanced the well-being and sense of belonging of both givers and receivers. This suggests that the act of contributing may be crucial in adapting after disasters, and in building resilience to future adverse events. 3 Community connectedness refers to: relationships, interactions, and networks within and across a community 4 Community infrastructure refers to: community-based organisations, marae, grassroots groups, leaders, networks, and/or facilities (e.g. community halls, parks, playgrounds, and libraries) 2 In connected communities with strong pre-existing infrastructure and a comprehensive local disaster response (e.g. marae communities, Lyttelton, Inner City East), a ‘virtuous circle’ seemed to develop. Taking part in community support and responses enhanced well-being both individually and collectively – and gave rise to further community involvement. Many participants reported a heightened sense of community and continued to feel energised and empowered by a post-earthquake ‘culture of possibility’, where subsequent innovation and community action could more easily happen. 1.4.3 Community engagement in official decisions Community engagement in official decisions is the process of building relationships between community members and authorities as partners, to plan and work towards change in a community.
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