Chapter 2 Hazards to Engineering Lifelines in Christchurch
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Please Note: The contact details given in this 1997 publication are no longer correct. Current contact information (2010) is: New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Phone: +64 3 364 2478 Fax: +63 3 364 2069 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.caenz.com Risks Realities A Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Vulnerability of Lifelines to Natural Hazards Report of the Christchurch Engineering Lifelines Group Centre for Advanced Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand ISBN 0-908993-12-9 First printing, November 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise disseminated, in any form or by any means, except for the purposes of research or private study, criticism or review, without the prior permission of the Centre for Advanced Engineering. Copyright © 1997 Centre for Advanced Engineering, Private Bag 4800, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Project Manager John Lamb, Christchurch Engineering Lifelines Group. Editorial Services, Graphics and Book Design Charles Hendtlass and Úna O'Grady, Centre for Advanced Engineering. Cover Photograph by Michael Provost Photography. View looking west from above Banks Peninsula showing: Lyttelton Port; the Port Hills; the Estuary; the Sewage Treatment Works; the Central Business District of Christchurch; Christchurch Interna- tional Airport; the Southern Alps. Cover Design and Printing Print City, Christchurch. Disclaimer It will be noted that the authorship of this document has been attributed to the many individuals and organisations involved in its production. While all sections have been subject to review and final editing, the opinions expressed remain those of the authors responsible and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for Advanced Engineering. This report by its nature is general in its application and subjective in its recommendations and is intended as an initial guide only. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the report, no liability whatsoever can be accepted for any error or misprint. Any persons concerned with any of the issues raised in this report should consult their professional advisers before undertaking any action, and no liability whatsoever shall attach to any party associated with the report for any reliance that any person may purport to place in the report. Centre for Advanced Engineering Establishment Function The Centre for Advanced Engineering was founded in The Centre is managed by a Board of Directors compris- May 1987 to mark the centenary of the School of Engi- ing representatives from industry, the engineering pro- neering at the University of Canterbury. It was estab- fession and the University of Canterbury. Chairman of lished by means of an appeal fund launched in conjunc- the Board is Mr Brian Wood of Christchurch. The Board tion with the centennial celebrations. To date approxi- selects the title for each project undertaken by the Centre mately $2 million has been raised, contributed by 150 and approves the level of funding. A Steering Committee corporate donors and 750 individual donors. The earn- is then appointed, initially to carry out detailed planning ings from this capital sum assist in funding the activities for the project and then to provide overall direction. The of the Centre. A 10th Anniversary Appeal has been Steering Committee appoints Task Group Leaders and a launched in 1997 to provide additional financial support Project Manager. to the Centre in its ongoing projects. Detailed work on the project is carried out on a voluntary basis by the members appointed to each Task Group. The Centre arranges to bring to New Zealand, at the Objective appropriate time, one or more Visiting Fellows to work The objective of the Centre is to enhance engineering with members of the Task Groups, bringing to the project knowledge within New Zealand in identified areas judged the latest relevant information from overseas. to be of national importance and to engage in technology transfer of the latest research information available from The Centre also undertakes a variety of smaller projects overseas. The Centre is not concerned with basic engi- and produces publications on engineering subjects of neering research but with the application of research current concern, and arranges lectures and seminars on findings to engineering problems and practice. appropriate topics as the occasion arises. The objective is achieved for each major project under- Contact: taken by bringing together a selected group of practising Centre for Advanced Engineering and research engineers and experts in the particular field University of Canterbury from both New Zealand and overseas to: Private Bag 4800 Christchurch • consolidate existing knowledge; New Zealand • study advanced techniques; Street Address: 39 Creyke Road • develop approaches to particular problems in engi- Christchurch 8004 neering and technology; Telephone: +64-3-364-2478 • promote excellence in engineering practice; and Fax: +64-3-364-2069 • disseminate findings through documentation and e-mail: [email protected] public seminars. http: www.cae.canterbury.ac.nz A unique forum for co-operation among industry, the Executive Director: John P Blakeley engineering profession and university research engi- Projects Director: John L Lumsden neers is thus provided. NOTE: Although the Christchurch Engineering Lifelines project has been based upon earlier work in 1990/91 on the Wellington Case Study of Lifelines in Earthquakes, the Christchurch project has been undertaken by a separate Christchurch Engineering Lifelines Group, not under the general direction of the Centre for Advanced Engineering (CAE). John Lumsden, Projects Director of CAE, has been on the Steering Committee of the Christchurch Group and CAE has been responsible for the publication of this book. B Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................... v Project Team Participants ................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. ix Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. xi Photographs .................................................................................................................... following page xiii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... xxxi 1 Risk Assessment, Methodology, Vulnerability, Impact and Importance ........................................................ 1 2 Hazards to Engineering Lifelines in Christchurch 2.1 Seismic Hazards ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Earthquake Hazards ................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Waimakariri Flood Hazard ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.4 Local Flooding Hazard .............................................................................................................................. 30 2.5 Tsunami Hazard ......................................................................................................................................... 31 2.6 Extreme Wind Storm Scenario .................................................................................................................. 34 2.7 Snowstorm Scenario .................................................................................................................................. 39 2.8 Slope Hazard and Damage to Services on Hills ........................................................................................ 45 3 Seismic Liquefaction and Lifelines 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Fundamentals ............................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3 Level Ground Liquefaction ....................................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Christchurch Lifelines Study ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.5 Sustained Shear Stress ............................................................................................................................... 58 3.6 Counter Measures ...................................................................................................................................... 60 3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 61 3.8 References ................................................................................................................................................