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Prelude to Rebellion: Diego De Rebolledo Vs. Lúcas Menéndez in Mid-17Th Century Spanish Florida

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Prelude to Rebellion: Diego De Rebolledo Vs. Lúcas Menéndez in Mid-17Th Century Spanish Florida PRELUDE TO REBELLION: DIEGO DE REBOLLEDO VS. LÚCAS MENÉNDEZ IN MID-17TH CENTURY SPANISH FLORIDA by Linda Suzanne Cecelia Borgen B.A., The University of West Florida, 2007 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2011 ©2011 Linda Suzanne Cecelia Borgen The thesis of Linda Suzanne Cecelia Borgen is approved: ___________________________________________ ______________ Robert C. Philen, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ ______________ Vickie G. Hunt, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ ______________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: _________________________________________ _______________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: _____________________________________________ _______________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express special thanks to Dr. Vickie Hunt for her unwavering support. As a mentor, she possesses that special quality of helping others see their potential and live into these roles. Her encouragement has changed my life. Dr. John E. Worth introduced me to the history of Spanish Florida and Governor Rebolledo. He has generously shared both his research materials and his time. Dr. Worth encouraged my interpretation of these materials when they moved beyond those currently accepted, even when those interpretations were his own. I have not met anyone who shares the qualities of diplomacy and scholarly noblesse oblige to the same degree. Dr. Worth is truly a scholar‟s scholar. Special thanks is also due Dr. Robert C. Philen for his open door and patience while I found my way. My daughter, Elizabeth Brendlinger, has been a constant source of encouragement and love. I owe her a special debt of gratitude for never allowing me to feel comfortable with compromise. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 A. Indigenous Voices of the Colonial Period .............................. 5 B. On Alliance and Allegiance .................................................. 10 CHAPTER II. THE ECONOMY OF SPANISH FLORIDA ............................. 20 A. Entrepreneurs and Opportunists .......................................... 23 B. The Crown and the Cost of Indian Allegiance ..................... 28 CHAPTER III. RESISTANCE AND CONCILIATION: REBELLION IN SPANISH FLORIDA ................................................................ 36 A. Guale ..................................................................................... 37 B. Apalachee ............................................................................. 42 CHAPTER IV. PRELUDE TO REBELLION ..................................................... 50 A. The Spark .............................................................................. 58 B. Lucas‟s Revolt ...................................................................... 67 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ........................................ 71 A. Rebolledo‟s Fate ................................................................... 74 B. Implications for Contemporary Anthropological Research.. 75 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIXES ................................................................................................................ 84 A. Copyright Permission Letter ................................................. 85 B. Rebolledo Residencia Testimonies ....................................... 87 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Chronology of the Timucuan Rebellion ...................................................................4 2. Gifts to Timucuan Caciques Visiting St. Augustine ..............................................30 3. Items Distributed From the Indian Fund, 1687 ......................................................31 4. Itemized Gifts and Rations Distributed From the Indian Fund, 1687 ....................32 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Land transportation network of the western provinces of mid-seventeenth century Spanish Florida. Source: The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida, Volume 1: Assimilation, Figure 10-2. Reproduced with permission of the University of Florida Press……………………………………………………………………....60 2. Early events in the Timucuan rebellion. Source: The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida, Volume 2, Figure 3-1, p53. Reprinted with permission of the University of Florida Press……………………………………………………….63 vii ABSTRACT PRELUDE TO REBELLION: DIEGO DE REBOLLEDO VS. LÚCAS MENÉNDEZ IN MID-17TH CENTURY SPANISH FLORIDA Linda Suzanne Cecelia Borgen Ethnohistoric interpretations of indigenous perspectives from the early colonial period remain a tenuous proposal for anthropologists. The limitedness of documents and their European authorship complicate the task considerably, and proposed arguments rely proportionately on researcher‟s skills of critical analysis. Yet the project of giving voice to the unrepresented and disenfranchised must supersede any hesitancy. Historic patterns are not without modern parallels; lessons to be learned from the challenges faced by indigenous groups during the colonial period are too important to set aside for fear of scholarly criticisms. Answers provided by residents of St. Augustine to question nine of Governor Rebolledo‟s 1660 residencia [gubernatorial term investigation] provide a view of a dynamic event that changed the social landscape of Florida and contributed to the extinction of an indigenous culture group. The residencia reveals Governor Rebolledo‟s treatment of one individual, rather than the totality of the Timucuan leadership, as the impetus for the Timucuan rebellion of 1656. Contrasting markedly to other residencias, the report on Rebolledo‟s term evidences the passions, frustrations, and frailties that indelibly marked colonial interactions. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION My introduction to Governor Don Diego de Rebolledo was reading a copy of the testimonies relating to question nine of his 1660 residencia as an assignment in a graduate historical archaeology class. The work was a short exercise in teasing truth from diverse sources containing contradictory information and using multiple sources, as close to the original as possible, to triangulate information from historical source materials. The class moved on to another topic, while I remained fixated on the moments of people‟s lives suspended in the words of the Rebolledo residencia. It was to my benefit that I had not yet read through the historical research pertaining to the first Spanish colonial endeavors in Florida. Without preconceived ideas regarding social assignment or power hierarchy, I was able to more clearly discern the voices of people – individuals caught up in a tumultuous moment in history. Soldiers and Indians alike had been awaiting an opportunity to share their grievances regarding the hated governor. Their ire has afforded posterity rare documentary evidence of an emotion- laden power struggle between a governor and a Timucuan cacique. Testimony after testimony described Governor Rebolledo as a man with no scruples, who exploited the resources of his office without compunction. Between the two separate interview sessions conducted by a special envoy sent from Havana, there were 37 testimonies. In addition to the testimonies, I read through translations of letters 1 written by Franciscan friars who complained grievously to the Spanish Crown regarding the greed and self-service that motivated Rebolledo‟s every decision. As I began to consult secondary historic analyses of Governor Rebolledo‟s term, I read interpretations that portrayed him as inept. He was caricatured as an ineffective administrator whose lack of diplomatic finesse in dealing with indigenous leaders created havoc in the La Florida frontier provinces. But something was wrong. As I read and reread the testimonies collected for Rebolledo‟s residencia, it became clear that the governor had been a consummate opportunist who exploited every resource available to him, including rumors of his own shortcomings. Rebolledo appears to have been an adept strategist who purposefully used his position to take control of La Florida‟s few exploitable resources. During this time he alternately stoked and retreated from open conflict with the Franciscan friars, thus ensuring that there were constant rumors and writings of his inability to govern. In the end, however, even these did not afford the smokescreen he hoped for; Rebolledo was removed from office, but died before charges of his abuses of position for personal gain were officially addressed. The lengthiness of the official inquiry is a testimony to Rebolledo‟s skill as a master at avoiding culpability. There is one other personality captured in such detail that the
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